MOT S6 VAN DE LY LUAN CO BAN<br />
V^ THICH QNG XA HOI C U A<br />
CAC NHOM Y^U TH^ VA<br />
CAC CHINH SACH CUA O A N G ,<br />
NHA NUOC DOI VOI HO<br />
Ld Minh ThiSn<br />
Viin Tdm Iv hoc.<br />
<br />
<br />
T6M TAT<br />
Vice nghit'-ii citu sif thich ipig xd hdi cita cdc nhdm yiu the cdn duac tiin hdnh<br />
tit hai gic di: Iv ludn vd thUc ticn Nghiin cuu ly ludn seldm sdng td nil hdm cda cde<br />
khdi niim co bdn (thich dng \d hdi. thich dng .vd hii cda cdc nhdm yi'u thi), cdc hinh<br />
thirc thich irng -vd hdi cita cdc nhdm yi'u thi (thich itng vi mat nhdn thdc vd thich dn<br />
ve mat hdnh vi). Bdi viei ndy eiing tim hiiu cic chu tritang, chinh sdch cua Ddng vi<br />
Nha nude ddi vdi mil sd nhdm yi'u Ihi'. trudc hit Id cdc quan diim, nguyin tde, each<br />
thdc bdo vi vi chdm sdc cdc nhdm yiu thi.<br />
Ttt khoa: Nhdm yiu thi: ton trpng; binh ddng: bdo vi; chdm sdc; nhdn dqo.<br />
Ngiy nhan bii: 15/4/2012; Ngiy duyit dang bdi: 20/5/2012<br />
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<br />
I. Mdt sd vftn de ly Iuftn vd thich ung xft hdi ciia cic nhdm ye'u the<br />
1. Mdt sd khdi niem cabdn<br />
1.1. Khdi niim ihich I'nig<br />
Thi'ch dng xufti phit t i lieiig Latinh li Adapto. Trong tift'ng Anh, tift'ng<br />
Ddc thich dng la Adaption. Khi chuydn sang tift'ng Viet adaption dupc hidu la<br />
thich dng bay thich nghi. Trong tift'ng Viet, khii niftm thich nghi vi thieh img<br />
nhieu kbi dupe hieu vi s i dung ddng nhil nhau. Vd ndi hftm, hai khii niftm niy<br />
ddu ehi sir bift'n ddi cia chi thd dd tdn tai trong mdi trudng sd'ng, hoan canh hay<br />
tinh hudng cia cudc sfl'ng.<br />
Chung ta khflng nftn ddng nhil hai khii niftm niy, mac d i ndi hftm cia<br />
ehung cd nhidu dicm gid'ng nhau. 6 day, cin phan biet sir khae biftt gitta bai<br />
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<br />
82 TAP CHITAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012<br />
khii niftm thfch nghi vi thfch dng. Khii niftm thfch nghi dupc ding cho tit ca<br />
sinh vftt (trong dd cd con ngudi) vft thiftn vd gdc dd sinh hpc. Khii niftm thieh<br />
dng chi yft'u ding cho con ngudi vft thiftn vd gdc dd xa hdi.<br />
Khii niftm thich dng duoc nhin nhan ttt gdc dd tridt hpc, sinh hpc vft iftm<br />
ly hpc. Ttt gdc dd tridt hpc, thfch dng dupc hidu lft su thay ddi cia bin thftn con<br />
ngudi cho phtt hpp vdi hoftn cinh sd'ng, dd con ngudi tdn tai vft phit tridn. Thi'ch<br />
dng li qui trinh con ngudi nd luc lim chi tu nhiftn, cii tao tu nhiftn, giii quydt<br />
mfli quan hft gitta eon ngudi vdi thft gidi.<br />
Ttt gdc dd sinh hpc, thfch dng li su bift'n ddi ciu tao, chdc nftng cia co<br />
thd, bift'n ddi hinh vi dd con ngudi tdn tai vft phit tridn. Sir thfch dng cia con<br />
ngudi bift'n ddi ttt thft'p dft'n eao.<br />
Ttt gdc dd tam ly hpc, Ihich dng Id su biin ddi tdm ly cda chu thi nhdm<br />
vita qua nhiing khd khdn, Ird ngqi di ldn tqi vd phdl triin trong mdi trudng<br />
sdng. Tam ly hpe xem xdt sir thfch dng cua con ngudi chi ydu ttt gdc dd tam ly<br />
xa hfli.<br />
Ttt khai niftm thieh dng trftn ta tha'y, ein chd y mfll sd didm sau:<br />
- Su bie'n ddi tam ly cia chi thd. Dd Ift su bift'n ddi vd nhftn thdc, thai dp<br />
va hanh vi cia ehi the.<br />
- Thich dng chi xufti biftn khi eon ngudi gap phai mfli trudng, hoftn canh<br />
sfl'ng mdi. Khi mfli Irudng sd'ng dd xuit biftn nhttng trd ngai, khd khan ddi hdi<br />
con ngudi phai vupt qua.<br />
- Khi con ngudi thich dng dupc vdi moi Irudng sfl'ng mdi cd nghia Ift anh<br />
la ton lai va phit tridn trong mdi Irudng dd.<br />
1.2. Khdi niem thich ting xd hpi cda cdc nhdm xdhdi yiu thi<br />
Cdc nhdm xd hdi ye'u the la nhttng nhdm xa hfli d vio vj trf bit lpi vd mpt<br />
hay mpt sd khfa canh nfto dd. Ching ban nhu vd sdc khoe, vd kha nang, vd kinh<br />
tft', ve tie'p cftn thong tin... Ndi each khic, day la nhimg nhdm xa hpi gap khd<br />
khan trong cupc sdng, hp ban che, bit lpi trong cupc sd'ng so vdi cac nhdm xa<br />
hpi khac. Cd the nftu ra mpl sd nhdm xa hpi yft'u the sau: nhdm ngudi eao ludi,<br />
gia yft'u; nhdm ngudi tat nguydn; nhdm ngudi mic bftnh hiem ngheo; nhdm<br />
ngudi ngheo; nhdm tre em; nhdm tre lang thang co nhd; nhdm thuong benh<br />
binh; nhdm nhiftm ehai ddc da cam...<br />
Thich dng xa hpi cua cac nhdm xa hpi yftu the ed de djnh nghia nhu sau:<br />
Thieh dng xd hdi cda cdc nhdm xd hpi ye'u thi Id stf thay doi tdm ly eua cde<br />
nhdm xd hpi ndy nhdm vital qua nhiing khd khdn, su yiu thi cua bdn Ihdn de<br />
hoa nhdp, tdn tqi vd phdt triin trong mdi trudng xd hdi.<br />
1.3. Cdc khdi niem lien quan<br />
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TAP CHl TAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012 83<br />
- Khdi hiim ngUdi khuyi't tdt. Theo Cdng udc Qudc td vd quydn cia<br />
ngudi khuydt tit nim 2001 thi ngudi khuydt tit dupc xic djnh nhtt sau:<br />
Ngudi khuyit tdt hao gdm nhCtng ngUdi cd nhiing khii'm khuyit Idu ddi vi<br />
thi chdt, rrl tui, thdn kinh hodc gidc quan md khi tuang tde vdi cdc rdo cdn<br />
khdc nhau cd thi cdn trd su tham gia ddy du vd hiiu qud eua hp trong xd hdi<br />
trin mdt nin tdng cdng bing nhu nhitng ngudi khdc trong xdhdi (P'liu 1, Cdng<br />
udc Qudc tdvd quydn cia ngudi khuydt tit, 2001).<br />
Ngudi khuydt tat cQng dupc nhin nhin ttt cic gdc dO khic:<br />
Dao luat vd ngudi khuydt tit cia Hoa Ky nam 1990 (ADA - Americans<br />
with Disabilities Act of 1990) djnh nghia ngudi khuydt tat li ngudi cd su suy<br />
ydu vd thd chit hay tinh thin giy inh hudng ding kd ddn mdt hay nhidu boat<br />
ddng quan trpng trong cudc sdng. Cung theo ADA, nhttng vf dii cu thd vd<br />
khuydt tat bao gdm: khidm khuydt vd vin ddng, thj giic, ndi vi nghe, chim<br />
phit tridn tinh thin, benh cim xue vft nhttng khidm khuydt cu thd vd hpc tip,<br />
bai nao, dflng kinh, leo co, ung Ihu, bftnh tim, tidu dudng, cic bftnh liy vft<br />
khdng Ifty nhu bftnh lao vft biJnh do HIV (cd triftu chdng hoftc khdng cd tridu<br />
chdng). Cd su thd'ng nhai tuong dd'i vd djnh nghia thft nfto li khuydt tftt cua hai dao<br />
luat nfty.<br />
Theo phftn loai cia Td chdc Y id Thd gidi, cd ba mdc dp vd khuydt tftt 14:<br />
khift'm khuyfti (impairment), khuyfti tftt (disability) vft tftn tftt (handicap). Khii'm<br />
khuyit chi ddn su mit mit hoftc khflng binh thudng cia cau tnic co thd lien<br />
quan dft'n Iftm ly hoac/vft sinh ly. Khiiyei tdt chi de'n su giam thidu chdc nftng<br />
boat dflng, Ift hftu qua cia su khift'm khuyfti. Cdn tdn tdt di cap dft'n tinh thd bit<br />
Ipi hoae thiet thdi cia ngudi mang khift'm khuydt do tic ddng cia mdi trudng<br />
xung tjuanh Iftn tinh trang khuyfti tat cia hp (WHO, 1999). Cdn theo quan didm<br />
cia Tci chdc Qudc lft', ngudi khuyfti tat u-d thinh tdn tdt lft do thiftu CO hfti dd<br />
tham gia cic boat ddng xa bdi vi cd mdt cudc sd'ng gid'ng nhu ihftnh viftn khic<br />
(DPI, 1982).<br />
- Khdi mem tie em<br />
Theo Cdng udc cia Liftn Hiftp qud'e vd quydn tre em thi Tre em la td't cd<br />
nhting ngirdi dudi 16 tudi.<br />
2. Ly Iuftn ve thich umg xa hdi cua cac nhdm xa hpi<br />
Khi ndi vd thieh dng xa hdi cia ciic nhdm xa hdi yft'u thft', cin tap trung<br />
vfto pbftn lich hai khia canh co ban sau: 1) Thfch dng vd mat nhftn thdc; 2)<br />
Thich dng vd mat hinh vi. Dfty la hai mat bidu hiftn cia su thich dng xa hdi cua<br />
cic nhdm xa hdi yft'u thft'. Trftn thuc tft', mdc dd thi'ch dng xa hdi c i a cic nhdm,<br />
ca nhan khdng gifl'ng nhau. Cd nhung ci nhan hay nhdm xa hdi thich dng dupe<br />
ea hai khia canh nfty. Dfty li nbuiig ca nhin hay nhdm xa hiii thfch dng td't.<br />
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84 TAP CHl TAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6-2012<br />
Nhung, cung cd nhttng ci nhin hay nhdm xa h(3i chi thfch dng duoc mdt hoac<br />
hai khfa canh trftn.<br />
2.1. Thich ting vi mat nhdn thdc<br />
Thfch dn'g vd mat nhan thdc cia cic nhdm xa hdi ydu thd thd hiftn qua su<br />
thay ddi vd cich thdc suy nghl, hidu bidt cia cic nhdm xa hdi nfty vd bin thftn,<br />
vd cic vftn dd cia cui5c sd'ng vft cia xa hdi ndi chung.<br />
Thi'ch dng vd nhan thdc, trudc hfti lft su hidu bidt cia cic nhdm vd khi<br />
nang cua ban than minh, ea vd nhttng mat manh, cflng nhu su bit loi, ydu thd<br />
cua hp. Chang han, nhttng ngudi cao tu6i hidu dupc mat manh cua ho Ift kinh<br />
nghiftm sd'ng, su tttng trii trong cudc sd'ng, nhung nhttng ban chd cia ho lft sdc<br />
khoe, Ift su ban ehft vd tift'p cftn eii mdi, han ehft vd su nftng dflng... Ivlbdm<br />
nhttng ngudi tat nguydn hp cin hidu dupc ban ehft eua bin than Ift'su ihiftu hut<br />
mfll hay mdt sd bd phan, chdc nang cua ed thd vft su khd kbftn trong boat ddng<br />
sdng do su khift'm khuydt nfty gfty ra...<br />
Bidu hien thtt hai cia thich dng vd mat nhan thdc cia cic nhdm xa hdi<br />
yft'u thft li su thay ddi tu duy dd gidp hp vuot qua khd khftn dd sd'ng. Ching han,<br />
su thay ddi tu duy lim an, san xuit dd dal dupe hiftu qui kinh lft ifli hon.<br />
Bidu hiftn khac cua thich dng vd mat nhan thdc cua eae nhdm xa hfli yft'u<br />
the li hp thay ddi nhan thttc dd bift'u biftt vd eic vin dd xa hfli tdi hon. tijiftng<br />
ban, hie'u vd eae chi truong chi'nh saeh (nhil Ift eic chi'nh saeh hd trp cic nhdm<br />
xa hpi ydu the'), bift'u bifti vd kinh lft thj Irudng vdi nhttng khd khan, thieh thdc<br />
mft hp thfch dng, hidu bifti vft thay ddi cua cic quan he xa hdi, hidu ve su hdi<br />
nhap eua dal nude.<br />
Thieh dng vd nhan thdc Ift su thieh ttng quan trpng vi nhftn thdc li co sd<br />
dinh hudng cho thai dp vi hanh vi cia con ngudi. Khdng thay ddi vd nhftn thdc<br />
(khdng hidu bidt, khdng thay ddi tu duy...) thi chu thd khflng cd khi nang hoft<br />
nhap vdi cupc sd'ng.<br />
2.2. Thich dng vi mat hdnh vi<br />
Thfch dng vd hanh vi lft thieh dng quan trpng nhil cia con ngudi. Bdi vi,<br />
hanh vi Ift kfti qua cia qua trinh nhan thdc, xdc cam vft thai dp cua con ngudi, li<br />
bieu hiftn cudi cing cia tam ly con ngudi.<br />
Thieh dng vd hanh vi thd hiftn con ngudi vupt qua cac khd khftn, trd ngai<br />
hoa nhftp dupc vdi hoftn canh sd'ng. Ddi vtSi nhiing nhdm xa hfli yft'u thft', hp cin<br />
thay ddi vd bftnh vi dd vupt qua nhttng khd khftn cia bin than, dd ton lai vft phat<br />
Irien trong mdi trudng sd'ng.<br />
Cac nhdm xa hfli ydu thd khae nhau cd nhttng khd khan trd ngai khic<br />
nhau, nen su thfch dng vd bftnh vi cung khdng gid'ng nhau. Su thieh dng hftnh vi<br />
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TAP CHfTAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012 85<br />
lft didu kiftn quan trpng hing diu dd cic nhdm x i hdi hoi nhip vio cu^c sdng,<br />
tdn tai vi phit tridn.<br />
n . M0t sd' chfnh sich cua D&ng \k Nhit nudic vd c i c nhdm xa hdi<br />
ydu thd<br />
/. Chtnh sdch ri ngu&i cao tudi<br />
- Hidn phip nftm 1992 quy dinh "... Ngudi gift, ngudi tftn tit, trd md cdi<br />
khdng noi nuong lira dupc Nhi nudc vi xS h^i gidp dd".<br />
- Ngfty 17/7/1992, Chi thj sd 332/CT cia Chu tich H()i ddng BCf tmdng<br />
(nay li Thi tudng Chinh phu) vd viftc l6 chdc ngfty Qudc td Ngudi cao tudi<br />
hing nam nftu rd: "Cttng nhu Ngiy (judc td Thidu nhi, Ngiy Qudc td Phii nO,<br />
Ngfty Qudc td Ngudi cao ludi cin dupc td chdc tdt, cd sti chi dao cii thd cua co<br />
quan Nhft nudc, cic doin thd nhin din dudi su lanh dao cia cic dp i y Dang".<br />
- Dang vft Chfnh phi di nhftn thiy tim quan trpng vft tfnh cip thidt cia<br />
viftc xiy dung td chdc nftn d i cho phdp thinh Iftp Hdi Ngudi cao tudi Viftt Nam,<br />
theo dd ngfty 10/5/1995 da td chdc Dai hdi chinh thdc thftnh Iftp. Hdi ra ddi dip<br />
dng nguydn vpng da cd ttt Iftu cia hftng cbiic triftu ngudi cao tudi, phi hpp vdi<br />
dudng Ifli ddi mdi cia Dang vft xu thd cia thft gidi nftn da dupc ddng dao ngudi<br />
cao ludi hudng dng rdng rai.<br />
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Anh 1: Hdi ngttdi cao ludi thdnh phdHd Chi Minh<br />
<br />
<br />
- Ban BI thu Trung uong Dang da ban hftnh Chi thj 59/Cr-TU' ngfty<br />
27/9/1995 vd "Chftm sdc ngudi cao tudi". Trong chi thj nfty nftu rd "Nhft nudc<br />
cin danh ngftn sich de giii quyfti eae vin dd xa hdi, trong dd, cd vin dd chftm<br />
sdc nhttng ngudi cao tudi cd cdng, ed don khdng noi nuong lira, tan tat, bit<br />
hanh, nhanh chdng xoa bd tinh irang ngudi gift lang thang tren phd, ngd xdm.<br />
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86 TAP CHITAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012<br />
Dd nghi Chinh phi bd trp Hdi Ngudi cao tudi Viftt Nam vd kinh phi vft didu<br />
kiftn boat dflng".<br />
Thdng bao sd 305 - TB/TLT ngfty 3/2/2010 vi Thdng bio sd 12 - TB/TU<br />
ngfty 13/6/2001 cia Ban BI thu Trung uong Ding vd kfti qui thue biftn Chi thi<br />
59/CT-TtJ ngiy 27/9/1995 vd "Cham sdc ngudi cao ludi". Trong cic thdng bio<br />
nay. Ban Bi thu khing djnh: Ngudi cao tudi li ndn ting cia gia dinh, lft tfti sin<br />
vfl gii, ngudn luc quan trpng cho su phit tridn xa bdi. Vi thd, chftm sdc vft phit<br />
huy td't vai trd cia ngudi eao tudi li thd hiftn bftn chit tdt dep cia chd dd ta vi li<br />
dao ddc cia ngudi Viftt Nam...<br />
Thi tudng Chfnh phi ra Chi thj 117/CP (1996) vd chftm sdc ngudi cao<br />
tudi vft hfl trp hoat ddng cho Hpi Ngudi cao tudi Viftt Nam. Chi thj khang djnh:<br />
Kinh lao die thp la truydn thdng tdt dep cia nhftn dftn ta. Dang vft Nhft nude la<br />
coi viftc quan tam, chftm sdc ddi sd'ng vftt chfti tinh thftn cia ngudi cao tudi Ift<br />
dao ly cia dan tde, li tinh cam vft trach nhiftm cia toftn Dang, toftn dftn vft cac<br />
cip chfnh quydn.<br />
- Nam 2000, Nhft nudc ban hftnh Phap Iftnb Ngudi cao tudi. Trong dd,<br />
quy djnh ngudi cao ludi dupe gia dinh, Nhi nude vft xa hpi phung duong, chftm<br />
soc (Dieu 2), trong dd nha'n manh vai trd eua gia dinh. Ngfty 26/3/2002, Thi<br />
ludng Chinh phi da ban bftnh Nghj djnh sd 30/2002/ND quy djnh vft budng din<br />
thi hftnh mpt sd didu cia Phap Iftnh Ngudi cao tuoi.<br />
- Ngay 23/11/2009, Qud'c hpi khoa XX, ky hpp thd 6 da thflng qua Luat<br />
Ngudi cao tudi.<br />
- Luat Ngudi cao ludi cd hiftu lue kd ttt thing 7/2010 da quy djnh ve<br />
quydn vft nghia vu cia Ngudi cao tudi, trach nhiftm eua gia dinh, Nhft nudc va<br />
xa hpi trong viftc phung dudng, chftm sdc vft phat buy vai trd Ngudi eao ludi,<br />
dac biet ddi vdi id chdc Hdi Ngudi eao tudi Viet Nam.<br />
- Nghj djnh 6/2011/ND-CP Chfnh phi ngfty 14/01/2011 qui djnb chi liet<br />
vft hudng dftn mdt sd didu eua Luftt Ngudi eao ludi.<br />
Thdng tu 21/201 l/TT-BTC ngfty 18/02/2011 cua Bp Tfti chlnb quy<br />
dinh quan Iy vft s i dung kinh phi chftm sdc sdc khoe ban diu cho ngudi cao<br />
tudi tai noi cu tru, chuc thp, miing thp vi bidu duPng, khen Ihudng ngudi cao<br />
ludi.<br />
Vd phia Nhft nudc, cic cft'p chi'nh quydn ddu thanh lap Ban cflng tie<br />
Ngudi eao tudi de tham muu eho Dang vft Nhft nudc td chdc eae boat dpng<br />
cham lo vft phat huy vai trd Ngudi cao ludi cac cft'p.<br />
Trong cac ehi truong, chinh saeh cua Nha nudc vd ngudi cao ludi thi<br />
Phdp linh Ngudi cao tudi dupe Uy ban Thudng vu Qud'c hdi thdng qua ngay<br />
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TAP CHfTAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012 87<br />
28/4/2000 do Chi tich Qudc hdi Ndng Ddc Manh ky li mdt van ban phip quy<br />
quan trpng vd chim sdc vi bio vft ngudi cao tudi 6 nudc ta...<br />
2. Chinh sdch vi ngudi tdn tdt<br />
- Dif thio Luit Ngudi khuyfti tit trinh Iftn Qudc HOi, Co quan chu tri<br />
soan thio BO Lao ddng - Thuong binh vft Xi hOi.<br />
- Chfnh phi Viftt Nam d i thdng qua vft thuc thi nhidu luit, chfnh sich,<br />
quy djnh vi sing kidn liftn quan dft'n ngudi khuydt tit, kd ci quydn tidp cftn viftc<br />
Iftm bdn vihig vi hidu qui, trong dd phii kd ddn nhttng van bin chi ydu sau:<br />
-I- Hidn phip Nudc COng hda Xi hOi Chu nghia Viet Nam dupc Qudc<br />
HOi thdng qua nam 1992 vi sia ddi nam 2001. Viftc bio vft ngudi khuydt tftt<br />
dupc nftu tai Didu 59 vft 67.<br />
+ BO Luftt Lao dOng (naml994). Phin 111 cia BO Luit quy djnh vd viftc<br />
Iftm cho ngudi khuydt tftt tai co quan vft doanh nghiftp. Didu 123 nftu chi tiftu<br />
2% dft'n 3% life lupng lao dOng trong doanh nghiftp phii li ngudi khuyfti tftt.<br />
+ Phip Iftnh Ngudi Khuyfti tftt (1998). Didu 9 nghiftm cSm mpi hftnh vi<br />
pbftn biet ddi x i hoac ngupc dii ngudi khuydt tftt.<br />
+ Ban Didu phd'i Qud'c gia vd vin dd Ngudi khuydt tat (2001).<br />
•I- Luat Dfto tao Nghd (nftm 2006).<br />
+ BO Quy chuin vft Tieu chuin vd tift'p cftn ddi vdi ngudi khuyfti tftt<br />
(2002), dua ra nhttng tiftu chuin liftp can cftp quftic gia.<br />
+ Dd an Trp giup Ngudi Khuyfti tat cia CTii'nh phi giai doan 2006 -<br />
2010. Dupc phft duyet thing 10 nam 2006. Dd in dua ra phuong phip tidp can<br />
toin dien ddi vdi vin dd ngudi khuydt tat vdi viftc md rOng ddi tuong tham gia<br />
dd an vft cd sir tham gia cia nhidu bO nginh liftn quan.<br />
Mdt trong nhttng chfnh sich quan trpng cia Dang vi Nhi nude ddi vdi<br />
ngudi tin tat Ift Phip Iftnh vd ngudi tin lit duoc Uy ban Thudng vu Qudc hdi<br />
thdng qua ngiy 30/7/1998...<br />
3. Chinh sdch vi tre em<br />
- Ngiy 13 thing 4 nam 2007, Chfnh phi da ban hinh nghi djnh sd<br />
67/2007/ND-CP quy djnh vd ehft dp trp giup cic ddi lupng bao trp xa hpi. Theo<br />
dd hiu hfti tre em md cdi, tre em bj bd roi, tre em tin tat nang, tre em bi<br />
HIV/AIDS... ddu dupc hudng trp cip vdi mdc tdi thidu li 120 nghin ddng vft<br />
cao nhfti li 360 nghin ddng.<br />
- Chinh sich trp giup giio due vftin dd hpc tap cia tre em dac biftt khd<br />
khan da dupe dd cftp ddn trong Luftt Phd cftp gifto due lieu hpc (1991).<br />
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TAP CHITAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012<br />
- Thi tudng Chfnh Phi da cd Quydt dinh sd 62/2005/QD-Trg cia Thu<br />
ludng Chi'nh phi ngiy 24 thing 3 nftm 2005 vd chi'nh sich hd trp thuc hiftn phd<br />
cip giio due trung hpc co sd.<br />
Trong 7 nftm qua (2001 - 2007), bft thdng giio due trd em khuyftt tat<br />
da dupc hinh thftnh, ddn nay 63 linh, thftnh phd trong ci nudc da binh thftnh<br />
ban chi dao giio due trd em khuyfti tat ttt cftp tinh ddn cftp huyftn.<br />
- Chinh sich vd y lft', chinh hinh phuc hdi chttc nang dd cham sdc sdc<br />
khod cho nhttng ngudi nghdo, tre em ed hoin canh dac biftt.<br />
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Anh 2: Gidp dd tre em nghio di cdcudc sd'ng tdt han<br />
Nguin: Anh internet thing 412012<br />
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- Nam 2002, Thi ludng Chinh phi lai ban hinh Quydt djnh sd 139/<br />
2002/QD-Trg vd viftc kham, chtta benh cho ngudi ngheo.<br />
- Chinh phi cung cd Nghj dinh sd 63/2005/ND-CP cia Chi'nb phi ban<br />
lianh kem theo dieu le Bao hidm y lft, trong dd, xac djnh Ire em ngheo, tre em<br />
hoftn canh dac biftl dupc budng trp cftp xa hdi hang thing, dupc cft'p the BHYT<br />
vdi mftnh gia nhu ddi tuong bat bupe tham gia BHYT; quydn lpi khim chtta<br />
benh dupc md rpng, nhai Ift Ire em bj nhiftm HIV/AIDS.<br />
- Chinh saeh miftn phi kham chtta bftnh eho toftn bp tie em dudi 6 ludi.<br />
- Chinh sich bd tro hoe nghd, lao viec Iftm, Bd Tfti chi'nh vi Uy ban<br />
BVCS TE (trudc day) da cd thdng tu sd 69/TTLB liftn tjch ngfty 04/10/199'/<br />
"Hudng dftn npi dung vft djnh mdc chi cua chuong trinh chftm sdc va bao vft tre<br />
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<br />
TAP CHf TAM I t HOC Sn fin 591 6 - 9 0 1 7 89<br />
- Giio due hda nhap tim nhin tdi nftm 2015. Chfnh phi dftt mtic tidu<br />
thuc biftn giio due hda nhip cho tit ci trd em khuydt tit vfto nftm 2015...<br />
Trong cic chfnh sich cia Ding vft Nhft nudc vd cham sdc vi bio vft trd<br />
em, thi Ludt Bdo vi, chdm sdc vd gido due tre em Ift mdt van ban quan U-png.<br />
Luftt dut?c Qud'c hdi nudc COng hda XS hdi chi nghia Viftt Nam thdng qua, sd<br />
25/i2004/QHl I ngfty 15 thing 6 nam 2004.<br />
Luftt nfty can cd vfto Hidn phip nudc COng hoi xi hdi chi nghia Viet<br />
Nam nam 1992 da dupc sia ddi, bd sung theo Nghi quydt sO 51/2001/QHlb<br />
ngiy 25 thing 12 nam 2001 cia Qu6c hOi khoi X, ky hpp thd 10.<br />
<br />
Nhin xdt chung:<br />
- Nhd nudc ta dd ky cdc cdng udc qud'c tiddi vdi cdc nhdm xa hdi yiu<br />
Ihivd hiin tlufc hod cdc cdng Udc ndy trong hodn cdnh Ihitc tiin d Viit Nam.<br />
- Trong nhiing ndm qua Ddng vd Nhd nudc la dd ban hdnh nhiiu chd<br />
iritang, chinh sdch ddi vdi cdc nhdm xd hdi yi'u thi', ddc biit Id ddi vdi ngudi<br />
cao tuin, ngitdi khuyet tdt, Ire em (nhd't Id tre em nghio, lang thang, tdt nguyin,<br />
md cdi...). Cd thi neu mdt sd diim quan trpng trong cdc chinh sdch cda Ddng<br />
vd Nhd nttdc dd ban hdnh ddi vdi cdc nhdm xd hdi yiu the a nudc ta:<br />
+ Khdng dinh viic chdm sdc vd phdt huy vai trd ctia cdc nhdm xd hdi<br />
yi'u llietd Irdch nhiim cda gia dinh, Nhd nttdc vd lodn xa hdi. Id dqo ly tdt dep<br />
cua ddn Idc ta cd lit nhiiu the he.<br />
-V Cdn phdi chdm sdc site khoe, vdt chdt vd tinh thdn cho nhitng ngudi<br />
thudc cdc nhdm yen thi.<br />
+ Chdm sdc, tqo diiu kien vd cho ngudi yen the tham gia cdc hoqt ddng<br />
van hod, gido due, thi due, thi thao...<br />
+ Bdo tra thu nhdp cho nhiing ngitdi thudc cdc nhdm ye'u thi.<br />
+ Phdt buy vai trd cua nhiing nguifi yi-u thi trong gia dinh, cdng ddng<br />
vd xdhdi...<br />
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Tai lieu Iham khao<br />
1. Bui Thft Cudng. Trong mien an sinh .xd htii- Nghiin cim vi tudi gid Viit Nam, NXB<br />
Dai hoc Qufl'c gia. Ha Nfli.<br />
2. Dam Httu Die, Ca sd ly ludn .vay dinig, phdl trii'n hi thing chinh sdch phiic lai xd<br />
hpi vd dich vu xd hpi vdi ngudi cao tudi a \ let Nam trong dii'u kiin phdl trien kinh ti<br />
tin trudng vi hii nhip qud'c ti, Lao dflng xa hfli, 2008.<br />
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<br />
90 TAP CHl TAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012<br />
3. Dam Httu Die, Thuc trqng, phuang hudng gidi phip xdy difng vd hoin thiin hi<br />
Ihdng chinh sdch bdo hiim xd hii, hicu trt vd bdo him y tiddi vdi ngudi cao ludi, Lao<br />
dftng xa hai, 2008.<br />
4. Tmdng Dai hpc Lao dflng xa hfli, Di tii "Ca sd ly ludn xdy difng, phdl triin hi<br />
thing chinh sdch phiic lai xd hdi vd dich vu xd hii ddi vdi ngudi cao tudi d Viit Nam<br />
trong dii'u kiin phdt trien kinh tithi trudng vi hii nhip qudc ti". H i Nfli, 2008.<br />
5. Trucmg Dai hpc Lao dflng xa h(5i, Di tii 'Thuc rrqng, phuang hudng, gidi phdp xiy<br />
dirng va hoin thien hi thdng chinh sich bdo hiim xd hdi huu Irl vi bdo hiim y tedii<br />
vdi ngirdi eao tudi". Ha Nfli, 2008.<br />
6. htlp:/M.wikipedia.on!Aviki/NE/C6/B0/El/BIWDi khuv/EI/BA/BFt irEI/BA/Adt-cite nole-2<br />
7.hitp:/M.wikipedia.oiWwiki/Ne/C6/B0/El/BEBDi khuv/El/BA/BR l/El/BA/ADl-cile nole-3.<br />
8.him:/M.wikiDedia.org/wiki/Ni>/C6/B0/EI/Ba9Di kliuv/EI/BA/BFl l/El/BA/ADl-cile nole4.<br />
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TAPCHf TAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012 91<br />