Liên kết logic trong Văn bản hợp đồng kinh tế tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt

so 1 +2 (207+208)-2013<br /> <br /> NGON NGU & 001 SONG<br /> <br /> «=<br /> <br /> ! NGOAI NGD VOI BAN NGU j<br /> <br /> LIEN KET LOGIC TRONG VAN BAN HOP<br /> D 6 N G KINH TE TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET<br /> LOGICAL COHERENCE IN ENGUSH AND VIETNAMESE<br /> BUSINESS CONTRACTS<br /> N G U Y I N HUONG GIANG<br /> (NCS, Khoa Ngon nguf, DHKHXH & NV, DHQGHN)<br /> Alislracl<br /> Since ha\ini! become a memher of W I (). Vietnam lias many opportunities to develop its<br /> economy and other areas as well. I oreiyn companies, businesses and investors lui\e paid<br /> more and more attention to Vietnamese market. This means that many business contracts<br /> have been composed and signed. However, how to get a clear, accurate and logical business<br /> contracts is still the matter that a lot of businesses, teachers and students have been<br /> concerned about. The paper detennines the similarities and differences of logical coherence<br /> in English and Vietnamese business contracts in order to give a better understanding of these<br /> two discourses and to help people create more effective business contracts.<br /> 1. Mo"d3u<br /> Hien nay a nirac ta co rat nhieu hgp dong<br /> kinh t^ dugc soan thao \ a kl ket. Tuy nhien,<br /> lam th^ nao di co dirge mpt hgp d6ng kinh te<br /> ro rang, chinh xae \ a logic lai la dieu ma rat<br /> nhiiu doanh nghiep, giao vien va hpc vien<br /> ban khoan. Hp thirong thSy khp khi soan mpt<br /> hgp dflng kinh tS bang tieng Anh hay djch<br /> mpt hiTp dflng kinh ti tir tijng Anh sang tiing<br /> Viet chp chuan va ngugc lai. Nguyen nhan<br /> nay co thfl do hp chua hi6u rfl nhttng diem<br /> giflng va khac nhau vfl dien ngon trong van<br /> ban hgp dflng kinh tfl tiflng Anh va tiflng Viet,<br /> Chinh vi vay, chimg toi mufln khao sat nhihig<br /> diflm giflng va khac nhau vfl viec lien kflt logic<br /> (logical cohesion) trong van ban hgp dflng<br /> kinh tfl tiflng Anh va tiflng Viet vpri hi vpng sS<br /> mang dfln cho nhttng ngucri quan tam mpt<br /> each hiflu d§y diJ hgn vfl van ban nay a hai<br /> ngon ngtt va qua do se giup hp co dugc nhttng<br /> hgp dflng kinh tfl de dang hgn, hieu qua hem.<br /> <br /> 1.1.Moi so khai niem ca hdn<br /> / /. Lien kel logic (logical cohesion) Irong<br /> van hdn<br /> Theo Halliday va Hasan {1976;4). "Khai<br /> niem lien ket (cohesion) la mgt khai niem ve<br /> ngu nghia (semantic) vi no hucmg den moi<br /> quan he ve mat y nghTa (meaning) trpng van<br /> ban (text)". Trpng Longman Dictionary of<br /> Language teaching and Applied linguistics.<br /> Richards, J.et al (1985:62) dinh nghTa "Lien<br /> kk la mfli quan he ve ngu phap va tir vimg<br /> giila cac thanh phiin ciia mpt van ban. Dp co<br /> thfl la mfli quan he gitta cac cau hoae cac<br /> thanh ph4n cau". Tir dinh nghTa nay co the<br /> thjy ring lien kflt dugc the hien thflng qua<br /> ngii phap va thong qua tu ngO. Lien kflt ngtt<br /> phap (grammatical cphesipn) dugc cpi la cac<br /> hinh thirc lien kflt vfl ngtt nghta trpng khi lien<br /> kflt tir vimg (lexical cohesipn) dugc xem la sir<br /> lien ket nha su xuat hien cua cac tu lien ket<br /> (related vpcabulary items) a cac menh de<br /> <br /> 46<br /> <br /> NGON N U & Ddt S 6 N G<br /> G T<br /> <br /> (clause) \ a eau (senleiiee) trong cae dicn ngon<br /> (discourse).<br /> Theo Nguyen Hoa (2nO()23). lien kel<br /> trong van han dirge the hii-n ducVi ba hinh<br /> ihi'rc: hen kel ngfr phiip. lien kcl lir vimg \a<br /> lien kel logic. Irong do. lien kel logic la moi<br /> quan he \c mat lugK thong qua eac bitjn phap<br /> lien kel logic (Ingienl cohesive devices) sau:<br /> C^c bifil [ilukp 1<br /> 1 iciiR Aiili<br /> lien kcl 16 ^ic<br /> riiem \<br /> 1 Moi cover:<br /> (additioni<br /> ; liiUhernuire; and:<br /> NyiNcn nhan<br /> kel qua<br /> (Rea^un resiili)<br /> <br /> As: since: because:<br /> diiL'io, ...<br /> As a result. M».<br /> <br /> kOrfuan<br /> (sumnialton)<br /> Muc dich<br /> (purpose!<br /> <br /> In Loniliision. in<br /> <br /> 1 ieng Vif'l<br /> Ngo^i ni. hiTii<br /> nCVa. vA: va<br /> lai.<br /> Vi: boi vi; do,<br /> <br /> So Ihal. in order<br /> that; lo; in order<br /> <br /> Vi vpy. VI Ihe.<br /> cho nen. ...<br /> Tom lai; n6i<br /> t6ni lai; ..<br /> De; de mh;<br /> cho: .,,,<br /> <br /> 1 11 example for<br /> 1<br /> instance;<br /> namely: .<br /> Firsl(ly);<br /> 5econd(ly); then;<br /> after that:..<br /> However; whereas,<br /> on the other hand:<br /> inconlrasl....<br /> Similarly;<br /> compared with; in<br /> the same way; ...<br /> In oilier words:<br /> altemalively; or;<br /> <br /> Vi dy. till dy;<br /> chSng h^n,<br /> nhu 1^; ...<br /> Truoc lien.<br /> sau day; tren<br /> dayl^<br /> Tuy: ngugc<br /> lai: trai lai;<br /> song;.. .<br /> luongI\r; so<br /> voi: giong<br /> nhu; ...<br /> Noi cdeh<br /> khac: ho^c;<br /> <br /> Chuyen y<br /> (transiiion)<br /> <br /> By Ihe way;<br /> incidentally; come<br /> to mention i l ; ,<br /> <br /> Nhan ti?n;<br /> li?n thi.<br /> <br /> Dieu kien<br /> (condition)<br /> Thoi gian {time<br /> location)<br /> <br /> X<br /> <br /> Neu. dti; mjlc<br /> dii: chodu;.<br /> Roi. sau d6;<br /> dong thai;<br /> <br /> Dia diem<br /> (place)<br /> <br /> X<br /> <br /> T^i; tgi dSy;<br /> trong dd;<br /> <br /> Suy luan<br /> (inference)<br /> <br /> This means ihal. in<br /> that case it follws<br /> that, otherwise;....<br /> <br /> X<br /> <br /> Minhhud<br /> (example)<br /> Liet ke<br /> (enumeralion)<br /> 06i lap<br /> (conlrast)<br /> So sanh<br /> (comparison)'<br /> Dien giai<br /> (formulation)<br /> <br /> X<br /> <br /> s6l+2(207+208)-2013<br /> <br /> Bung li^t kc cdc bifn phap lien ket logic<br /> trong tieng Anh v^ tieng Vl(t<br /> 1.2. ll(,rp df'mfi kinh te<br /> C'arvan el al (1995) djnh nghia: "I lpp dong<br /> 1^ mgi thoa thuan ve nghTa v(i vS quyen han<br /> phiip li dut,Tc thiet lap giija hai hoae nhi^u ben<br /> (parties)". Jerry ni. Rosenberg (1992: 82) cho<br /> rang: "I I(7p dong la mgi thoa thu^n giira hai<br /> Imae nhieu ngu-ai (persons) dirge phap lual<br /> c6ng nhan, irong do inCit ho$c nhieu ngiroi<br /> phai dure hi?n eac yeu cau eua ngiroi kia theo<br /> nhu ihoa thuan". 16m lai. hop dong la mot sir<br /> thoa thuan ve viec se thirc hi?n hay khong<br /> th^rc hi?n mpt dieu gi do. Mgt hop dong c6<br /> tinh logic co nghTa la no co s\f rang buoc ve<br /> mat phap Ii va co hieu lire. Moi diem thoa<br /> thuan trong hgrp dong deu phai ro rang, co chii<br /> the di kem de tranh nhihig tranh chap va kien<br /> lung C the xa) ra.<br /> O<br /> Irong hoat dgng san xual va kinh doanh co<br /> hai loai hgp dong: hgp dong kinh te va hop<br /> dong dan sir. Vi khao sat nay tap trung vao<br /> phan tich sir lien kel logic trong vSn ban hop<br /> dong kinh te nen chi giai thich khai ni?m hgp<br /> dong kinh tc lagi.<br /> Hgp dong kinh tc la sir thoa thuan bang<br /> van ban gi&a cac ben ve \iee lh\rc hien cong<br /> vi?c san xuat, trao doi hang hoa. djch vy,<br /> nghien ciju, iing dyng lien bp khoa hgc - kl<br /> thugt va cac thoa thu^n khac nham myc dich<br /> kinh doanh. Hpp dong kinh te dirge ki giua<br /> phap nhan voi phap nhan, ho^c giO'a phap<br /> nhan vcri ca nhan co dang ki kinh doanh.<br /> 2. Lien ket logic trong van ban hfp dong<br /> kinh te tieng Anh va tieng Vi^t<br /> 2.1. Lien kel logic trong vdn han hap dong<br /> kinh te lieng Anh<br /> Theo Quirk (1980: 132). co hai each lifin<br /> ket logic. Do la dya vao trgt tu cau tir (linear<br /> ordering) v& sti dyng lien tir (conjunction).<br /> Trong d6, lien ket logic d ^ tren tr^t t\r cau tit<br /> dugc coi la bi?n phap logic phy thu^c chii yeu<br /> vio npi dung cua van ban. Sy sap xep tr^t t\r<br /> <br /> so 1+2 (207+208)-2013<br /> <br /> NGON N G Q * OOl^SONG<br /> <br /> eac cau trong van ban lam cho \ r i n ban logic<br /> va iiiaeh lae nen neu thay doi trat tir nay vSn<br /> biin se mat di sir logic va maeh lae do.<br /> V i du: "CunlracI shall he efleclive after ihe<br /> approval ufthe euinpeient autburilv which is IvK '<br /> The ('lieni shall send a written nulifiealian la the<br /> ('onlrucUir in 10 days after approval<br /> The<br /> Conlraetor .sludl commence the uork under the<br /> eunlrael inunedialelv<br /> iipim iweipi<br /> of such<br /> nolijicalion hy the ( Ueni." ("I lap dowj. eo hieu<br /> lire sau khi dirge sir chap thuan cua ca quan<br /> eii tham quyen la \ ' . \ ( . ' Kliaeh hang phai giri<br /> thong bao bang \ an ban eho nha than irong 10<br /> nga\ sau khi phe duyet. N h a thau se bat dau<br /> cong \iee theo liirp dong nga> khi nhan dirge<br /> tilting bao eiia khach hang"). Neu lha> doi iral<br /> lir cau eua \ an han na\ n h u sau: "The<br /> Ccmlraetor shall eainmenee tbe work under ihe<br /> eunlrael iimnecbalelv upcm receipt of such<br /> noiifiealiim h\ the Client. Ctmtraci sludl he<br /> effeelive after the approved of tbe eumpeteni<br /> aiiihurity which is \'.-\C. The Client shall .\end a<br /> written nulifiealum lo the Ccmlratfor tn 10 days<br /> after approval.", thi \ a n ban nay khong logic<br /> nira.<br /> Chinh v i \ a y ma D o H i j u Chau (1996)<br /> eung thira nhan rang lien ket logic dira tren<br /> trat lir eau lir la bien phap lien ket logic dirge<br /> sir dung pho bien iihal trong cac van ban.<br /> Ben canh lien ket logic dira tren trat Ur cau.<br /> hen kel logic su d u n g lien tir eung dugc sir<br /> dyng kha pho bien trong cac hgp dong kinh te<br /> li^ng A n h . V i d u : "The Contractor's personnel<br /> are obliged Ui refrain pcmi any aelion, for<br /> instance theft, tnctiemenl la ihefl. iinaulhurized<br /> di.selu.sure of infurmaliim wbteh could endanger<br /> or harm the ccmjidentiid nature of ihe Client's<br /> bii.sine.ss. Therefore, sbuuld a member of,staff fail<br /> lo re.spect this clause, ihe Client has ihe right to<br /> demand die nnineduile replacement oJ this<br /> personnel acceplahle hy ibe Clienl. In thai ea.se.<br /> all Ihe eusis associated with such replacement,<br /> shall he met hv the Canlraelur.'" (Cac nhan vien<br /> cua Nha t h I u khong dugc phep co bat cir mgt<br /> hanh dpng nao n h u la: trpm cap. kich dpng<br /> hanh v i t r p m cap, khong dugc phep tiet Ip<br /> thong tin co the gay nguy hiem hoae gay hai<br /> <br /> cho linh chiil bi mat kinh doanh eua khach<br /> hang. V i vay, iicu m g i nhan vien nao khong<br /> ton trgng dicu khoan nay. khach hang co<br /> quyen yeu c3u thay the ngay nhan vien do.<br /> Trong i r u o n g hgp do. nha than phai chju tat<br /> c:i eae ehi phi lien quan viec thav the).<br /> Theo ket qua nghien c i m thi nhom lien lir<br /> dirge sir dung nhieu nhal irong cae hgp dong<br /> kinh le tieng A n h la eae nhom lien lir sau:<br /> them \ a o (addition), doi lap (contrast), minh<br /> hga (example), suy luan (iiircrcnee), dien<br /> giiii ( f o r m u l a t i o n ) .<br /> 2.2. Lien kel lof^ic<br /> duim kinh le tieng I 'li't<br /> <br /> tron^<br /> <br /> vdn ban<br /> <br /> hap<br /> <br /> ( j i o n g n h u \ r i i i ban hgp dong k i n h le<br /> tieng A n h . van ban hgp diing kinh te lieng<br /> V i ? l cung dya vao trai t u cau tir de liC'n kel<br /> logic. Thi du t r o n g doan van ban htrp dong<br /> kinh le sau.<br /> Dieu 2: Trach nhiem ciia ben B<br /> 2.}. Tien bdnh xdy dung ehucmg irinh Ke<br /> loc'in Vein lat vd dieu hdnh hocti dc'>ng kinh doanh<br /> eho llai Vdn ibeu cde veu cdu diuie de ra Wong<br /> phll llic 01 cua hcfp ddng nav C 'de edng viet dici/e<br /> lien hdnh theo ke hogeh de ra trcmg phu luc .so 02<br /> 2 6 Chuyen giao cdng nghe. bdn giau ede Un<br /> heu vd hien hdn nghiem llm he ihdng .sau khi lin<br /> cdng viee cia dugc ihiec bien. ci'ic kel cpia dd diu/i<br /> chuyen giao. Daub .sdch cc'ic ldi lieu ccr ban t ua du<br /> cm md ben B phai hdn giaa cbu bUn A bao gdm<br /> hd sa khau sdi. hd sa phdn lich tbiel ke. bg dia<br /> chinmg Irinh c di dgt, bg diu ehinmg tnnh ngudn<br /> Cac nghien c i m cung cho thay eac nhcini<br /> lien tir sau day dugc su dung kha pho bien<br /> trong eae hgp dong k i n h le licng Viet: dieu<br /> kien (condition), them vao (addition), iict kc<br /> (enumeration), doi lap (contrast), muc dieh<br /> (purpose), r h i du:<br /> Dieu 4: ThM gian vd tien do thuc hi^n<br /> Neu Ircmg cfud Irinh thuc bien birp ddng. do<br /> dii'u kien ndo do eua mcil ben md ede nuk- thdi<br /> gian cd llie thay ddi thl hen dd phcn cd de nghi<br /> chinh thirc vdi ben kia. hen nhcin dtcuc de nghi .se<br /> lien hdnh phdn tich anh hucmg eua thav dot vcri<br /> todn bd tien trinh ciia hc/fi ddng. Sau do hen ben<br /> <br /> 48<br /> <br /> NGON N G Q & o d i S 6 N G<br /> <br /> s6l+2(207+208)-2013<br /> <br /> Tieng Vi?t: Ben B chiu trdeh nhi('m lgp d^<br /> thdng nhdt ve ec'ie vdn di- hf lliav dui. ede chi phi<br /> phdt sinh ch_ nguven nhdn id hen nc'iii ibi hen dd thao phinmg ibi'iv bao bdnb nine cfuy trinh. miu<br /> eliiu in'ich nhii'in thanh ludn Inu'nig hop be" l^ md. ngin'ri yen edu, ngudi nbchi, ngdy hc'tt ddu hm<br /> cu imh iri hudn v^-e hac'in thdnli hgp ddng cliing hdnh. Tuv nhien, hen A pbcd cd Irdch nhiem thdng<br /> tlvri hgn iheu tpiv dinh igi diem 4.1 eua hgp dung qua phmrng thicc hau hdnh cb> hen li dif thau<br /> nav. hen B .se chgi phgt vi phgm thdi hgn llnic hien trcmg vc'mg murri ngciy ke tic khi cu de xudl.<br /> Dicu nay co the khang djnh rang cac bien<br /> hgp ddng vdi gid iri .^"i. gid tri hgp ddng iheo '"