Báo cáo khoa học: Giả thuyết về quan hệ văn hóa- giao tiếp

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NG6N NGtr so 1 2011 GIA THUYET VE QUAN HE VAN HOA - GIAO TIEP GS.TS NGUYfiN QUANG 1. C& nhan, nh6m xS hpi, tieu vin hoi vk vkn hoi Khi tien hanh nghien cuu cac bmh dipn phgm tru trong giao tilp giao vdn hod, chung tdi ludn y thftc dugc rdng do la nhung binh dipn phgm tru rat nhu hogt va tinh tl. Chung phy thugc rit nhilu vao cac an tang vdn hoa nhu gid trj, quan niem, ditc tin, edm kj... cung nhu cac thanh td giao tilp nhu cdc thong so nhdn thdn cua chu the vd ddi the giao tiip, quan he giifa cdc ddi tdc giao tiep, quyen lite ciia chii the ddi vdi ddi the giao tiep, muc dich giao tiep, ngi dung giao tiep, hinh thitc thdng diep, i"oi trudng giao tiip... Do vgy, chung tdi thien nghi vipc dua ra cac phd nipm tuypt doi ve bilu dgt cua cdc binh dipn phgm trft nay trong cdc cpng ddng ngdn ngft - vdn hod dugc xet dl khdng djnh rdng cac cd nhan, cac nhdm xd hgi, cac tieu vdn hod va cac nin vdn hoa khdc nhau deu vipn den cdc chien luge va tieu chien luge giong nhau do diu chia se cac phd nipm dd la mgt each nhin nhgn chua thoa dang. Nd lam "xa cftng" va "danh ddng" cac ddi tu(7ng dugc xet. Song, nlu ta lgi thdi qud ma cho rdng con ngudi sinh ra von la nhumg ca nhan dan le, khdc bipt vdi nhimg ca nhan khdc, cho nen vipc tim kiem nhimg d$c diem hanh vi ndi chimg vd hdnh vi giao tilp ndi rieng dl nhgn dipn cdc nhdm xd hgi, cac tilu vdn hoa, va cac nen vdn hod la khdng taong thi dd ciing lgi la mgt cdch nhin nhgn can dugc xem xet lgi. Con ngudi sinh ra von tien thien mang tu each kep (double status): vfta mang tu each ca nhan, vfta mang tu each thdnh vien. Cac hdnh vi hanh tac (action), tuong tdc (interaction) va xuyen tdc (transaction) cfta mgt con ngudi mgt m^t the hipn va minh chftng cho tu each ca nhan cua ngudi do (thi dy: anh A khac vdi anh B), m^t khdc giup ta nhin nhan dugc tinh dong nhdm cua ngudi dd vdi mgf nhftng ngudi khdc (thi dy: anh A vd anh B deu la ngudi Bdc Bg). Dfta tren quan nipm ve tu each kep cua con ngudi, chung tdi xin dugc dua ra cdc sa dd sau: _
20 Ngon ngiif so 1 ndm 2011 TvUcfa TV£*th lUnh -vtia Tveicbi ci ab&B Tatieh U nhin Tir etch ci nhin CACCANHAN K':vji"'-'-_ Nbtim xS m A Nh«m x l bOi B jKmilmmk Nb6m I i hOi C CACNHdMXAHOl TUavinholA Titu vin hoi B cAc Tifcu VAN H6A Ti^n vin hoi C
Gia thuyet... §f Tieu viln ho;i A | .1 _ J Tif u \ iln lio;l B \ NKN S ' I N IKVV ' I'icuvfiii lio;i (• Vdi cdch nhin nhgn tren, chung tdi thilt nghi, khi nghien cftu vl giao tilp giao vdn hod xet theo bkih dipn phgm tru, ta chi cd thi vd chi nen tun ra nhirng d^c diem phd qudt, nhirng khudn mau giao tilp (ca ngdn tft va phi ngdn tft) phd dyng, diln hinh cua cdc nhdm xd hgi, cac tilu vdn hod vd cac nin vdn hoa md thdi. Ndi cdch khdc, nhitng kit qud md ehiing ta ed dugre thdng qua cdc cdng trinh nghien citu (ed djnh lugmg vd djnh tinh), vdi bdt eu tdm mite ndo, eiing ehi ed the dung vdi sd ddng, vdi dgi da sd, thdm chi vdi tuyet dgi da sd ehu khdng the dung vdi mgi cd nhdn ciia nhdm xd hgi, tiiu vdn hda hay nin van hod do dugre. Levine va Adelman (1993) dd cd li khi vi vai trd cfta vdn hoa va cd nhan nhu vai trd cfta dgo dien vd dien vien. Tuy cimg ddng mgt vai vd cung dugc mgt dgo dien chi dan, nhtmg hai dien vien, dft rit xuit sdc va rit no lyc de ddng dung theo yeu ciu cua dgo dien, nhtmg chdc chdn hg sg khdng ddng hodn toan nhu nhau, thgm chi, tuong ty nhau. Ngoai ra, trong qua trinh nghien cftu vl cac binh dipn phgm tru trong giao tiep giao vdn hod xet theo cac thanh to giao tilp va cac in tang vdn hod, chung tdi cung din nhgn thiy rdng nlu chi xet chung thuin tuy tren binh dipn giao tilp ngi ngdn (intralinguistic communication), chftng ta rit cd kha ndng sg di din nhQng kit lugn, nhirng phan djnh, nhumg nhgn xet... sai Ipch ve hdnh vi giao tilp cfta nhimg ngudi din tft (cac) nin vdn hoa khac. Mpt hanh vi phan hdi ngdn tft boa (verbalised response) cd the dugc mong dcpd va dugc nhin nhgn Id mgt hdnh vi ljch syft-ongmpt nin vdn hod ndy, nhung nd rit cd thi lgi la
22 Ngon ngiif so 1 nam 2011 mgt hdnh vi khdng dugc mong dc^i vd bj coi la sao rong, khdng thgt ldng... trong mgt nen vdn hod khdc. Mgt thi dy ma chung tdi dd neu ra trong cuon Giao tiep vd giao tiep giao vdn hod (2002) ve hdnh dgng xin loi ftong cgng dong Uc vd cgng dong Hoa, Vipt cd thi Id mgt minh hog. Trong nhieu cgng dong vdn hod - ngdn ngu A chau, cdc phan hoi phi ngdn tft hod (nonverbalised responses) the hipn sy bilt loi, sy an hgn... td ra phu hgp ban trong nhieu tinh huong cy the. Thi dy, vd tinh xd vao ngudi khdc, cui diu, mim cudi cau hod roi budc tilp. Do vgy, nlu muon dgt tdi mgt cdi nhin thiu dao vl Uch sy (ca duong tinh vd am tinh) trong giao tilp, ta khdng thi khdng xet den cdc ylu to cgn ngdn vd ngogi ngdn (phi ngdn tft) vd tinh phft hgp cua chung trong cdc tuong tac cy thi, vai cac quan hp vai cy thi, d cac chu canh tmh hudng va chu canh vdn hod cy the. 2. Bkn chat k£p, tv cich k^p vk cic binh difn ph^m trii Chung tdi cho rdng con ngudi (human being), khi sinh ra, von tien thien mang theo bdn chat kep (double nature) cua minh; cd nghia la con ngudi vua Id sinh thi xa hgi (social being), vfta la sinh the cd y thirc (conscious being). I SINH THfi XA HOI V(5i bdn chit Id sinh the xd hgi, vd ciing nhu cdc loai vgt cd chung ban chat (lodi ong, lodi kiln...), con ngudi phdi tuong tdc vdd cdc thanh vien khac trong xd hgi (thu nhd va/ ho^c md rgng) cua mmh. Ndi cdch khac, ban chit xd hgi bdt huge con ngudi, bdng each ndy hay cdch khdc, phdi tuang tdc (interacting). Ngay cd trong cdc tuang tdc npi nhan (intrapersonal interactions) - chuypn trd vdi chinh bdn than minh - cac ylu to ciu thdnh cd nhan P-A-C (Cha mp/ Parent: P; Ngudi tnrdng thdnh/ Aduh: A; Con tre/ Child: C), vdn dugc tgo nen thong qua cdc trdi nghipm xd hgi vd dugc tich ty thdnh cdc vai xd hgi trong moi cd nhan, cting giao tilp theo cdc c|lp vai khdc nhau nhu "Cha mp - Con
Gia thuyet... 23 tie", "Ngudi ldn - Ngudi ldn"... Thi dy: Giao tilp ngi nhan giua ylu to "Cha mp" vd "Con ti'e": Khi di dgo ben ho, Quang - mgt gido vien dgi hgc tre - nhin thay mgt cd gdi dang thd bg phia trudc, mdi tdc budng lai, than hinh thon thd, dang dipu khoan thai. Anh ta (ylu to "Conft-g")ty nhft: - Chd, cd be cd thdn hinh hdp ddn qud nhi? Mnh thit vugt ten liec xem CO be xinh den muc ndo mdi duQc. Nhtmg mgt gigng ndi trong anh ta (ylu to "Cha mp") chgt vang len: - Nccy, cdn than day I Cd khi cd ta lgi Id sinh vien cua cgu thi sao. Nd md ve trudng ki chuyen vdi mgi ngudi thi phien ddy. (SINHTHi I XAHOI ::Mi0if Vdi bdn chat la sinh thi cd y thftc, vd hodn toan khac vai cdc lodi vgt trong thi gidi ty nhien von dugc coi Id khdng cd y thftc (mgt so nhd nghien cftu d$t vin de nghi ngd lugn dilm ndy), con ngudi thyc hipn cac hogt dgng li tinh cfta mmh. Ndi cdch khdc, ban chat y thuc bdt bugc con ngudi phdi tu duy (thinking). SINH TH^ C6 tTHtrc • • • • • • • • i TUDUY ^ Trong qud trinh tuang tdc (tucmg tdc ngi nhdn, tucmg tdc lien nhan, tucmg tdc nhdm, tuang tdc xd hgi...) vd tu duy (tri nhgn, so sdnh, ddi chieu...), con
24 Ngdn ngiif so 1 ndm 2011 ngudi nhdn dipn dugc chuih ban tiian mmh va nhimg ngudi khdc; cd nghia Id con ngudi cd dugc tu niem (self- oncept) va tha niem (other - concept). TV MEM V.4THA NIKM Trong qua trinh ty nipm va tha nipm ay, con ngudi nhan thay d minh va nhiing ngudi khac cd mpt diem chung: Hp ddng thdi vua Id nhirng ca nhan khu biet (anh A khdc vcii chi B, 6ng C . ) vfta la nhiing thanh vien hda dong (ciia gia dinh, ldp hpc, ca quan, cau lgc bg...). Ndi cdch khac, hp deu cd chung tu each kep {double status) la tu cdch thdnh vien (membership) vd tu edeh cd nhdn (individualship). - -- - ; ~-... .^^.-.-^r- I : < - • ' - • ANHW TLC.-.Cli / X CANilAX \ I \ I I TLNIEM // K A \ A THA NIEM X _^ \ Y \ THA.\H\!r\ TLCACH T11A\HVIEN
Gia thuyet. 25 Chinh sy qudn binh giua hai tu each ndy hay sy nhan manh vao mgt trong hai tu cdch dd cua sd ddng ftong mgt cpng ddng ngdn ngu - vdn hod da gc^i cho chftng tdi y tuc!mg dua ra cac binh dipn phgm trft (categorrical dimensions) trong nghien cftu giao tiep npi vdn hod vd giao vdn hod. Dd la: Tir CACH CA NHAN TXi eACH THANII VIEN < # i2> fgj !f1T 'I' !'!"'!'!;|'n'!";!.n!l|'|| niLiMnllijIiLmilliiJl mm.fRfflW 1| i ntiijlft 11I'll:! II till 'itlni'iii li^^ttsiflm^^M^^ sti5ffi»>*^ • rl Bi imp^ KHACHQUANTINH CHU QUAN TINH DUY Li
26 Ngdn ngiif sd 1 ndm 2011 CON NGUdi s J Sinh the xS h$i 7^Sinh"th4y thuc ]= Tu(3Tig tic T Tir duy h^ T\rn!$mvdUHni$m J z:^z;C4c cdnhan C ^ th^nh vien Tu cdch c& nlian «#• ^ Tu c^ch th^nh viSn Thi6n \e cSnhan Tliiia vc nhom ::; KLii : 1 !,.;. Cbu c ^ h ihap Chu c&nh cao • ^ ! Lich su am tinh 1J T Lich su duang tinh * Khich quan tinh; Chu quan tinh DUY : Duy cam QoythiH Phi quy Ihon; Ij ilm)ng nOi Hu^ ?j Chinh xAc PWcWnbx4
Gia thuyet... 27 3. So-do quan hp vdn hda - giao tiep Trong boat dpng giao tilp hang ngay, chiing ta th\rc hipn cdc hdnh dpng giao tiep (communicative acts) khac nhau trong cac s\r kipn va tinh hudng giao tiep (commumcative events/ situations) khac nhau. Neu xet ve mdi quan hp gifta vdn hod vd giao tiep, chftng tdi xin dugc dua ra gid thuyet sau: Vdn hod, nhu mgt nggn Ifta vd hinh dugc hdng dudng hai cac "dn tdng" (cultural hiddens) cua nd nhu: gid trj, dftc tin, quan nipm, thdi quen, truyen thdng, cam kj..., dd tao ra sftc song cho toan bg cdc tdng sau: > ' a) Tdng thdnh td giao tiep b) Tdng binh dien phgm trii giao tiep ' ''1 'l'.'^ "' c) Tdng ngdn ngii giao tiip , , •.! ^JU' W .') - V." V Vi,:^ ii\: • ' ; d) Tdng hdnh dgng giao tiep .. ., Cd thi hinh dung cdc tang nay nhu bon mdt cdt cua mgt hinh pheu vd dugc phan bo nhu sau: *Tang 1 - Thdnh to giao tiep: Tang nay chju dnh hudng tr\rc tilp cua "Nggn Ifta vdn hod" (Flame of culture). Nd bao gom cdc thdnh to giao tilp sau (Cac thdnh to ndy, din lugt chung, lai bao gom nhilu tham to): 1) Cdc thdng sd eiia ehii thi giao tiip (Addresser's parameters - Adr) 2) Cdc thdng sd ciia ddi the giao tiep (Addressee's parameters - Ade) 3) Quan he giUa ede ddi tde giao tiep (Participants' relationship - Re) 4) Quyen luc cua chii the giao tiep ddi vdi ddi the giao tiep (Addressor's power over addressee - Po) ' ' ' ,. :..; 5) Trgng thdi tdm li eiia cdc ddi tde khi giao tiep (Participants' mood when commimicating - Mo) 6) Khi chdt eiia ede ddi tde giao tiep (Participants' temperament - Te) 7) Tinh cdm ciia ede ddi tde giao tiep (Participants' feelings - Fe) 8) Thdi dg ciia cdc ddi tdc giao tiep (Participants' attitudes - At) 9) Muc dieh giao tiep (?virpose-Yn) 10) De tdi giao tiep (Topic - To) 11) Hinh thitc giao tiep (Form-Fd) 12) Ngi dung giao tiep (Content - Co) :..:; 13) Khung cdnh giao tiip (Setting - Se) 14) Thdi gian ddnh cho giao tiep (Time availability - TA) * Tang 2 - Binh dipn ph^m tru: Tdng nay ndm tren tang "Thanh td giao tilp" vd chju tac dgng gidntiepciia cac an tdng vdn hod (gid trj, quan nipm, due
28 Ngdn ngiif so 1 nam201j_ tin, ...) tiidng qua tang "Thdnh to giao tilp". Nd bao gdm cdc buih dipn pham tru cu the sau: 1) Chu quan tinh - Khdch quan tinh (Subjectivity vs. Objectivity: Su-Ob) 2) True tiip - Gidn tiip (Direcmess vs. Indirectiiess: Di-In) 3) Chinh xdc - Phi chinh xdc (Accuracy vs. Inaccuracy: Ac-In) 4) Dgng - Tinh (Dynamicality vs. Staticality: Dy-St) 5) Hg minh - Khdng dinh minh (Self-abasement vs. Self-assertion: SAb - Sas) 6) Lich su duang tinh - Lich su dm tinh (Positive politeness vs. Negative politeness: PP-NP) 7) Tritu tugmg - Cu the (Absttactness vs. Concreteness: Ab - Co) 8) Duy cdm - Duy li (Sentimentality vs. Rationality: Se - Ra) 9) Tdn ti - Binh ddng (Hierarchy vs. Equality: Hi - Eq) 10) Hudng ngi - Hudng ngogi (Introversion vs. Extroversion: In - Ex) 11) Qui thirc - Phi qui thitc (Formality vs. Informality: Fo - In) 12) Thien ve nhdm - Thien ve ed nhdn (Group - orientation vs. Self - orientation: GO - SO) 13) Chu cdnh cao - Chu cdnh thdp (High - context vs. Low-context: HC - LC) 14) Ngdn rudm - Ngdn kiem (Redimdancy vs. Economicality: Re - Ec) *Tang 3 - Ngon neir giao tiep: Tang nay ndm phia tren ting "Bmh dipn pham trft". Nd chiu tdc dpng gian tiep cfta "Ngpn Ifta vdn hod" thdng qua tdng "Thanh to giao tiep" vd tang "Binh dipn pham tru". Tang 3 dugc cdu thdnh bdi cac yeu td sau: 1) A^p; «^d« (Intralanguage - Intra.Iang) 2) Can ngdn (Paralanguage - Para.lang) 3) Ngogi ngdn (Extralanguage - Extra.Iang) ' *• ''''•'• 3.1) Ngdn ngir thdn the (Body language - BL) 3.2) Ngdn ngii vgt the (Object language - OL) 3.3) Ngdn ngii mdi trucmg (Environmental language - EL) *Tang 4 - Hdnh dpng giao tiep: Day Id tang tren cung vd Id ting ho^t dpng giao tilp tii\rc tl. Nd chiu tdc dpn^ gian tilp cua "Ngpn Ifta vdn hod" tiidng qua ting "Binh dipn pharn tiii" vd tang "Thanh to giao tilp". Dong tiidi nd dugc "hipn thvrc hod" bdi ting "Ngdn npu giao tilp". Ting 4 la ting md Ixri nd bao gdm tat cd cac ho^t dgng giao tiep thvrc tl nhu: khuyen rdn, thdng bao, ddng y, bat ddng, ggi y, cam cm, khen nggi...
Gia thuye't. 29 De giftp quy dgc gid de ddng hinh dung, chftng tdi xin dugc thiet ke vd dua ra md hinh "Quan hp v§n hod - giao tiep" sau: KJiuyt-n ~ - - " '1 liong ;iao V:if\ y h.vi i l i i j hcii Hiia hpn Doiin iljnh , '^ NhSc n h a i;ii;,ni; dini] ,^x.^,.:.... A l l iji ( 0 6 nghi Cinulo™ '"i - _ Khen ,I II6i" liC'C "'•^''^"g rhjcli !hi.Yc' Nhan xet ^ ^ ^ Xin loi Wiudiiili ,'l "• •" - ^ • | " 4. Tinh dpng ciia quan hp vdn hoa - giao tiep Xin dugc ltm y rdng quan hp gifta giao tiep va vdn hod la quan hp "dpng". Khai nipm "dgng" d day dugc hieu nhu sau: ; ., < 1) Tinh lieu lugng cfta cdc an tang vSn boa vdn mang ban chat dpng. Nhipt do (Heat - map) cfta chftng ludn thay ddi; do vay, tdc dgng cfta chiing len cac hanh dgng giao tiep cy the trong cdc s\r kipn/' tinh hudng giao tilp cy thi ciing ludn thay ddi. Thi dy: * C5 hanh dgng "khen mpt be so sinh", tdc dpng cua "cim kj" ddng vai trd ndi tigi trong ngdn ngft - vdn hod Vipt, va do v$y, thay vi ndi: '"Chdu
30 Ngon ngOf sd 1 ndrnjOjl tdi trdng xinh qud" tuang ftng vdi ngdn ngft - vdn hod Anglophone (He/She looks cute), ngudi Vipt, nhin chung, 1^ cd xu hirdng vipn din hai chien luge sau: a) Sft dyng nhuan ngft tiln md boa - nghi le hod (pre - coded ritualised gambit): - Trgm via, chdu tdi trdng xinh qud. h) Sft dyng cdch ndi ngugc: - Chdu tdi trdng de ghet chua kia. 0 day, ta cd till quan sat thay rdng yeu to ngi ngdn tieu cyc "de ghet" thudng dugc den bft bdng cac yeu td c$n ngdn, ngoai ngdn tich cyc nhu: khdng don ttpng am vdo yeu td npi ngdn dd, keo dai am tiet "chua " ttong dau hipu tft vyng - tinh thai "chua kia ", mdt nheo l^i, dnh mdt triu men, dua ra cac cft chi yeu thucmg... * Tuy nhien, d mgt hdnh dgng giao tiep khdc, tdc dgng cfta "quan nipm" lai dugc cam nhan m^nh me han. Khi duang dau vdi mgt phdt ngdn, kieu nhu "You're a lucky dog" ("Ddi tdc giao tiep" la mgt con chd may mdn), ngudi Vipt va ngudi Anh - My - Uc, nhin chung, se cd cac phdn hdi khac nhau, tham chi trai ngugc nhau do chiu cac tdc dgng mang tinh ddc thft vdn hod (culture - specific) ve quan nipm. "Con chd", ttong ngdn ngft - van hod Vipt va Anglophone, dugc qui chieu vao cac boat dpng khac nhau va do vay, dugc qui gdn cho cdc gid trj khac nhau va cudi cftng, dugc quy djnh bdi cdc quan nipm khdc nhau. Do dd, cac phan hdi de cd khd ndng xay ra cfta ngudi Vipt nhin chimg sg la tieu cyc: - Anh bdo ai Id chd hdi - Anh ndi cdi kieu gi day? Trong khi dd, cac phan hdi de cd kha ning xdy ra cfta ngudi Anh - My - Uc nhin chung se la tich cyc bode trung tinh: - Could be. (Ciing cd the) - / think I am. ("Ban tiian" nghi minh Id [con chd may mdn]) 2) Cac ting cua md hinh tten eung ludn quay quanh mgt ti^c vd hinh vdi cac tdc dp khac nhau; va do vay, ta sg de dang tiiay rdng mgt hanh dgng giao tiep cy die (tiii dy, hanh dpng khuyen vd tilp nhan ldi khuyen) cd till dugc tiiyc hipn khdc nhau (bdng "ngdn ngft" ngdntiJrhay "ngdn ngft" phi ngdn tii, hay ket hgp cd hai? vdi cac ylu td can ngdn dugc till hipn thi ndo?) do chju cac tac dpng khac nhau cfta cac tiianh td giao tilp khac nhau (quan he chu thi - ddi the, quyen luc cua ehii the ddi vdi ddi the, tinh cdm cdn thi hien. ) cfta cac bmh dipn pham tru khac nhau (chit quan tinh - khdch quan tinh, true tiip gidn tiep, ljch su dm tinh - lich su duang tinh...) vd, cot goc, cfta cac in tdng van hod khac nhau (dice tin, cdm ki, phong cdch giao dip...).
Gia thuyet., 31 3) Cdc yeu td cau thdnh cfta md hinh ndy, bao gdm cac an tdng vdn hod va cdc thdnh to cua cd bdn ting qui chilu, giftp ta thay dugc moi tuang tdc gifta chftng vdi nhau ttong giao tilp npi vdn hod. Song, dieu cd the khdng djnh d day Id cdc yeu to ndy khdng chi tucmg tdcttongnpi bg mgt thyc the ngdn ngft - vdn hod nhat djnh, d^c bipt Idttongthdi d^ ngay nay khi md qua trinh khu vyc hoa vd todn cau hod dang dien ra manh me. Va nhu mpt hp qud tat yeu, qua trinh giao vdn hod ciing ngay cang gia tdng. Do vay, cac an tang vdn hod cting nhu cac thanh td cua cac ting qui chieu cfta mpt thyc the ngdn ngft - van hod nhat dinh, vdi cdc mftc dg khac nhau, khdng chi tdc dpng vd chju sy tdc dgng lan nhau md cdn gay anh hudng cho va bj dnh hudng bdi cac yeu to cau thdnh tuang ftng cfta (cdc)tiiycthe ngdn ngft - vdn hod khdc, d$c bipt la (cdc) thyc thi ngdn ngft - vdn hod md chiing cd cudng dp tiep xftc manh vaJ ho^c bj chi phoi hay dp d$t nhilu. T h ^ chi, trong nhftng tinh huong nhit djnh, ddc bipt la ttong giao tiep giao vdn hod, ting qui chieu 4 ("Tang boat dpng giao tiep thyc te") nhieu khi I^ chju tdc dpng manh rag, vd ddi khi mang tinh quylt djnh, bdi cdc tang qui chieu thap han va/ hodc bdi cac an tang vdn hod cua mgt (hay ban mpt) thyc the ngdn ngft - van hod khac. Trudng hgp nay thudng xay ra d nhftng ngudi cd trinh dg ngo^i ngft rat cao, da cd nhieu ndm sinh sdng vaJ hojc tiep xuc trye tiep vdi mgt (hay ban mgt) thyc the ngdn ngft - vdn boa khac. So do chftng tdi thiet ke vd dua ra sau day s8 giup ta hieu rd ban lap l u ^ ndy: c.4c AN TANO VH (Nguyen Quang- GTGVH)
32 Neon ngft so 1 ndm 2011 4) Tinh dgng cua md hinh nay cdn dugc the hipn d sy thay ddi theo thai gian cfta ban than cac in tang van hod cftng nhu cdc thdnh td thugc cac tang qui chieu. Thi dy: a) Cdc in tang vdn boa: Theo tiidi quen truyin tiiong d Vipt Narn, phy nft, khi giao tilp vdi ngudi khac gidi, phai tidnh nhan giao (tilp xftc dnh mdt) tiiudng xuyen va trye tilp (frequent and direct eye - contact) bdi hdnh vi phi ngdn tft nay thudng bj gan ghep vdi cac bilu hipn tieu cyc sau: - Ldng la, - Xac xugc, - Khdng gia giao, Nhung ngdy nay, dac bipt t^i cac dd thj ldn, hanh vi nay d phy nft khdng cdn bj sd ddng qui ket mgt cdch tieu cyc nhu v$y nfta, trft phi ngudi phy nu dd cd cdc vi cft chi (micro - gestures), ho^c vd tinh hodc hftu y, the hipn cac bieu hipn dd. b) Cac binh dipn pham trft: Theo truyen thdng, khi mudn hdi ngudi khac mgt dieu gi mang tinh rieng tu nhdm the hipn sy quan tam cua minh, vdi it nhieu ttang ttgng, ngudi Vipt thudng cd thdi quen hdi gidn tiep (theo each hieu "gian tiep" cfta Fasold, 1990) vdi each dgn dudng bdng mgt khdi ngft, thi dy: - Tdi hdi khi khdng phai, dng bd sinh hg dugtc mdy cd cdu a? Nhung ngdy nay, chien luge nay chi cdn dugc sft dyng bdi nhumg ngudi gia ca md phan nhieu la cac cy d Hd Npi. Vdi nhftng ngudi khdc, lyc ngft dyng the hipn tinh ttang ttgng vd l}ch sy cfta khdi ngft tten tiiudng dugc chuyln tdi bang nhd hipu (politeness marker) "da": - Da, hai bdc (sinh) dugfc mdy anh chi g? c) Cac thanh td giao tiep: Trudc day, quan hp thay - ttd dugc coi la quan hp dan dipn. Bat luan ngudi trd tudi tdc bao nhieu vd gift vai trd gi trong xd hpi, ngudi tiiay ludn cd quyen lyc hiu nhu tuypt doi doi vdi ngudi ttd. Do vay, se la hoan toan ty nhien khi ngudi thay, vdi chile roi ldm ldm trong tay, quat mang ngudi trd cua minh: - Dd ddt md cdn ludi thi den bao gid mdi nen ngudi dufrc hd? Xoe tay ra\ Va cung sg la hoan toan ti; nhien khi ngudi trd "chju tr^n" cui diu nghe tiidy mdng md, vd tham chi, coi (hay td ra la nhu vay) chuypn thiy "ra roi" vdi mmh la Ig thudng tinh nham giup mmh nhd ddi ma phin dau. Nhung ngay nay tiiih dan dipn trong quan hp tiiay - ttd cung nhu quyen lyc ttiypt ddi cfta ngudi tiiay ddi vdi ngudi ttd khdng cdn dugc/ bj "thuan khilt" nhu trudc kia nfta Do dd, cac phat ngdn nhyc ma va hanh dpng nhyc khao kieu tten khd cd thi dugc
Gia thuyet... ^___ 33 ngudi ttd tilp nh^ln mgt cdch thy dgng va dugc xd hgi nhin nh|n mgt cdch tich cyc. ^i'^" d) Cdc ngdn ngft giao tilp: Ban than vipc sft dyng cac ngdn ngft giao tiep (can ngdn, ngi ngdn, ngoai ngdn), vdi cdc lilu lugng vd each thftc bieu hipn cua chung, cung thay ddi theo thdi gian. Nlu nhu trudc day, ttong rat nhieu gia dinh d Hd Ngi, khi khach din thdm nhd, ngudi vg thudng pha vd dua ttd ra phdng khdch, ciii diu chdo, ndi nhd nhp: "Dg, bdc qua ehai a", sau dd, "A7« phep bde" vd rut ve phdng rieng hay xuong nha dudi thi hipn nay, theo quan sat ca nhan, phy nft Hd Npi td ra "khdng dinh minh" (self- assertive) hon: hg hoan todn cd the cung chong ngoi tiep khdch nlu mudn va lilu lugng cac "nhd hipu" ciing nhu "rudm tinh thdi hay rudm thdi quen" (modal and habitual redundancies) the hipn tinh ljch sy, sy nft tinh vd kilu h^ minh (self- abasement) cftng gidm di dang ke. Thi dy: - D^, chdng hay bde gdi vd ede anh ehi o nhd vdn dugc khoe mgnh chft ^.^ [Trudc day] ,i , :, - (D^), chf vd ede chdu vdn khoe chd, anh? [Hi^n nay] .. • .L-V( d) Cac hdnh dgng giao tiep: Cd the ndi rdng, theo thdi gian, cac hdnh dgng giao tiep ciing thay ddi mpt each dang ke, khdng chi d chuypn mpt so;; hanh dpng giao tiep hinh nhu khdng dugc sft dyng nfta ttong khi mgt sd hanh dgng giao tiep mdi xuat hipn, hay mpt sd hanh dgng giao tiep dugc sft dyng vdi tin sudt thap dan ttong khi mgt sd hdnh dgng giao tiep khdc I^i dugc vipn tdi vdi lilu lugng tdng Ien, md cdn d thyc tl Id each thftc vd cdc chiln luge dugc vipn dan cfta cdc hdnh dgng giao tilp dd, d cac mftc dg khdc nhau, ciing thay ddi. Dieu nay ciing hodn todn de hieu, bdi todn bg cdc an tang vdn hod: gid trj, quan hp, dftc tin, cam kj..., theo thdi gian cung nhu trong qua trinh tuang tdc vdi cdc thyc the ngdn ngu - vdn hod khdc, ciing thay doi; vd sy thay doi dd tdc dpng, vdi cdc cudng dp va sy thuc ep khdc nhau, Ien cdc hdnh dgng giao tiep cy the. Thi dy: Trudc day, ttong xd hgi kilu "Si - Ndng - Cdng - Thuang", cac hanh dpng giao tiep kieu nhu: A. Chdu nhd that tdt so qud, lay dugtc ngudi chong vita v3n hay chu tot, vita gidi cam - ki - thi - hoa. Dugfc chdng re nhu the dung Id mat mdt vdi thien ha. B. Dg, du day eiing Id cdi hdng phuc ciia td tien cting Id cdi tu nhan tich dftc ciia chdu md thdnh day g. Td ra phft hgp, bdi gia trj cua "vdn hay chft tdt", cua "cam - ki - thi - ho^" dugc quy kit la tich cyc vd do v|y, phdt ngdn phdn hoi ciing Id tich eye. Song, ngdy nay, d cdc do thj ldn, ttong kieu xd hgi chuyen ddi it nhieu mang tinh "Thuang - Cdng - Ndng - SF', ta l^i de dang chftng kiln cdc hdnh dpng giao tilp kilu nhu:
34 Ngon ngfif so 1 ndm 2011^ A. Nhdt anh chj rdi day, cd dugrc thdng ri gidi Idm dn, kilm tien nhu nudc. Con Lan nhd anh chj tha hd dugrc nhd. Chdng bii cho eon Huang nhd toi, va phdi cdi thang Quang dd ngheo lgi edn si, sudt ngdy bdm vdy vgr ma con cu thi ca, hgi ho^ Mdi ba cdi cfta ay ra md dn dugrc chdc! B. Oi ddo! Thi gian dugc vg hdng chong md lgi Nhitng dugrc cdi con Huang nd cung thdo vdt; con cdi chiing nd lgi ciing nhanh nhen, thdo vdt nhu me no. A. Vdng, tdi ciing mong sao chiing nd khdng 'dyt' nhu cdi thdng bd chiing n d . •'' '•' -'•"••'•• Sau tit ca nhumg minh hoa vfta neu, dilu cdn luu y d day Id cdc minh ho? ndy chi Id kit qua cua kinh nghipm vd quan sdt cd nhan, vd do vay, chi mang tinh gid tiiuylt. D I khdng djnh dugctinhchan ngyy cua chung, ta can cd nhftng nghien cftu tiiyc nghipm, ho^c cyc bg ho|c todn dipn xet theo ca thdi gian vd khdng gian. Han nfta, cac thyc thi vdn hod - giao tilp cd thi dugc coi Id cdc sinh thi (living beings) d^c bipt, hilu theo' nghia chung cd sinh -tixrdng- djch - biin. Mgt tdc dgng, ho^c ngi tai ho$c ngo^i tai, khdng chi dnh hudng den mpt thanh td cfta thyc thi ma cdn anh hudng den todn bg cdc thanh td cua thyc till, vdi cdc mftc dg khdc nhau. Vd mgt tdc dgng t^o ra mgt sy tiiay doi cd till do ban mpt yeu to, ho^c ngi tai ho^c ngo^ t^, t^o thanh. Vdi li do tten, chung tdi cho ring cdc minh boa gan ghep cho cdc ting qui chieu vfta neu cung chi mang tinh tucmg doi ma thdi. v l ca ban, khi d^t trgng tam vao nghien cftu dyng hgc giao vdn hod (cross - cultural pragmatics), ta chft yeu t$p trung vdo cdc khia c?nh cua giao tiep ngdn ngft (linguistic communication), hay ndi chinh xdc ban, cua giao tiep ngi ngdn (intralinguistic communication) giua hai ngdn ngft dugc xem xet. Nhung khi tien hanh nghien cftu giao tiep giao vdn hod (cross - cultural communication), ta khdng chi chu tam vdo vipc phan tich cdc bieu hipn vd lieu lugng cua giao tiep ngi ngdn ma cdn, d cdc mftc dg, ph^m vi khac nhau vd do cdc yeu ciu cy the, xem xet din lieu lugng vd cdch thftc bieu hipn cua cac ylu to can ngdn vd ngoai ngdn, d^c bipt Id cdc bilu hipn cfta cdc ddc tinh ngdn thanh (vocal characteristics) nhu pham chat ngdn thanh (vocal quality) cudng dg (volume), cao dg (pitch), tdc dg (rate), cfta cdc yeu td xen ngdn thanh (vocal interferences)..., va cfta ngdn ngft than the (body language) nhu nhdn giao (eye - contact), dipn hipn (facial expressions), tu thi (postures), cft chi (gestures)...ttongcac hdnh dpng, sy kipn vd tinh hudng giao tilp cfta hai thyctiievdn hod - giaotiepdugc xet. D I tiiay dugc mdi quan hp giua giao tilp vd vdn hod vd de neu bat dugc sy chi phdi cfta cdc an tdng vdn hod ddi vcd cdc hanh dpng, sy kipn, tmh hudng giao tilp ddc thft, chung tdi cho rdng ta cin phdi tim ra dugc "chile ciu noi"
Gia thuye't. 35 kit gdn cdc thyc the ngdn ngft, giao tilp vd vdn hod dugc x6t. Cd the "hinh hdi hod" y kiln nay nhu sau: Mgt lo^t cau hdi dugc d$t ra d day: V$y thyc chat, chile ciu noi ndy Id gi? Cdc bg p h ^ cau thdnh cua nd Id gi? Nd dugc kit cau ra sao de ta cd the mgt m^t thay rd dugc cau true cua nd, m§t khdc de ddng sft dyng nd vdi tu each Id mgt bg khung (framework) nghien cuu, va tft dd, nhin ra moi quan hp cua vd sy tuang tdc giua vdn hod vd giao tiep? Dya vdo md hinh "Quan hp vdn hod - giao tilp", chung tdi quan nipm rdng chile cau noi ndy dugc cau trftc bdi hai ting qui chilu: "Cac binh dipn phgm tru" vd "Cac thanh to giao tilp". Cdc binh dipn phgm trft ndy, tuy tftng trudng hgp cy thi, cd the cd cdc mftc dg "chong Ian" khac nhau; vd do vgy, bilu hipn cua mgt hdnh dgng Idi ndi/ giao tilp cy the cd thi dugc giai thich dudi anh sang cfta nhilu hom mgt binh dipn phgm trft. Chung tdi ggi hipn tugng ndy Id "sy dong hifn" (co-occurance). Thi dy: Mgt nhan vien san bay thdng bdo cho mgt phy nft luong tuoi cd chong Id hdnh khdch ttong chuyen bay g$p ngn ve vy tai ngn may bay vd so phgn cfta cdc hdnh khdch: - Dg, thua bdc, chdu thi chdu cung chdng biet ndi the ndo. Aund cung Id cdi... cdi... cdi so, bdc g. Theo cdc thdng bdo md chung chdu nhgn dugrc thi chi cd mgt ngudi nam gidi dugrc citu thodt Nhung do lgi Id... mgt thanh nien, bdc g. (Ndm lay tay ngudi phy nft) Nhung thua bdc, chung chdu vdn chua nhgn dugrc thdng bdo chinh thitc. Bdc chdu minh cit cd dgd, bdc a. Thdng bao tten, tuy dg nhan vd phgm vi nghien cftu md cd the dugc xem xet theo cdc binh dipn phgm trft "Trye tiep - Gidn tiep" vd/ ho^c "Duy cam - Duy li" va/ ho^c "Ljch sy duong tinh - Ljch sy am tinh" va/ ho$c "Ngdn rudm - Ngdnkipm"... Cdc thdnh to giao tiep, vdi cdc mftc dp khac nhau, ciing hgp lyc de chi phoi mgt hdnh dgng Idi noil giao tilp cy thi. Ngudi ta cd thi sft dyng cdch ndi/
36 Ngon ngiif so 1 nam 2011 giao tilp ndy chft khdng phdi cdch ndi/ giao tilp khdc, vipn dan logi dau hipu tft vyng - tinh thdi ndy chft khdng phdi logi tft vyng - tinh thdi khdc, sft dyng hinh thftc/ quan hp xung hd ndy chft khdng phai hinh thftc/ quan hp ximg hd khdc..., tit ca nhftng dieu dd, trong tuypt dgi ^ so cac trudng hgp, deu do nhieu hem mgt thdnh to giao tilp qui djnh. Chung tdi ggi hipn tugng nay Id "sy dong tic" (co - action). Thi dy: A ndi vdi B: - Thdng ndy tao "rdch " qua. Cho tao "gigt" I ve, thdng sau tao "non " lgi. Phdt ngdn tten giup ta it nhilu dodn djnh dugc cdc thanh td giao tiep sau: '•' Thdng so cua chu thi giao tilp: Cd the cdn tucmg ddi tre; cd nhieu khd ndng Id nam gidi; cd le nghe nghiep vd/hogc thu nhgp khdng dn djnh; it cd khd ndng Id ngudi cd trinh dg hgc van vd/hogc vdn hod cao. * Thdng so cua doi till giao tilp: Tuang tu nhu cua chii thi giao tiip; song di ed khd ndng cd nghi nghiep vd/ hogc thu nhgp on dinh hem (it nhdt Id vdo thdi diim phdt ngdn ciia chii the giao tiep dugrc dua ra). * Quan hp gifta chu till giao tilp vd doi thi giao tilp: It nhdt Id quen biit. * Quyen lyc cua chu thi giao tilp doi vdi doi thi giao tilp: It nhieu mang tinh ddng nien, ddng quyen (age and power equals) * Tinh cam can bilu hipn cfta chu the giao tilp: Trung tinh. * Thdi dp cin bilu hipn cfta chft the giao tiep: Trung tinh. * Myc dich giao tilp: Cd lgi cho chu the giao tiep nhung bdt lgi eho ddi the giao tiep. * Tr^g thai tam li cfta chu the giaotiep:It nhieu mang tinh tieu cue (budn rau, lo ldng...) Tft nhimg lgp lugn vua trinh bay, chung tdi xin dugc cy thi hod so do "cau ndi" nhu sau: , : ; . . . n. /-:•' v ';;:•:: Chile "cau noi hai nhjp" nay mgt mjt, giftp tatiidyrd dugc bdn chit, bilu hipn vd hogt dgng cfta cdc hdnh dgng giao tilp cy the, m$t khac, giftp ta nhgn dipn dugc cdc ylu to tdc dgng din vipc lya chpn cdc chiln luge va cdch thftc
Gia thuyet... 37 giao tilp nhdm dgt tdi dich giao tilp de ra, vd m$t khac nua, giftp ta nhin ra nhiing anh hudng mgnh mg cua vdn hod ttong hdnh vi giao tiep ndi chtmg vd cac hdnh dgng giao tilp ddctiiundirieng.Vdi tam quan ttgng Idn lao vd khdng the choi bd dd, chung tdi cho rdng ta can phdi xem x^t moi tucmg lien gifta hai ting "Binh dipn pham tiu" vd "Thanh to giao tilp" khi nghien cftu vl giao tilp ngi vdn hod vd giao vdn hod. Chung tdi dd thiet kl mgt "Bang qui xet giao tiep npi vdn hod vd giao vdn tilp vd, trong thyc tl, dd sft dyng nd Iam khung nghien cftu (framework) cho cac nghien cuu thyc nghipm cua minh (Cd the xem khimg nghien cftu nay d cuoi cuon sach Mgt sd vdn de giao tiip ngi vdn hda vd giao vdn hda cua Nguyen Quang, 2004, Nxb DHQG Ha Ngi). 5. Ketlu^n Nhipm vy ddt ra cho vipc nghien cuu cdc hogt dgng giao tilp cy thi ttong ngi bg mgt thyc thi vdn hod - giao tilp (giao tilp npi vdn hoa), theo chftng tdi, la phdi tim ra dugc nhiing dnh hudng va tdc dgng cua cac in tang vdn hod len cdc hogt dgng giao tiep dd thdng qua nhiing dnh hudng vd tdc dgng vfta mang tinh phan ting, vfta mang tinh tuang tdc cua cdc binh dipn phgm tru va cac thdnh to giao tiep. Thi dy: Vdi hdnh dgng giao tilp khen vd tiep nhgn Idi khen ttong ngdn ngft - vdn hod Vipt: A. Dien the! Hdm nay, khdi em chet ddy nhe. ., - B. Ld cdi chdc. 'May rau nhdn nhui, do qudn bdnh bao' the ndy ca md Ta can xem xet va phan tich cac bilu hipn thugc cd hai ting quy chieu: * Ting cdc binh dipn phgm tim: + Binh dipn phgm tru "Trye tilp - Gian tilp": Kit hgp ca trye tilp vd gian tilp: - Trye tiep: Dien the\ - Gidn tilp phi ude Ip (gian tilp ngft nghia): Khdi anh chet day nhe. - Gian tilp ude Ip (gidn tiep ngft nghia): Mdy rau nhdn nhui, do qudn bdnh bao. + Bmh dipn phgm tru 'Chft quan tinh - Khdch quan tinh': Sft dyng cac diu hipu tft vyng - tirih thdi: - Dau hipu tdng cudng: The, the ndy ca md. jstf^ -sv^ysv^ ivif.Vi ': - Dau hipu thinh dong: Ddy nhe. + Binh dipn phgm tru "Khdng djnh minh - Phft djnh minh": Khdng djnh minh bdng each khdng djnh Idi khen cfta ngudi khdc danh cho nunh: Ld cdi chdc. * Tang cdc thdnh to giao tilp: Cac thanh to giao tilp sau ddy cd khd ndng tham gia vao vipc sft dyng cac chien luge cua cdc binh dipn phgm trft tten: + Quan hp gifta chu thi giao tilp (CTGT) vd doi thi giao tiep (DTGT): Thdn thiit hodc thdn quen. -t- Quyen lyc cfta CTGT doi vdi DTGT: Ddng nien, ddng quyen vd (cd nhiiu khd ndng) ddng gidi.
38 Ngon ngiif so 1 nam 2011 + Trgng thai tam Ii cua cdc ddi tdc khi giao tilp: Vui ve. + Tinh cam md cac doi tdc giaotilpcan bilu hipn: Thdn thiit hogc thdn mgt. + Thai dg md cdc doi tdc giao tilp can bilu Ig: Trung tinh. + Myc dich giao tilp: Cd lgi cho CTGTvd trung tinh (hogc cd thi ed lgi) doi vdi DTGT. + De tai giao tilp: An todn. + Hinh thftc giao tilp: Kit hgp cd ngdn tit vdphi ngdn tit. + Ngi dung giao tilp: Cd CTGT va DTGT eiing quan tdm (hogc CTGT to ra Id nhu the vd mudn ddi the nghi Id nhu thi). Nhipm vy dgt ra cho vipc nghien cuu cdc hogt dgng giao tilp cy thi ttong hai thyc the vdn hod - giao tiep (giao tilp giao vdn hod) td ra phftc tgp hon. Nd khdng don gian chi Id vipc tim ra dugc nhiing anh hudng vd tac dgng cua cdc an tang vdn hod Ien cdc hogt dgng giao tilp thdng qua nhirng anh hudng va tdc dgng vua mang tinh phan ting, vua mang tinh tucmg tdc cua cdc binh dipn phgm tru va cac thdnh td giao tiep md cdn Id vipc tim ra dugc nhung tuang ddng va dj bipt md, theo kinh nghipm nghien cftu cua chung tdi, chu yeu xuat hipn d cac diem qui chieu "Tinh lilu lugng" (Proportionality) va "Tinh bieu hipn" (Manifestability), nhung ttong nhieu trudng hgp, cQng dugc thi hipn khd rd d diem qui chieu "Tinh hftu vd" (AvailabiUty). TAI LIEU T H A M KHAO 1. Fasold R., The Sociolinguistics of Language, Basil Blackwell, 1990. 2. Gregg J.Y, Communication and Culture, Heinle & Heinle Publishers, 1993. 3. Nguyen Quang, Giao tiep va giao tilp giao vdn hod, Nxb DHQG, H, 2002. 4. Nguyen Quang, Mgt sd van de giao tiep ngi vdn hod va giao vdn hod, Nxb DHQG, H, 2004. 5. Nguyen Quang, Giaotiepphi ngdn tu qua cac nin vdn hod, Nxb KHXH, H, 2008. 6. Nguyen Quang, Lecture - notes on Cross - Cultural Commimication, Unpublished.