31(2): 27-32 Tap chf SINH HOC 6-2009<br />
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ANH H U 6 N G CUA 2 LOAI TUtiC AN CO NGUON GOC DONG VAT VA THUC<br />
VAT DfiN KICH THUOC CO T H £ 6 CAC PHA PHAT TRIEN VA KHA NANG<br />
DE TRtTNG CUA Bp RUA DO MICRASPIS DISCOLOR FABRICIUS, 1798<br />
PHAM QUYNH MAI<br />
Vien Sinh Thdi vd Tdi Nguyen Sinh Vdt<br />
<br />
Dinh dudng la nhan td quan trgng cho sur I. PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CtTU<br />
sinh san va phat trien cua cdn triing. Tuy nhien<br />
ddi vdi timg nhdm loai cdn trung khac nhau Ddi tugng nghien ciiu la bg riia dd d cac giai<br />
thanh phan thiic an ciing khac nhau. Quan he dgan phat trien. Thiic an cua bg rua la rep mudi<br />
sinh hgc ciia bg riia chii ye'u phu thugc vao quan {Aphis craccivora) dugc nudi va phat trien trong<br />
he dinh dudng cua chiing trong sinh quan. Hg phdng rat tdt tren mam dau den. Phan hoa don<br />
Bg rua (Coccinellidae) dugc chia lam 2 nhdm: budt {Bidens pUosa) dugc sir dung lam thiic an<br />
bg rua bat mdi va bg rua an thuc vat. Su phan vi vao thang 2 va thang 3, loai cay nay cd hoa<br />
chia nay dua theo dac diem dinh dudng va su sdm, bg riia xuat hien d dd va an pha'n hoa. Liic<br />
chuyen hoa thiic an ciia mdi loai. Thiic an cua nay hoa ciia cd hda thao chua xua't hien.<br />
bg riia an thit ndi chung phong phii, phln ldn bg Cac dung cu dugc diing trong thuc nghiem<br />
riia an thit an rep mudi, tuy nhien cd loai an rep gdm: nha ludi, long ludi, cac loai hop nhua<br />
canh trong, rep vay, bet hai thuc vat, an au trung dudng kfnh 8,5 cm, cao 12 cm va 5 cm, cao 8,5<br />
ciia mdt so loai canh ciing, triing va a'u trung ciia cm, dia petri, dng nghiem, bdng tha'm nudc va<br />
nhiing cdn triing hai va nhiing sinh vat nhd khac mdt sd vat dung khac.<br />
hai thuc vat.<br />
Dilu tra tren ddng rudng theo dinh ky 1 tuan<br />
Theo tai lieu "Sinh thai hgc bg rua" [4] phd mdt lan, tai cac canh ddng liia, cac bd cd dai va<br />
thiic an cua mdt sd loai bg riia thugc nhdm bit rau d Hoai Dire, Sdc Son va nhiing vimg khac d<br />
mdi khdng an chuyen thirc an cd ngudn gd'c tit ngoai d Ha Ndi. Quan sat, ghi chep su xua't hien<br />
dgng vat ma chiing cdn an them ca thiic an cd cua bg rua dd tren cac loai cay trdng khac nhau,<br />
ngudn gdc tir thuc vat nhu la, phan hoa va mat qua trinh phat trien cua cay (giai doan sinh<br />
hoa ciia mdt sd loai cay trdng. Thanh phan thiic trudng: ra hoa, dau qua...). Xac dinh loai thiic an<br />
an ciia bg riia thudc phan hg Coccinellinae, tdc cd ngudn gd'c tii ddng vat hoac thuc vat ma bg<br />
Coccinellini gdm: 85% la rep, mgt phan la la, rha da sir dung lam thiic an. Chgn thiic an thfch<br />
trirng hoac a'u triing mdt sd loai ciia cac hg thudc hgp de nudi bg rua dd trong phdng thf nghiem.<br />
bg canh ciing. Loai bg riia dd {Micraspis<br />
Mlu bg rua dd d ta't ca cac pha phat trien<br />
discolor) la mdt loai thudc phan hg<br />
(triing, a'u triing, nhdng va trudng thanh) d ngoai<br />
Coccinellinae, tdc Coccinellini, gidng tu nhien dugc thu blng vgt cdn trung va blng<br />
Micraspis. Day la loai cd su phan bd rdng va tay. Mlu thu ngoai tu nhien, dugc giir tam thdi<br />
phd thiic an ciia chiing ciing tuong dd'i phong trong hop nhua va tie'p tuc nudi trong phong thf<br />
phii. Trong khudn khd bai bao nay se trinh bay nghiem blng 2 loai thiic an (ddng vat va thuc<br />
cac ke't qua nghien ciiu vl anh hudng cua 2 loai vat), theo ddi cac pha phat trien, kha nang de<br />
thiic an cd ngudn gd'c khac nhau (mdt loai thiic triing, tuoi thg va mdt so chi tieu sinh hgc khac.<br />
an cd ngudn gd'c tir ddng vat la rep mudi (Aphis<br />
craccivora) va loai thiic an khac cd ngudn gdc Vdi 2 loai thiic an khac nhau (rep va pha'n<br />
tii thuc vat hoa ciic don budt {Bidens pilosa) de'n hoa don budt) bd trf thanh 2 Id thf nghiem va<br />
qua trinh phat triln cua bg rua dd {Micraspis dugc lap lai 3 lan.<br />
discolor). Giir cho hoa don budt tuoi, do lm cho rep va<br />
<br />
27<br />
bg rua bang each dung bdng tham nudc qua'n chi cd mat tren cac cay trdng cd rtp ma cdn cd<br />
quanh cudng hoa. Hang ngay kiem tra thiic an mat trong thdi gian dai vdi sd lugng tuong ddi<br />
trong cac dng nghiem, thay thiic an, nhd nudc ldn khi cac cay trdng nay khdng cd rep ma d vao<br />
vao bdng, ve sinh d'ng nghiem, ghi chep thdi thdi diem cay dang ra hoa. Bg rua dd thudng co<br />
gian phat trien cua mdi pha, sd lugng thiic an mat tr6n nhCrng cay thudc hg Hoa thao<br />
(vat mdi) ma mdt bg riia dd da tieu thu. Tudi thg (Poaceae) nhu cay liia, ngd va mdt sd hoa dai<br />
cua mdi ca the trudng thanh dugc xac dinh tir nhu cay don budt hoac cac cay rau mau khac.<br />
khi nhdng vQ hda ra bg riia trudng thanh cho tdi Bg rua dd {Micraspis discolor) la loai tap<br />
khi trudng thanh che't. Sd lugng triing de ciia thuc, chiing an ca ddng vat va thuc vat. Thirc an<br />
mdi bg riia cai la tong sd triing tfnh tit lan de la ddng vat thudng la rfep va nhihig loai con<br />
dau tien den lan de cud'i ciing. triing nhd nhu triing ciia a'u triing tudi 1 cua<br />
Nhip dieu de triing khi nudi vdi 2 loai thiic Lepidoptera, trirng mdt sd loai thudc bo<br />
an khac nhau dugc theo ddi hang ngay, ghi chep Colepotera.... Cdn thiic an la thuc vat thudng la<br />
vdi tijfng cap bg rila bd me. pha'n hoa hg hda thao, cue, cai....<br />
Ta't ca viec nudi va theo ddi dugc tien hanh Ke't qua thf nghiem nay tap trung vao xem<br />
trong phdng thf nghiem va ldng nudi dat ngoai xet su phat trien cua bg riia ddi vdi thiic an la<br />
tu nhien, thugc phdng Sinh thai cdn trting, Vien rep dau den {Aphis craccivora) va pha'n hoa don<br />
Sinh thai va Tai nguyen sinh vat. budt {Bidens pilosa). Ket qua nghien ciiu anh<br />
Sd lugng mlu diing de do tuong ddi ldn tir hudng cua 2 loai thiic an dd'i vdi su phat trien<br />
13-121 tuy theo dieu kien dd'i vdi bg rua due ciia bg rha d cac pha nhu sau:<br />
hoac cai, a'u triing, triing, nhdng. Theo ddi de<br />
1. Anh hudng ciia thufc an den kich thudc co<br />
triing vdi sd lugng tii 6- 11 cap (due -i- cai)<br />
the bg riia do d cac pha phat trien<br />
Sir dung chuong trinh ANOVA trong Excel<br />
de tfnh toan. Triing: Triing bg riia dd khi dugc nudi vdi<br />
thiic an la rep, cd chieu dai trung binh 1,59 ± 0<br />
n . KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU mm va rdng 1,27 ± 0 mm. Kfch thudc cua triing<br />
Theo nghien ctru nhilu nam ciia chiing tdi, hau nhu khdng cd su sai khac nao giiia cac qua<br />
loai bg rua dd Micraspis discolor cd su phan bd triing ciing d, cua ciing mdt me. Kfch thudc<br />
rdng khap d nhilu noi tren the gidi. Cdn d Viet triing bg rua dd nudi bang pha'n hoa, cd chieu<br />
Nam phan bd tir Bic den Nam. Chiing cd mat dai trung binh 1,35 ± 0 mm, rdng trung binh<br />
gan nhu quanh nam, chu ye'u tren cac cay trdng 1,20 ± 0,01 mm, tha'p hon so vdi triing bg riia<br />
thugc he sinh thai ndng nghiep. Chiing khdng nudi blng rep dau (bang 1).<br />
Bdng 1<br />
Kich thudc trttng, a'u triing bg riia do nuoi bang hai loai thufc an<br />
la rep dau {Aphis craccivora) va phan hoa ciic don budt<br />
Nudi bang rep dau Nudi bang phan hoa don budt<br />
Giai doan<br />
So man do Dai than Rdng than Sd man do Dai than Rdng than<br />
phat trien<br />
(con) (mm) (mm) (con) (mm) (mm)<br />
Triing 121 1,59 ± 0 1,27 ± 0 36 1,53 ± 0 1,2 ±0,01<br />
ATTl 55 1,63 ±0,05 0,49 ± 0 35 1,32 ±0,01 0,34 ± 0<br />
ATT2 52 2,9 ± 0,07 0,79 ± 0 28 2,08 ±0,01 0,60 ± 0,01<br />
ATT3 47 4,43 ± 0,05 1,34 ±0,01 25 4,02 ± 0,06 1,10±0,01<br />
ATT4 45 7,41 ±0,09 1,66 ±0,01 25 6,77 ± 0,03 1,42 ±0,01<br />
Nhdng 46 3,65 ±0,01 3,37 ±0,01 28 3,42 ±0,01 3,20 ±0,01<br />
TT cai 67 3,69 ± 0 3,12 ±0,01 15 3,49 ±0,01 2,98 ± 0,02<br />
I TT due I 63 ' I 3,55 ± 0 | 3,06 ± 0 13 3,41 ±0,01 1.91 ±0,03<br />
Ghi chii: AT T. a'u Uilng tuoi; TT. trirdng thanh; P < 0,05.<br />
28<br />
Au triing: bg rua dd Micraspis discolor a. Khd ndng de trdng<br />
cung gidng vdi cac loai khac thudc hg bg rua<br />
d dilu kien phdng thf nghiem, nhiet do<br />
(Coccinellidae), au triing ciia chiing cd 4 tudi.<br />
trung binh trong khoang 18,4 ± 0,52"C, do lm<br />
Trong phdng thf nghiem d dilu kien nhiet do<br />
trong khoang 86,0 ± 1,14%, tdng sd triing trung<br />
trung binh 18,4 ± 0,52"C, am do trung binh 86,0<br />
binh ciia mdi mdt bg rua dd cai nudi bang thiic<br />
± 1,14%, thirc an nudi bg rua dd la rep Aphis<br />
an la rep, trong thdi ky sinh san dat trung binh<br />
craccivora va pha'n hoa cay don budt, kfch<br />
117,9 ± 5,9 qua trirng. So lan de trung binh ca<br />
thudc cua a'u trung bg riia dd tir tudi 1 de'n tudi 4<br />
ddi ciia mdt con cai 10,45 ± 0,56 lan. Mdi lan de<br />
dugc trinh bay trong bang 1.<br />
trung binh 11,32 ± 1,14 qua triing/1 d trirng.<br />
Vdi thiic an la rep: a'u triing tudi 1 va tuoi 2 Trong sd 11 con cai de triing, con cai de ft d<br />
cd kfch thudc rat nhd. Tudi 1 chieu dai than chi triing nha't la 8 d triing vdi 101 qua trirng. Con<br />
dat trung binh: 1,63 ± 0,05 mm, chilu rgng trung de nhieu lan nhat la 14 d triing vdi tdng sd 154<br />
binh: 0,49 ± 0 mm. Kfch thudc tang dan theo cac triing. Cd mdt trudng hofp, con cai de 10 d triing<br />
tuoi phat trien ciia a'u trung. Au triing tudi 4 cd nhung tdng sd triing cua 10 d chi cd 93 qua<br />
kich thudc ldn nhat, trung binh dai than dat: 7,41 triing. Tdng sd triing cua mdi bg rua cai giao<br />
± 0,09 mm, rdng than: 1,66 ± 0,01 mm. ddng tii 93 de'n 154 triing (bang 2).<br />
Khi nudi bg riia dd blng pha'n hoa don budt, Sd lugng triing ciia bg rua dd cai nudi blng<br />
kich thudc CO the cua ta't ca cac pha phat trien thiic an la rep cd do dao ddng ldn trong mdt lan<br />
diu nhd hon so vdi kfch thudc ciia cac pha dugc de, cd lan de chi 1 triing, cd lan de nhilu nha't 17<br />
nudi bang thiic an la rep Aphis craccivora. Au triing/1 d triing.<br />
trung tudi 1 va tudi 2 cd kich thudc rat nhd.<br />
Khi nudi blng thiic an la pha'n hoa, tdng sd<br />
Tudi 1 chieu dai than chi dat trung binh: 1,32 ± triing trung binh cua mdi mdt bg rua dd cai<br />
0,01 mm, chilu rdng trung binh: 0,34 ± 0 mm. trong thdi ky sinh san dat trung binh 18,5 ± 4,15<br />
Kfch thudc tang dan theo cac tudi phat trien ciia qua triing. So lan de trung binh ciia mdt con cai<br />
au triing. Au triing tudi 4 cd kfch thudc ldn nha't, 2,16 ± 0,47 lan. Mdi lan de trung binh 8,61 ±<br />
dai than dat trung binh: 6,77 ± 0,03 mm, rdng 0,70 qua triing/1 d trirng. Trong sd 8 cap bg riia<br />
than: 1,42 ±0,01 mm. (due, cai) thf nghiem, cd 3 con cai cd hien tugng<br />
Nhdng: nhdng bg riia dd cd kfch thudc giao phd'i nhung khdng de d triing nao. 5 con cai<br />
trung binh nhd. Nhdng nudi vdi thiic an la rep, cua 5 cap cdn lai cd de triing nhung sd lan de<br />
chilu dai trung binh cua nhdng dat 3,65 ± 0,01 cQng ra't ft. It nha't cd con chi de 1 lan va nhilu<br />
mm va chilu rgng trung binh 3,37 ± 0,01 mm nha't la 4 lan. Sd lugng trirng de trong mdi d<br />
(bang 1). Vdi thiic an la phan hoa cue don budt, triing ciing ra't thap. So lugng triing tha'p nha't<br />
nhdng cd kfch thudc trung binh nhd, chilu dai cua mgt lan de la 1 qua triing. Sd lugng triing<br />
trung binh 3,42 ± 0,01 mm, chieu rdng trung nhilu nha't la 12 qua triing cho mdt lan de. Tdng<br />
binh 3,20 ± 0,01 mm. sd triing cua mdi bg rua cai giao ddng tir 7 de'n<br />
Trudng thanh: vdi thiic an la rep mudi, 34 triing, trung binh 18,5 ± 4,15 qua triing.<br />
trudng thanh cai cd kfch thudc ldn hon so vdi Rd rang khi nudi bang rep dau den kha nang<br />
trudng thanh due. Trudng thanh cai cd chilu dai sinh san ciia bg rua dd cai cao hon tdi 6,5 lan so<br />
CO the trung binh 3,69 ± 0 mm, chilu rgng trung vdi bg rila cai khi nudi blng pha'n hoa cay don<br />
binh 3,12 ± 0,01 mm. Trudng thanh due cd budt.<br />
chilu dai co the trung binh 3,55 ± 0 mm, chilu<br />
rdng trung binh 3,06 ± 0 mm. Trudng thanh cai b. Thdi gian vd nhip dieu de trdng<br />
nudi blng pha'n hoa cUc, cd chilu dai co the Trong sd 11 bg riia dd cai thf nghiem vdi<br />
trung binh 3,49 ± 0,01 mm, chilu rdng trung thirc an la rep, ket qua thu dugc thdi gian de<br />
binh 2,98 ± 0,02 mm. Trudng thanh due cd triing ngln nhat cua bg rila dd la 23 ngay va dai<br />
chilu dai cO the trung binh 3,41 ± 0,01 mm, nha't la 43 ngay. Trung binh thdi gian de triing<br />
chilu rgng trung binh 2,91 ± 0,03 mm. cua bg riia dd la 34,36 ± 1 , 8 1 ngay. Phan ldn<br />
2. Anh hudng ciia thufc an de'n su de triing cac con cai de triing sau giao phdi 1 den 2 ngay.<br />
ciia bo rua cai Bang thuc nghiem da xac dinh ring bg rua do<br />
29<br />
cai de trirng thanh nhilu dgt khac nhau. Dilu each ngln nhat giiia 2 lan de triing la 1 ngay,<br />
nay da dugc mdt sd tac gia xac dinh trong dilu khoang each trung binh ngan 1,36 ± 0,20 ngay.<br />
kien miln Bic Viet Nam (Hoang Dire Nhuan, Khoang each dai nhat giCa 2 lan de triing la 15<br />
Tran Thi Ai Loan, Vu Quang Cdn, 1987). Tuy ngay, khoang each trung binh dai 8,18 ± 0,77<br />
nhien cac tac gia nay cho ring 1 con cai cd the ngay. Trudng hgp, khoang each giira 2 lan de<br />
de dugc 2 lan. Trong dieu kien thi nghiem ciia triing each nhau 15 ngay chi xay ra d 1 con cai<br />
chiing tdi, trudng thanh bg rua dd cai cd the de trong tdng sd 11 bo riia thf nghiem (chie'm ty le<br />
dugc 10,5 lan khi nudi blng rep dau. Khoang 9%) (bang 3).<br />
<br />
Bdng 2<br />
Kha nang de trufng ciia bg rua cai<br />
Cap bg riia nudi blng rep Ca p bg riia nudi bang phan hoa<br />
So cap TS tning Sdcap TS triing<br />
Sd 6 tning/ So 6 triing/ Sd tru'ng<br />
TN Sd tiling TB/6 cua 1 con TN cua 1 con<br />
con cai con cai TB/6<br />
(n = 8) cai (n = 6) cai<br />
1 14 11,0±1,19 154 1 1 7 7<br />
2 9 11,44 ±1,58 103 2 2 6,5 13<br />
3 10 9,70 ±1,37 93 3 2 10 20<br />
4 10 11,3 ±1,08 113 4 3 8,66 26<br />
5 8 12,62 ±1,14 101 5 1 11 11<br />
6 9 11,55 ±1,04 104 6 4 8,5 34<br />
7 12 11,41 ±1,04 137 - - - -<br />
8 10 11,40 ±0,90 114 - - - -<br />
9 13 11,38 ±1,06 148 - - - -<br />
10 11 10,63 ±1,40 117 - - - -<br />
11 9 12,11 ±0,78 109 - - - -<br />
10,45 ± 2,16 ± 8,61±<br />
TB 11,32 ±1,14 117,9 ±5,9 TB 18,5 ±4,15<br />
0,56 0,47 0,70<br />
Ghi chu: TN. thi nghiem; TB. trung binh; TS. long sd; P < 0,05.<br />
<br />
Bdng 3<br />
Thdi gian de trufng cua mdi bg rua dd cai an rep<br />
Sd thuf tu bg riia cai thi nghiem Trung binh<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (ngay)<br />
Khoang Ngln<br />
1 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1,36 ±0,20<br />
each giira nha't<br />
2 lan de Dai<br />
triing 5 9 7 15 9 9 8 7 7 7 7 8,18 ±0,77<br />
nha't<br />
Thdi gian de triing 37 34 29 42 23 39 43 33 37 32 29 34,36 ±1,81<br />
Bg rila cai cdn sdng<br />
sau khi de d triing 23 38 42 17 36 19 37 34 25 36 42 31,72 ±2,73<br />
cudi cung<br />
G/z(c/!M.-P
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