intTypePromotion=1
zunia.vn Tuyển sinh 2024 dành cho Gen-Z zunia.vn zunia.vn
ADSENSE

Báo cáo " Tác động của chính sách tự do hóa nhập khẩu đối với tăng trưởng kinh tế ở Việt Nam: một phân tích theo kênh "

Chia sẻ: Bánh Bèo | Ngày: | Loại File: PDF | Số trang:13

99
lượt xem
6
download
 
  Download Vui lòng tải xuống để xem tài liệu đầy đủ

Tác động của chính sách tự do hóa nhập khẩu đối với tăng trưởng kinh tế ở Việt Nam: một phân tích theo kênh

Chủ đề:
Lưu

Nội dung Text: Báo cáo " Tác động của chính sách tự do hóa nhập khẩu đối với tăng trưởng kinh tế ở Việt Nam: một phân tích theo kênh "

  1. CHfNH SACH TL/ DO HOA N H A P K H A U O 6 | Vdl TAC O O N G COA T A N G TRUdNG KINH T^ 6 V I E T NAM: MOT P H A N TICH THEO K E N H Dinh Thi Hoang Yen'* Tom t a t 1. Gidi thieu Viet Nam, mdt nen kinh te chuyen ddi, da Cd nhieu t r a n h luan ve vai trd ciia b i t diu cdng eude cai each kinh te lich sii thUdng mai ddi vdi phat trien kinh te xoay vao nam 1986 va tU dd theo dudi ea hai quanh van de lam the nao de thUdng mai hudng phat trien thi trUdng va Nha nUdc cd the lam ddng lUe cho tang trudng va quan ly. Nghien eUu nay tap trung vao cac lam the nao de do lUdng dUdc ich ldi nay. Lich sii dudng nhU ung hd cho sU t h a n h chinh sach tii do hoa thUdng mai trong nUde cdng eiia tii do hoa thUdng mai tai Hoa Ky va qud'c te cua Viet Nam, mdt phan quan nhUng nam 1940 va ciia Nhat Ban nhUng trpng ciia cai each kinh te, bang viec do mpt nam 1960, cung nhU cho nhUng t h a n h tich chi sd' cho chinh sach tU do hoa nhap khau xiic tien xuat khau cua nhUng con Hd va sau dd sii dung phan tich kenh de lUdng chau A trong nhUng nam 1970-1980, Mae hoa tac ddng ciia tii do hoa nhap khau ddi du nhin chung la cac nha nghien cUu ddng vdi tang trUdng kinh te cua dat nUde, y r a n g "thUdng mai la td't chd t a n g Nghien cifu nay ap dung phUdng phip trUdng", nhUng phan tieh dinh lUdng lai nghien ciiu do Wacziarg (2001) de xuat de dUa ra rat nhieu ket qua k h i c nhau ve phan tich sd'lieu cua Viet Nam trong thdi ky mdi quan he giUa thUdng mai, ma chinh xic hdn la tii do hoa thUdng mai va tang 1986-2006 vdi nhUng siia ddi can thiet cho trUdng kinh te, phii hdp vdi dac diem kinh te cua Viet Nam. Ket qua Udc lUdng b i n g hdi quy 3SLS chi ra Cd ba ly do chinh tai sao nhUng ket qua tac ddng tieh ciic ciia tii do hoa nhap khau lai khac nhau. ThU nhat, viec chpn chi sd' ddi vdi tang trUdng kinh te khi da giai thich cho tu do hoa thUdng mai cd the la sd lieu dly du thdng tin ve cae kenh lien ket (ehi ve tinh hinh thiic hien heae la xu hUdng thUdng mai theo ly thuyet (Leamer 1988). tieu cua Chinh phii, c h i t lUdng kinh te vi Tuy nhien, nhUng bien phap thUdng mai md, chenh lech thi trUdng chd den, thUdng anh hudng ldn den ket qua thUdng mai, mai ndi dia, FDI, va xuat khau). Nghien cifu dac biet la nhUng bien phap han che nay ket luan chi sd'tu do hoi thUdng mai cif thUdng mai va nhUng hang rao phi thue tang len mdt ddn vi thi tang trUdng kinh te quan (Sachs va Warner 1995, tang len dUdc 0,304 diem phan tram. Trong Andriamananjara va Nash 1997), Thii dd, tang nang liic cdng nghe cua xuat khau, hai, viec liia chpn eho bien giai thich eho dn dinh kinh te vi md, va thUdng mai ndi dia tang trUdng kinh te d nhUng qudc gia tien hieu qua la cac yeu to chu yeu, m.di yeu td h a n h tii hoa hoa thUdng mai la khac nhau. ehiem khoang tif 25-30% tdng tac ddng ciia cae kenh. Dinh Thi Hoang Yen, Tien si, Bp Cong ThUdng. Stf29(1U12/2009) OUAN Lt KINH TC
  2. MB NGHIEN CUU • TRAD DDI TAC OONG C U A CHINH SACH TU DO H 6 A NHAP KHXU 06\ v d l TANG TRL/dNG KINH Tf.. vi du tich luy va n a n g suat (Frankel va tich kenh de dinh vi nhiing md'i quan he Remer 1999), quy md thi trUdng (Ades va giUa ehinh sach tii do hoa n h a p k h a u vdi Glaeser 1999). Quan trpng hdn la nhUng t a n g trUdng k i n h te d Viet N a m . Mac dii kenh tac ddng ciia chinh s i c h thUdng mai da cd mdt loat nghien cifu sii dung md vdi tang trUdng p h u thude vao tinh t r a n g hinh can b i n g tdng t h e (CGE) eho tii do dac thu eiia tUng qud'c gia (Harrison 1996, hoa n h a p k h a u ciia Viet N a m , n h i n ehung Rodriguez va Rodrik 1999). Thii ba, elc md h i n h CGE khdng t h e p h a n tieh phUdng p h i p p h a n tieh c i n phai cdng p h u nhiing tien bo cong nghe mpt each noi hdn de nghien ciiu ti mi mdi quan he "hop sinh. den" giiia tii do h o i thUdng mai va t a n g R5 rang la chinh sach tU do hoa nhap trUdng, chii khdng ehi ddn t h u i n la p h a n khau khdng the thiie hien dUdc trpn ven neu tich tUdng quan hoac la hdi quy ciia mdt khdng cd sii ket ndi vdi nhUng ehinh sach phUdng trinh duy nhat. Y tUdng chd p h a n kinh te vi md khac, va mdi quan he nay can tich thee kenh da dUde de xuat trong cac phai dUdc dieu tra de thiic hien cd hieu qua cdng trinh ciia Salvatore (1983), Fisher qua trinh toan c l u h o i dang tiep dien d Viet (1993), Sprout va Weaver (1993), Nam. La mdt nen kinh te chuyen ddi, nhap Wacziarg (2001), va J e n k i n s (2004). khau ciia Viet Nam chiu sii quan ly eiia PhUdng phap tiep can eiia Wacziarg nhieu hang rao nhap khau. Khd khan nhat (2001) tap t r u n g vao viec k h a m p h a eiia q u i trinh tU do h o i la dd bd nhiing quan nhiing kenh lien quan giUa chinh sach ly nay. Mae dii dien quan ly nhap khau cua thUdng mai va tang trUdng kinh te se dUdc Chinh phu da thu hep lai de Uu tien nhap dung lam nen tang cho nghien ciiu nay. khau m i y mdc thiet bi va nhflng nguyen Theo each tiep can nay, trUdc tien la xay lieu d i u vao eIn thiet cho san xuat nhUng diing mdt ehi sd' tdng hdp cho dp md hoi ddn thanh toin nhap khau van tang len thUdng mai va xay diing mdt md hinh de nhanh chdng vi sU c i n thiet phai d i u tU d udc lUdng ddng thdi b i n g phUdng phap giai doan d i u eiia phat trien kinh te. Ket binh phUdng tdi thieu 3 budc (3SLS). Can qua ciia qua trinh tii do hoa nhin chung da phai n h a n manh rang viec ap dung thed lam giam mUe thue trung binh, lam tang each tiep can ciia Wacziarg (2001) cho sd' tham hut thUdng mai va thaeh thiic kha lieu chudi thdi gian la Uu viet hdn nhUng nang duy tri sii dn dinh kinh te vi md cua each tiep can sii dung phUdng phap phan Chinh phii. tich tiing kenh rieng re de danh gia tac ddng ciia mdt tap hdp nhUng cai each kinh Mue dieh eiia bai viet nay trUde tien la md te dan xen ciia Viet Nam tif n a m 1986, ma ta nhflng dac diem eua ehinh sach tii do hoa trong dd tii do hoa n h a p k h a u mdt cai td ddi vdi nhap khau eiia Chinh phii Viet Nam can ban nhat. va sau dd nhan dang md'i quan he ciia ehinh sich nay vdi nhflng chinh sach cai td quan Da ed r a t nhieu nghien cifu ve tU do h o i trpng k h i c cung ed tac ddng den tang trudng thUdng mai eua Viet Nam, dac biet la kinh te d Viet Nam. nghien ciiu ve qua trinh tU do h o i n h a p khau ke tif khi Viet N a m tien h a n h cai 2. Qua trinh tii do hoa thiTdng mai va each kinh te, chu yeu dUdi sii bao trd ciia chi so tu do hoa nhap khau ciia Viet Nam Ngan hang The gidi. Mae du t a t ea cac n h a 2.1 Chinh sach tii do hod nhap khdu nghien ciiu deu ket luan la tii do hoa vd nhiing thay ddi cua nhap khdu thUdng mai eua Viet Nam la diing hudng, Ddi vdi kinh te Viet Nam, Dai hdi Dang van cdn khd khan de thay cd phai tii do VI nam 1986 dUdc coi nhU la mpt moc lich sif hoa thUdng mai da thiic day tang trUdng. tren con dUdng phat trien hudng tdi thi Trong pham vi kien thUe eiia chiing tdi, trUdng vdi sii quan ly eiia Nha nUdc. That ehUa cd mpt nghien ciiu nao sif dung phan tinh ed, nhflng eai each kinh te cua Viet QUAN Lt KINH it Sdi 29(11+12/2009)
  3. TAC DONG CUA CHINH SACH TLT DO HOA NHAP KHAU D 6 | VOI TANG TRLfdNG KINH Tf.. NGHIEN CUU - TRAP DPI [ J ^ Nam dupe tien hanh ngay trUde sU sup dd chinh sach thUdng mai nay dUdc tdm t l t cua Bfle tudng Berlin nam 1989, sii kien lam trcng Phu luc 1, neu len diin bien tii do hoa thay ddi tinh hinh kinh te ehinh tri qud'c te, vdi ehinh sach han che nhap khau hang tieu da giup Viet Nam md rdng mdi quan he kinh dung de danh ngudn tai chinh cho nhap te qud'c te vdi phUdng cham "da dang hoa da khau may mdc va nhien lieu (lln lUdt chiem phUdng hoa quan he kinh te vdi cac nUde va ty trpng 30%) va 60% kim ngach nhap khau). vung lanh thd tren nguyen tac tdn trpng lan nhau, ddc lap, tii chu, binh dang va cung cd Tang thue va quan ly bang nhflng bien ldi". Cau lac bd Paris nam 1993 da giup ndi phap tUdng tii thue quan, quan ly so' lifdng va lai GDA cho Viet Nam, khdi xUdng qua trinh gia nhap khau tdi thieu thUdng dUdc sii dung binh thudng hoa vdi cac td chUc kinh te tai de bao hp cac nganh cdng nghiep thay the chinh qud'c te trong nhflng nam 1990. Vao nhap khau, song song vdi viec khuyen khich diu nam 2007, Viet Nam da ky hiep dinh cac nganh cdng nghiep hUdng ve xuat khau. thUdng mai sdng phUdng (BTA) vdi h i u het Luat thue Xuat Nhap khau cua Viet Nam cac nUde tren the gidi (treng dd ehu yeu la ky dUdc ban hanh l l n diu tien vao nam 1987, sau sau nam 1993). Sd'lUdng elc ddi tac thUdng dd dUdc siia ddi vai lln theo hudng md rpng so' mai da tang tfl 10 nUde xa hdi ehu nghia ddng thue ma He thd'ng Hai hoa hoa (HS), thanh vien cua Hdi ddng TUdng trd Kinh te len gin 200 nUde va vung lanh thd. The ky tang sd'ddng thue trong khoang tU 0-5% va gia 21 da danh dau sii hdi nhap tap trung va ban so' ngay thanh toan thue nhap khau cho rpng rai cua Viet Nam vdi kinh te the gidi, dau vao cua cac nganh xuat khau. TU nam bat d i u bing hiep dinh thUdng mai song 1996, Viet Nam ap dung (1) Thue Uu dai cd phUdng vdi Hda Ky nam 2000, hdp tac kinh hieu liic chung cho cac nUdc ASEAN te trong khudn khd ASEAN cdng va gia (CEPT/AFTA) va (2) thue dUdc Uu dai nhit nhap WTO nam 2007. (MFN) cho cac nUde da ky BTA vdi Viet Nam Tang eUdng mdi quan he thUdng mai da va thue phd thdng (bing 150% mUc thue MFN) cho nhflng nUdc cdn lai. giup Viet Nam hdp ly hoa va hien dai hoa quan ly thUdng mai vfla theo cae quy dinh Ben canh dd, Viet Nam quan ly chat che qud'c te vfla dap Ung tinh hinh phat trien ngoai te cho cac cdng ty thUdng mai bang viec kinh te cua dat nUdc. Song song vdi nhflng yeu cau ket hdi va phan bd ngoai te cho nhap van de nay sinh trong qua trinh tii do hoa, khau hang tieu dung. Cho den nam 1989, Viet he thd'ng luat phap va dinh che da dupe Nam cd' dinh ty gia vdi ddng Ruble cua Nga va thanh lap va lien tue cai td. Cach thfle quan Nha nUdc quan ly mpi ngudn ngoai te, sau dd ly xuat nhap khau thay ddi tU han che dinh chuyen sang he thd'ng ty gia tha ndi cd kiem lUdng (ban ngach, chi tieu, gily phep va soat. Ty gia chinh thUc dUdc xac dinh tren thi doanh nghiep d i u md'i) den quan ly bang trUdng lien ngan hang vdi bien dp cd liic tfl 1% luat phap minh bach va nhflng khuyen den 2%. Vao thdi diem cuoc khiing hoang tai khich theo cd che thi trUdng. Chinh sach chinh Chau A nam 1997, Viet Nam thit chat thUdng mai ciia Viet Nam dUde duy tri nhat quan ly ngoai te, dac biet la quy dinh ddi vdi quan la hd trd xuat khau ddng thdi thay the cac cdng ty thUdng mai cd ngudn thu ngoai te nhap khau, trd giup vai trd cd' hflu eua cae (vi du vao nam 1998, 80% thu nhap ngoai te ddanh nghiep nha nUdc. Treng qua trinh phai ket bd'i vdi Ngan hang Nha nUdc). Mac dii chuan hi hdi nhap kinh te the gidi (2001- Viet Nam da din dan tii do hoa he thd'ng ngoai 2006), mpt loat elc hoat ddng thUdng mai te sau cuoc khiing hoang va bai bd quy dinh ve dUde dUa vad p h i p quy theo cae quy dinh ket hdi vao nam 2003, tham hut thifdng mai eiia WTO. Dae biet vao nam 2001, cd che kinh nien van la mpt thaeh thflc chinh ddi vdi quan ly xuat nhap khau dai ban da dUde ban quan ly ngoai hdi ciia Ngan hang Nha nUdc hanh b i n g Quyet dinh sd' 46/2001/QD-TTg Viet Nam. (Quyet dinh 46), thay the che dp quan ly siia Ket qua thiie hien chinh sach tU do hoa ddi hang nam nhU trUdc. Dac diem cua nhap khau dUde bieu thi trong Bang 1. S(f29(1U12/2009) OUAN Lt KINH it
  4. MB NGHIEN ClJfU - TRAP DDI TAC D O N G COA CHINH SACH TLT DO HOA NHAP KHAU £X5I V O I T A N G TRL/ONG KINH Tf.. Bang 1. Tong kim ngach nhap khau, Sir phu thuoc vao nhap khau va thue suat binh quan cua Viet Nam 1986 1992 1995 1997 2000 2002 2006 Tdng kim ngach nhap khau (ty USD) 2.2 2.5 8.2 11.6 15.6 19.7 44.9 Sir phu thuoc vao nhap khau (%) 8.2 25.7 39.3 43.2 50.2 56.3 73.7 Suat thue binh quan don gian (%) 10.7 12.8 13.4 - 15.7 17.4 Ty le doanh thu thue (% nhap khau) 6.8 5.1 13.9 8.3 5.3 6.6 3.5 Ngudn: Tinh toan ciia tac gia tir sd lieu ciia Tdng cue Thd'ng ke va Athukorala. Tdng kim ngach nhap khau tang trung sU ra ddi cua Quyet dinh 46 la met giai ddan binh 17.7%/nam, tfl khoang 2 ty USD nam thdng thdang cua chinh sich nhap khau. Dc 1986 len 45 ty USD nam 2006. Su phu thupe dd, mdt bien gia bieu thi thdi gian chd viec vao nhap khau, ty so' gifla tdng kim ngach dd bd NTB ciia Viet Nam (DUM) b i n g 1 nhap khau/GDP (M) tang len nhanh chdng dupc g i n eho giai doan nghien eflu 2001- tfl 8,2% nam 1986 len 50% nam 2000 va g i n 2006 va b i n g 0 cho giai doan trUde dd (1986- 74% nam 2006, Trong luc dd, thue binh 2000). MUe thue nhap khau la mdt chi sd quan ddn gian da tang nhe tfl 10.7%) nam khac cho tU do hoa. Tuy nhien, nhflng thay 1992 len 13.4% nam 1997 va 17,4% nam ddi ve thue suat la khd so sanh gifla cae nam 2006, Theo cac cam ket vdi WTO, b i t d i u tfl do cd sd thue thay ddi lam so' lUdng cac ddng nam 2008, Viet Nam se phai giam thue thue tang len. Dd vay, de thay cho mflc thue, nhap khau trung binh ddn gian xud'ng cdn ty so' doanh thu thue/tdng kim ngach nhap 13,4% trdng thdi gian tU 6 den 11 nam. Mac khau (TARIFF) dupe sii dung. dfl doanh thu thue tang len, ty le doanh thu Ty le phu thupe vao nhap khau dUde chpn la thue/tdng gia tri nhap khau giam di tfl sau bien phu thude trong ham hdi quy de tim ra nam 1995. quyen sd cho NTB va TARIFF. Su dung phUdng phap 3SLS, M dUde quy hdi vdi mflc 2.2 Chi sd tii do hod nhap khdu thu nhap (INCOME), ty sd doanh thu Viec chpn ra mdt chi so' thich hdp de thue/tdng kim ngach nhap khiu (TARIFF), va lupng hoa nhflng thay ddi trong qua trinh tU bien gia cho tii do hoi nhap khau (DUM) theo do hoa nhap khau cua Viet Nam la rat quan phUdng trinh 1. Cic bien cdng cu dUdc sii dung trpng. Rd rang la tu do hoa nhap khau phu la mflc dp lien lac qud'c te (vi tri dia ly), cdng thude chu yeu vao pham vi nhflng han che nghiep hoa Gao dpng cdng nghiep), dien ticli bing thue quan va nhflng hang rao phi thue dat canh tic sin cd (dat dai), va sii khac biet (NTB). Trong khi mUc thue s u i t giam di gifla gia xuat khau va gia nhap khau (ToT). trong cac nam qua thi cd nhieu lo ngai ddi Chi sd cho chinh sich tfl do hoa nhap khau vdi viec dd bd cac NTB, De cd the tien hanh (Mhb) trong phUdng trinh 2 la tdng cua chi sd phan tich lUdng hoa tic ddng cua tU do hoa TARIFF va DUM vdi cac quyen sd tUdng Ung nhap khau, can xay diing mdt chi sd tU do la nhflng he sd dUde Udc lUdng tfl phUdng trinh hoa nhap khau vdi cac quyen so' cho NTBs 1. Theo Udc lUdng, 530 de the hien Mlib va thue nhap khiu. cang nhd^ (ve gia tri tuyet dd'i) thi chinh sach Nhu phan phan tich ve chinh sach tU do nhap khau cang tii do. hoa nhap khau cua Viet Nam d phan tren, giai doan tU nam 2001 trd di danh dau b i n g (1) M = 5,+5,* INCOME + ^3 * TARIFF + 5, * DUM OUAN Lt KINH it Sif 29 (11 f 12/2009)
  5. TAC OONG CUA CHINH SACH T U DO HOA NHAP KHAU 0 6 | vdl TANG TRUdNG KINH Tf . NGHIEN ClJfU • TRAO DPI Q ^ J Bdng 2. Ket qua irdc lirgmg cua phuofng trlnh 1 Const. INCOME TARIFF DUM He so' 37.603*** 10.618 -6.615** 7,044 t-stat 3.783 1.647 -2.455 0,259 He so' 35.247*** 12,362*** -7.195*** t-stat 3.359 10,308 -5.825 Ghi chu: *** mirc y nghia 1%, ** mire y nghia 5%. Ngudn: Tinh loan ciia tac gia. Bien cdng cu: vi tri dia ly, lao ddng cdng ca va yeu td tich luy hay la dau tU ndi dia) nghiep, dit dai, ToT va chuyen giao cdng nghe (gdm ty le x u l t khau cdng nghiep, va ty le FDI tren GDP). (2) Mlib = S3* TARIFF + ^4* DUM Dp md thUdng mai tang cudng tang Ket qua Udc lUdng cua phUdng trinh 1 trUdng thdng qua mdt tap hdp chinh sach dupe trinh bay trong Bang 2. kinh te vi md ly tudng vi du md rdng tien te, giam t h a m h u t ngan sach, va giam nd Gia tri trung binh tuyet ddi ciia chi sd' nUdc ngoai trong dai ban. Ndi mdt each Mlib trong giai doan 2001-2006 la 21.9, khic, md cUa thUdng mai tao ddng cd cho thap hdn r a t nhieu mUe 48.3 trong giai ehinh phii cai td cich quan ly theo hUdng doan 1986-2000. Kiem t r a quan he nhan giam bdt can thiep va tang cUdng hieu qua qua Granger xac n h a n rang Mlib, TAR- de tang trUdng. Mac du quy md cua chinh IFF, va DUM la bien tao ra M. Ngoai ra, phu cd the phinh ra dac biet la khi cd ket qua Ude lUdng ciia phUdng trinh 1 nhflng cu sdc ben ngoai thi viec tang them khdng cd bien DUM cung dUde trinh bay quy md cua chinh phu khdng p h i i luc nao trong 2 ddng cudi cua Bang 2 va ehflng td udc lUdng vflng vdi ket qua am cua bien cung cd ldi cho tang trUdng do nd se lam TARIFF. giam bdt vai trd cua khu viic tU nhan va gay ra viec danh thue q u i mUc. Do dd, tac 3. Cac kenh t a c dong ciia chinh sach ddng lan truyen ciia md cUa vdi tang nhap k h a u doi vdi t a n g trUcfng d Viet trudng thdng qua nhdm chinh sach cua Nam: Khung p h a n tich chinh phu van ehUa rd rang, phu thude 3.1 Tdm tdt nhiing kenh tdc dpng vd vao sii can bang gifla tac ddng tich ciic ciia phuang phdp udc lupng ciia Wacziarg gdi chinh sach kinh te vi md va nhflng chi phi cho viec can thiep cua chinh phu. Theo Wacziarg (2001), nhflng kenh lien he gifla chinh sach thUdng mai va tang Nhflng lap luan eho phan bd va phan trudng kinh te dUdc dieu t r a de tim ra t i c phd'i dupe bat ngudn tfl ly thuyet kinh te dpng Idn n h a t ciia ehinh sach thUdng mai cd dien bi chi phdi bdi ly thuyet ve ldi the dd'i vdi tang trUdng. Dac biet la tac ddng so sanh. Theo dd, cac qud'c gia deu cd ldi ddi vdi tang trUdng kinh te dudc cho la khi t h a m gia thUdng mai va chuyen mdn thdng qua 3 nhdm chinh. Mdi nhdm lai hoa vao nganh san xuat cd hieu qua nhat dUdc phan ra t h a n h 2 kenh: chinh sach cua minh. Do sii canh t r a n h bi gidi han bdi eiia Chinh phu (gdm chat lUdng chinh quy md ciia thi trUdng nen tii do hoa sach vi md va quy md ciia Chinh phii), thUdng mai ed the la mdt cu day eho d i u phan bd va phan phdi (gdm sU bdp meo gia tu ndi chung va cho hang hoa tU ban ndi S6'29 (11f 12/2009) QUAN Lt KINH it
  6. MB NGHIEN Cl/l) - TRAO DOI TAC DONG CUA CHfNH SACH Tl/DO HOA NHAP KHAU Odl VOI TANG TRI/SNG KINH Tf... rieng. Mdt gia dinh khac la gia ca linh Chung tdi di theo y tudng, phUdng phap hoat de tii do hoa thUdng mai cd t h e tao ude lUdng va mdt so' bien trong cdng trinh dieu kien eho sU hdi t u g i i ca, nhflng nUde cua Wacziarg nhU p h l n giai thich phia tren ed chinh s i c h md cfla thUdng m a i nhin de xac dinh nhflng ye'u to' quyet dinh eho tie chung se cd mUe gia t h a p hdn va gia ea it ddng ciia tii do hoa nhap khau dd'i vdi tang hi bdp mee hdn, tflc la cd nhflng dieu kien trUdng d Viet Nam trong giai doan 1986- td't chd tang trudng hdn cae nUdc ddng ciia. 2006. Tuy nhien, khac vdi Wacziarg (2001), Ldi ich ddng eua thUdng mai dUde r u t nghien cflu nay khdng gdp xuat khau trong ra tfl ly thuyet mdi ve tang trUdng ndi sinh ehi so' dp md ma sii dung ehi so' tU do hoa trong dd nhan m a n h vai trd q u a n trpng nhap khau de chi ro viec dd bd nhflng quan ciia ddi mdi cdng nghe va n a n g s u a t trong ly cua Nha nUde ddi vdi nhap khau bing q u i trinh phat trien. Ldi ich ddng ciia thue va NTBs. Trong khi dd, xuat khau thi thUdng mai ddi vdi t a n g trUdng kinh te cd khdng hi chinh phii Viet Nam h a n che va the dUdc the hien thdng qua viec eai thien dupe dUa ra nhU mdt kenh lan truyen tie cac yeu td' nang suat tong hdp (TFP), dac ddng tfl tfl do h o i nhap khau ddi vdi tang biet thdng qua tac dpng lan toa ciia FDI va trUdng kinh te. Ngdai ra, Wacziarg (2001) sfl nhflng tac ddng ddi mdi eua xuat k h a u . Tii dung dau tU de phan I n h ea t i e ddng ve mat do hoa thUdng mai d a t cac n h a s a n xuat quy md l l n chat lUdng (bing viec tang len trong nude vao vi t r i phai noi theo nhflng ludng hang hoa tU ban vao qud'c gia va bing cdng nghe ngudn c u a cae nUdc cdng xu hudng ldi nhuan tang theo quy md do nghiep, c h i n g h a n nhU vi du t h a n h cdng chuyen mdn hoi). O d l y , t i c ddng ve mat cua viec chuyen ddi cd cau xuat k h a u tfl quy md eua d i u tU ddi vdi tang trudng dUdc ndng nghiep sang cdng nghiep nang, cudi do ludng true tiep b i n g bien vd'n tU ban va cung la sang nhflng h a n g cdng nghe cao tac ddng ve mat chat lUdng cua dau tU dUde ciia cae nUdc Ddng A. FDI thudng di vdi tu the hien b i n g TFP trong phUdng trinh tang trUdng, trong dd bien phu thude la td'c dp do h o i thUdng mai va m a n g vao d a t nUde tang trudng chfl khdng phai la td'c dp tang dupe d i u tu nhflng h a n g tU b a n hien dai trUdng theo d i u ngUdi nhU Wacziarg (2001). va viec phd bien kien thflc chuyen mdn, Thay vao dd, thUdng mai npi dia (DTRA) nhflng yeu td'cd the kich thich t a n g trUdng dupe them vao nhU la mdt bie'n the hien tinh manh hdn ea gia tri tien bae cua FDI. hieu qua cua phan bd va phan phdi hang hoa Vdi gia dinh la 6 kenh t r e n ed the t h a u va dich vu, chfl khdng chi la hieu qua trong tdm tean bd t i e dpng ciia chinh sach viec phan bd va phan phd'i eua vd'n tfl ban thUdng mai ddi vdi t a n g trUdng, Wacziarg nhu trong ly thuyet truyen thd'ng. Nhflng (2001) da xay diing mdt md hinh cau true, gia dinh n g l m dd la viec gia tang sfl tham va Ude lUdng b i n g phUdng phap 3SLS. gia cua khu viic phi Nha nfldc trong thfldng PhUdng phap nay dat dUdc sU thd'ng n h a t mai ndi dia se td't hdn eho tang trfldng kinh bang viec phd'i hdp gia dinh ve bien n g l u te khi thUdng mai dUde tii do hoa d Viet nhien, nhflng dac diem ciia bien cdng cu Nam. trong viec xU ly tinh ndi sinh, va hieu qua eua quy hdi binh phUdng td'i thieu tdng Ngoai ra, md hinh cua Wacziarg (2001) s i quat h e l . Wacziarg (2001) da sfl dung mpt diing phan tich lien qud'c gia trong khi md hinh tap hpp nhieu bien cdng eu de didn t a sii ciia chung tdi sfl dung chudi thdi gian de p h i t trien eiia nhflng ly thuyet t a n g tUdng nghien eflu met qud'c gia. Do vay, sii lUa chon kinh te hien dai, dac biet la nhflng yeu to cua cac bie'n, cflng nhfl la bie'n gia can phai quyet dinh eua md hinh khdng gian va md dupe thay ddi sao cho phu hdp vdi hoan canh hinh kinh te vi md. cua kinh te Viet Nam. Vi du nhfl ehung tdi khdng can bie'n chi sd dan chu, bie'n gia ve dao, 3.2 Khung phdn tich sii phan hoa ngdn ngfl dan tde, hoac bie'n ve QUAN Lt KINHTE Slf29(1U12/2009)
  7. TAC DONG CUA CHINH SACH TU DO HOA NHAP KHAU D6I VOI TANG TRUONG KINH Tf.. NGHIEN CIA) - TRAP DPI [ ^ H ddc lap sau chien tranh de dieu chinh sii khac Bie'n cdng cu: lao ddng nam, lao ddng nfl, biet cua cac nUdc. Thay vi vay, mpt vai bien dan so'15, dan sd'65, eao dang, mat dp, ODA, cho dan so' va giio due vi du nhU tudi thp cua so dfl an FDI, ToT nam va nfl, ODA, sd'lUdng cac dii an FDI, ty le Sau dd, mdt he thd'ng phfldng trinh cd cau hpc sinh tren phd thdng trung hpc trong tdng dupe xay diing de tinh den vai trd eua Mlib so dan, sd' lUdng sinh vien, va phln tram cua trcng tat ca cac phUdng trinh cho eae bie'n dan so' sd'ng d thanh thi dUdc sfl dung. kenh trong dd tflng bie'n kenh ehinh lai dflde O cap dp tdng quat, ham san xuat cua giai thich bang nhflng bie'n kenh khac. mdt nen kinh te ed the dUde bieu dien bang Nhflng thdng sd'cho tflng bie'n di theo nhflng ham Cobb-Douglas nhU sau: tranh luan cua nghien eflu kinh vien ve mdi quan he gifla thfldng mai va tang trudng cflng vdi phan tich ve tfl de hdi nhap khau Y = AK''L']-a cua Viet Nam va tinh hinh kinh te vi md. Trong dd, A the hien trinh dp cdng nghe, Phan tich ve 6 kenh dflde trinh bay trong K vd'n vat chat, va L lao ddng. Liy vi phan p h l n dfldi day. theo thdi gian chd quan he Solow vdi nhflng 3.2.1. Kenh thil nhdt: Quy mo cua chfl cai cd dau cham the hien sfl thay ddi ve chinh phu, (GOV). so' Ifldng Quy md cua chinh phii la mdt chi sd' Y A K ^^ r quan trpng cho viec can dii cua khu viic — - — -\-a — - H ( 1 - « ) — Y A K L cdng dd'i vdi nen kinh te. Tfl quan diem Diia tren dang thflc ddn gian nay, trdng cua kinh te tfl do va hoc thuyet ban tay vd dd td'c dp tang trfldng dUdc gia dinh chi la hinh, chinh phu can dii cang it thi cang td't phu thude vao tang trUdng ciia cdng nghe, cho nen kinh te. Tuy nhien, vai trd cua vd'n hflu hinh, lao ddng va mdt danh sach ehinh phu thfldng rat quan trpng d cac cac bie'n dflde dfla vao vi tri ciia dinh td' nUde dang phat trien do viec thieu tram cdng nghe (TFP)de t h a u tdm nhflng ldi ich trpng elc cd sd ha t i n g cd ban tfl dUdng xa, ddng. Phfldng trinh tang trUdng GDP thay clu, cang, trUdng hpc, benh vien den he ddi dUde the hien trong phUdng trinh 3. thd'ng tai chinh va luat phap. Trong khi Nhflng chfl cai thUdng dien ta td'c dp tang mdt sd' nghien eflu phat hien ra quy md trUdng (y, k, va 1), va 6 kenh la chi tieu cua chinh phu t i e ddng tieu ciic den tang chinh phii (GOV), chinh sach vi md trudng (Edwards 1992, Barro 1989), (MACRO), meo md gia ca (BMP), phan nhflng b i n g chUng eua tang trudng kinh phd'i lUu thdng trong nUde (DTRA), nang te do xuat khau d cac nUde Chau a chi ra life ky t h u a t the hien bdi sii cai thien nang vai trd quan trpng cua ed sd ha t i n g hd trd liic canh t r a n h xuat khau qud'c te (X) va cho xuat khau. Vinold va cdng sU (1990) chuyen giao cdng nghe (FDI). Sau bie'n da liet ke mdt loat nhflng van de kem hieu nay gdp phan giai thich sU tien bd cua qua cua cd sd ha t i n g da han che su dap TFP khi tu do nhap khau dUdc thiic hien. flng eua tdng cung dd'i vdi nhflng thay ddi Nhflng cdng eu dflde chpn de phan anh td't chinh sach, dac biet la mdt he thd'ng mien nhat nhflng dac diem cua Viet Nam, vi du thue va tiep can khdng h a n che cho d i u lae ddng theo gidi, viec hpc tap, mat dp vao nhap k h a u yeu kem, he thd'ng cang, dan sd', ODA va nhflng cu sdc cua chenh cae phfldng tien truyen thdng va giae lech gia thfldng mai. thdng khdng d l y dii, it thdng tin va nhflng dieh vu nghien cflu thi trfldng cho cac nha {3)y = p,+P2*k + p,*l + p,*GOV-\-p,*MACRO-\- x u l t khau. Do vay, van cdn chfla chae r i n g quy md eua Nha nfldc ldn thi td't cho + p^* BMP + /u^* DTRA + /u^* FDI + ^,* X tang trfldng kinh te cua Viet Nam. »r29nui2/2oog) QUAN Lt KINH it
  8. MB NGHIEN ClAl - TRAP DDI TAC DONG CUA CHINH SACH T U DO HOA NHAP KHAU D6I VOI TANG TRUONG KINH Tf.. 6 Viet Nam,Chinh phii ddng vai trd viic t u n h a n . Ben canh dd, S3 dflde dfl kien chu dao trong nen kinh te vdi muc tieu tdi la dUdng va 84 am de p h a n a n h vai trd eua thfldng la p h i t trien va dn dinh mdi chat lUdng td't hdn eiia chinh sach kinh te trUdng kinh doanh theo cae quy luat cua vi md cung nhU tac dpng xau cua gia ca bi thi trUdng. Chi tieu eiia Chinh phii t a n g bdp meo dd'i vdi quy md ciia chinh phii. len trong thdi gian g i n day, n a m 2006 chiem kheang 32% GDP t a n g so vdi mflc (4) GOV = €,+£,* Mlib + f3 * MACRO + e, * BMP 20% nam 1986. Mac du giao due, y te, va Bie'n cdng eu: dan so' 15, dan so' 65, mat cac dich vu xa hdi khac da dUde xa hdi hoa, dp, lao ddng cdng nghiep. mdt p h l n ldn cua chi tieu Chinh p h u la 3.2.2. Kenh thii hai: Chdt liipng chinh d a n h cho tieu d u n g v a n g lai (ehiem sach vi mo (MACRO) 52,54% nam 2006, giam so vdi mflc 72,5% nam 1986). Trung binh giai doan 1986- MACRO la mdt chi so' ve viec thiic thi 2006, chi tieu vd'n cua Chinh p h u chiem chinh sach ben canh bie'n GOV de xac khoang 27% tdng chi. D i u tU cua chinh dinh sii dn dinh cua chinh sach kinh te vi phu gia cd'dinh 1994 chiem khoang 53,8% md. Mdt trong nhflng bai hoc quy bau tfl tdng d i u tu xa hdi, trong dd 52,6% tfl ngan kinh nghiem t h a n h cdng k i n h te cac nfldc sach Nha nUdc, 13,6% tfl nd Chinh phu, va Ddng a la sU duy tri t i n h dn dinh cua kinh 14,6% tfl SOE va nhflng ngudn khac (chu te vi md, bao gdm mflc t h a m h u t tai khoa yeu la tfl ODA). Mdt nfla dau tU eua Chinh thap, mflc lam p h a t t h a p , va ty gia dn phu trong giai doan 2000-2005 chay vao dinh vfla phai (Vinold va cpng sfl 1990). Tinh dn dinh ciia k i n h te vi md cd xu phat trien cd sd ha t a n g bao gdm dien, gas, hudng tac dpng tich ciic den t a n g trfldng cap nUdc, van chuyen, dfl trfl, va thdng b i n g viec giam nhflng t h a t thfldng cua gia tien lien lac bdi vi Viet N a m v i n cdn thieu ca va h a n che t h a m h u t n g a n sach va nd cd sd ha t i n g ca p h l n eUng va p h l n mem ehinh phu, nhd dd ma giam t i e ddng thay c i n thiet eho viec truyen tac ddng cua the vai trd tU n h a n cua chinh phu va cung thUdng mai den tang trUdng. Chat lUdng cd'ele cdng ty trong nUdc. Khi tinh dn dinh eua Chinh phu cd the la yeu td' quan trpng cua kinh te vi md, hieu life cua chi'nh sach, hdn quy md eua Chinh phu. Tuy nhien, va viec thflc thi cac hdp ddng khdng dflde v i n khdng the do hieu qua nhflng can duy tri, thi mdt qud'c gia khd cd the tang thiep b i n g chinh sach cua Chinh p h u trfldng d mflc dp cao trong mpt thdi gian b i n g mdt chi sd' gdp. Do vay, de n i m b i t dn dinh va trong mot mdi trfldng kinh dflde tac ddng cua viec chi tieu eua Chinh ddanh md (Panagariya 2004). phu hay la sfl can thiep cua Chinh phu dd'i vdi nen kinh te, ty le tdng chi tieu chinh Nhiem vu ldn n h a t ciia Chinh phii Viet phu tren GDP dflde chpn la gia tri eho bie'n Nam d giai doan b a n dau ciia cai each la GOV. Phfldng trinh chd chi tieu cua ehinh dn dinh tinh h i n h k i n h te vi md. Dat nfldc phu (phUdng trinh 4) dUdc quy dinh de ci trong tinh t r a n g dinh dd'n vdi lam phat Mlib h e n he vdi c h a t lUdng vi md phi ma len den 874.7% vao t h a n g 12 nam (MACRO), va sii meo md ciia ty gia 1986. Doi tien n a m 1985 b i n g viec dinh (BMP). Hai bie'n nay dUdc chpn vi chung gia 10 ddng cu an 1 ddng mdi da lam tii do cd quan he triic tiep vdi chinh sach tai hoa gia ca trong nfldc nhUng khdng the k h c l va tinh hinh dn dinh kinh te vi md, kim h a m lam p h a t va phuc hdi ddng cd d i u tu cho den dau nhflng n a m 1990. nhiem vu trung tam cua chinh phu Viet Nam. Dau eua bie'n Eg dii kien la am, the Tuy nhien, t h a m h u t ngan sach ciia hien viec giam bdt vai trd cua chinh phu Viet Nam, chii yeu la t h u tfl san xuat dau khi dat nUde bUde vao qua trinh tfl do h o i md, ldi n h u a n eua c i c doanh nghiep nha manh hdn va sfl gia t a n g vai trd ciia khu nfldc va vien trd nfldc ngoai, ludn d trong QUAN Lt KINH it S6 29nu12/2009)
  9. TAC DONG CCIA CHINH SACH T U DO HOA NHAP KHXU D
  10. MB NGHIEN OiiU • TRAD DDI TAC D O N G C U A CHINH SACH TU DO HOA NHAP KHXU 0 6 | VOI T A N G T R U S N G KINH Tf... 3.2.4. Kenh thit tii: Thuang mqi npi n h a n va nUdc ngoai vao thUdng mai ndi dia (DTRA) dia, thay cho he thd'ng tem phieu khi Nha nUde hoan toan kiem soat viec lUu thdng Bie'n DTRA la bie'n gia g i n cho kenh p h a n phd'i h a n g hoa va dich vu. PhUdng Iflu thdng va phan phd'i de chi r a quan he t r i n h (8) Udc lUdng DTRA vdi bie'n giai trflc tiep gifla khu vUc dich vu vdi san xuat thich la Mlib, xua't k h a u (X), dai dien cho va mflc c l u cho tieu dung tfl n h a n . Lien quan he gifla thfldng mai trong nfldc va quan den TFP, tinh nang ddng va chuyen qud'c te. Dii kien tfl do hoa n h a p k h a u va nghiep cua cdng tac dieu van se giup lam xuat k h a u se kich thich thfldng mai ban tang nang suat cua k h u viic san xuat. le ndi dia, tflc la ?^2>0 va ^3>0. Trflde tien, khi thfldng mai dflde tii do hoa, ap liie tfl canh t r a n h nfldc ngoai lam cho (8) DTRA = \+l,*Mlib + X,*BMP + X,*X he thd'ng thfldng mai trong nfldc trd nen cd hieu qua hdn, dd dd nhflng tien bd eua Bie'n cdng cu: Thanh thi, ToT, mat dp thfldng mai ndi dia se giup t a n g n a n g s u i t 3.2.5. Kenh thii nam: Dau tU triic tiep cua khu viic san xuat sfl dung he thd'ng nudc ngodi (FDI) dich vu phan phdi ndi dia. ThU hai, khdng Dd'i vdi elc nfldc dang p h a t trien, FDI la ehi khu vUe san xuat ed the hUdng ldi tfl ngudn chuyen giao cdng nghe va nang cao he thd'ng phan phd'i cd hieu qua hdn. Tat n a n g s u i t q u a n trpng. Nhflng p h a n doan ea cae nganh trong nen kinh te sfl dung san xuat qud'c te thfldng dflde thflc hien d i u ra eua nhflng n g a n h khac lam dau bdi cac cdng ty FDI. Nhd cd t i e ddng ngoai vao eua minh cung dflde hfldng ldi nhd chi bien tich ciic ve hpc hdi lan n h a u , elc nfldc phi d i u vao thap hdn nhd ed he thd'ng dang p h a t trien cd the tien len mflc tang phan phdi td't hdn. trfldng cao hdn dfldi che dp thfldng mai tfl Thfldng mai ndi dia cua Viet N a m dflde do hdn la che dp tfl cung tfl cap (Goh va thflc hien b i n g he thd'ng tem phieu cho Wan 2005). Bie'n FDI dflde sfl dung d day den tan cud'i nhflng n a m 1980. Sau dd he khdng phai de giai thich vd'n d i u tU tang thd'ng nay dflde thay bang he thd'ng theo len ma la tac dpng ngoai vi tich ciic cua ed che thi trfldng vdi sfl t h a m gia eua khu FDI nhfl tien bp cdng nghe, tac dpng hpc vfle nfldc ngoai vao n a m 1994. Mac du he hdi cua cac doanh nghiep trong nfldc, hoac thd'ng ban le trong nfldc van cdn m a n h la dao tao lao dpng. mun, ca ve ed sd ha t i n g va q u a n ly, doanh H a u het nhflng nghien cflu ve k h u vfle sd' ban trong nfldc t a n g len m a n h me FDI d Viet N a m da ehflng td quan he tieh trung binh d mflc 17.2%/nam va chiem ciic gifla FDI va tfl do h o i thfldng mai, va khoang 80% cua tdng tieu dung. Vao n a m FDI va t a n g trfldng, dac biet la ve mat 2007, td'c dp tang trfldng cua thfldng mai ddng vd'n dd vao eho dau tfl va lan truyen ban le ndi dia xep thfl 4 t r e n the gidi, sau cdng nghe theo n g a n h dpc. L u a t Dau tfl an Dp, Nga, va Trung Qud'c (Dinh 2007). trflc tiep nfldc ngoai ciia Viet N a m dflde Vdi td'c dp tang trfldng k i n h te n h a n h va ban h a n h vao n a m 1987 va sau dd lien tue dan sd' tre, thfldng mai b a n le ndi dia cua dflde siia ddi theo hfldng flu tien cho khu Viet Nam (DTRA) c h i c c h i n la mdt kenh vfle FDI. Vao t h i n g 11/2007, 68,55% FDI ndi tfl do h o i nhap k h a u vdi san xuat va thflc hien d a n h cho k h u vfle cdng nghiep tieu dflng trong nfldc. va xay dflng, 6,93% cho ndng nghiep, lam Ty le thfldng mai ndi dia h a n g hoa va nghiep, va ngfl nghiep, 24,52% cho khu dich vu ngoai qud'c doanh da dflde loai bd vUe dich vu. Khi n e n k i n h te cdn ddng ciia, khu vUe n h a nfldc trong san xuat va yeu td' lam p h i t tren GDP dUdc dung lam thfldng mai van cdn la chii dao nhflng san bie'n thay the cho DTRA. Ty so' nay the lUdng cdng nghiep va gia tri xuat khau hien sii t h a m gia tfl do hdn cua k h u vfle tfl 3 QUAN Lt KINH TC Sd 29 (11+12/2009)
  11. TAC DONG CUA CHINH SACH TUDO HOA NHAP KHAU D6| VOI TANG TRUdNG KINH Tf.. NGHIEN cuu - TRAO DOI ciia khu viic FDI (bao gdm ca dau khi) Khi tdng gia tri x u l t khau vfldt qua tang len n h a n h ehdng (tfl 0% vao nam mflc 40 ty USD nam 2006 tfl mflc 800 1988 len 39% tdng san Ifldng cdng nghiep trieu USD nam 1986, xuat khau la mdt va 57.2% tdng xuat k h a u vao nam 2006) c l u ndi khdng the bd qua gifla tU do hoa va tfl nam 2003 da vfldt ea khu vfle n h a nhap k h a u va tang trudng kinh te d Viet nfldc. Tuy nhien, tac ddng thflc sfl cua Nam. De danh gia tien bd nang liie cdng FDI, dac biet la tac ddng lan toa van cdn nghe, bie'n gia eho xuat khau se la ty le la dieu chfla dflde giai dap do sfl t h o i i lui hang xuat k h a u cdng nghiep trong tdng cua FDI sau k h u n g hoang tai chinh Chau kim ngach xuat khau. Tuy nhien, do van A, va md'i quan he cua FDI dd'i vdi nen de thieu sd' lieu thd'ng ke, ty trpng x u l t kinh te'Viet Nam van chfla chat che trong khau cdng nghiep nang va khoang san thdi gian nay. tren tdng kim ngach x u l t khau se dUde sfl dung cho bie'n xuat k h a u (X). Trong Bien FDI lay gia tri b i n g p h l n ddng phUdng trinh (10), X dUdc gia dinh la bi gdp san Ifldng cdng nghiep eua khu vfle anh hudng bdi tU do hoa nhap khau (Mlib) FDI trong tdng san Ifldng cdng nghiep d va quan ly ngoai hdi (BMP). Ky vpng d i u gia ed' dinh (bao gdm ea d i u khi). Vi tri eua la (B2>0 va a)3
  12. MB NGHIEN cuu - TRAO DOI TAC DONG CUA CHINH SACH TU DO HOA NHAP KHAU 001 vOl T A N G TRUONG KINH Tf.. Tap chi Thong tin vd Dii bdo Kinh te xd hdi, Developing Countries", Journal of So 22, tra 42-45. Development Economics. Vol. 48: 419-447, 2 Quyet dinh 46/2001/QD-TTg cua Thu tUdng Chinh Jenkins Rhys (2004), "Globalization, phii, ngay 4 thang 4 nam 2001, Quan ly ddi vdi. Production, Employment and Poverty: hdng hoa xudt nhap khdu giai doan 2001-2005. Debates and Evidence", Journal of Tieng Anh International Development. Vol. 16: 1-12. m Andes Alberto F, and Gleaser Edward (1999), Le Quoc Hoi and Richard Pomfret (2008), "Evidence on Growth, Increasing Returns, "Technology Spillovers from Foreign Direct and the Extent of Market", The Quarterly Investment in Vietnam: Horizontal or Journal of Economics, Vol. 1999: 1025-1945. Vertical Spillover?", Working Paper Series, • Andriamananjara Shuby and Nash John Vol. 085, Vietnam Development Forum. (1997), "Have Trade Policy Reforms Led to Le Viet Anh (2007), Foreign Direct Greater Openness in Developing Countries: Investment, Productivity, and Economic Evidence from Readily Available Trade Growth: A Case Study of Vietnam 1986-2004, Data", World Bank Research Working Paper, PhD Dissertation, Nagoya University. Vol 1730. Leamer Edward E (1988), Measures of • Athukorala Prema-chandra (2006), "Trade Openness, Trade Policy Issues and Empirical Policy Reforms and the Structure of Analysis, National Bureau of Economic Protection in Vietnam", World Economy, Vol. Research, University of Chicago Press. 29(2): 161-187. Nguyen Tien Dung and Ezaki Mitsuo (2007), • Barro Robert J, (1989), "Economic Growth in Regional Economic Integration and the a Cross Section of Countries", The Quarterly Impacts on Growth, Poverty and Income Journal of Economics, Vol. 106 (2): 407- Distribution, The Case of Vietnam. Forum of 443.enges. International Development Studies. Vol (33), • David Dollar (2002), "Reform, Growth, and Graduate School of Internation Development, Poverty in Vietnam", Policy Research Nagoya University. Working Paper, WPS 2837, The World Bank, Panagariya Arvind (2004), "Miracles and Development Research Group, Debacles: In Defence of Trade Openness", The Macroeconomics and Growth. World Economy, Vol, 27 (8): 1149-1171, • Edwards Sebastian (1992), "Trade Pham Thi Lan Huong (2003), 'The Impacts of Orientation, Distortions and Growth in Vietnam's Accession to the WTO on Income Developing Countries", Journal of Distribution Using a General Equilibrium Development Economics, Vol. 39: 31-57. Framework", Asia Pacific School of • Frankel Jeffrey A. and Romer David (1999), Economics and Government Working Papers, "Does Trade Cause Growth?", The American The Australian National University, Economic Review. Vol. Vol. 89 (3): 379-399. Policy Research Working Paper, WPS3076, • Goh Ai-Ting and Wan Henry Y (2005), The World Bank, East Asia and Pacific "Fragmentation, Engel's Law and Learning", Region, Povery Reduction and Economic Review of International Economics. Vol. 13 Sector Unit, (3): 518-528. Plummer Michael, G (1995), "An Analytical Survey of Vietnam's External Policy • Harrison Ann (1996), "Openness and Growth: Challenges", Journal of Aisan Economics, A Time-Series, Cross-Country Analysis for Vol, 6 (3): 327-349, OUAN Lt KINH it Stf 29(1^12/2009)
  13. TAC DONG CUA CHlNH SACH TU DO HOA NHAP KHAU D 6 I VOI TANG TRUONG KINH Tf... NGHIEN CUU • TRAO DOI |'j^,'|;] • Rodriguez Francisco and Rodrik Dani (1999), Activity, The Brookings Institution. Vol. 1995 "Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A (i); i - n s . Skeptic's Guide to the Cross-National T^ . , r- -J Evidence ",NBER Working Paper Series 7081, Aj-DCDTir I.- D c • THQi " Salvatorc Dommck (1983), "A Simultaneous National Bureau of Economic Research. Equations Model of Trade and Development . Sachs Jeferey J, and Warner Andrew (1995), ^^*^ Dynamic Policy Simulations", Economic Reform and Process of Global International Review for Social Science, Vol Integration, Brookings Papers on Economic 36 (1): 66-90. Stf29(1U12/2009) QUAN Lt KINH TC
ADSENSE

CÓ THỂ BẠN MUỐN DOWNLOAD

 

Đồng bộ tài khoản
2=>2