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Asean Biodiversity: 10 years after rio
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The United Nations Conference on Environment and Develop ment in Rio launched many important initiatives – Agenda 21, the Convention on Climate Change, and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
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Nội dung Text: Asean Biodiversity: 10 years after rio
- ABOUT YOU AND US Readers’ Corner Dear Co-Directors, support will surely go a long way in cre- I am a Forestry student of the Forest ating an impact in our efforts to form and Editor-in-Chief College and Research Institute, India. train future environmental managers in this Monina T. Uriarte I am very much interested in your part of the world. Managing Editor newsmagazine ASEAN Biodiversity. It is Bridget P. Botengan very informative and helpful and valuable Jose P Sevilla, Jr. . for me. Kindly send me future issues of Chairperson, Master of Science in Envi- Creative Artist Nanie S. Gonzales the magazine. ronmental Management Program Graduate School Department Writer K. Nesamani 2nd Floor, Voc-Tech Building Sahlee Bugna IV BSC Forestry, University of Southern Philippines Circulation Manager Forest College & Research Institute Salinas Drive, Lahug Arlene Balauro Tamilnadu, India Cebu City, PHILIPPINES 6000 Angelica Castro Telefax. +63 32 232-1596 Email. msem@usp.ph EDITORIAL BOARD Dear Co-Directors, Website. http://usp.ph Chairpersons Thank you for our copy of the ASEAN Gregorio I. Texon Biodiversity magazine (July-September John R. MacKinnon 2001 issue). We find your magazine highly Dear Co-Directors: informative, especially the latest issue we Thanks for your Journal “ASEAN Members Aida B. Lapis have received since we are involved in Biodiversity” Vol. 2, 2002. Should you Lauro Punzalan the protection of Baguio’s watersheds that agree, I would like to send to you a short Imelda Pangga have experienced an alarming increase in paper concerning one of our activities Alma Logmao forest fires this year. “International workshop on networking for Advisors Thank you again and kudos! research, conservation, sustainable use Mike Appleton and development of medicinal plants in Lewie Dekker Maria Rosario ‘Marichu’ R. Lopez Vietnam and Laos”, that was held in Bavi, Jose Lambiza Executive Director Vietnam, on March 27-29, 2002. ASEAN Regional Centre for Jaime V. Ongpin Foundation, Inc. Looking forward to hearing from you. Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC) Baguio City, Philippines Headquarters: Website: www.mozcom.com/~jvofi Tran Cong Khanh P.O. Box 35015 College, Laguna 4031 (CREDEP) Philippines Email: kh2836@hn.vnn.vn Tels.: +63-49.536-1659 or 536-4042 Dear Co-Directors, Telefax: +63-49.536-3173 or 536-2865 E-mail: contact.us@arcbc.org.ph We are newly-organised local NGO Website: www.arcbc.org.ph (Vietnam) specializing in the training of Dear Co-Directors, environmental educators and conduct- I wish to thank you for sending us ARCBC Annex Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Nature Center ing educational programmess aimed at copies of ASEAN Biodiversity (July-Sep- North Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, 1156 raising awareness on the need to pro- tember 2001), which have been very use- Philippines tect nature and wildlife in Vietnam. We ful to our work in biodiversity conserva- Tels.: +63-2.925-8406 / 925-8407 would like to receive copies of the tion. I would appreciate very much if you Fax : +63-2.925-8408 Email: publications@arcbc.org.ph ASEAN Biodiversity newsmagazine, could send us copies of your other issues which will be very helpful to our and include our organisation in your Technical Assistance Service Contract: programme. However, we have a lim- mailing list. SECA (France) in association with EDG (UK), GTZ (Germany) and CPRD-DLO (Netherlands) ited budget, so we would appreciate free copies or an electronic version of the Dr.Tran Thi Hoa Printed by: newsmagazine. Head, Section for Genetics No. of Copies: 5,000 and Plant Conservation Bac Thai Environmental Science, Disclaimer: Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent any official Communications Coodinator Policy and Management view of the European Union, the Association of Education for Nature Institute of Agricultural Genetics Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Secretariat, Hanoi, Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam or the Department of Environment and Natural Email: env@fpt.vn Resources. The authors are responsible for any data or information presented in their articles. Dear Co-Directors, Dear Co-Directors: We’re from Kelola Foundation in North Letters, articles, suggestions and Our programme currently offers a Sulawesi, Indonesia. Our activities focus on photos are welcome and should be addressed to: graduate degree in Environmental Man- coastal and marine issues in such areas as agement here in central Philippines. We Sangihe Island (near the Phillipine border) and The Managing Editor ASEAN Biodiversity are in the process of building our re- Bunaken National Marine Park in Gorontalo ARCBC Annex, Ninoy Aquino Parks sources (library, multi-media, etc.) to en- Province. We would like to receive copies of and Wildlife Nature Center, able us to better respond to the needs of the ASEAN Biodiversity newsmagazine to North Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, 1156 the region. support our environment work. Philippines Fax: +63-2.925-8408 We would like to request for free E-mail: publications@arcbc.org.ph resources (environmental publications, Sugeng etc.), which your office can possibly pro- Kelola Foundation vide or donate to us. Your assistance and North Sulawesi, Indonesia 2 JULY-SEPTEMBER 2002
- ABOUT YOU AND US Letter from the NBRU of Brunei Darussalam Dear Readers, further called for the implementation of multi-lateral My congratulations to the ASEAN Regional Centre environment agreements and concerned efforts to foster for Biodiversity Conservation for a job well done! Your synergy and coordination among these agreements. proven existence in the ASEAN and ARCBC’s regional More cooperation and commitment is thus needed. and global profile has increased substantially since Let us join hands and continue working to make 2002. We hope that ARCBC will continue to spear- our environment better! head biodiversity conservation activities through net- working, training, research and database manage- ment. This issue of the ASEAN Biodiversity newsmagazine, which focuses on the progress and initiatives done by Haji Saidin bin Salleh the ASEAN and the member countries in implementing Acting Director Forestry the CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) and Forestry Department Agenda 21 is very timely and informative. Much has Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources been done but still more need to be done. ASEAN Brunei Darussalam Contents Vol. 2, No.3 July-September 2002 About You And Us Malaysia Country Research Profiles Readers’ Corner 2 Achieving Sustainable and Balanced Indonesia 64 Development 29 Letter from the NBRU of Brunei Philippines 65 Darussalam 3 Philippines Fulfilling the Goals of Agenda 21 36 Thailand 66 Third quarter in a nutshell 4 Vietnam 68 Singapore Editorial Making the Environment a Priority 42 10 Years After Rio 7 Bookmarks Twin activities attempt to gather Special Reports world’s litter 69 The ASEAN: Together Towards Sustainable ARCBC Supports Regional Taxonomy Development 8 Training Courses 71 Brunei Darussalam ARCBC Research Grant Projects Enhancing Environmental Protection 15 An Assessment Report from the NBRU of the Philippines 73 Cambodia Strengthening People Participation in Sustainable Development 17 Database Indonesia Strengthening National Agenda 21 19 Lao PDR Thailand Integrating Environmental Efforts into Aiming Towards Sustainable Socio-Economic Development 26 Development 44 Vietnam On the Path to Sustainable Development 51 A Profile of the Protected Area System of Cambodia 54 New Version of ARCBC Interactive Databases Uploaded 76 Islands of Good Practice Progress and Problems for Human Resources Development for Protected Publications Area Management in ASEAN Member Training Resources Database Entries Countries 60 Capsule Reviews 77 ASEAN BIODIVERSITY 3
- ABOUT YOU AND US Third quarter in a nutshell September 20 – The discovery of a new pipeline across some of the Philippines and the species of owl on an Philippines’ most environ- United States govern- island in Indonesia’s remote mentally-sensitive grounds in ments signed the Debt Wallacea region. The Little the South China Sea and Reduction and Tropical Sumba Hawk-Owl could be coastal areas of Mindoro Forest Agreements, which endangered but further island and Batangas will allow the Philippines to studies are needed to province. conserve its remaining determine its conservation forests as well as reduce a A savanna elephant in status. Their findings are August 21 – Increased portion of its US debt. The Samburu National Park, Kenya published in the latest demand for the scaly, twin agreements would edition of the journal EMU: ant-eating pangolin may guarantee the Philippines of California, San Diego Austral Ornithology, a lead to its disappearance some PhP 421.5 million have used DNA to show publication of the govern- from the forests of South (US$8.25 million) for forest that the elephants of West ment-funded Commonwealth and Southeast Asia. For conservation activities over Africa are genetically distinct Scientific and Industrial centuries, people across the the next 15 years. Monies from the continent’s two Research Organisation continent have used otherwise due for debt known elephant types. The (CSIRO). pangolins as medicine and payments can also be used UCSD discovery could, if charms. Thailand has to set up a tropical forest confirmed by additional September 2 – The emerged as a hub for fund. The Tropical Forest genetic evidence, split the Philippines’ Malampaya smugglers bringing Agreement establishes the African group into three natural gas project is pangolins from Cambodia, Tropical Conservation Fund distinct species or subspe- one of ten winners of Malaysia, and Indonesia and and the Tropical Forest cies: the well known the World Business sending them to China, Conservation Board. The savanna elephant, the Summit Award for where they end up in Board will be responsible recently recognized forest Sustainable Development cooking pots and traditional for the administration and elephant of central Africa, Partnerships sponsored by medicine shops. Pangolins management of the funds and west African elephants, the United Nations Environ- confiscated by Thai officials that will be used to support which live in both the forest ment Program (UNEP) and have risen from 1,944 in and assist the Philippines in and savanna. the International Chamber 2001 to 10,763 in the first its efforts to conserve, of Commerce (ICC). More seven months of 2002, maintain, or restore its September 12 – The than 120 partnerships from according to the Thai tropical forests. globally threatened Derbyan 37 countries submitted forestry department. In Parakeets of China may nominations to the World China, pangolin meat is September 18 – The survive through the efforts Summit Business Award and very popular. Its scales and World Bank released the of a grassroots organisation were judged based on 17 blood are mixed with herbs Vietnam Environment called the Parrot Conserva- indicators of sustainable to prolong life, strengthen Monitor 2002, which aims tion Association. The development such as the sex drive, cure lymph to bridge the gap in policy Derbyan Parakeet is native transparency, resource node malfunctions, kill pain, analysis for sustainable to southwest China and management, relations with or increase milk in breast- development in the country. adjacent Southeast Asia and customers, and public-private feeding mothers. In Nepal, To address the country’s is known for the beautiful partnerships. In the case of the animal’s meat is a environmental challenges, shades of violet on its head Malampaya, the award delicacy and the scales are the Environmental Monitor and breast and the deep recognised the effective used as charms against advocates that the quality of green to electric cobalt blue multi-stakeholder partner- rheumatic fever. Experts, data and its timely analysis covering the rest of its body. ships between the Philippine however, contend that the needs to be ensured so that The bird is considered government, Shell Philippine scales have no medicinal policy responses can be sacred and can provide Exploration B.V., and non- value, and protein from the designed cost-effectively with warning of looming natural government organisations in pangolin meat is no broad consensus. Improving disasters. The Parrot ensuring that the natural gas different from pork. data collection and storage Conservation Association project does not harm the Pangolins are still fairly methods, systematizing has protected a population environment and the local abundant but they could analysis and enhancing of about 100 Derbyan communities. The soon disappear if they accuracy, sharing informa- Parakeets by developing Malampaya project involved continue to be hunted at tion, and strengthening local regulations to promote the drawing of natural gas present rates. capacity would provide parrot conservation. The from one kilometre beneath Vietnam with the required association aims to widen sea level and laying a 500- August 15 – The World tools to better formulate, its efforts to neighbouring kilometre underwater Bank approved the imple- implement, and refine its villages with support from mentation of the 10-year environmental policies. the World Wide Fund for Amazon Region Protected Nature’s (WWF) Conserva- Areas Project, which is September 13 – Genetic tion Small Grants Fund. funded by a US$30 million evidence extracted from grant from the Global elephant dung has revealed September 4 – Australian Environment Facility (GEF) that a previously unknown researchers Jerry Olsen of and is co-financed by the type of elephant is the University of Canberra’s Government of Brazil, the roaming the African Applied Ecology Research World Wide Fund for forests and plains. Group and co-researcher Malampaya Natural Gas-to- Nature (WWF), and the Biologists at the University Susan Trost announced the Power Project development bank KfW of 4 JULY-SEPTEMBER 2002
- ABOUT YOU AND US Germany. The Project aims improve the manage- and the general public in to expand and consolidate ment of the waters and wildlife protection. the protected areas system wetlands of the upper in the Amazon region of Mekong Lancang River July 24 – The World Bank Brazil. It is part of the catchment in China’s has launched a US$108 World Bank/WWF Forest Yunnan Province. A new million credit programme Alliance, to which Brazil project in 2003 will develop to encourage tribal adhered in 1998. The an enabling policy frame- groups, migrant grazers, grant will finance the Photo by Haroldo Castro courtesy of Conservation International work, strengthen institutional and landless communities incremental cost of creating Indochinese tiger in the arrangements, test commu- to take on primary and consolidating new Cardoamom Mountains nity management approaches responsibility for manag- protected areas in the in 10 upper catchment ing forests in India. The Amazon region. The GEF Cardamoms Protected forests in the Lancang/Jiang project, to be implemented grant will also support the Forest in southwestern Nature Reserve, and in 14 of the state’s poorest implementation of financial Cambodia with financial and implement a comprehensive districts and overseen by the management and cost conservation support from awareness campaign. The local forestry department, recovery mechanisms Conservation International, Upper Mekong River travels aims to reduce rural poverty necessary to ensure the long- the United Nations Develop- through five downstream by placing forest areas term sustainability of both ment Programme, the countries after leaving the under the management of existing and newly created Global Environment Facility, Chinese province of Yunnan poor and primarily tribal Amazon protected areas. and the United Nations - Myanmar (Burma), forest-dependent communi- Foundation. Two wildlife Thailand, Laos, Cambodia ties. The Bank hopes that August 15 – World Wide sanctuaries border the newly and Vietnam. The other two the project will not only Fund for Nature (WWF) – designated area, bringing rivers travel through China. increase the wealth of local International called for the total land area under people, but will also help greater protection of the protection to 990,000 July 25 – Nepal’s Depart- conserve the rich local plant already endangered hectares. Rare species such ment of National Parks and and animal. Asian rhino, which is being as the Indochinese tiger, the Wildlife and the World pushed to extinction by a Asian elephant and the Wildlife Fund for Nature July 18 – Malaysia boom in poaching to feed Malaysian sun bear survive (WWF) has launched a teamed up with Coral the trade in so-called there, as do globally manual for the enforce- Cay Conservation and traditional medicines. threatened species such as ment of CITES regula- launched a project to Surveys show that only the pileated gibbon and the tions. This provides the assess the state of the 2,900 of the species are critically endangered necessary direction in efforts coral reefs dotting the left in their one-time Siamese crocodile, which to control illegal trade of peninsula’s east coast. extensive range through has its only known wild endangered animal and Malaysia’s coral reefs, which Pakistan, northern India, breeding population in the plant species in the country. include the spectacular Vietnam and Indonesia. Cardamoms. Nepal is inhabited by 57 Sipadan Island off the coast Poachers sell rhino horns, mammals, 40 birds, 13 of Borneo in east Malaysia, hooves and other body July 31 – Cambodia reptiles, one amphibian, two have suffered from ill- parts to syndicates produc- passed an anti-logging butterflies, and 13 plants advised development, ing powders and ointments, legislation, which penalized species listed for some level siltation from logging which are claimed to cure a violators with up to 10 of protection by the CITES activities, over-fishing and variety of illnesses and years in jail and a fine of regulations, some of which marine pollution. increase sexual potency in up to 100 million riel are openly traded in local men. Of the three species (US$25,600). The law markets. The manual gives July 12 – The International surviving in Asia, the one- makes it a crime to cut details of all the species of Union for the Conservation horned Javan rhino was the trees outside concession plants and animals from of Nature (IUCN), the World most threatened - especially areas, in national parks, in Nepal listed for protection Wide Fund for Nature in Vietnam, where at most wildlife sanctuaries, or other under the CITES treaty and (WWF) and the World eight were left. In Indonesia, designated areas. According spells out the role of Commission on Protected the Javan variety was down to government statistics, government authorities, non- Areas (WCPA) have devel- to 60, while the two-horned forest cover in Cambodia government organisations oped the High Seas Sumatran rhino was down has been reduced from 74% Ecosystem Protection to 300 in Indonesia and before 1970 to 58% now. Project, which aims to Malaysia, its main remaining Much of the deforestation protect the fragile ecosystem habitat. Both are on the has been attributed to the of the high seas by evaluat- United Nations’ Red List of civil war during the last ing the potential of estab- highly endangered species. three decades when warring lishing marine protected In India and Nepal, the factions felled timber to areas (MPAs) around remaining 2,400 Greater finance the fighting. In hotspots of high biodiversity One-Horned rhinos are recent years, corruption and or of rare or endangered under pressure not just from illegal logging have species. An action plan will poachers but also from land emerged as major contribu- be developed to address the clearance for farming and tors. conservation issues in light logging which reduces their of current intergovernmental, habitat to small, isolated July 29 – The Chinese Photo courtesy of Animal Science scientific, conservation, and Dept. Cornell University forest areas. State Forest Administration newly formed industry Commonly seen on sale in and IUCN-The World Kathmandu is the black- interest in the high seas July 31 – Cambodia Conservation Union agreed shouldered kite, a raptor that resources. The project has established the Central to work together to is not endangered. published a report entitled ASEAN BIODIVERSITY 5
- ABOUT YOU AND US “The Status of Natural vation and Management July 5 – The Philippine technical and administrative Resources on the High Seas Programme, with financial Department of Environ- support in the course of the (2001)”, which examined assistance from the Royal ment and Natural program, and loan eight living resources on the high Netherlands Embassy and Resources (DENR) is pairs of West Visayan seas beyond national technical support from the collaborating with Plan Walden’s Hornbill (Aceros jurisdiction and can be International Union for the International to establish waldeni) and Tarictic Hornbill downloaded from http:// Conservation of Nature the Northern Sierra (Penelopides panini) to the www.iucn.org/themes/ (IUCN). The Programme Madre Natural Park VA and NEZS for conserva- marine/pubs.html aims to enhance wetlands Conservation Project tion breeding and research. management in Vietnam in (NSMNP-CP). The Northern order to increase the Sierra Madre mountain July 4 – The Delhi city benefits to local people range is home to some of government of Qinghai while maintaining the the last remaining virgin Province plans to establish a ecological and hydrological forests in the country. The national natural reserve functions. The final project aims to implement to protect China’s programme document will public awareness campaigns primeval sacsaoul forest, be launched in December and conduct studies to making the 70,000-hectare Yangtze River dolphins 2002. generate management and forest the largest and most conservation strategies for intact natural gene bank for July 12 – Scientists in July 9 – Chinese scientists the Park. The NSMNP is sacsaoul in the country. The China are preparing to have discovered that the home to 70 globally drought-resistant plant grows round up all the Yangtze male Chinese frog threatened or near-threat- well in arid and semi-arid River dolphins, one of only (Amolops tormotus) ened species of wildlife, areas because of its highly four freshwater dolphin warbles melodies just including 13 species of absorbent root structure. species in the world, and like a bird to attract mammals, 46 species of With an average height of release them in a protected females. This is the first birds, 7 species of reptiles 96 centimetres, the sacsaoul reserve. The dolphins have time a frog has been found and amphibians, and 4 trees in Dulan have been the misfortune of living in to use diverse rising and species of shellfish. The instrumental in holding back the Yangtze River, one of falling modulations. The endangered Philippine eagle the sprawling desert and China’s busiest and most sounds are also the first is found in the area, along reducing wind erosion. To polluted waterways and the known terrestrial frog noises with 15 other species of date, a seed cultivation base dolphins’ sole natural to extend into the ultrasonic flora and fauna. Its moun- covering a land area of habitat. Less than a 100 are range. Male Chinese frogs tain slopes slide down to 3,614.5 hectares has been known to exist, their engage in nightly song the Pacific Ocean where the established in the Zongbatan numbers dwindling due to battles. They increase the endangered sea cow or area of Dulan County. fishing, boat traffic, and diversity, complexity and dugong can still be found. About 1.64 million saplings industry along the river. frequency of their calls to have been planted else- There were about 6,000 in outdo opponents. So rich is where. If the reserve is the 1950s. Unless some- this diversity that no two established, experts can thing is done, the blue-gray cries were the same in over begin in-depth research of dolphins will be extinct in 12 hours of recordings from the plant’s botanical 20 years. The dolphins have 21 individuals. There are characteristics so it can play lived in the Yangtze for 25 now plans to investigate a bigger role in the million years. Called the whether the frog’s unique country’s fight against “goddesses of the Yangtze,” anatomy is responsible for desertification. Philippine Hornbill they were a traditional its bird-like voice. Called symbol of peace and the ‘sunken-ear frog’ in July 4 – The Philippine July 3 – An agreement prosperity to Chinese living Chinese, A. tormotus males Protected Areas and Wildlife between the Interna- along the river’s banks. The have visible ear canals Bureau (PAWB) of the tional Fund for Animal 50 million yuan (US$6 leading to eardrums within DENR, together with the Welfare (IFAW) and the million) plan would hire 50 the skull. Most frogs’ Vogelpark Avifauna (VA) of Convention on Interna- professional fishers in boats eardrums sit as a membrane Netherlands and the North tional Trade in Endan- to search a 1,700-kilometer on the edge of their face. of England Zoological gered Species (CITES) stretch of the Yangtze and The team also plans to Society (NEZS) has estab- Management Authority of capture the dolphins using study whether the frog can lished the Philippine China aims to provide nets. The animals would control its two vocal sacs Hornbills Conservation better protection of then be released in the independently, which could Program to conserve the endangered species in the newly created Tian’erzhou account for the calls’ endangered birds locally country. IFAW will fund nature reserve in Hubei complexity. known as kalaw. The VA cooperative projects with province. The reserve is and NEZS promised to CITES China and provide already home to 20 finless assist the DENR by produc- technological assistance to porpoises, another threat- ing educational materials on strengthen the government ened aquatic mammal found the protection of Philippine capacity in enforcing CITES in the Yangtze and else- Hornbills; conducting regulations, including where in Asia. surveys on its conservation training law enforcers, status; and developing compiling handbooks for July 11 – The National facilities for the endemic identification of key animal Environment Agency of hornbills in West Visayas, species and their products, Vietnam has started the Mindoro and Southern and producing teaching formulation of a Na- Luzon. The DENR, on the materials for wildlife import tional Wetlands Conser- Males have a visible ear canal other hand, will facilitate and export management. 6 JULY-SEPTEMBER 2002
- ABOUT YOU AND US Editorial 10 years after Rio By John R. MacKinnon T he United Nations Conference present most countries have set up on Environment and Develop different reporting offices for each ment in Rio launched many im- agreement and this results in a lot portant initiatives – Agenda 21, the of duplication. In fact it is each Convention on Climate Change, and country’s own interests to organise the Convention on Biological Diver- information on the status, distribu- sity (CBD). It identified objectives and tion and real and potential uses of principles, set targets, launched its biodiversity. ARCBC is trying to programmes and also provided a help countries in a way that data funding mechanism for many of the can be shared for domestic and in- actions – the Global Environmental ternational reporting requirements. Facility (GEF). Not only were envi- The ASEAN is advancing with its ronmental goals agreed upon but own plans to preserve ASEAN heri- social principles of equitable shar- tage through the establishment of ing of benefits and recognition of ASEAN heritage parks and the indigenous intellectual property rights ASEAN countries have been led by were included in the package. We CBD in drawing up their own frame- were so optimistic that finally nations mies and third world debts led to an work for access to genetic resources were going to take environment endless procession of civil wars, – a framework designed to stimu- seriously and that things would get famines and other crises. Suddenly, late exploration whilst safeguarding better. before we realise it, 10 years have the national sovereignty of resources A few things got better but a lot passed and another summit is hosted and benefits from their use and also got worse. The world’s strongest in Johannesburg. protect indigenous property rights. nation, U.S.A., refused to ratify the New goals are identified and a The framework supported by ARCBC CBD and later refused to sign the new Declaration for Sustainable is currently being revised for adop- Kyoto Protocol undermining much of Development is issued. We realise tion by the ASEAN Senior Officials the aspirations of the rest of the there will be no quick fix solutions to on the Environment (ASOEN). world. The wave of GEF-funded climate or biodiversity issues. Nations Other concerns that need to be projects, at least the ones concerned will continue to be selfish; agreements addressed are the needs to under- with biodiversity were only moder- will be compromised; agencies will take risk assessment and control ately successful, seemed to waste still squabble over territory and funds, measures in relation to the release large sums of money and promoted and billions of dollars will be spent of GMOs as specified under the new levels of project skimming both on destruction and wars rather than Cartagena Protocol. The IAS issue by corrupt officials and greedy on curing the planet’s environmen- has emerged as a new and signifi- consultants. CBD reporting obliga- tal woes. cant threat to ASEAN biodiversity re- tions have put a strain on the data So what to do now? We have to quiring a regional strategy and in- management capacity of most coun- knuckle down to the tasks ahead. formation system. tries in the region. We have new targets to achieve. But most serious is still the ques- Human population continued to Reversing the loss of biodiversity by tion of capacity development for rise, global warming got worse, 2010 is the major challenge. The biodiversity managers. This should climate changes brought terrible fires ASEAN must continue to work on include providing the wherewithal to to destroy forests, invasive alien spe- priority issues and endeavours, which manage effectively – equipment, cies (IAS) spread with globalisation the ASEAN Regional Centre for budget, authority, policy environment of trade, genetically modified or- Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC) and support. ARCBC continues to ganisms (GMOs) raised their ugly is committed to help with. push in this direction and this will head, overprotection of genetic Harmonised reporting between dif- become central to the centre’s role heritage led to suppression of ex- ferent multilateral environmental in the second phase of ARCBC from ploration and failing global econo- agreements is one such area. At 2005 onwards. ASEAN BIODIVERSITY 7
- SPECIAL REPORTS: WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The ASEAN: Together Towards Sustainable Development T he World Summit on Sustainable Development in 1997). The ASEAN cooperates voluntarily and on a (WSSD) was a landmark event held in consensus basis for the common good, with peace and Johannesburg, South Africa from 26 August 2002 economic, social and cultural development as its pri- - 4 September 2002. It brought together the global mary purposes. This is reflected in the ASEAN Decla- community and world leaders to review and invigorate ration of 8 August 1967: commitments made 10 years ago at the United Nations “The Association of Southeast Asian Nations rep- Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) resents the collective will of the nations of Southeast Asia in Rio de Janeiro. The WSSD negotiated and adopted to bind themselves together in friendship and coopera- two main documents: the WSSD Plan of Implementation tion and, through joint efforts and sacrifices, secure for and the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable De- their peoples and for posterity the blessings of peace, velopment. freedom and prosperity.” The Plan of Implementation is designed as a frame- Facing the challenges of achieving sustainable de- work for action to implement the commitments originally velopment in the context of today’s increasing globalised agreed upon at UNCED. It also sets targets and time- world, the ASEAN has recognised the need for greater tables to address issues relating to poverty eradica- integration and cooperation among member coun- tion, consumption and production, the natural tries. ASEAN no longer separates financial from resource base, health, small island develop- commercial and investments concerns, nor the ing states, Africa, other regional initiatives, environment and social concerns or science globalisation, trade, finance, governance, and technology from the demands of eco- means of implementation and institutional nomic growth. framework. The Johannesburg Declaration In 1997, the Heads of State and Gov- outlines the path taken from UNCED to the ernment of ASEAN reaffirmed their commit- WSSD, highlights present challenges, ex- ments to the aims and purposes of the As- presses a commitment to sustainable develop- sociation through ASEAN Vision 2020, which ment, underscores the importance of multilateralism reflects the desire of ASEAN to pursue a more and emphasises the need for implementation. sustainable path to development as: The challenge now is for the global community that “...a clean and green ASEAN with fully established includes the Association of Southeast Nations (ASEAN) to mechanisms for sustainable development to ensure the implement the WSSD Plan of Implementation. ASEAN actively protection of the region’s environment, the sustainability participated in the preparations for the WSSD, including of its natural resources and the high quality of life of issuing an ASEAN Report to WSSD1 and a Ministerial State- its people”. ment. This article provides a brief overview of ASEAN’s This vision will be achieved through a series of action sustainable development framework, its contributions and plans, which will set strategies and specific activities with recommendations to the WSSD and the initial follow-up measurable targets, outputs, means of implementation actions taken to implement the WSSD Plan. and mid-term review mechanisms. The first of such action plans is the Hanoi Plan of Action (HPA) for 1999-2004, ASEAN’s Sustainable Development Framework adopted during the ASEAN Summit in 1998. The ASEAN was established in 1967 by Indonesia, The Hanoi Plan of Action (1999-2004) aims to Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, and achieve the following objectives: by 1999 has grown to be an association of 10 countries 1. Strengthen macroeconomic and financial co- with the admission of Cambodia (Brunei Darussalam operation joined in 1984, Vietnam in 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar 2. Enhance greater economic and integration 1 3. Promote science and technology development The ASEAN Report to the World Summit on Sustainable and develop information technology infrastruc- Development, 2002 was prepared by the ASEAN Secretariat. The full report is avalable on the website of the ASEAN ture Secretariat at http://www.aseansec.org/4916.htm. 4. Promote social development and address the 8 JULY-SEPTEMBER 2002
- social impact of the financial and economic has grown from $44.2 billion in 1993 to $95.2 billion crisis in 2000, representing an average annual increase of 5. Promote human resource development 11.6%. 6. Protect the environment and promote sustain- One of the desired outcomes of AFTA is the ratio- able development nalization of industrial production in the region, which 7. Strengthen regional peace and security is expected to allow for product specialization and thus 8. Enhance ASEAN’s role as an effective force for avoid duplication of expensive production facilities. AFTA peace, justice and moderation in Asia-Pacific was substantially realised in January 2002 with six original and in the World member countries cutting their tariff barrier on almost all 9. Promote ASEAN awareness and its standing in manufactured and agricultural products between zero the international community and five per cent. 10. Improve ASEAN’s structures and mechanisms. ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS) ASEAN Initiatives in Sustainable Development This agreement, which was signed on 15 December Economic Development 1995, provides the framework to liberalize trade in ser- Sustained economic growth is key to sustainable vices and aims to: development. It provides the means for nations and • enhance cooperation in services among member people to uplift their living standards and have a decent countries in order to improve efficiency and com- and healthy lifestyle, with adequate housing end edu- petitiveness, diversify production capacity and sup- cation. More importantly, it allows measures to be taken ply, and distribution of services of their service to promote the conservation of natural resources and suppliers within and outside ASEAN; protection of the environment, which in turn fuels eco- • eliminate substantially restrictions to trade in ser- nomic growth and sustains life. vices among member countries; and Since Rio 1992, ASEAN experienced rapid economic • liberalize trade in services by expanding the depth growth through industrialization and export-led growth. and scope of liberalization beyond those under- This enabled ASEAN to move away from resource-based taken by member countries under the General industries to manufacturing and service industries. Since Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) with the rural communities were able to find jobs in these sectors, aim of realising a free trade area in services. this eased the pressure on natural resources and member The benefits of liberalization of trade in services in- countries were able to devote more resources to environ- clude the following: enhanced competitiveness of pro- mental protection. The financial crisis of 1997-1998 set viders of services in the region supports freer flow of back all that. Poverty and social unrest increased. Mem- goods; increased foreign direct investment in the service ber countries inevitably increased the exploitation of their sectors; improved transfer of technology; freer flow of natural resources to sustain their level of income. services of professionals that would eventually catalyse Despite the setbacks and turmoil brought about by economic development and the integration process the financial crisis, the ASEAN is committed more than throughout the ASEAN region. ever to pursue economic liberalization, promote trade and investment regimes that are increasingly integrated ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) in ASEAN, and open to the rest of the world. Measures Under this agreement, ASEAN countries are to open undertaken by ASEAN in this direction include the ASEAN their industrial sectors to ASEAN investors to the extent Free Trade Area (AFTA), the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) of giving national treatment to such investments. and the ASEAN Industrial Cooperation (AICO) Scheme. ASEAN Industrial Cooperation (AICO) ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) This scheme provides for companies operating in The 1992 AFTA agreement required the elimination two or more ASEAN countries to receive full AFTA treat- of tariff barriers among the ASEAN member countries ment immediately. Since the AICO scheme was intro- with a view to integrating the ASEAN economy into a duced in 1996, a total of 146 applications have been single production base and creating a regional market received, of which 90 were approved. More than 90% of 500 million people. By lowering tariff rates, ASEAN of the participating companies are from the automotive hopes to enhance economic competitiveness and pro- related sector, with a handful from the electronics sector. mote cross-border trade and investment in the region. The AICO scheme has been well received by the private Partly as a result of the implementation of the Agree- sector and in response to their request, ASEAN has agreed ment on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) to extend the automatic waiver on the 30% national Scheme for the AFTA, trade among ASEAN countries equity requirement until 31 December 2002. ASEAN BIODIVERSITY 9
- Tourism Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam (the CLMV ASEAN recognises the strategic role of tourism and countries). A six-year IAI Work Plan (2002-2007) has been economic growth in sustaining the rich and diverse social, developed to expedite greater regional integration, pro- cultural and historical heritage of ASEAN. The ASEAN mote equitable economic development and help alleviate Tourism Agreement that was adopted at the ASEAN poverty in CLMV. The IAI Work Plan focuses on four priority Summit last year would facilitate quality tourism and areas, namely: strengthen the capacity of ASEAN to attract tourists within • infrastructure development, covering transport and and from outside the region. energy; • human resource development; ASEAN’s Integrated Infrastructure Network • information and communication technology (ICT); Economic integration requires good infrastructure and facilities in the region such as regional networks of • promoting regional economic integration in CLMV highways, railways, telecommunications, power grids and countries, covering trade and services, investment water and gas pipelines. ASEAN Vision 2020 calls for promotion, customs and standards. the establishment of interconnecting arrangements in the field of energy and utilities for electricity, natural gas and Social Development water within ASEAN through the ASEAN Power Grid and ASEAN recognises that sustainable development is a Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline and Water Pipeline and not only about generating wealth but also ensuring its the promotion of cooperation in energy efficiency and equitable distribution. A decent quality of life for its people conservation, as well as the development of new and requires a high quality environment. The activities of the renewable energy resources. poor are not the main causes of environmental degra- dation and yet they are the most affected by it in terms e-ASEAN of quality of life and health. A number of factors, in- Today, regionalism takes on a larger meaning and cluding declining productivity, pollution, erosion, natural scope than market integration alone. The ASEAN mem- calamities (such as floods and droughts), depressed ber countries are working closely in other emerging areas commodity prices and the influx of cheap imports, impose to strengthen their national and regional competitive- formidable challenges to their livelihood. These chal- ness. In no other area is this more vital than in acquiring lenges lead them to exploit natural resources technological prowess, thus the endorsement in 1999 of unsustainably. As a result, it has been necessary for the the e-ASEAN initiative. This aims to develop a broad- ASEAN to address two key social development issues, based and comprehensive framework, including physi- poverty and health and their interrelationships with the cal, legal, logistical, social and economic infrastructure, environment. to promote an ASEAN e-space, as part of the ASEAN positioning and branding strategy. Poverty ASEAN leaders at the 2000 ASEAN Summit signed Although poverty levels in the ASEAN have been the e-ASEAN Framework Agreement, which provides the declining, poverty levels in some of the newer member mechanism for operation in six main areas: connectivity countries are still considerably high. To address poverty and inter-operability, local content, a seamless environ- issues, ASEAN Vision 2020 hopes for an ASEAN where ment for electronic commerce, a common marketplace hunger, malnutrition, deprivation and poverty are no for goods and services relating to information and longer basic problems. A number of measures under the communications technology, development of human Hanoi Plan of Action are meant to see this vision through, resources, and e-governance.. including the Plan of Action on ASEAN Rural Develop- One of the projects being implemented is the e- ment and Poverty and the ASEAN Plan of Action on Farmers project, which seeks to address the challenges Social Safety Nets. of improving the economic welfare of ASEAN’s farming The Framework Plan of Action on Rural Development community. This project aims to allow farmers and and Poverty Eradication was adopted in 1997 and producers direct access to critical market information defined the following key actions: and the market itself through the internet or electronic • building and/or enhancing capacities for research, marketplace. assessment and monitoring of poverty in ASEAN countries; Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) • training of facilitators on rural development and The IAI, which was launched at the 2000 ASEAN Sum- poverty eradication; and mit, aimed at narrowing the development gap within ASEAN • developing a campaign for enhancing national member countries by assisting the newer members namely, and regional public awareness on rural develop- 10 JULY-SEPTEMBER 2002
- ment and poverty eradication. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and The social impacts of the financial crisis were then Environmental Protection addressed by the 1998 ASEAN Action Plan on Social ASEAN’s environment and natural resource endow- Safety Nets. Priorities in the action plan include: ments are unique and diverse. Forest cover in ASEAN • targeting and rapid impact assessment method- is over 48%, compared to the world average of below ologies for social programs; 30%. Three of the 17 mega biodiversity countries are • service delivery and related operational issues; in ASEAN. Terrestrial protected areas in the region num- 2 • role of central and local governments in social ber 1, 014 sites, protecting 418, 000 km . The region’s safety nets; and aquatic and marine ecosystems are highly productive • partnerships in social policy. and species rich. Half a billion people in ASEAN de- pend on these resources for their livelihood, causing Health increasing stress on the natural environment. A number In April 2000, the ASEAN Health Ministers adopted of factors have led to natural resource degradation, the Healthy ASEAN 2020 Declaration, which envisioned such as rapid population rise, conversion of forested that by 2020 “health shall be at the centre of devel- and ecologically-sensitive areas for agricultural purposes, opment and ASEAN cooperation on health shall be poverty and damage caused by forest fires and natural strengthened to ensure that our peoples are healthy in disasters. mind and body and living in harmony in environments.” ASEAN member countries are actively engaged in The declaration seeks to: addressing global environmental issues. Almost all • strengthen and further intensify ASEAN coopera- member countries are parties to the relevant major tion in health to ensure that health concerns are multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). Burdened mainstreamed in government efforts; with the onerous obligations of these MEAs without the • ensure that health development concerns are ef- promised substantial financial and technical support to fectively integrated into the larger scheme of implement them, ASEAN is taking a lead in promoting regional cooperation; synergy and coordination among these MEAs to over- • promote advocacy and enhance the state of public come institutional and human resources constraints, and awareness of health-related issues; at the same time to ensure a holistic and synergistic • ensure availability and accessibility of safe, af- approach to the issues. fordable, efficacious and quality health-related products and services to meet the needs of the Forest Ecosystems and Biological Diversity ASEAN; The ASEAN region has a total land area of 4.4 million • strengthen the national and collective ASEAN ca- sq km, most of which were once covered with forests. pacity on the issues of health implications from In the mid-1990s, regional land use patterns were globalization and trade liberalization; and detailed as: • enhance the competitiveness of ASEAN and health- related industries taking into account the strengths Land Use % of Total Land Area and diversity of ASEAN member countries. Forest and Woodland 53% Agriculture 21% In March 2002, the ASEAN Ministers also adopted Pasture 4% a declaration to improve the lifestyles of ASEAN peoples Other uses, including urban areas 22% so by 2020 all ASEAN citizens will lead healthy lifestyles consistent with the values, beliefs and culture in support- Forest cover and deforestation vary widely across the ive environments. region. From 1970 to 1990, ASEAN lost 31.4 million 2 One of the major issues in health is the human hectares of forest, a rate of about 15,700 km per year. immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or the acquired immune Deforestation increased by 1990 to 2000, with annual 2 deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. The ASEAN Heads loss estimated at 23,260 km a year. of State and Government recognises that at least 1.6 Forest certification has been employed to encourage million people in the region are living with HIV/AIDS, sustainable forest management by promoting trade in and if left unchecked will undermine social and eco- forest products from sustainably managed forests. The nomic development of ASEAN. As such, at the 2001 ASEAN Ministers of Agriculture and Forestry (AMAF) ASEAN Summit, ASEAN leaders adopted the ASEAN endorsed the Framework for ASEAN Regional Criteria Summit Declaration on HIV/AIDS, acknowledging that and Indicators (C&I) for Sustainable Management of prevention is the only effective way to combat the spread Natural Tropical Forests in October 2000. The regional of HIV/AIDS. C&I is a guide to developing nation-specific criteria, ASEAN BIODIVERSITY 11
- indicators and standards, which could be used to assess and institutional frameworks for water sector sustainable forest management practices or for timber management; certification. • identification and study of key transboundary is- Regional efforts to address deforestation are also sues; underway, specifically with the US$2.5 million five-year • identification and study of resource management ASEAN-Korea Environmental Cooperation Project on the issues; Restoration of Degraded Forest Ecosystems in the South- • catchment management and flood control; east Asian Tropical Regions (2000-2005). The project • improved water quality and environmental pro- aims to contribute to sustainable and equitable forest tection; management and rehabilitation of deforested areas in • clear policies on private sector participation; the tropical forest ecosystems of ASEAN member coun- • autonomous and accountable water service pro- tries through partnership in research, capacity-building viders; and sharing of scientific and technical information. • information for better resource management of In recognition of the region’s tremendous biodiversity shared resources; values, the three key strategies outlined in the HPA are to: • increased effective stakeholder consultation and • strengthen the ASEAN Regional Centre for participation; and Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC) by establish- • water sector financing, water pricing, cost recov- ing networks of relevant institutions and implement ery and incentive issues collaborative training and research activities; The Hanoi Plan of Action calls for the implementa- • promote regional coordination for the protection tion of an ASEAN regional water conservation of the ASEAN Heritage Parks and Reserves; and programme and the establishment of a framework to • formulate and adopt an ASEAN Protocol on ac- achieve long-term environmental goals for ambient air cess to genetic resources. and river qualities for ASEAN countries. ASEAN Heritage Parks and Reserves Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Country Heritage Park and Reserve ASEAN coastal and marine ecosystems perform a Brunei Darussalam Tasek Merimbun number of ecological, economic and social functions Indonesia Leuser National Park in the region. They serve as sinks for wastes from land- Kerinci Seblat National Park based resources, provide livelihood directly and directly Lorentz Nature Reserve to millions in the region, provide food, maintain water Malaysia Kinabalu National Park cycles, regulate climatic conditions, and maintain the Mulu National Park complex ecological balance of coastal and marine Taman Negara National Park ecosystems. Philippines Mount Apo National Park Mts. Iglit-Baco National Park The Hanoi Plan of Action calls for the development of a framework and the improvement of regional co- Thailand Khao Yai National Park Koh Tarutao National Park ordination for the integrated protection and manage- ment of coastal zones. Initiatives are currently being undertaken to recognize other unique ecosystems in the region, particularly in ASEAN Coastal Facts and Figures newer member countries. The guidelines and criteria for ASEAN Coastline 173,000 km2 selecting ASEAN Parks and Reserves are currently under ASEAN Mangrove Forests 35% of the world total (1998) review. ASEAN Coral Reefs 25-30% of world total (1998) Freshwater Ecosystems (most diverse in the world) Population and economic growth in the ASEAN re- Global Coral Reefs at Risk 58% (27% at high/very high risk) gion have exerted pressure on water resources both in ASEAN Coral Reefs at Risk 80% (55% at high/very high risk) terms of the quantity used and quality, often with adverse ASEAN Marine Fish Production 14% of the world total (1998) impacts on freshwater ecosystems. In 2000, ASEAN ASEAN Overall Fish Exports 15% of the world total (1998) renewable water resources were estimated at 15% of the world total. ASEAN wetlands of global importance Fisheries number 19 sites covering over 620,000 hectares. The ASEAN seas are rich in marine life and accounts Issues that most concern the ASEAN in terms of water for around 2,500 species of fish and as many types of resources management include: invertebrates. It is also a significant producer of fish, • capacity-building accounting in 1998 for over 7% of the world’s inland • development of national water policy, legal tools aquaculture production, nearly 7% of marine aquacul- 12 JULY-SEPTEMBER 2002
- ture production, nearly 14% of fisheries production, 12% issues through annual national environmental campaigns of combined fisheries and aquaculture production, and and the ASEAN Environment Year, which is observed 15% of global fisheries trade. People in ASEAN con- once every three years. The ASEAN Environmental sume about 20 kg of fish per capita per year, which Education Action Plan (2000-2005) is currently being provides nearly half of their animal protein. Pressures implemented. on fishery resources are caused by increasing demand, deteriorating marine water quality and degradation of Promotion of Environmentally coastal zones. Sound Technologies A Resolution on Sustainable Fisheries for Food Security The ASEAN is currently exploring the establishment in the ASEAN Region has been adopted and focuses on of a centre for the promotion of environmentally sound regional guidelines on a code of conduct for fisheries, technologies. This center/network is expected to enhance collaboration among countries, capacity building, effec- national efforts in the development and use of environ- tive management and access to fishery resources, post mentally sound technologies, while making possible the harvest technologies and joint ASEAN positions on inter- sharing of expertise, resources and promotion of har- national trade in fish and fishery resources. monization and certification at the regional level. The Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) has also undertaken a number of measures Environmental Reporting to protect fishery resources, including the upgrading of and Data Harmonization the traditional fish processing industry; promotion of Two State of the Environment Reports (1997 and 2001) mangrove-friendly aquaculture; conservation and man- have been produced, which provide the status of envi- agement of sea turtles; improvement of fishery statistics; ronmental conditions, their impact and interrelationships and development of common guidelines for the rational- with various sectors in the ASEAN. The ASEAN also hopes ization of the code of conduct for responsible fisheries. to harmonise national and regional databases to support environmental analysis, modelling, and forecasting for Atmosphere and Climate environmental assessment and monitoring. Although fossil fuel combustion remains a major source of pollution in ASEAN, transboundary haze pollution from ASEAN’s Governance and Cooperative Mechanism land and forest fires has become more serious in recent ASEAN’s governance mechanism, which has evolved years. As a result, the Hanoi Plan of Action calls for the: gradually over the years, is now very much institutionalised • full implementation of the Regional Haze Action and cover major sectors such as political, security, eco- Plan; nomic, social, environment and other functional areas. • strengthening of the ASEAN Specialized Meteoro- The highest decision-making body of ASEAN is the logical Center to monitor forest and land fires; Meeting of the Heads of State and Government or ASEAN and Summit held every year. • establishment of the ASEAN Regional Research The Annual Meeting of Foreign Ministers, better known and Training Center for Land and Forest Fire Man- as the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (AMM) is responsible agement. for the formulation of policy guidelines. The AMM is supported by the ASEAN Standing Committee (ASC) and Transboundary Haze Pollution the Senior Officials Meeting (SOM), while the ASEAN The land and forest fires that hit the ASEAN region Economic Ministers (AEM) is supported by the Senior in 1997-1998 have been considered among the most Economic Officials Meeting (SEOM) and several work- damaging in history, causing massive environmental, ing groups. Overall coordination at the national level economic and social impacts. As a result, the Regional in each of the ASEAN member countries is undertaken Haze Action Plan (RHAP) was adopted in 1997 and by a dedicated ASEAN department in the Ministry of outlines the overall framework for strengthening the Foreign Affairs. region’s capacity to address transboundary haze pol- lution through three major components: prevention, ASEAN Environmental Management Framework mitigation and monitoring. The ASEAN member coun- ASEAN cooperation on the environment started in tries have shown their commitments to address this 1978 with the establishment of an ASEAN Experts Group problem with the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on on the Environment (AEGE), which has since been el- Transboundary Haze Pollution in June 2001. evated as the ASEAN Senior Officials on the Environ- ment (ASOEN). The ASOEN is composed of the heads Public Awareness and Environmental Education of environmental ministries/departments/agencies that ASEAN promotes public awareness of environmental are responsible for environmental matters in their re- ASEAN BIODIVERSITY 13
- and institutional frameworks, Figure 1. ASEAN Institutional Framework for Environmental Cooperation ASEAN emphasised that exist- ASEAN Summit ing frameworks for regional (ASEAN Heads of State/Government) inter-governmental gover- nance such as ASEAN should ASEAN Ministerial ASEAN Ministerial be fully utilised as part of the Meeting (AMM) Meeting on the Secretary General (ASEAN Foreign Environment of ASEAN international governance struc- Ministers) (AMME) ture to promote coordinated ASEAN Standing ASEAN Senior Officials on the sustainable development ini- Committee (ASC) Environment (ASOEN) tiatives for that region. ASEAN ASEAN Secretariat also called upon the Global (Bureau of Functional Cooperation) Environment Facility to en- hance its effectiveness by im- proving its operational proce- Working Group on Working Group on Working Group on Working Group on Nature Conservation Coastal and Marine Multilateral Environmental Water Resources dures and be more respon- and Biodiversity Environment Agreements Management (AWGNCB) (AWGCME) (AWGMEA) (AWGWRM) sive to the identified needs of developing countries; and ac- Other Environmental Haze Technical Activities Task Force cord priority to regional poli- (ASEAN Secretariat) (HTTF) cies developed within the ASEAN institutional framework. spective countries (Figure 1). • ASEAN called for declarations and commitments The cooperative programmes and projects of such as those contained in the Rio Declaration, ASOEN are guided by the ASEAN Strategic Plan of Ac- Agenda 21, Millenium Declaration and the tion on the Environment (SPAE)1999-2004. The ASOEN Monterrey Consensus on Financing for Develop- reports to the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on the Envi- ment to be implemented expeditiously. Addition- ronment (AMME), which is primarily responsible for policy ally, ASEAN called for developed countries to fulfill matters related to the environment. At the national level their commitments in financial assistance, technol- on the other hand, ASEAN member countries have ogy transfer and capacity building in line with the designated specific institutions to implement Agenda 21. principle of common but differentiated responsi- bilities. Recommendations to the World Summit • ASEAN called for the further enhancement of the on Sustainable Development international economic and trading systems to The ASEAN ministers responsible for the environment complement the ASEAN’s efforts to open trade met at a Special ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on the and investment in the region, in particular, to Environment for the WSSD in June 2002 to review the improve market access for developing countries’ progress, constraints and challenges on the implemen- exports, eliminate trade-distorting subsidies and tation of Agenda 21 in the region and to consider key barriers to trade for agricultural products, and issues to be discussed at the WSSD. The outcome of the provides special and differential treatment to de- Meeting was a Joint Statement of the Ministers Respon- veloping countries. ASEAN expressed its opposi- sible for Environment of the Member States of ASEAN tion to the use of environmental measures for to the World Summit on Sustainable Development is- protectionist purposes. sued on 4 June 2002, which encapsulated the main • ASEAN also called for the strengthening of the recommendations of ASEAN to the WSSD. The key rec- international financial architecture, which includes ommendations are summarised as follows: a review of the roles of the international financial • ASEAN has a well-established governance struc- institutions as well as international regulatory bodies ture for the Southeast Asian region to effectively in order to enhance their capacity to contain and develop, coordinate and implement regional resolve financial crises. Priority should be accorded programmes. ASEAN also provides the forum to to measures to protect the poor and most vulner- facilitate the development and implementation of able segments of society. ASEAN also welcomed integrated regional sustainable development efforts to deal comprehensively and effectively with policies, strategies and action plans consistent with the debt problems of developing countries and the global framework and the needs of member to make the management of debt sustainable in countries. Therefore, in calling for the strengthen- the long term. ing of the sustainable development governance Turn to page 18 14 JULY-SEPTEMBER 2002
- SPECIAL REPORTS: WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Enhancing Environmental Protection Background Information Brunei Darussalam has 33 offshore islands, which Brunei Darussalam is situated in the northwestern coast together occupy a small area of 7,939 hectares or 1.4% of the island of Borneo and covers a land area of 5,765 of the total land area. Most of the islands have a km. Its only direct neighbour is the eastern Malaysian substantial population of long-nosed monkeys, probos- state of Sarawak, which also divides the country into two cis Monkeys, and a variety of birds. The long-nosed parts. Hilly lowlands, swampy plains and alluvial valleys monkey, considered a vulnerable and endangered breed, dominate the districts of Brunei-Muara, Tutong and Belait, is found only on the Borneo Island. These islands also which form the larger western portion. Mountainous terrain nurture a large population of flying foxes. abound in the eastern district of Temburong, which has 2 a land area of 1,288 km . Protection of the Atmosphere Nearly 4000 species of flowering plants have been Though environmental pollution is currently not a major identified in Brunei. There is also a wide variety of faunal problem, the diversification of the economy, increasing species in the country. Some of the fauna found are the population and industrial growth may cause problems shrimp, crab, otter, flying fox, rare proboscis monkey, in the future. Current atmospheric pollution largely comes silver-leaf monkey, several bird species from vehicular emissions, industrial specially of the kingfisher family and activities, forest fires and open burning. many migratory birds, crocodile, green Air pollution due to industrial activities turtle, a variety of fish, lizard, bat, snails, is minimal and levels of air pollutants moths and other insects. are relatively low. Current efforts to Four main river systems irrigate the control pollution mostly concern four districts, namely: Temburong, Belait, strengthening institutional, technical and Tutong and Brunei. Temburong, the legal capacity to prevent and combat smallest of the main rivers, drains nearly forest fires. These include physical of the Temburong district. The Belait basin is the largest measures such as putting up fire breaks in forest reserves 2 with an area of 2,700 km . The lower Belait catchment as well as constructing fire observation towers, and barriers comprises an extensive area of peat swamp forest. The and fences to prevent people from entering fire-sensitive river narrows at the town of Kuala Belait and a sand areas. bar restricts the discharge of water to the South China Brunei Darussalam may lack comprehensive legis- Sea. While some areas in the upper catchments have lation to regulate or provide air quality standards, but been cleared for agriculture, this area is mostly jungle it is a signatory to two international agreements regard- and sparsely populated. The Tutong basin has an area ing the protection of the atmosphere: 2 of 1,300 km . Its lower catchments are broadly flood • Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone plain while the upper catchment is jungle and patches Layer – 16 July 1990 of agriculture. • Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the With a coastline of 130 kms, Brunei’s coastal zone Ozone Layer – 27 May 1993 harbours productive ecosystems and valuable onshore and offshore hydrocarbon deposits. Brunei, Tutong and Integrated Approach to the Planning Belait form the three major estuaries. Five hundred species and Management of Land Resources of fish and insects as well as 12 shrimp species have Land resources are considerably affected by conver- been reported in Brunei waters. sion for agricultural and construction purposes, such as Mangroves cover 3.2% of the total land area through open burning, which is still a common occur- (18,418 hectares) and are relatively under exploited rence in the country. Open burning is legally prohibited and among the best preserved in Southeast Asia. They at government rubbish dumpsites and forest reserves. It provide a habitat for many unique and endangered is also prohibited during dry seasons and prolonged species of plants and animals, including the Chinese drought as stated in Section 277A of the Emergency egret, which migrates every winter from Siberia to Order (Penal Code Amendment, 1998). Offences re- Southeast Asia. lated to open burning face a B$100,000 fine. ASEAN BIODIVERSITY 15
- Combating Deforestation and Addressing Promoting Sustainable Agriculture the Convention on Biological Diversity and Rural Development It is estimated that forests still cover roughly 469,046 There is increased use of chemical fertilizers and ha or 80% of the total land area of Brunei. More than pesticides in the agricultural sector and, to a lesser extent, 55% of the land area is occupied by virgin tropical in the forestry sector (silviculture), which may cause harm rainforests. Log production has dropped by 50% since to rural ecology and health. One of the measures in- 1990 from 200,000 cubic metres due to increased efforts stituted to control pesticide and fertilizer use was the to protect forest resources. Degraded lands have also establishment of the Pesticide Assessment Committee in been identified and funds have been allocated for their 1989. The Committee is tasked with screening appli- rehabilitation to control soil erosion and enhance the cations for licenses to import agro-chemicals and as- natural beauty of the environment. sessing the competence of sellers. There are a number of laws, which aim to protect forest resources and prevent desertification. These in- Protection of the Oceans and Protection clude the Forest Act, which prohibits persons from keep- and Rational Use of their Living Resources ing, carrying or leaving any fire burning that may Human pressures on marine resources are intense endanger reserved forests. The Forest Law and Regu- since about 85% of the population lives in coastal areas lations also details efforts to curb illegal logging and where almost all the social, cultural and economic ac- control other forest offences. tivities are concentrated. Measures to protect the oceans and its resources include the National Environment Strategy of Brunei Darussalam, which includes the Strat- egy on the Protection of Coastal and Marine Resources. This strategy focuses on the following areas: water quality management; contingency plans for oil spills; ratification of IMO conventions; mangrove, coral and artificial reef man- agement; marine wildlife sanctuaries; coastal erosion; and others. The imple- mentation of a Coastal Zone Manage- ment Plan prepared under the ASEAN – US Coastal Resources Management Project is under review. Brunei is also a signatory to inter- national agreements that ensure the Tasek Merimbun Heritage Park protection of the world’s marine re- sources, specifically the United Nations Implementation plans significant to forest protection Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention include the National Forestry Policy of 1989. This intro- on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. duced forest conservation and protection policy that cat- egorized resources into Conservation, Protection and Protection of the Quality Production forests. The plan stresses the protection of and Supply of Freshwater Resources forest biodiversity and water catchment areas, and Ensuring access to safe drinking water is the respon- promotes the replanting of wastelands. sibility of the Water Services Department, Ministry of The Seventh National Plan (1996 – 2000), on the Development. A Water Resources Management Work- other hand includes the implementation of projects sig- ing Group established by the National Committee on nificant to forest and biodiversity, including the Wildlife Environment in 1994 is tasked with the establishment of Resource Inventory of Brunei Darussalam Forest and the environmental quality objectives, corresponding stan- Tropical Forest Biodiversity Project. dards and monitoring requirements for water resources; In addition to the Convention on Biological Diversity, a plan of action to mitigate adverse effects on water Brunei Darussalam is also a signatory to the Convention resources; and a harmonised legal framework for water on International Trade of Endangered Species and the resource management. ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Sources: www.johannesburgsummit.org Natural Resources. NBRU-Brunei Darussalam 16 JULY-SEPTEMBER 2002
- SPECIAL REPORTS: WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CAMBODIA Strengthening Peoples’ Participation in Sustainable Development Integrated Approach to Planning Cambodia Forest Crime Monitoring Project, which has and Management of Land Resources improved government capacity to detect and track il- Equitable access to land continues to be a major legal logging. International organizations such as Glo- issue in the country and is a critical factor in poverty bal Witness act as independent monitors in assessing the reduction. A World Bank survey in 2000 revealed that country’s efforts to protect forest resources. the richest 10% of Cambodian households owned 40% of the land, while the poorest 40% owned only 12%. Conservation of Biological Diversity About 14.4% of rural households are landless. Forcible One of the efforts that address biodiversity conser- displacement of millions from their homes and abolition vation issues in the country is the creation of the Inter- of private ownership of land by the Khmer Rouge have governmental National Biodiversity Steering Committee. introduced large-scale confusion and land disputes. Mandated to formulate the biodiversity conservation plan, Serious measures are currently being undertaken to the Committee is composed of representatives from the prevent land grabbing. Ministries of Environment; Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Land Manage- Combating Deforestation ment, Urban Planning and Construc- Conflicts from the 1970s-80s caused tion; Rural Development; and Water immense deforestation, decimating Resources and Meteorology. The forest cover from 73% in 1960 to 58% Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan in 2000. After the decline of the Khmer was drafted to provide the basis for all Rouge, there was an increase in uncon- future activities in biodiversity conserva- trolled access to formerly secured for- tion. It interrelates biodiversity with is- ested areas, which encouraged illegal logging. The sues such as security, institutional development, commu- government began addressing these issues by cancel- nity participation and development, quality of life, poverty ling forest concessions, curbing illegal logging, seizing reduction, industry, technology and services. Prioritisation equipment and illegally harvested logs and closing il- of the components of the Action Plan was decided on legal sawmills. during a National Workshop on Biodiversity Issues held The implementation of forest management policies in October 2000. to prevent desertification and protect forest resources is Biodiversity-related programmes include a pilot a top priority of the Royal Government of Cambodia project at Virachey National Park. Funded by the Global (RGC). Reforms in the forestry sector are currently un- Environment Facility (GEF) and the Learning and Inno- derway to eliminate illegal logging, enhance capacity vation Loan, the project aims to develop and demon- building, strengthen forest rehabilitation and enlarge strate an approach to manage Cambodia’s National forest conservation activities. Forest concessions are also Protected Areas System. The project also aims to de- managed through the formulation of a code of conduct velop and test specific measures to minimise biodiversity for forest concessionaires, suspension of forest conces- degradation in the area. sions that lack management plans and the development of programmes on forest community management. Protection and Rational Use of Water Resources Actions by the RGC to create conditions conducive One of the major water sources in Cambodia is the to sustainable development of forest resources include Tonle Sap (Great Lake), which is simultaneously the largest the strengthening of the Forest Crime Monitoring Unit freshwater lake in SEA, a UNESCO biosphere reserve, (FCMU) and legislative and policy framework for sus- a livelihood base for nearly 30% of all Cambodians tainable resource management, as well as the devel- and a national symbol of Khmer identity. It provides opment on a Sub-Decree on Community Forestry to 60% of the total protein intake of the Cambodian enhance community participation in forest management population. Threats to the Tonle Sap and other fresh- decision making processes. Another programme is the water resources include over-fishing, denudation of ASEAN BIODIVERSITY 17
- of the traditional fishing lot system has been com- pleted. As a result, the size of official fishing lots has been reduced by 495,000 has (53% of all fishing lots). The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fish- eries (MAFF) has drafted a new Fisheries Law and prepared a Fisheries Master Plan to protect fishery resources. A Decree on Community Fisheries and a Fishing Lot Auction has also been issued following extensive consultations with stakeholders. Strengthening the Role of Major Groups Sectors that are only now being given due atten- tion by the government include women and NGOs. The involvement of women is currently being encour- aged since the government has begun to appreciate that community participation, particularly of key play- Kirirom National Park ers such as women and religious groups, is crucial to successful development activities. New Cambo- watersheds, contamination from harmful farm chemicals dian NGOs, together with current international NGOs, as well as periods of flooding and drought. are also regular participants in the annual Consultative The establishment of the Tonle Sap Biosphere Re- Group Meetings on Cambodia. Hundreds of NGOs serve in March 2001 underscored the lake’s importance work on various issues, including health, agriculture, en- to the people of Cambodia. A Tonle Sap Inter-Minis- vironment, education, human rights and gender. Two terial Task Force was also created to formulate and collations of NGOs currently exist in the country, namely coordinate the sustainable development plan for the the NGOs Forum on Cambodia and the Cooperation lake and its resources. Committee for Cambodia. In terms of the fishery sector, a comprehensive reform Source: www.johannesburgsummit.org The ASEAN ties in the following 10 areas: From page 14 • Global environmental issues • ASEAN called for sustained international support • Land and forest fires and transboundary haze to deal with transboundary haze from land and pollution forest fires, which has global impacts in terms of • Coastal and marine environment biodiversity loss and the emission of carbon di- • Sustainable forest management oxide. • Sustainable Maaanagement of natural parks and • ASEAN further called for the implementation of protected areas multilateral environmental agreements such as the • Freshwater resources Convention on Biological Diversity, and concerted • Public awareness and environmental education efforts to foster synergy and coordination among • Promotion of environmentally-sound technologies these agreements. ASEAN emphasised their sup- and cleaner production port to the early entry into force of the Kyoto • Urban environmental management and gover- Protocol. nance, and • ASEAN also supported the initiatives on partner- • Sustainable development monitoring and report- ships (Type II Outcomes) and urged interested ing, and database harmonisation. parties to explore such partnerships in the key Programmes of action will be developed and part- programme areas that have been outlined in the nerships sought for the implementation of the above ASEAN Report to the WSSD. areas with each member country taking the lead on a specific issue. The Environmental Ministers at the Follow up to the World Summit Meeting also adopted the theme “Together Towards on Sustainable Development Sustainable Development” for the ASEAN Environ- The ASEAN Ministers of Environment had an Informal ment Year 2003, which reiterates ASEAN’s commit- meeting in November 2002, after the WSSD. They ment to achieving the goals of sustainable agreed to intensify cooperation to implement the WSSD development. outcomes and further agreed to prioritise ASEAN activi- Source: ASEAN Secretariat 18 JULY-SEPTEMBER 2002
- SPECIAL REPORTS: WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDONESIA Strengthening National Agenda 21 The following are efforts undertaken by Indonesia to gases (GHG), an assessment of potential impacts of address environmental issues in the country in line with climate change, as well as analysis of potential mea- agreements made during the last Earth Summit. sures to adapt to the increase in GHG emissions and climate change. Other efforts aim to enhance the gen- Protection of the Atmosphere eral awareness and knowledge on climate change and According to government data, ambient air quality related issues and to strengthen the dialogue, informa- in a number of major cities in Indonesia in 2001 went tion exchange and cooperation among all the relevant from “good” to “unhealthy”. Air quality in Jakarta and stakeholders. Bandung ranged from “moderate” to “unhealthy”. In In terms of capacity building, local operators have other cities that had low levels of pollution from industrial been trained to operate air quality monitoring systems and transportation sources, forest fires from Kalimantan in their own regions. A public campaign, interactive unfortunately exacerbated air quality conditions. Car- dialogues and seminars have also been conducted to bon dioxide accounted for 7% of total emissions, largely warn the public of the danger of leaded emission from caused by changes in land use, primarily deforestation, vehicles. Other information on Indonesia’s compliance as well as industrial and transportation with the Montreal Protocol can be sources. obtained from a database and its Regulations that govern the quality website. of the atmosphere in Indonesia include Government Regulation no. 41/1999 Ongoing Research on air pollution, which serves as the basis Studies have been undertaken to for air quality management. A number determine the effects of air pollution of Ministerial Decrees also provide caused by leaded gasoline, including instructions on the air pollution standard a survey on the lead content in primary index (for ambient air quality) and emission standards students’ blood in Jakarta. The results proved that for mobile and static sources. In terms of ozone-deplet- immediate action needs to be undertaken. Other studies ing substances (ODS), Ministerial Decree Nos. 110/MPP/ done in the area of climate change range from the 1998 and 410/MPP/1998 prohibit the production and socio-economic impacts of climate change, and the trade of ODS and new appliances using ODS. possibility for Indonesia to participate in the clean Indonesia has also ratified the United Nations Frame- development mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol. work Convention on Climate Change through Law No. Partners in the phase out of leaded gasoline include 6/1994. The National Action Plan has been formulated Pertamina and producers of gasoline. Several NGOs with assistance from NGOs. have allied to form the Leaded Gasoline Phase-out Com- mittee and helped to accelerate the leaded gasoline Programmes and Projects phase out schedule. Most projects are supported by the The government planned to phase out all ozone- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), In- depleting substances (ODS) by 1997, through an ODS ternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development phase out project (1994-2007) supported by the mul- (IBRD) and United Nations Industrial Development tilateral fund of the Montreal Protocol through the World Organization (UNIDO). Bank, the United Nations Development Programme, and UNIDO. The project combines the efforts of the gov- Integrated Approach to the Planning ernment, industry and NGOs and focuses on the fol- and Management of Land Resources lowing: institutional measures; regulatory measures; Current issues in land resources management include incentives/disincentives; information awareness; invest- the conversion of agricultural to non-agricultural land, ment and technical assistance; and monitoring. the expansion of urban socio-economic activities and In response to its commitments to the United Nations rapid population growth. Conditions caused by these Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), factors are worsened by the lack of coordination be- Indonesia has conducted an inventory of greenhouse tween government agencies and sectors of develop- ASEAN BIODIVERSITY 19
- ment, complex regulations and mechanisms related to tion, as well as forest fires, illegal logging, lack of law land resources and weak law enforcement. Conversion enforcement, mining and the gap between supply and of agricultural lands to other uses in particular amounted demand for timber. Transmigration has also contrib- to 106,424 ha in 1993-1995. Existence of 1.2 M ha uted to forest depletion. In 1999, a total forest area of idle land in urban areas is a testament to inefficient of 1,298,990 ha had been converted from production land resource use. to protection and reserve forest areas. To support sound land resources management and Current legislation related to forest protection, which planning, a baseline mapping programme was initi- include Law No. 41/1999 on forestry, has given a new ated. The result was a 79% achievement by 1998, with paradigm to forest development planning. Forest plan- the lowest achievement in the province of West Sumatra. ning must be transparent, integrated, and participa- Activities related to integrated planning and manage- tory. The law accommodates the role and right of people ment of land resources are largely coordinated by the living in and around conservation areas in forest man- National Spatial Coordination Agency (Badan agement. President’s Instruction No. 5/2001, on the Koordinasi Pengelolaan Tata Ruang Nasional or other hand, details the abatement of illegal logging BKTRN), which was established in 1993 under the and distribution of illegal forest products. National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS). Various government agencies that have jurisdiction One of the laws concerning land use management is over forest matters include the: Spatial Planning Law No. 24/1992, which aims to 1. Directorate General of Production Forests – achieve an integrated and environmentally sound authorises the release of logging concession spatial use of land resources in Indonesia and is rights. The Directorate works under the Ministry complemented by Government Regulation No. 47/ of Forestry and Crop Estates, the primary gov- 1997 on the National Regional Spatial Plan. Law No. ernment agency in terms of forest management). 69/1996 concerns public participation in spatial plan- 2. Department of Trade and Industry - issues per- ning. mits for the establishment of timber and forestry enterprises. Programmes and Projects 3. Department of Agriculture – has important role Based on the country’s National Agenda 21, land in conversion of forests to agricultural land. resources management should focus on improving ef- 4. Department of Mines and Energy – grants min- ficiency in spatial and land resources planning, devel- ing rights in areas that frequently include forest oping and strengthening related regulations and law, areas. streamlining institutional arrangements, and develop- Other organisations involved in forest protection ing sound data and information systems. One issues include the Consultative Group on Indonesian programme that has been developed is a Land Ad- Forestry (CGIF), which was established in 1994 as a ministration Project undertaken in 1993 in collabora- coalition of institutions from various donor countries. tion with the World Bank. Its objective was titling and In 1999, CGIF supported the formation of a team registration, improvement of institutional frameworks for consisting of representatives from government, aca- land administration and development of land man- deme and NGOs. The team was organised to prepare agement policies. The government has also embarked the national forest programme (NFP), which was un- on a Land Office Computerization programme to fortunately not finalised. In 2000, the Inter-Departmen- enhance public services on land related matters. tal Committee on Forestry (IDCF) was organised to Government institutions and universities have also formulate the NFP In the same year, the Ministry of . begun to use current technologies such as aerial pho- Forestry and Crop Estates compiled its strategic plan tography, digital mapping, remote sensing and satel- for 2001-2005 and assisted in the formulation of the lite imaging such as SPOT and LandSat. NFP The process is still ongoing. . Combating Deforestation Programmes and Projects The government classified forests according to func- Ongoing activities include the development of forest tion, namely as protected, production forest and na- production centres in villages to support community- ture reserve. In 1999, total forest area has been es- based forest management in recognition of the impor- timated at 120.3 million ha, consisting of 33.5 million tant role played by communities living near and within ha of protected forest, 66.3 million ha of production forested areas. Illegal logging and illegal distribution forest and 20.5 million ha of nature reserves. Defor- of forest products are checked by routine patrols and estation is estimated at 1.6 million ha annually, caused intelligence operations. Forest fire prevention is also a largely by concessionaires focused on forest exploita- major concern, hence the establishment of Forest and 20 JULY-SEPTEMBER 2002
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