Về việc thực thi Bộ Luật Lao động đối với lao động nữ trong doanh nghiệp

Nghien ciiu<br /> Gia cJinh v a G i 6 i<br /> So 4 - 2 0 1 1<br /> <br /> Ve viec thirc thi Bo Luat Lao flong<br /> floi v0i lao flong nu trong cac doanli ngliiep<br /> Bui Thj Thanh Ha<br /> Vien Xa hoi hoc<br /> <br /> Tdm tat: DUa tren ke't qua khao sat cac doanh nghiep nam 2009<br /> tai 3 tinh BSc Ninh, Da NSng va Binh DUOng, bai viet du6i day<br /> phan tich viec thUc hien phap luat ve lao dong do'i vdi lao dong<br /> nii. Viec thUc thi Bp Luat Lao dong tren nhieu dieu khoan dUpc<br /> xem xet tii cac phia chii sii dung lao dong, can bp quan ly nha<br /> nildc, can bo c6ng doan va ban than lao dong n i i . Ben canh viec<br /> chi ra nhQng mat tich cUc la cac chu doanh nghiep nam kha chac<br /> cac quy dinh, chinh sach lien quan de'n lao dong nii, nghien ciiu<br /> dong thoi phan tich nguyen nhan nhiing sai pham ciia doanh<br /> nghiep tii nhiing dieu khoan chUa phii hpp vdi thUC te san xua't<br /> cua doanh nghiep, nhiing ke ho trong Bp Luat Lao dong va van<br /> ban dudi; luat, cd che kiem tra giam sat chUa dong bp de'n y thiic<br /> ciia ban than ngUdi lao dong, nang lUc ciia to chiic cong doan.<br /> Nghien cUu cQng dUa ra mot so' kie'n nghi siia doi c i n thie't mot<br /> so' dieu khoan ciia Bp Luat Lao dong vdi hy vpng viec thUc thi<br /> phap luat do'i vdi lao dong nii se dat dUpc nhiing ke't qua kha<br /> quan hdn.<br /> TU khoa: Luat Lao dong; Lao dong nii; Lao dong nii trong<br /> doanh nghiep.<br /> <br /> 1. Dac diem cua mau khao sat<br /> Khao sat nghien ciiu dupc thuc hien vdi lupng mau la 828 ngudi, trong<br /> dd cd 643 lao ddng nii (LDN) va 185 can bd quan ly va ngudi sii dung lao<br /> <br /> Bui Thi Thanh Ha<br /> <br /> 41<br /> <br /> ddng. Ngoai ra cdn cd 12 phdng va'n nhdm va 24 phdng va'n sau vdi cac<br /> ddi tucmg.<br /> Dac diem cua lao dong nii trong mau<br /> Do tuoi: Cd 75,6% LDN trong dp tudi tii 20-39. Sd LDN tre thudng<br /> lam trong cac doanh nghiep tu nhan (DNTN) va doanh nghiep cd vdn dau<br /> tu nude ngoai (DN FDI).<br /> Loai hinh cong viec: Cd 78% LDN lam viec true tie'p tai cac doanh<br /> nghiep (DN), trong dd doanh nghiep nha nude (DNNN): 63,3%, doanh<br /> nghiep tu nhan '(DNTT>J): 89,9% va DN FDI: 75,3%.<br /> Trinh do hoc vdn: Trinh dp hpc va'n tieu hpc chie'm 1,7%, trung hpc co<br /> sd 42,1%, trung hpc pho thdng la 39,1%. LDN cd trinh dp cao dang va<br /> dai hpc chi chiem 10%, trong dd ty le lam viec tai cac DNNN cao nha't.<br /> Nhiing LDN tre cd trinh dp hpc va'n cao hon thudc nhdm tudi 20-29.<br /> Tinh trang hon nhan: Cd 57,7% LDN da cd gia dinh, cao nhat trong<br /> DNNN (82,3%), DN FDI (62%) va DNTTvf (38,2%).<br /> Nghe nghiep truac khi vao lam tai DN: Mot bd phan Idn LDN lam viec<br /> trong cac DN xua't than tir ndng thdn, ndng nghiep. Cd 70% LDN da timg<br /> lam cdng nhan trudc dd. Trong cac DNTN va DN FDI ty le nay tdi 80%.<br /> Phdn Idii cac DN da dao tao LDN trudc khi giao viec cho hp.<br /> Hop dong lao dong: Cd 94,7% LDN ky hpp ddng lao ddng (HDLD)<br /> khi vao lam viec. Sd HDLD van ban chiem 95,5%, trong dd 52% HDLD<br /> cd ky ban, 42,5% khdng ky han.<br /> Lao dong ngoai tinh: Cd 34,6% LDN den tii cac tinh, thanh phd khac.<br /> Sd lao ddng nay ddng nhat tai Binh Duong (51%). Cd 28,4% LDN phai<br /> thue nha, 12,9% dang sdng cung vdi ban be. Con sd nay chie'm 55,5% tai<br /> Binh Duong, cao hon nhieu so vdi 17,4% d Bac Ninh va 13,9% d Da NSng.<br /> Tai cac DNTN sd LDN tham gia vao cac td chiic Cdng doan, Doan<br /> Thanh nien. Dang Cdng san khdng cao: 82% tham gia Cdng doan, 12,7%<br /> la doan vien thanh nien va 4% la dang vien trong mlu nghien ciiu.<br /> Dac diem cua nhom quan ly, su: diing lao dong<br /> Trong nhdm quan ly sii dung lao ddng, ty le nam chie'm 40% va nir la<br /> 60% vdi dp tudi phan bd deu tir 22 den 59 tudi. Cd 23,2% can bd quan ly<br /> nha nude, 21,6% la can bd chfnh tri - xa hdi va 43,8% can bd quan ly ciia<br /> cac DN, trong dd cd 90,2% sd can bd cd lien quan den quan ly, chu sir<br /> dung lao ddng va 54,9% can bd lien quan chat che den LDN va coi la cdng<br /> viec chfnh ciia hp.<br /> <br /> 42<br /> <br /> Nghien cufu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 21, so 4, tr.40-52<br /> <br /> 2. Thi/c thi Bo Luat Lao dong do! vdi LDN<br /> Khao sat cho tha'y, nhin chung, cac DN da cd nhiing thay ddi tien bd<br /> trong nhan thiic ve Bd Luat Lao ddng va thi hanh nghiem tiic cac quy dinh<br /> ciia phap luat dd'i vdi LDN. Cac co quan quan ly nha nude da thuc hien<br /> nhieu hoat ddng tuyen truyen, tap huan ve cac quy dinh ciia phap luat dd'i<br /> vdi LDN tdi chu DN, ngudi sur dung lao ddng va ngudi lao ddng. Tuy<br /> nhien, tren thuc te' vSn nay sinh cac va'n de trong mot so quy dinh thudc ve<br /> phap luat khdng cdn phii hpp va khd thuc hien d mot so DN.<br /> Doi voi chu sii diing lao dong<br /> Tai cac DN dupc khao sat, cac chii DN nam kha chac cac quy dinh,<br /> chfnh sach lien quan den LDN. Tii dd, viec ap dung tren thuc tephap luat<br /> trong DN ra't nang ddng va linh hoat, loi fch cua DN dupc uu tien hang<br /> dau, dac biet trong cac DN FDI.<br /> Cac chii DN cd nhan dinh khdng may kha quan ve viec thuc hien<br /> phap luat dd'i vdi LDN. Cd 63,3% nhan dinh vd viec thuc hien phap luat<br /> dd'i vdi LDN kha td't, trong dd cd 6,5% y kie'n cho la ra't td't. Cdn lai<br /> 36,7% y kie'n danh gia tren thuc te'thuc hien chua td't (ty le nay cao nha't<br /> 0 Da NSng - 50%).<br /> Trong cac DNTN, viec thuc hien phap luat ton tai nhieu va'n de nha't,<br /> nhuky HDLD, mua bao hiem y te'(BHYT), bao hiem xa hdi (BHXH), tien<br /> lam them gid, an toan ve sinh lao ddng...<br /> Doi vdi cdn bo quan ly nhd nu&c<br /> Nhdm can bd nay nam kha td't Bd Luat Lao ddng (BLLD) dd'i vdi LDN<br /> va cac chfnh sach lien quan, dac biet la viec van dung cac van ban dudi<br /> Luat dd'i vdi viec giam sat chi tra luong, BHXH, BHYT, ky HDLD... Hp<br /> da bam sat cac hoat ddng thuc te', linh hoat trong each tie'p can vdi cac DN<br /> de thuc hien va giam sat viec thuc hien phap luat dd'i vdi LDN. Nhiing kho<br /> khan ma dpi ngu nay gap phai trong qua trinh giam sat tai co sd phan Idn<br /> do nhiing van ban dudi luat chua hoan chinh va ddng bd. Ngoai ra cdn gap<br /> phai nhiing trd ngai tii phfa DN, ngudi lao ddng va thieu nhan luc trong<br /> cdng viec.<br /> <br /> Bui Thi Thanh Ha<br /> <br /> 43<br /> <br /> Doi vdi can bp cong doan<br /> Cd nhiing khac biet ve nhan thiic cua can bd cdng doan tai cac dia<br /> phuong va tung DN, tham chf khdng ddng deu theo timg cap. Dac biet, can<br /> bd cdng doan co sd cdn cd hieu biet rat mo hd ve BLLD va nhiing chfnh<br /> sach lien quan, chua nhan thiic day dii v^ nhCing quyen loi ciia ngudi lao<br /> ddng va trach nhiem cua DN trong viec suf dung LDN. To chiic cdng doan<br /> CO sd chua phat huy he't kha nang va trach nhiem trong viec giam sat thuc<br /> thi phap luat tai co sd de bao ve quyen va loi fch hpp phap cua ngudi lao<br /> ddng. Thuc te' nay dang dat ra va'n de ve co che' can bd va hoat ddng cua<br /> cdng doan trong DN ciing nhu viec phdi hpp giiia cac co quan quan ly nha<br /> nude, td chiic cdng doan cac ca'p va DN trong viec giam sat viec thuc hien<br /> phap luat tai DN.<br /> Ddi vdi lao dong nit<br /> Nhin chung, cd tdi 97,6% LDN tu danh gia nam dupc cac quy dinh ciia<br /> phap luat, trong dd cd 20% khang dinh su hieu bie't ve phap luat ra't td't.<br /> Nhung thuc chat nhan thirc nay ra't ngheo nan, mo hd. Bdi le, khi hdi<br /> nhiing dieu cu the ve luat phap danh cho chfnh hp thi phan Idn LDN deu<br /> tra ldi ra't chung chung, khdng hieu hoac hieu sai, tham chf ly giai chua<br /> diing ve cac quy dinh cua phap luat. Chang ban, quy dinh ve gid lam them,<br /> tien lam them, ky HDLD, thir viec, thda udc lao ddng tap the, BHXH,<br /> BHYT... Chfnh vi vay hp cdn chiu nhieu thiet thdi trong thuc hien va thu<br /> hudng quyen va Ipi fch chfnh dang ciia minh.<br /> LDN nhan cac thdng tin phap luat qua nhieu kenh. Da sd cho biet hp<br /> nhan thdng tin tai DN (72,7%). Gan mpt nua (48,1%) nhan dupc qua cac<br /> kenh thdng tin dai chiing. Cd 27,8% nhan tii ban be, ddng nghiep va chi<br /> cd 12,3% nhan tii ngudi than trong gia dinh. HSu bet (96,9%) LDN cho<br /> rang nen td chirc hpc BLLD cho ngudi lao ddng trong cac DN, trong dd<br /> hon mpt niia khang dinh rang dieu dd ra't cSn thie't.<br /> Ve tuyen diing vd ky ket harp dong lao dong<br /> Ke't qua khao sat cho thay viec tuyen dung va ky HDLD dd'i vdi LDN<br /> khdng khac nhau dang ke d cac loai hinh DN va giiia cac dia phuong. Cd<br /> 97,5% ty le LDN dupc ky HDLD vdi DN dang lam viec. Hem 98% trong<br /> cac DNNN va DN FDI cd hpp ddng, rieng vdi DNTN cdn 11,9% lao ddng<br /> chua dupc ky, tham chf cd ky cung phai sau 3 thang. Sd HDLD bang<br /> mieng chii yeu roi vao DNTN trong sd quan niem la cd HDLD.<br /> Dieu dac biet, tuyen dung lao ddng theo mua vu thudng diSn ra tai DN<br /> <br /> 44<br /> <br /> Nghien cUu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 21, so 4, tr.40-52<br /> <br /> FDI va DNTN nham dam bao tfnh chat cdng viec va cac don dat hang cua<br /> DN. Ti-en thuc te, cha't lupng ngudn nhan luc nay tha'p, DN tuyen lao ddng<br /> ve phai tu dao tao de dap ling yeu cau san xua't cua DN, phai thanh Ipc lao<br /> ddng trong qua trinh sir dung, lua chpn lao ddng cd ky nang hOn, tuyen<br /> mdi lien tuc<br /> Mat khac nhieu LDN nhat la LDN nhap cu di lam chi<br /> mong cd viec lam de cd tien sinh sdng, khdng quan tam de'n dieu gi khac.<br /> Dieu dd giai thfch cho viec nhieu lao ddng dupc tuyen dung chua dupc ky<br /> HDLD ngay va nhiing phu nii cd thai san, nudi con nhd ra't khd dupc tuyen<br /> vao DN. Day chfnh la nguyen nhan ma nhieu DN khdng the thuc hien day<br /> du mpi quy dinh cua phap luat lao ddng dd'i vdi LDN, ddng thdi keo theo<br /> nhiing lien quan den BHXH, BHYT, bao hiem that nghiep... Nhiing bien<br /> ddng ve luc luong lao ddng khdng nhiing tao ndn nhiing khd khan cho DN<br /> ma quyen Ipi ciia ngudi lao ddng cQng bi thiet thdi dang ke.<br /> Che do tien luang, tien cong<br /> Thu nhap trung binh cua LDN tai thdi diem khao sat nhin chung thap<br /> (dat 1.921.000 ddng/ngudi/thang). Thu nhap tha'p nha't la 700.000<br /> ddng/ngudi/thang; thu nhap cao nha't la 8.000.000 ddng/ngudi/thang, cao<br /> hon so vdi thu nhap binh quan cua LDN tii dieu tra mirc sdng nam 2006<br /> (chi 1.425.000 ddng/ngudi/thang). Tai Binh Duong, miic thu nhap nay cao<br /> hon nhieu (3-4 trieu ddng) so vdi Da NSng va Bac Ninh (chi 1-2 trieu<br /> ddng). Nhu vay, tren thuc te'thu nhap binh quan cua LDN van cd khoang<br /> each kha Idn so vdi miic cdng bd thu nhap binh quan cua ngudi lao ddng<br /> trong cac DN udc dat 2,8 trieu ddng/ngudi/thang tir cupc hpp bao cua Bp<br /> Lao ddng Thuong binh va Xa hdi dau nam 2009 (Theo VN Express ngay<br /> 9/1/2009)<br /> Tren thuc te', che' dp tien luong, tien cdng phu thudc vao thdi gian lam<br /> viec ciia ngudi lao ddng trong DN. Bat dau vao lam viec LDN da thuc hien<br /> che' dp thu viec va luong thir viec trung binh khoang 500.000 ddng/thang.<br /> Thdi gian thu viec khac nhau trong tiing loai hinh DN. Cac chu DN cho<br /> rang thdi gian nay phu thudc vao tfnh cha't nganh nghe cua tung DN, va<br /> thudng keo dai thdi gian nay mac du chi la lao ddng phd thdng. Vi du,<br /> nganh may thdi gian thu viec tuf 1-2 thang, nganh gia cdng vat lieu xay<br /> dung, linh kien dien tii thdi gian thi viec tii 3-4 thang. Viec nay keo theo<br /> nhieu van de: luong tra cho LDN tha'p hon, cham ddng BHXH, BHYT.<br /> Ke't qua khao sat cho tha'y cd 68% LDN lam viec trong cac DN FDI<br /> cho bie't minh cd lam them gid va dupc tra cdng cao hon. Trong DNTN cd<br /> 65,7% LDN lam them gid nhung 8% cho biet khdng dupc tra cong cao<br /> <br />