Soil fertility

Soil fertility describes soil nutrient status and the factors controlling the supply of nutrients to plants. Continued efforts to improve soil fertility are required to support the world's growing demand for food, fiber, and renewable fuels. Important ecological services provided by soils, such as biodiversity, buffering capacity, and nutrient recycling benefit from the amendments applied to sustain soil fertility. Those amendments need to be applied in a manner that is both economical and practical for the producer to achieve agronomic objectives that are environmentally sound.

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The prevailing low food production in sub-Saharan Africa is an issue of great concern especially since Africa south of the Sahara is the only remaining region of the world where per capita food production has remained stagnant. This chapter reviews long-term experiments in Africa in the context of shifting paradigms related to tropical soil fertility management from fi rst external input paradigm right through to the current Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) approach, which is a culmination of the participatory methods developed along the paradigm shift.

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Soil fertility is critical for the provision of adequate food, fiber and renewable natural resources(fuel,wood etc.). In the developing world soil fertility is linked to economic well being of many farm families. Poor soils means poor harvest leading to low returns for the over 60% of the population of developing countries relying on agriculture for survival.Use of inorganic and organic fertilizers in addition to biological processes to improve the fertility of the soil requires good understanding of their practical use and management.

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For much of history, few things have mattered more to humans than their relations with soil. This is evidenced by a rich historical literature on aspects of soil management and soil fertility, dating back to texts of ancient civilizations of the Middle East, the Mediterranean, China, and India (see McNeill and Winiwarter 2004).

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Agromisa receives many questions about agricultural problems that directly or indirectly involve soil fertility problems. Often crop returns have decreased, so farmers want to know how to regain previous harvest levels. Lack of soil fertility causes decreased yields but many plant diseases are also related to poor soil fertility

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Part II: Soil fertility and fertilizing 8 Introduction and nutrient balance To ensure a sufficient nutrient supply for crops, we must strive to keep an even nutrient balance in the soil. The loss of nutrients has to be minimised, and the addition of nutrients maximised in order to avoid a depletion of nutrients in the soil.

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“Be it deep or shallow, red or black, sand or clay, the soil is the link between the rock core of the earth and the living things on its surface. It is the foothold for the plants we grow. Therein lays the main reason for our interest in soils.” --- Roy W. Simonson, USDA Yearbook of Agriculture, 1957. The British naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was probably the first scientist to examine a soil profile and suggest factors responsible for the structure of the various layers.

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All plants when carefully burned leave a portion of ash, ranging widely in quantity, averaging about 5 per cent, and often exceeding 10 per cent of the dry weight of the plant. This plant ash represents inorganic substances taken from the soil by the roots. In addition, the nitrogen of plants, averaging about 2 per cent and often amounting to 4 per cent, which, in burning, passes off in gaseous form, is also usually taken from the soil by the plant roots. A comparatively large quantity of the plant is, therefore, drawn directly from the soil. Among the ash...

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Tuyển tập các báo cáo nghiên cứu về lâm nghiệp được đăng trên tạp chí lâm nghiệp quốc tế đề tài: Impact of several common tree species of European temperate forests on soil fertility...

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The soil ecosystem provides services such as carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, water purification, provisioning of industrial and pharmaceutical goods, and a mitigating sink for chemical and biological agents. However, the soil is subject to various degradation processes. Its relation with the hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere makes the interacting processes even more complex. Moreover, as the soilhuman interactions increase, threats, leading to a series of impacts on soil health, become more important....

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Global agriculture is now at the crossroads. The Green Revolution of the last century that gave many developing countries such as India a breathing spell, enabling them to adjust the growth of their human populations better to the supporting capacity of their ecosystems, is now in a state of fatigue. Average growth rates in food production as well as factor productivity in terms of yield per unit of mineral fertilizer (NPK) are both declining.

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Soil erosion affects a large part of the Earth surface, and it represents one of the most relevant environmental problems worldwide. Intense land degradation processes that destroyed civilizations in the past are still going on at present. Accelerated soil erosion is one of the main soil threats, as the natural balance between soil formation and loss may be seriously compromised, leading to desertification and permanent loss of fertility and protective function. Soil erosion is not only related to agricultural activities and farming practices, but also to land management in general....

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Part III: Theoretical background 12 Plant nutrients The elements that plants need to survive are called nutrients. Nutrients are usually adsorbed from the soil solution in the form of ions. Ions are dissolved salts (nutritive salts) that have an electrical charge.

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Biological solution using strain Lipomyces starkeyi 7.1, which can produce viscous membranes to improve dry soil is considered to be sustainable for slope land improvement. The results of research on Lipomycin M ability to keep effective water in the soil of Me Linh District, Vinh Phuc Province show that in the soil samples cultivated traditional medicinal trees, the total amounts of effective water in the soil fertilized Lipomycin M (taken out under pressure pF 2.5-4.

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One of the most remarkable agricultural practices adopted by any civilized people is the centuries-long and well nigh universal conservation and utilization of all human waste in China, Korea and Japan, turning it to marvelous account in the maintenance of soil fertility and in the production of food. To understand this evolution it must be recognized that mineral fertilizers so extensively employed in modern western agriculture, like the extensive use of mineral coal, had been a physical impossibility to all people alike until within very recent years.

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In the foregoing section, we have studied the character of plants and the laws which govern their growth. We learned that one necessary condition for growth is a fertile soil, and therefore we will examine the nature of different soils, in order that we may understand the relations between them and plants. What is a fixed character of

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Effects of compost, mycorrhiza, manure and fertilizer on some physical properties of a Chromoxerert soil field experiment was conducted to explore the role of mycorrhizal inoculation and organic fertilizers on the alteration of physical properties of a semi-arid Mediterranean soil (Entic Chromoxerert, Arik clay-loam soil). From 1995 to 1999, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), maize (Zea mays L.

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Drawing on the collective expertise of world authorities, Ecological Basis of Agroforestry employs extensive use of tables and figures to demonstrate how ecologically sustainable agroecosystems can meet the challenges of enhancing crop productivity, soil fertility, and environmental sustainability. Divided into four sections, this comprehensive volume begins with a study of tree-crop interaction in tropical and temperate climates.

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Biomass has been a close companion of man since the dawn of civilization to present. The use of it as food, energy resources, including the body and building materials set the key areas of the expanded use of biomass to this day. With the appearance agricultural land productivity increased significantly, especially for farming new plant varieties, with the emergence of intensive soil fertility. in that context, the emergence and use of fossil fuels for energy and chemical materials industry but is a film about the horizon of human history....

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4 Potassium Ever since ancient classical times, materials that contained potassium have been used as fertilizers, such as excrement, bird manure, and ashes (1), and these materials certainly contributed to crop growth and soil fertility

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