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Bồi dưỡng kiến thức cho học sinh giỏi Lịch sử 12 (Tái bản, sửa chữa, bổ sung): Phần 1

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Phần 1 tài liệu Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Lịch sử 12 do ThS. Trương Ngọc Thơi biên soạn cung cấp cho người đọc các hướng dẫn làm bài thi học sinh giỏi môn Lịch sử, lịch sử Việt Nam hiện đại (từ năm 1919 đến 1975). Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết.

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Nội dung Text: Bồi dưỡng kiến thức cho học sinh giỏi Lịch sử 12 (Tái bản, sửa chữa, bổ sung): Phần 1

  1. ww w. fa ce bo ok .c om /g ro up s/ Ta iL ie uO nT hi Da iH oc 01 /
  2. Cty TNHH MTV Pmi Khang \^ft LOI NOI DAU EhlnJ: H U O I N Q D A N L A M B A I T H I H O C S I N H QIOI Cac ban d6n§ nghidp va cac cm hoc sinh Lh&n men! Hii^n nay Lrdn Lhi Lniong sach Lham khao mon Ljch sii c6 r^L nhi
  3. 3Si du&ng HSG L/ch Sit 12 - Ths. Truvn^ Ngpc Thoi Cau 5 (3 d i e m ) : Kie'n thuc Ijch sir Vi$t N a m , tren co so n h u n g sir ki#n hay CO "danh" de thuc h i ^ n chi nguyen cuu nuoc, nam 1901 m i m bao dpng cuop thanh m o t qua t r i n h Ijch s u Vi?t N a m , t h i sinh bie't the hi?n k i nang n h u lap bieu Mghe A n n h u n g bi 16... bang, so do, so sanh... N a m 1902, ong bSt dau cupc hanh trinh t i m n g u o i cimg chi h u o n g : ra BSc, vao Cau 6 (3 d i e m ) : Kie'n thuc ijch sir Viet N a m , thi sinh bie't phan ti'ch, danh N a m t i m dong c h i . . . , tie'p can t u tuong dan chii t u san qua tan van, tan thu..., tu gia, nhan xet mpt sir k i f n hay m p t qua trinh Ijch sir V i ^ t N a m . tuong ciru nuoc cua ong b5t dau chuyen bien theo h u o n g m o i . . . Cau 7 (3 diem): Kien thuc Ijch su the'giai, thi sinh bie't phan tich, danh gia, nh^n N a m 1904, lap D u y tan hpi v o i mue ticu: "Danh Phap, khoi phue V i ^ t N a m , xet mpt sy ki?n ijch sir the'giai hoac kT nang n h u lap bieu bang, so do, so sanh... lap chinh phii doe lap, ngoai ra chua co chu nghia gi khac", d u a C u o n g De, con / 01 I V . M Q T SO V A N D E C A N L l / U Y K H I O N T A P T H I H Q C S I N H G I O I chau hoang tpc lam m i n h ehii. 1905 -1909 thuc hien phong trao D o n g d u . . . oc 1. Bam sat kie'n thirc, kT nang trong c h u o n g t r i n h nang cao va noi d u n g N h i r n g hoat dong do danh dau su chuyen bien trong t u t u o n g cua Phan Bpi iH chuyen sau. T r o n g qua t r i n h on tap dua tren co so kien thirc ciia sach giao Chau tir quan chu chuyen r/zt'sang quan chu lap hich: m u p n danh nghTa hoang tpc Da khoa nang cao va kien thirc chuyen sau, can phai nam vCrng n h i r n g sir kien Ijch de tap hop luc l u p n g . hi sir C O ban nha't. C h ^ n g han, t r o n g giai doan Ijch sir tir n a m 1930 den nam 1945, N a m 1911, each mang Tan H p i Trung Quoc thang Ipi, ong h u o n g ve T r u n g nT cac em can tap t r u n g vao cac sir kien Ijch sir sau: Quoc,1912 lap Viet N a m Quang phue hpi v o i mue dich " D a n h Phap, khoi phue uO - Su thanh lap D a n g C p n g san Viet N a m ngay 3 - 2 - 1930. Vi?t N a m , lap cpng hoa dan quoc"... Tir do, ong doan tuy^t v o i t u tuong quan ie - Phong trao each m a n g 1930 - 1931 v o i d i n h cao la X6 viet N g h e - T i n h . chii, chuyen tir quan ehii lap hien sang cpng hoa t u san, day la buoc tien quan iL - Phong trao dan chii 1936 - 1939. trpng trong qua trinh hoat dong cuii nuoc ciia Phan Bpi Chau. Ta - Phong trao giai p h o n g dan tpc 1939 - 1945. N a m 1917, Cach mang thang M u o i Nga thSng Ipi den v o i ong n h u luong anh s/ T r o n g do, chii t r p n g den cac s u kien dien ra t r o n g n a m 1930 va n a m 1945. sang m o i . Tuy chua tro thanh nguoi cpng san n h u n g ong co cam tinh v o i nuoc up 2. Bam sat cau true de t h i de on tap. Nga X6 viet, dat niem tin vao sir t h i n g Ipi ciia chii nghia cpng san, niem tin vao ro Cau true de thi hpc sinh gioi quoc gia co 7 cau n h u da neu, t r o n g qua t r i n h lanh ty N g u y e n A i Quoc. /g on tap, cac e m can bam sat cau true do de cac em lam quen v o i cac dang cau N a m 1925, k h i chua the thay doi dupe to chuc, p h u o n g phap dau tranh om h o i va t u xay d y n g dap an tra l a i , qua do ren luy#n nang l y c t u hpc, t u k i e m .c thich h o p v o i s u chuyen bien m o i cua dat nuoc va thoi dai, ong bj Phap bat tra danh gia ve v o n hieu bie't kien thirc Ijch sir eung n h u cac kT nang l a m bai va giam long tai Hue'. ok kT nang thue hanh. Vi du, dcthi theo cau true cau 2: Neu nhiem vii va tinh chat cua Cach mang thang bo Vi du, dcthi tlwo can true cau 1: Hay neu nhirng chui/en bien trong tu tucmg dm Mmri Nga nam 1917. ce mtac cua Phan Boi Chau dan theki XX. V&i denay yeu cau hoc sinh phai trhih bay noi dung: fa V&i denay yen can hoc sinh phai trinh bay noi dung: N u o c N g a t r u o c each mang la noi tap t r u n g cac mau thuan ciia chii nghTa w. Dau the k i XX, phong trao giai phong dan tpc Viet N a m phat trien len mpt d e q u o c , la "nha t i i cua cac dan tpc". ww buoc m o i theo k h u y n h h u o n g dan chii t u san, giai phong dan tpc gSn lien v o i giai N h i ^ m v u each mang: lat do che'dp Nga H o a n g , giai p h o n g giai cap v 6 san, phong xa hpi. Dai bieu cho k h u y n h h u o n g cun nuoe m o i la Phan bpi Chau, Phan nhan dan lao d p n g Nga, d o n g thoi giai phong eac dan tpc thupc dja trong de Chau T r i n h . . . quoc N g a . Phan Bpi Chau (1867 -1940), sinh ra trong gia d i n h co truyen thong nho hpc 6 D o i v o i nuoc Nga, do la m p t cupc each mang v6 san (lat do ach thong trj N a m Dan - N g h ^ A n , dupe dao tao theo khuon mau Trung quan ai quoc, yeu nuoc ciia giai cap t u san va p h o n g kie'n, thiet lap nen chuyen chinh v6 san, d u a cong t h u o n g dan sau sac, som tham gia chong Phap... nong len nam chinh quyen) Tir nam 1883 den 1901, ong h u o n g theo ngpn co Can vtfcmg chong Phap: viet D o i v o i cac d a n tpc thupc dja trong d e q u o c Nga, do la m p t cupc each m g n g Hich binh Tdy (1883), lap d p i Si tu Can vu'ffng (1885), nam 1900 ong do giai nguyen. giai p h o n g dan tpc. . • i-
  4. BSi dijOng HSG L/ch Sit 12 - Ths. Truang Ngpc Thai Vi du, de thi theo cau true cau 3: Hay trinh bay su thanh lap Hoi Viet Nam Cdch Vi du, de thi theo cau true cau 4: Vi sao Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam ra doi ma ra mqng Thanh nien nam 1925. Hoi Viet Nam Cdch mang Thanh nien c6 vai tro nhu the mot buae ngoqt vo eiing quan trong trong lich su dan toe Viet Nam? ndo dot v&i su ra dai cua Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam? Vai denay yeu cau hoc sinh phdi trinh bay hai noi dung: Vai denay yeu cau hoc sinh phdi trinh bay hai noi dung: Dang ra doi da vach ra duong loli chien luoc cho each mang. Duong 161 do Mot la, s\f ra dai ciia Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien nam 1925 nhu sau: la- Truoc lam each mang dan tpc dan chii roi sau tien thang len chii nghia xa Sau khi ve den Quang Chau (Trung Quoc), Nguyen A i Quoc ma lop huah luy^n hpi bo qua giai doan phat trien che dp t u ban chii nghla. Tie nay each mang dao tao can bp. Phan Ion hoc vien la thanh nien, hoc sinh, tri thuc Viet Nam yeu Vi?t Nam chain dut su khiing hoang ve duong 161 va c6 su lanh dao diing dan / nuac. Nguyen A i Quoc lua chon mot so thanh nien tich eye trong Tam tam xa de d e d i den thang Ipi. 01 to chiic thanh nhom Cpng san Doan (2 -1925). Dang ra doi, xay dung dupe mpt lue lupng mai cho each mang ma chii yeu oc Thang 6 - 1925, Nguyen A i Quoc thanh lap Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach mang Thanh la lien minh cong nong. Dang ra doi de ra hai khau hieu chien lupc la: "Dpc lap iH dan tpc" va "Rupng dat dan eay". Hai khau hi^u nay dap ling dupe nguy^n Da nien nhSm to chuc va lanh dao quan chiing doan ket lai, kich li^t tranh dau de vpng ciia da so nhan dan, nhat la nong dan. Do do, loi cuon dupe dong dao hi danh do de quoc chii nghia Phap va tay sal, tu cini minh. nong dan di theo each mang, xay dyng dupe khoi lien minh cong nong, tao ra nT Thong qua Bao Thanh nien la ca quan ngon luan trung uong ciia Hoi do dupe mpt nhan to co ban nua, dam bao thSng Ipi cho each mang Vi?t Nam. uO Nguyen A i Quoc sang lap va pham Dumg Kdch menh duqc xuat ban nam 1927. Dang ra dai vach ra dupe phuong phap each mang diing dSn. Do la dung ie Boo Thanh nien va sach Difcmg Kdch menh da trang bj li luan each mang cho can phuang phap dau tranh each mang hang bao luc ciia quan chiing theo quan iL bp ciia Hpi Vif t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien de tuyen truyen chii nghla Mac - diem ehii nghla Mac - Lenin. Nho do ta biet xay dung va su dung hai luc Ta Lenin cho giai cap cong nhan va cac tang lop nhan dan Vi^t Nam. lupng chinh trj, vu trang de tien hanh khoi nghla. s/ Hai la, vai tro ciia Hpi Vi?t Nam each mang Thanh nien doi voi su thanh lap Dang ra doi xay dung dupe ban dong minh mai. Dang ra doi lam cho each up Dang Cpng san Viet Nam: m^ing Vi#t Nam tro thanh mpt bp phan khang khit ciia the gioi. Nha vay, tir do ro Sau khi tiep thu chii nghla Mac - Lenin thong qua cac bai giang ciia Nguyen den nay, ta da tranh thii dupe sy dong tinh va ling hp to Ion ciia cac lyc lupng /g A i Quoc tai cac lop huah luy?n cho Hpi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien, each mang the gioi, tao nen sue manh tong hpp de chien thSng mpi ke thu. om nhung thanh vien ciia Hpi Ian lupt dupe cu ve nuac theo chii truang "v6 sdn Vi nhi>ng le do. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam ra doi da ma ra mpt buoc ngoat .c hod" ciia Hpi nam 1928, nhieu can bp ciia Hpi da di sau vao cac nha may, xi Ijch su vT dai cho each mang Vi^t Nam. ok nghi?p, don dien cung lao dpng va song vai cong nhan de tuyen truyen, van Vi du, dethi theo cau true can 5: So sdnh chien thang Viet Bac thu - dong 1947 vd bo dpng each mang va tuyen truyen chii nghla Mac - Lenin. chien dich Bien giai thu - dong 195 dethd'y dugc buac tien cua ta trong khdng chien ce Trong nhung nam 1928 - 1929, chii nghia Mac - Lenin dupe truyen ba sau chongPhdp. fa rpng vao Vi?t Nam c6 tac dung thiic day phong trao cong nhan va phong trao Vai npi dung ciia cau hoi nay khong yeu cau hoc sinh trinh bay dien bien w. yeu nude phat trien manh me. Mot yeu cau cap thiet ciia lich su dat ra la phai ciia chien djch Vi?t B3c thu - dong nam 1947 va chien djch Bien gioi thu - d6ng ww thanh lap chinh dang ciia giai cap v6 san de lanh dao phong trao. nam 1950, va tren co so npi dung ciia hai chien djch do phai so sanh de thay Dap ung yeu cau do, a Vi^t Nam Ian lupt xuat hien ba to chuc cpng san vao dupe buoc tien ciia ta trong cupc khang chien ehong Phap. Cu the can l$p bang nam 1929. Nhung su hoat dpng rieng le ciia ba to chuc cpng san gay anh so sanh nhu sau: huong khong tot den tien trinh each mang. Can phai hpp nhat cac to chuc cpng Chien djch Bien gioi Tieu chi so sanh Chien dich Vi?t Bac san thanh mpt Dang duy nhat, do la Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam. - Ta chii dpng tien cong 1) Chii dpng tan Ta danh bai ciia tan c6ng N h u vay, Hpi Vi^t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien vua dong vai tro truyen ba dich cong djch len Vi^t BSc ciia djch chii nghla Mac - Lenin vao Vi#t Nam, vua tao dieu kif n thiic day phong trao o - 8.300 djch 6 bien giai 6000 ten dich cong nhan va phong trao yeu nuoc 6 Vi?t Nam phat trien. Do la ba yeu to can 2) Quan djch bj loai Vi?t - Trung^ thiet de di den thanh l$p Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam (3 - 2- 1930). khoi vung chien
  5. 3) Q i a i p h o n g da't Ta bao ve dugc V i f t Bac Giai phong bien gioi k i n h te, c h i n h t r j , v a n hoa, quan sy. C i j n g n h o co d u o n g loi do ma D a n g ta dai Vi^t - T r u n g dai 750km lanh dao nhan dan ta chien dau lau dai, ben bi, Ian l u p t d a n h bai t u n g am m u u 4) Y nghia quan trpng - Bao dupe Vi§t Bac, can - K h a i t h o n g bien g i o i ciia d i c h de tie'n len d a n h bai hoan toan cuoc chien tranh xam lupc ciia thye nha't ciia t h i n g Igi cu dau nao ciia khang Vi^t - T r u n g dan Phap co sy g i i i p sue ciia MT. chien - Gianh the'chii d p n g ve Sy lanh dao cua D a n g , d u n g dau la Chii tich H o C h i M i n h v o i d u o n g 161 - Lam pha san am muu chien lupc tren chien each m a n g d u n g dan da g i i i p cho toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta doan "danh nhanh, thSng nhanh" truong chinh. ke't m p t long, chien dau v i m y c tieu doe lap dan tpc va chii nghla xa h p i . Toan / ciia djch. Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta chien dau v o i t i n h than "Tha hi sinh tat ca c h u 01 N h u vay, so v o i chien djch Viet Bac t h u - d o n g n a m 1947, chien d i c h Bien nha't d j n h k h 6 n g chju mat nuoc, nha't d j n h k h o n g chiu lam n6 \q". V o i t i n h oc g i o i t h u - d o n g n a m 1950 the hien buoc tien ciia quan dan ta t r o n g cuoc khang than ay, cupe chien dau d i i lau dai, d y a vao siic m i n h la c h i n h n h u n g ehiing ta iH chien chong Phap d o la, tix cho djch chii d o n g tan cong ta, den cho ta chii d p n g da gianh d u p e th^ng Ipi cuoi cung, bupc thye dan Phap phai e6ng nhan doc Da tan cong djch. T u cho l a m pha san am m u u " d a n h nhanh, thang nhanh ciia l^p chii quyen, t h o n g nha't va toan v^n lanh tho ciia ba nuoc D 6 n g D u o n g . hi d j c h " den cho ta da gianh the'chii d p n g tren chien t r u o n g chi'nh Bac Bp. Vi du, dethi theo cau true cau 7: Phan tich chu triamg dieu chinh chien lirac each nT Vi du, dethi theo cm true cau 6: Tren ca aa trinh bay nguyen nhan thang lai cm mang the giai ciia Quae teCong san tqi Dai hoi Ian thu VU (7 - 1935J. Nguyen nhan uO cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap xam luac, hay phan tich mot nguxjen nhan c6 dan tai chu truang do. ie tinh chat quyet dinh nha't. Vai denay yeu cau hoc sinh phai trinh bay noi dung: iL Truvc het yen cau hoc sinh trinh bay ngan gon cdc ngiiyen nhan thang lai cua cuoc Mot la, Chu truang dieu chinh chick luoc cdch mtnig thegiai: Ta khang chien chong Phap: Xae d i n h ke t h u n g u y hiem truoc mil ciia nhan dan the g i o i k h o n g phai la s/ N h d lanh dao sang suot ciia Dang, d u n g dau la C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , v o l chii nghla de'quoc noi chung, ma la ehii nghTa phat xit. up De ra n h i ^ m v u each m a n g the gioi la dau tranh chong ehii nghTa phat xit va ro d u o n g 161 k h a n g chien d i i n g d^n, sang tao. Toan dan, toan quan doan ket, nguy CO chien tranh the'gioi d o ehii nghla phat xit gay ra. /g dGng cam t r o n g chien d a u , t r o n g lao d p n g san xua't. C h i i t r u o n g thanh lap mat tran nhan dan o cae nuoc, n h a m tap h p p rpng rai om N h o h$ t h o n g chinh quyen dan chii nhan dan t r o n g ca nuoc, c6 mat tran lye l u p n g dan ehii. .c dan tpc t h o n g nha't d u p e c i i n g co va m o rong, c6 lye l u p n g v u trang s o m d u p e Hai la, N g u y e n nhan dan toi ehii t r u o n g do: ok xay d u n g va k h o n g n g u n g Ion manh, co hau p h u o n g rong Idn, v u n g chSc ve D o sy xua't hien ciia chii nghla phat xit va n g u y co chien tranh the'gioi. bo m p i mat. De giai quye't nhi>ng hau qua ciia cuoc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te'1929 - 1933, k h i ce N h o tinh than doan ke't ciia nhan dan ba nude Dong D u o n g chong ke thu chung. ehii nghla phat xit tam thoi thang the o m p t so nuoc. Phong trao chong ehii fa N h o CO s u d o n g t i n h , l i n g hp va g i i i p d o ciia T r u n g Quo'e, Lien Xo va eiia nghla phat xit phat trien nhieu n o i tren the'gioi. w. cae nuoc dan chii nhan dan khae, ciia nhan dan Phap va loai n g u o i tie'n bp. ww Sau do yeu can hoc sinh phan tich mot nguyen nhan quyet dinh nhat: T r o n g cae n g u y e n nhan neu tren t h i nguyen nhan ve s y lanh dao ciia Dang, d u n g dau la C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h la nguyen nhan quye't d j n h nha't. T r o n g cupe khang chien chong thye dan Phap tro lai xam lupc nuoc ta, D a n g ta va C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h da de ra d u o n g loi k h a n g chien toan dan, toan d i ^ n , lau dai va t u lye canh sinh. D u o n g loi d o d u p e ap d u n g t r o n g suot tie'n tranh each m a n g t u nam 1946 den nam 1954. N h o co d u o n g l o i do. D a n g ta da doan ke't d u p e m p t lye l u p n g each mang ciia d o n g dao quan c h i i n g de thye hi^n cupe khang chien toan dan va da tie'n hanh khang chien tren cae mat tran
  6. PhAn 2: L j C H SO VIET N A M H I E N D A I Ve giao t h o n g van tai: Phap tang c u o n g dau t u m o t h e m n h i e u t u y e n d u o n g n h a m phuc v u dac luc cho v i f c chuyen cho nguyen vat li#u cung n h u l u u C/iuy^n de I: VIET NAM TU NAM 1919 DEN NAM 1930 thong hang hoa t r o n g n p i dja va v o i nuoc ngoai. ^ I . CONG CUOC K H A I T H A C THUOC D I A L A N T H l / H A I CUA T H l / C D A N PHAP * Diem mm trong chucmg trinh khai thac thuoc dia Idn thii hai: 1. Th\rc d a n Phap t i e n h a n h k h a i thac V i ? t N a m ngay sau C h i e n t r a n h the Tap t r u n g v o n nhieu nhat vao nong n g h i f p (chii yeu la d o n d i e n cao su) va gioi t h u nhat khai thac m o (chu yeu la m o than). • Qua trinh khai thac Idn thu hai: ' 'ill / Phap con dau t u v o n vao cong nghiep nhe va t h u o n g nghiep. 01 Sau Chien tranh the g i o i t h u nhat (1914 - 1918), de quoc Phap t u y la nude Lap ngan hang D o n g D u o n g de nam quyen chi h u y k i n h te. oc t h i n g tran, n h u n g lai bj chien tranh tan pha nang ne, k i n h te sa sut n g h i e m Dat ra cac t h u t h u e ' m o i n h u : t h u e ' r u p u , t h u e ' m u o i , thue thuoc p h i e n . . . iH trpng. T h e m vao do, cuoc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te trong the g i o i t u ban chu nghla T u y vay, k i n h te V i f t N a m ve co ban van k h o n g c6 g i thay d o i , Phap he't sue Da cang gay k h o khan cho nen k i n h tePhap. hi N h a m han gan vet t h u o n g chien tranh, b i j dap n h u n g thiet hai d o chien han c h e p h a t trien cong nghiep, nhat la cong nghi?p nang, n h a m cpt chat k i n h nT tranh gay ra, k h o i phuc va c i i n g co dja v j t r o n g t h e g i o d t u ban chii nghla de te D o n g D u o n g 1$ thupc vao k i n h te Phap va bien D o n g D u o n g thanh thj uO quoc Phap m o t mat tang c u o n g boc lot nhan dan t r o n g nuoc, mat khac day t r u o n g dpc chie'm ciia Phap. ie m a n h khai thac boc lot thuoc dia. Cuoc khai thac thupc dja Ian t h u hai ma t h y c 2. Tac d p n g ciia cupc k h a i thac t h u p c d i a I a n t h u h a i ciia t h y c d a n P h a p iL dan Phap tien hanh 6 D o n g D u o n g la nam trong y d o do. d o i v o i n e n k i n h te va xa h p i V i ? t N a m Ta De tien h a n h k h a i thac thupc dja Ian t h u hai 6 V i ^ t N a m , Phap tang c u o n g * Vekinh te s/ dau t u v o n vao V i ^ t N a m v o i q u y m o va toe d p nhanh gap n h i e u Ian so v o i Qua t r i n h khai thac thupc dja ciia Phap o Viet N a m l a m cho nen k i n h te'Vi^t up trudc chien t r a n h . C h i t r o n g v o n g 6 n a m (1924 - 1929) tong so v o n d a u t u vao N a m C O s u chuyen bien theo h u o n g t u ban. C h i n h s u t h a m nhap ciia p h u a n g ro V i ^ t N a m tang gap 6 Ian so v o i 20 nam truac chien tranh (1898 - 1918). thuc san xuat t u ban chu nghla dan toi su tan ra dan cua nen k i n h t e ' t y nhien, /g V o i so v o n do, Phap tap t r u n g khai thac cac ITnh v u c sau: t y cap, t y tiic 6 nong thon. Nen kinh te'hang hoa, d o d o co dieu k i ^ n de phat trien. om Ve n o n g nghiep: thuc dan Phap day manh vi?c c u o p da't, lap d o n dien, chu T u y nhien, d o m u c d i c h ciia thuc dan Phap bien Viet N a m thanh thj t r u o n g .c yeu la d o n d i e n cao su. T i n h den nam 1930, di$n tich d o n dien d o chu n g u o i cung u n g n g u y e n vat l i ^ u va tieu t h u hang hoa, nen tac d y n g ciia p h u a n g thuc ok Phap n a m gii> t o i 1,2 trieu hec ta da't dai, bang 1/4 tong d i f n tich da't canh tac 6 san xuat t u ban chii nghla d u nhap vao cung chi han che. bo V i ^ t N a m . N h i e u C o n g t i Ian phuc v u cho vi^c khai thac c u n g Ian l u p t ra d a i : M a t khac, Phap van tie'p tuc d u y t r i quan h# san xuat p h o n g kien 6 V i ^ t ce C o n g t i Da't do, Cong t i M i so Lanh, Cong t i trong cay n h i ^ t d o i . . . N a m , tie'p tyc s u d y n g giai cap dja chii p h o n g kien. V i vay, V i ^ t N a m k h o n g fa Ve cong nghiep: thuc dan Phap day manh khai thac m o (chii yeu la m o w. con la nuoc dpc lap va k h o n g the co nen k i n h te'dan tpc phat trien b i n h t h u o n g than). N h i e u C o n g t i than m a i ra d o i : Cong t i than H a L o n g , D o n g D a n g , Cong ww len t u ban chii nghla, ma t r o thanh m p t nuoc thupc dja n i i a p h o n g kien. H a y ti than D o n g Trieu... n o i t o m lai, nen k i n h te Viet N a m Iiic bay g i o la nen k i n h te dan xen ton tai N g o a i ra, t u ban Phap con m o them m p t so ca so cong nghiep k h o n g c6 kha p h u o n g thuc san xuat t u ban chii nghla va p h u o n g thuc san xuat p h o n g kien. nang canh tranh v o i cong nghiep Phap, chu yeu la cong nghiep che'bien. Va suy cho cung, d o la nen k i n h te n o n g nghiep lac hau, que quat 1? thupc vao Ve t h u o n g nghiep: de n a m chat h o n thj t r u o n g V i ^ t N a m va D o n g D u o n g , Phap ban hanh dao luat d o n g t h u e n a n g hang ngoai nhap nhat la hang T r u n g nen k i n h te'Phap. Quoc va N h a t Ban. * Vexa hgi D u d i tac d p n g ciia cupc k h a i thac thupc dja Ian t h u hai ciia t h y c dan Phap l a m cho xa h p i V i ^ t N a m bj phan hoa sau sSc. Ben cgnh n h u n g giai cap cu van con, g i o day da xuat hi§n cac giai cap m o i .
  7. a. D o i v o i giai cap cu: Bi ap buc boe lot nang ne nhat, nen eo t i n h than each m a n g cao nhat. Giai cap liia chit phon^ kick: tiep tuc bj phan hoa va chia ra hai bo phan, m o i Co quan he t u nhien gSn bo v o i giai cap n o n g dan. bo phan c6 thai d o chinh t r i l
  8. BSidu&n^ H5G L/ch Su 12 - The. Trirmi^ Nr^oc Thai boc Ipt ( p h o n g k i e n va t u san) d u a cong nhan va n o n g dan len 4ia v j n a m chuan b i luc l u o n g chong Phap. Thang 3 - 1909, Phan Boi Chau bj tryc xuat khdi chi'nh q u y e n xay d u n g che'dg m o i - che'dp xa hgi chii nghla. D u o i anh h u o n g nude Nhat. Thang 6 -1912, ong thanh lap V i ^ t N a m Quang phyc hpi. cua Cach m a n g thang M u o i N g a , p h o n g trao giai p h o n g d a n tpc 6 cac nuoc Phan Bpi Chau la n g u d i v u o n len lien tuc de dat m u c tieu giai p h d n g d a n thupc dja va p h o n g trao cong nhan o cac nuoc de'quo'c phat trien m a n h me va tpc n h u n g tat ca deu bj that bai. Sau thdi gian hoat d p n g d N h a t Ban va T r u n g gan bo mat thiet v o i n h a u t r o n g cupc dau tranh chong chii nghia de quoc. Quoc k h o n g t h a n h , Phan Bpi Chau bj b p n quan p h i ^ t T r u n g Quoc bat g i a m t u T u n a m 1918 - 1923, d o hau qua cua Chien t r a n h the g i o i t h u nhat va tac n a m 1913, d e n n a m 1917 m d i d u p e tha t u do. d p n g ciia Cach m a n g thang M u o i , a cac nuoc t u ban cao trao each m a n g v 6 san D u d i anh h u d n g ciia Cach m a n g t h a n g M u d i va s u ra d d i ciia n u d e N g a / b i i n g len m a n h me. Giai cap v 6 san buoc len v u dai c h i n h t r i , t u t r o n g cao trao Xo viet da bat dau den v d i ong n h u m p t anh sang m d i . C a m t i n h v d i nude N g a 01 each m a n g cac d a n g cpng san dupe thanh lap 6 n h i e u n u o c n h u a Due, A o , Xo viet, cudi n a m 1920, Phan Bpi Chau djch ra c h i i H a n cudn Dieu tra chan oc H u n g g a r i , Ba L a n , Phan Lan, Achentina. Su ra d a i ciia cac d a n g cpng san dat ra tuong Nga La Tu ciia m p t tac gia N h a t Ban, viet Truyen Pham Hong Thdi, n g p i ca iH yeu cau phai eo m o t to ehuc quoc te de tap h p p luc l u p n g va chii dao theo m p t Da t i n h than yeu nude, h i sinh anh d u n g ciia n g u d i thanh nien hp Pham. d u o n g 161 d u n g d i n . Thang 3 - 1919, Quoc t e C p n g san d u p e t h a n h lap ra sue hi Thang 6 - 1925, t r o n g k h i chua the thay d d i d u p e to chuc, thay d d i p h u o n g g i i i p d o p h o n g trao each m a n g v 6 san va p h o n g trao giai p h o n g d a n tpc tren nT lupc dau t r a n h t h i c h h p p v d i bien chuyen m d i ciia dat nude va t h d i d a i t h i the g i o i phat trien. uO Phan Bpi Chau bj thuc dan Phap hit tai T h u p n g H a i ( T r u n g Quoc) d u a ve Dae bi?t la s u thanh lap D a n g Cpng san Phap (1920) v o i nhOng d o n g gop ie nude, b j ket an t u roi d u a ve an t r i d H u e . T u d d t r d d i , Phan Bpi Chau k h o n g ciia N g u y e n A i Quoc tao ra n h i r n g t h u a n Ipi cho each m a n g Vi?t N a m iL the tien theo n h j p song dau tranh m d i ciia dan tpc. N a m 1921, D a n g C p n g san T r u n g Quoc thanh lap va p h o n g trao each m a n g Ta b. Su chuyen bien trong tu tuong cm nuoc cua Phan Bgi Chau T r u n g Quoc phat trien t r o n g thap nien 20 tao d i e u k i ^ n t h u a n I p i cho nhOng s/ D a u the k i XX, p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc Viet N a m phat t r i e n len m p t n g u o i V i ^ t N a m d u n g chan va gay d u n g p h o n g trao each m a n g t r o n g nuoc. up bude m d i theo k h u y n h h u d n g dan chii t u san, giai p h d n g d a n tpc gan lien v d i NhCrng chuyen bien m o i ciia t i n h h i n h the g i o i c6 anh h u o n g I o n den s y ro giai p h d n g xa h p i . D a i bieu cho k h u y n h h u d n g eiiu nude m d i la Phan Bpi phat trien p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc Vi?t N a m . /g Chau, Phan Chau T r i n h . Cac trao l u u t u t u o n g tien bp ben ngoai d u p e t r u y e n ba vao V i f t N a m . C y om Phan Bpi Chau (1867 -1940), sinh ra t r o n g gia d i n h cd t r u y e n t h o n g n h o hpc the, chu nghla Mae - L e n i n d u p e t r u y e n ba vao Vi?t N a m t h o n g qua tai l i f u ciia .c d N a m D a n - N g h e A n , d u p e dao tao theo k h u d n m a u "Trung quan di quoc", D a n g Cpng san Phap, D a n g Cpng san T r u n g Quoc, dae bi?t la hoat d p n g cua ok yeu nude t h u o n g dan sau sac, sdm tham gia chong Phap... N g u y e n Ai Quoc 6 nude ngoai. T u t u o n g dan chii t u san d u p e t r u y e n ba vao bo T u n a m 1883 den 1901 ong h u d n g theo ngpn cd Can vuang chong Phap: viet nuoc ta, nhat la t u t u o n g T a m dan ciia Ton T r u n g Son. ce Hich binh Tdy (1883), lap d p i Si tie Can vuang (1885), n a m 1900, o n g d o giai h. Tinh hinh trong nuac: fa nguyen, cd "danh" de thuc h i ^ n chi n g u y ^ n c i i u nude, n a m 1901 m u u bao d p n g D o c h u o n g t r i n h khai thac thupc dja lan t h u hai ciia thuc d a n Phap, xa h p i w. cudp t h a n h N g h ^ A n n h u n g bj I p . . . Viet N a m c6 s u p h a n hoa sau sac. Ben canh n h u n g giai cap cu van eon ton tai, ww eae giai cap m o i ra d o i , p h a n hoa. N h i r n g giai cap m o i d o la co so vat chat de N a m 1902, o n g hk d a u cupc hanh t r i n h t i m n g u d i c i i n g chi h u d n g : ra Bae, tiep t h u t u t u o n g m o i vao nude ta ( t u t u o n g t u san va t u t u o n g v 6 san) cpng vao N a m t i m d o n g c h i . . . , tiep can t u t u d n g dan chii t u san qua tan van, tan v d i su tac d p n g ciia each mang the gioi da lam cho phong trao yeu nude Vi?t N a m thu..., t u t u d n g c u u nude ciia ong bat dau chuyen bien theo h u d n g m d i . . . mang mau sac m d i ma n h i i n g phong trao yeu nude trude kia khong he cd dupe. N a m 1904, ong lap D u y tan hpi v d i muc tieu: " D a n h Phap, k h d i p h y c Vi?t 2. M p t so hoat d p n g y e u n u o c t r o n g n h u n g n a m 1919 - 1925 N a m , lap c h i n h p h i i dpe lap, ngoai ra chua cd ehii nghla g i khae", d u a C u d n g a. Hoat dong cua Phan Boi Chau De, con chau hoang tpc l a m m i n h chii. N a m 1905 - 1909 o n g thuc hi?n p h o n g Phan Bpi Chau chii t r u o n g bao dpng v u trang danh d u o i Phap, xay d u n g m p t trao D o n g d u . ' - I' che dp chinh trj m d i d Vi§t N a m . N a m 1904, Phan Bpi Chau thanh lap hpi D u y tan. La n g u d i to chiic phong trao D o n g d u , dua thanh thieu nien sang N h a t hpc tap de ilMlfl ...
  9. 3Si di/Chi^ HSG Ljch SCr 12 - The. TrL/an^ Ngpc Thai d. Hoat dong cua tu san va tie'u tu san Nhirng boat dpng do danh dau s u chuyen bien trong tu tuong ciia Phan Bpi Ngay tu khi mdi ra ddi, tu san Vi^t Nam da to chuc cupc tay chay tu san Chau tu qnCm chii clini/cn chO'sang quan chii lap hien: m u a n danh nghla hoang Hoa Kieu (1919) d mot so tinh va thanh phd'nhu Sai Gdn, H a Npi, Hai Phong, toe de tap hop luc lupng. Nam D i n h . . . d H a Npi ed cupc van dpng ngudi Vi?t N a m chi mua hang cua Nam 1911, each mang Tan Hoi Trung Quoc thang ipi, ong hudng ve Trung ngudi Vict Nam. Quoc...,1912 lap Vict Nam Qiiang phiic hoi voi myc dich "Danh Phap, khoi phuc Nam 1923, dai chii va tu san Vi?t Nam dau tranh chong tu ban Phap dpc Viet Nam, lap cong hba dan quoc"... T u do ong doan tuy^t voi tu tuong quan chii, quyen cang Sai Gdn, dpc quyen xua't cang liia gao Nam K i . chuyen tu quan clu'i lap hien sang cong hoa lit adn..., day la buoc tie'n quan trpng / Ngoai ra, giai cap tu san da diing bao chi de benh vuc quyen Ipi cho minh 01 trong qua trinh hoat dpng cuu nude cua Phan Bpi Chau. trong phong trao chdng dpc quyen. oc Nam 1917, Cach mang thang Mudi Nga thSng Ipi den voi ong n h u luong Mpt so tu san va dia chii Idn d Nam K i (Bui Quang Chieu, Nguyen Phan iH anh sang mdi. Tuy chua trd thanh ngudi cong san nhung ong c6 cam tinh voi Long.) da tap hpp nhau lai thanh mpt to chuc cd ten la Dang Lap hien (1923). Da nude Nga X6 viet, dat niem tin vao s u thang Ipi ciia chii nghla cong san, niem C o quan ngon luan ciia Dang lap hien la to Dien dan Dong Duong va Tieng doi hi tin vao lanh tu Nguyen A i Qud'c. An Nam. Khi dupe thuc dan Phap nhupng bp cho it quyen Ipi (chu cho tham nT N a m 1925, khi chua the thay ddi dupe to chuc, phuong phap dau tranh gia Hpi dong Quan hat N a m Ki), hp da thda hiep vdi chiing. uO thich hpp vdi s u chuyen bien mdi ciia dat nude va thdi dai, ong bj Phap bat Sau chie'n tranh, cac tang Idp tie'u tu san tri thuc (gom sinh vien truong Cao ie giam long tai Hue. dSng H a Npi, hpe sinh va cac giao vien cac trudng, vien chuc, nha van, nha iL c. Hoat dong cua Phan Chau Trinh bao..v..v..) sdi ndi dau tranh ddi quyen tu do dan chii. Ta Phan Chau Trinh la lanh tu ciia phong trao cai each dan chii. O n g chii Giiia nhCrng nam 20, cd nhieu thanh nien yeu nude sang Quang Chau (Trung s/ truong phe phan che'dp thupe dia, vua quan, ho hao cai each xa hpi; nang cao Quoc) tim dudng cuu nude. Nam 1923, hp thanh lap to chuc Tam tam xa. up dan tri, dan quyen, tie'n tdi cuu nude. Phan Chau Trinh da di kh^p tinh Quang Mpt so to chuc chinh trj nhu Viet Nam nghia doan. Hoi Phuc Vict, Dang Thanh ro N a m va den cac tinh Trung Ki de van dpng cai each. Cupc van dpng duy tan nien ra ddi vdi nhieu hoat dpng phong phii sdi dpng (mit tinh, bieu tinh, bai /g ciia Phan Chau Trinh dien ra dudi nhieii hinh thuc phong phii. khoa Nhieu to bao tie'n bp Ian lupt ra ddi. Bao tieng Phap ed cac to om V..V..). Phong trao Duy tan dang phat trien ngay cang sau rpng thi bj thuc dan Chuong re. An Nam Ire, Ngudi nha que; bao tieng Viet cd td Huu thanh, Tieng dan, .c Phap dan ap di> dpi. nam 1908, Phan Chau Trinh bj an tu ba nam d Con Dao. Dong Phap then bao, thuc nghiep dan bao....Hp lap ra nhijng nha xua't ban tien bp nhu ok Nam 1911, thuc dan Phap dua ong sang Phap. Suot 14 nam song d trung tam Nam dong thuxa (Ha Npi), Cuang hoc thuxa (Sai Gdn), Quan tai lung thu (Hue)... bo chau A u , Phan Chau Trinh van giu dudng Id'i cai each, keu gpi dan quyen, dan Trong phong trao yeu nude dan chii cong khai hoi do ed mpt so s u kifn ndi ce sinh, dan khi. bat la cupc dau tranh ddi nha cam quyen Phap tha Phan Bpi Chau (1925), cac fa Vao dau nam 1922, Phan Chau Trinh den Mae-xay. Nhan djp vua Khai cupc truy dieu, de tang Phan Chau Trinh (1926). Rieng d Sai Gdn, dam tang w. Djnh sang du cupc trien lam thupe dja khuye'eh truong cai gpi la "cong lao Phan Chau Trinh da thu hiit khoang 14 van ngudi tham du. ww khai hoa" ciia Phap, Phan Chau Trinh viet Thai die'u thw vaeh ra 7 tpi dang e. Cac cuoc dau tranh ciia cong nhan chem ciia Khai Djnh. Phan Chau Trinh con to chuc dien thuyet len an che'dp Nhirng nam dau sau chien tranh, cac cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan tuy con quan chii va quan truong d Viet Nam, tie'p tuc ho hao "Khai dan tri, chan dan le te va tu phat nhung da ndi len y thuc giai cap dang phat trien nhanh chdng khi, hqu dan khi"... lam CO sd cho eac td chuc va phong trao chinh trj cao hon ve sau. Ngay tu n5m Thang 6 - 1925, Phan Chau Trinh ve nirdc. Mac du sue khde da yeu ong van 1920, cong nhan Sai G o n - C h p L d n da thanh lap cong hpi (bi mat) do Ton Due tie'p tuc hoat dpng, da pha che'dp quan chii, de cao dan quyen. Nhieu tang Idp Thang diing dau. nhan dan, nha't la thanh nien rat men mo va hudng ling hoat dpng ciia Phan Cac cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan va thiiy thii Phap tren eac tau Phap ghe Chau Trinh. ; nhu-jcacrupe^aii^tranh ciia vao cang Hai Phong (1919) va S ^ ' f ^ f y ( | 9 ^ ^ j ^ ^ ? p * | f ^ ^ 17
  10. WVJ /< I I II I I I I I . . ^ . . y . . , cong nhan va thuy thvi Trung Quoc tai cac cang Ion Huang Cang, Ao Mon, (Sai Gon), Nam Dong thie xa (Ha Npi)... Hp dung sach bao lam phuong ti?n truyen Thirgng Hai (1921) da gop phan c6 vu, dgng vien cong nhan Vi?t Nam hang ba tu tuong yeu nuoc, tien bp, neu quan diem lap truong chinh trj ciia minh. hai da'u tranh. Trong cao trao yeu nuoc luc bay gio c6 ba su kien tieu bieu nhat: vu Pham Nam 1922, cong nhan va vien chuc cac so cong thuong cua t u nhan a Bac K i Hong Thai m u u sat toan quyen Mec-lanh, vu doi tha Phan Bpi Chau va vy de doi chu t u ban nguoi Phap phai cho hp nghi ngay chu nhat c6 tra luong. Cung tang Phan Chu Trinh. nSm do con c6 cupc bai cong cua cong nhan cac nha may d^t, rugu, xay xat gao Thang 6 - 1924, toan quyen Dong Duong la Mec-lanh sang Nhat va Trung d Nam Djnh, Ha Npi, Hai Duong v.v... Hoa, am muu ca'u ke't voi chinh quyen phan dpng hai nuoc nay de pha hogi / Thang 8 - 1925, thg may xuong Ba Son tai cang Sai Gon khong chju sua each mang Viet Nam. Tarn Tam xa giao cho Pham Hong Thai nhi^m vu t r u 01 chiia chien ham Mi-so-le cua Phap truoc khi chien ham nay cha linh sang tham khu ten thyc dan dau so. Cupc muu sat khong thanh, nhung hanh dpng ciia oc gia dan ap phong trao da'u tranh each mang cua nhan dan va thuy thii Trung Pham Hong Thai da gay tie'ng vang Ion 6 trong va ngoai nuoc, gio'ng nhu iH Quoc. Cupc bai cong no ra voi yeu sach doi tang luong 20% va phai de cho Da "canh chim bao hieu mua xuan" vua c6 tac dung c6 vu, vua thiic day phong nhijng cong nhan mat vi^c lam dugc tro lai lam vi^c. CUQC bai cong Ba Son hi trao yeu nuoc. thang Igi danh da'u buoc tien moi ciia phong trao cong nhan Vi^t Nam. nT Phan Bpi Chau la nha yeu nuoc, hoat dpng each mang tu dau the'ki XX. Sau 4. Nhan dinh ve phong trao dau tranh trong n h i m g nam 1919 -1925 uO Chien tranh the'gioi thii nhat, Phan Bpi Chau tie'p tuc hoat dpng 6 Trung Quoc. a. Phong trao giai cua cap tu sdn dan toe ie Giua nam 1925, ong bj thuc dan Phap bat o Thupng Hai va bi mat dua ve nuoc Doi mpt so' quyen Igi ve kinh te: giai cap t u san dan tgc nhan da lam Sn iL giam 6 Hoa L6 (Ha Npi) voi am muu sat hai eu. Nhan dan ea nuoc da'u tranh thuan muon vuon len gianh lay vj tri kha hon trong kinh te Vi?t Nam sau Ta chien tranh. bupc thyc dan Phap dua ey ra xet x i i cong khai, tha bong va giam long 6 Hue s/ cho den khi mat (1940). Doi cac quyen t u do dan chu: cung voi hoat dpng kinh te^ giai cap t u san up Cung hoat dpng voi Phan Bpi Chau, dau the'ki XX c6 Phan Chau Trinh. Khi dan tpc da dung bao chi de benh vuc quyen Igi ciia minh. Mpt so' t u san va dja ro chii Ion Nam K i dai bieu la Bui Quang Chieu, Nguyen Phan Long... dung ra to v v chong thue'o Nam Ki xay ra (1908) Phan Chau Trinh bj bat va bj day d i Con /g chuc Dang Lap hieh de tap hgp luc lugng, roi dua ra mpt so khau hi^u: Doi t\ do, Dao ba nam. Den ngay 24 - 3 - 1926, eu Phan Chau Trinh qua doi sau mpt thoi om dan chu de tranh thii su ung hp ciia quan chiing, lam ap luc doi voi Phap. .c gian 6'm nang tai Sai Gon. 14 van nguoi da xuong dua cy ve noi an nghi cuo'i Cac phong trao cua giai cap t u san dan tpc the hi^n rinh chat: da'u tranh theo cung. Sau dam tang, khap Bac Trung, Nam deu to ehiie le truy di^u. ok khuynh huong dan chii t u san, cac hoat dpng cua hp mang tinh chat cai luong, Nhin chung, Phong trao da'u tranh ciia giai cap tu san dan tpc tuy the hi^n bo thoa hi^p. long yeu nuoc nhung mang tinh chat thoa hifp, cai luong va ngay xa roi di ce b. Phong trao cua cac tang lap tie'u tu sdn 1 den cho doi lap voi quan chiing. Tie'ng noi va hoat dpng ciia tieu t u san manh fa Cho'ng cuong quyen, ap buc, doi cac quyen t y do, dan chii. me hon nhieu, ehiia dyng nhieu yeu to tien bp, dupe quan chiing ling hp, song w. Cling khong the dua cupc da'u tranh den thang Ipi, do thie'u duong 161 chinh trj ww Cac tang lop tie'u t u san da the hif n long yeu nuoc cua minh bang nhieu each. Ngoai vi^c tham gia vao cac phong trao yeu nuoc, dan chu cong khai liic diingdan. bay gio, hp da tap hpp nhau lai trong nhirng to chuc yeu nuoc moi, tien hanh c. Nhung mat tich cue va han checua phong trao da'u tranh c6 to chuc. - Phong trao cua giai cap tie sdn dan tpc: Nhieu to chuc chi'nh trj yeu nuoc ciia tri thuc Nha van, Nha bao, Nha giao, Ti'eh cue: giai cap t u san dan tpc Vi^t Nam da c6 co gang trong vi^e da'u hpc sinh, sinh vien... da ra doi nhu; Tan Vi?t Thanh nien Doan (1923) V i f t Nam tranh chong su canh tranh, ehen ep ciia t u san nuoc ngoai. Nghia Doan (1925) Hpi Phuc Vi^t (1925) Dang Thanh nien (1926)... Han che: cac hoat dpng ciia hp chi mang tinh chat cai luong, gioi han trong Cac to chuc da cho ra doi nhCrng to bao tien bp, nhu Chuong re. An Nam tre, khuon kho ciia che dp thye dan, phuc vu quyen Ipi ciia cac tang lop tren va Nguai nha que... lap ra nhiing nha xua't ban tien bp, n h u Cuang hoc thu xa nhanh chong bj phong trao quan chiing vupt qua. i» 19
  11. Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vi^t - Phong trao cua tang lap tieu tu sdn: Tich cue: c6 t a c d u n g thuc tinh long yeu nuoc, truyen ba t u t u o n g t u do dan nhieu bien chuyen. Xa hoi Viet N a m h i n h thanh n h u n g giai cap va tang l o p chu t r o n g nhan dan, truyen ba n h u n g t u t u o n g each m a n g m o i . m o i n h u t u san dan toe, tieu t u san, cong nhan. N h i e u sT p h u yeu nuoc 6 Vi?t H a n che: ho ehua to chuc thanh chinh dang nen dau tranh m a n g t i n h chat N a m cung c6 n h u n g chuyen bien ve t u t u o n g . xoc n o i , a'u t n . Su tac d o n g ciia cac trao l u u t u t u o n g ben ngoai, tieu bieu la N h a t Ban va 5, G i a i q u y e t van de dan tQC, dan chu t r o n g nhung nam 20 ciia the k i X X T r u n g Quoc, lam cho each m a n g Viet N a m c6 n h u n g net m o i , khac truoc, do la a. Hoan canh lich s u p h o n g trao chuyen t u k h u y n h h u o n g p h o n g kien sang k h u y n h h u o n g dan chii * Trong nucfc: / t u san. 01 N a m 1858, thuc dan Phap xam luge nuoc ta, van de giai p h o n g dan tgc D o n g luc cua p h o n g trao: k h o n g chi c6 nong dan ma con eo cac luc l u g n g oc dugc dat ra cho toan the dan toe. N h i e u cuoc dau tranh chong thuc dan Phap m o i t h a m gia n h u t u san, tieu t u san, cong nhan, sT p h u yeu nuoc, b i n h l i n h iH cuoi ciing bj that bai. n g u o i Viet t r o n g quan doi Phap. Da Den nam 1858, thuc dan Phap chinh thuc dat ach t h o n g trj d o ho nuoc ta, H i n h thuc dau tranh: ben canh cac cuoc dau tranh via trang, con xua't hien hi van de dan toe lai t r o nen cap thie't. Luc nay cac p h o n g trao dau tranh giai cac h i n h thuc dau tranh chinh t r j , ngoai giao, cai each xa h o i . nT p h o n g dan toe do giai cap p h o n g kien lanh dao ma tieu bieu la p h o n g trao Can Q u y mo phong trao rong Ion, thu hut dugc nhieu tang lop nhan dan tham gia. uO v u o n g cung bj that bai. N h i e m v u gii>a nuoc va giai p h o n g dan toe chua d u g c M u c tieu dau tranh nh^m danh d u o i thuc dan Phap de gianh doc lap dan ie giai quyet. Cho nen, m u o n cuu nuoc, m u o n giai p h o n g dan toe, k h o n g the lam tgc va thuc hien dan sinh, dan chu. iL n h u cij, phai c6 con d u o n g c i i u nuoc m o i . III. H O A T D Q N G YEU Nl/6C C U A N G U Y E N AI QUOC Ta * The giai: 1. Nguyen A i Quoc tu chu nghia yeu nuoc den voi chu nghla Mac - L e n i n , s/ Su thanh cong cua cuoc cai each M i n h Trj 6 N h a t Ban n a m 1868 da c6 tac tim ra con duong cuu nuoc dung dan up d p n g m a n h me vao cac bac sT p h u yeu nuoc 6 Viet N a m . N g u y e n A i Quoc sinh ra va Ion len trong m o t gia d i n h nha nho ngheo, yeu ro Cuoc van d o n g D u y tan 6 T r u n g Quoc dau the k i XX da true tiep Ian t r u y e n nuoc, tren que h u o n g giau truyen thong each mang. L o n len t r o n g hoan canh /g vao cac the he yeu nuoc Viet N a m . nuoc m a t nha tan, lai d u g c ehung kien cac cuoc dau tranh cua cac bac tien boi om h. Phuong huanggidi quyet van dedan toe trong nhung nutn 20 cuu the hi XX.* bj tha't bai. Tat ca da h u n due trong long N g u y e n A i Quoc l o n g yeu nuoc non .c Dai di?n la hai bac sT p h u yeu nuoc Phan Boi Chau va Phan Chau T r i n h . nang va quyet tarn ra d i t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc, c u u dan. ok Phan Boi Chau chii t r u o n g g i u o n g cao ngon c6 dan toe, truoc het phai tap Qua n h i e u n a m bon ba 6 hai ngoai de t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc, c u u dan. D a u bo t r u n g cho van de giai p h o n g dan toe, sau do se lam nhiem v u dan chii. Bien tien N g u o i den nuoc Phap roi d i cac nuoc A , Phi, M i L a t i n h . Den n a m 1917, ce phap giai quyet van de dan toe cua Phan Boi Chau la d u a vao N h a t de danh k h i Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga thang Igi, N g u o i t u L u a n D o n ( A n h ) ve Pari fa Phap, d o n g t h o i thuc h i f n cai each d u y tan theo g u o n g N h a t . (Phap) de nghien cuu, hgc tap Cach m a n g thang M u o i N g a . w. Phan Chau T r i n h t h i neu cao nhiem v u danh p h o n g kien, thuc hien dan N g a y 18 - 6 - 1919, thay mat n h u n g n g u o i Viet N a m yeu nuoc tai Phap, ww sinh, dan chu, sau do m o i danh Phap, giai p h o n g dan toe. N g u o i giri den H o i nghj Vecxai Ban i/cn sdch cua nhan dan An Nam. Ban yeu Phan Boi Chau xem van de dan toe la dieu kien de xay d u n g nen dan chii, sach d o i C h i n h p h i i Phap va cac nuoc d o n g m i n h thua nhan cac quyen t u do, con Phan Chau T r i n h thi xem dan chii la tien de de thuc hien nhiem v u dan tgc. dan chu va q u y e n b i n h dang ciia nhan dan A n N a m . Con d u o n g giai p h o n g dan toe ciia Phan Boi Chau va Phan Chau T r i n h cuoi T h a n g 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc dgc ban Sa thdo Ian Ihu nhat luan citang ve ciang cijng bj that bai, lam cho each mang Viet N a m " d u o n g n h u n a m t r o n g van dedan toe thuoc dia cua V . I . Lenin dang tren bao Nhan dao ciia D a n g Xa hgi d e m toi, k h o n g c6 d u o n g ra". 6. Dac d i e m cua p h o n g trao yeu nuoc dau the k i XX Phap. L u a n c u o n g ciia Lenin da g i i i p N g u y e n Ai Quoc kh^ng d j n h m u o n cuu Phong trao chju s u tac d g n g ciia cuoc khai thac thuoc dja Ian t h u nhat cua nuoc va giai p h o n g dan tgc la phai d i theo con d u o n g each m a n g v d san. thuc dan Phap. Cupc khai thac nay lam cho co cau k i n h te^ xa hoi V i ^ t N a m eo I Thang 12 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc tham d u D a i hgi dai bieu toan quoc ciia 20 b a n g xa hoi Phap tai thanh pho Tua. N g u o i da d u n g ve phia da so dgi bieu bo
  12. 3St duOn^ HSG L/ch Si} 12 - Tha. Truofig Ngpc Thai CtyTNHHMTVC>)r/H Khang Vi^ phieu tan thanh gia nhap Quoc teCpng san va thanh lap Dang Cong san Phap. Nguoi tham gia xay dung bao "Le Pa-ria" "Nguoi ciing kho" vao nam 1922. Den day Nguyen Quoc Quoc da the hi^n hanh dpng cua minh la quye't tarn di Nguoi con vie't nhieu bai dang tren bdo "Nhan dao", "Doi song cong nhan". theo con duang each mang v6 san. Sau do, Nguyen Ai Quoc cang ti'ch cue ho^t Tieu bieu nhat la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phap. dpng va tie'p tuc hoc tap, nghien cuu If luan ve con duong each mang thuoe dja Nhirng sach bao do Nguoi viet, mpt mat to cao tpi ac ciia bpn de quoc, nhat de truyen ba vao Vi?t Nam. la de quoc Phap 6 Dong Duong; mat khae khich 1^ long yeu nuoc cho dong * Nhan dinh ve con duong tim chan l i ciia Nguyen A i Quoc bao, tuyen truyen chii nghla Mae - Lenin van dpng quan chiing da'u tranh. Cac bac tien boi ma tieu bieu la Phan Boi Chau da chon con duong cihi * Thai ki a Lien Xo (1923 - 1924) / 01 nuac do la di sang phuong Dong chii yeu la Nhat, vi a do da tung dien ra cupc Giua 1923, Nguyen A i Quoc bi m|t roi Phap sang Lien X6 d u hpi nghj Quoc oc cai each Minh Trj 1868 lam cho Nhat thoat khoi so phan mot nuoc thuoe dja; vi te nong dan (10-1923). Sau do, Nguoi o Lien X6 mpt thoi gian ngan de hoat iH Nhat da danh bai de quoc Nga trong cupe chien tranh Nga - Nhat (1904 -1905) dpng trong Quoc te Cpng san, hpc tap them ve ly luan ciia chii nghla Mac - Da va Nhat eon la nuoc "dong van dong chiing" vai V i f t Nam. Doi tupng ciia Lenin va thuc tien ve Cach mang thang Muoi Nga. hi Phan Bpi Chau gap go la nhung chinh khach Nhat de xin hp giiip Viet Nam Trong thoi gian nay, Nguoi vie't nhieu bai dang tren bao " Su that" Co quan nT danh Phap. Phuong phap ciia cu la van dong, to chue giai cap, cung cac tang ngon luan ciia Dang Cpng san Lien X6, "Thu tin quoc te*' ca quan ngon luan uO lop tren de huy dpng luc lupng da'u tranh bao dong. ciia Quoc te Cpng san. ie Con Nguyen Ai Quoc lua chpn huong di sang phuong Tay, noi dupe m?nh Thang 7 -1924, Nguoi d u Dai hpi V ciia Quoc teCpng san va dpe tham luan iL danh eo t u tuong t u do, binh dang bac ai, c6 khoa hoc ki thuat, eo nen van tai Dai hpi, trinh bay quan diem ciia minh ve v i tri chien lupc eiia each mang Ta minh phat trien. Cach di ciia Nguyen A i Quoc la di vao tat ca cac giai cap, tang thupc dja, moi quan h$ giiia phong trao cong nhan 6 cac nuoc de quoc voi s/ lop, di vao phong trao quan chiing giac ngp, doan ket hp dung len dau tranh phong trao each mang d cac nuoc thupc dja, ve vai tro va sue mgnh to Ion ciia up gianh doe lap that su, bang sue manh ciia minh la chinh. Nguoi luon de cao giai cap nong dan o cac nuoc thupc dja. ro hpc tap, nghien ciiu li luan va kinh nghi^m each mang moi nhat ciia thoi dai de NhCrng hoat dpng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc trong thai gian nay chii yeu tren m|t /g tren eo so do bat gap chan l i Cach mang thang M u o i Nga. Day la con duong t r ^ tu tuong - chinh trj nham truyen ba chii nghla Mae - Lenin vao nuoc ta. '• om cuu nuoc duy nhat diing dan doi voi dan toe ta, cCing nhu doi vol cac dan tpc .c * Thai ki d Trung Quoc (1924 - 1927) thupc dja va phu thupc khac, vi no phu hop voi su phat trien cua Ijeh su. Thang 11 - 1924, Nguyen Ai Quoc tu Lien X6 ve Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) ok 2. Hoat dpng ciia Nguyen A i Quoc ve vi^c chuan bi ve chinh tri, t u tuong va de tap hop nhCrng nguoi yeu nuoc o Vi^t Nam, truyen ba, giao due cho hp chii bo to chuc cho s\ ra doi chinh dang v6 san o Vi?t Nam nghla Mac - Lenin. ce Sau khi tie'p nhan chii nghla Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong ciru nuoc diing Dau tien Nguoi tim hieu va cai to Tam Tarn xa thanh H p i Vi#t Nam Cach fa dan, Nguyen A i Quoc tich cue hoat dpng nhSm truyen ba chii nghla Mac - mang Thanh nien (6-1925). Nguoi sang lap bao "Thanh nien" (1925). Cung voi w. Lenin vao trong nuoc. Qua trinh nay trai qua cac thai ki sau : nhieu nha each mang cac nuoc, Nguoi tham gia sang lap " H p i lien hi?p cac ww * Thai ki a Phap (1920 - 1923) dan tpc bi ap biic 6 A Dong" de gay tinh doan ket giua each mang cac nuoc Nguyen A i Quoc tich cue hoat dpng trong phong trao cong nhan Phap, trong khu vuc. tranh thii su ling hp ciia giai cap cong nhan Phap doi voi V i f t Nam. Tai Quang Chau (Trung Quoc), Nguoi da mo nhieu lop huan luy^n va da Nguoi tham gia Hpi "Nhirng nguoi yeu nuoc tai Phap" van dpng kieu bao dao tao dupe 75 can bp cho each mang Vi?t Nam. Nhung bai giang ciia Nguoi ling hp da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc. sau nay tap hop lai trong cuon Dif&ng kdch menh dupe xuat ban 6 Trung Quoc Nguoi cung mpt so nha yeu nuoc d cac thupc dja Phap, sang lap hpi "Lien vao nam 1927. hi?p cac dan tpc thupc dja" (1921) de gay tinh doan ket giua each m^ng Vi?t Nhung hoat dpng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc da eo tac dung quye't djnh trong Nam voi each mang the gioi. viee chuan bj ve chinh trj, t u tuong va to chue cho vi?c thanh l^p chinh dang :^.„.cua giai cap v6 san a Vi^t Nam.
  13. BSidLfdn^ H5G Lich eCr 12 - The. TrLrong Ngpc Thai Cty TNHH MTV PWI Khang Vift 3. Q u a trinh chuyen bien ciia Nguyen A i Quoc tir mpt chien si yeu nuoc tro chong chii nghla thuc dan. Co quan ngon luan ciia H g i la bao N^itai cun^ kho thanh mpt chien si cpng san d o N g u o i lam chu n h i e m kiem chii biit. N g u o i con vie't nhieu bai cho cac bao - TiV mot chiC'it s7 I/I'H nuvc: Nhan dao (ciia D a n g C o n g san I'hap), dai son^ con^ nhan... va dac biet la cuon N g u y e n A i Quoc sinh ra va Ion len trong m o t gia d i n h nha nho ngheo, yeu Ban an chedo thuc dan Phap. Cac sach bao ncSi tren dugc bi mat chuyen ve Viet N a m nuoc, tren que Huong giau t r u y e n thong each mang. L o n len t r o n g hoan canh da gop phan thiic day phong trao dan tgc trong nuoc phat trien manh me hon. nuoc mat nha tan, lai d u g c c h u n g kien cac cupc da'u tranh cua cac bac tien boi Tir n a m 1923 den 1924, N g u y e n A i Quoc hoat d g n g 6 Lien X6. Tai day, bj that bai. Tat ca da h u n due trong long N g u y e n A i Quoc l o n g yeu nuoc nong N g u t r i d u Hoi n
  14. BSi dLf&ng HSG Ljch Su 12 - The. Tnrong Ngpc Thai Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khan^ Vi^ Sau m p t t h o i g i a n b o n ba 6 hai ngoai, N g u a i v u a khao sat thuc tien each cac tang l o p nhan dan V i ^ t N a m , chuan bj kT ve t u t u o n g va to chiic cho vi#c m a n g cac nuoc v u a d i t i m con d u o n g c u u n u o c cho dan t Q C V i ? t N a m . Den thanh lap D a n g C o n g san Viet N a m . thang 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc doc so thao L u a n c u a n g ciia Lenin ve van de I V . SV" C H U Y E N H O A C U A P H O N G T R A O YEU N l / O C 6 VIET NAM dan toe va thuoc dia. D e n day N g u o i da t i m ra con d u o n g c u u nuoc d u n g dan T R O N G N H i ^ N G N A M C U O I T H E K Y X I X D A U T H E K i XX cho dan toe V i ^ t N a m , do la eon d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san. N g u o i quye't tarn N a m 1858, t h u c dan Phap tan eong Da N3ng, m o d a u eupc x a m l u p c nuoc d u a each m a n g Viet N a m d i theo con d u o n g nay. N g u o i k h a n g d j n h : " M u o n ta, trieu d i n h nha N g u y e n to ra bat luc truoc su xam lupc ciia t h u c dan Phap, cuu nude, m u o n giai p h o n g dan tpc, k h o n g c 6 con d u o n g nao khae eon d u o n g / nhung nhan dan ta van kien tri da'u tranh anh dung, cho'ng xam lupc. Nhieu sT phu 01 each m a n g v 6 san". i yeu nuoc da nhan thiic ro, m u o n bao v^ To quoc phai danh ca "Trieu Ian Tay". oc T u viec t i m ra con d u o n g c u u n u o c d u n g dan va xac d j n h each m a n g Viet Cupe da'u t r a n h ciia nhan dan ta 6 n i i a cuoi the k i XIX, tieu bieu la p h o n g iH N a m phai d i theo con d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san de roi N g u y e n A i Quoc tiep trao Can v u o n g c h i i n g to rang: y thiie doe lap dan tpc t r o n g n h a n d a n la bat Da tyc hoat d o n g t r u y e n ba eon d u o n g nay vao Vi?t N a m , tren co so do chuan bi di?t n h u n g cuoi c u n g bj that bai do che'dp p h o n g kien t r o nen loi t h o i . V i f e hi ve t u t u o n g c h i n h t n va to chuc cho s u thanh lap Dang, r o i tien den thanh lap ling hp m o t o n g vua, d u la ong vua yeu nuoc cung k h o n g the tap h p p dupe nT D a n g Cong san Viet N a m de lanh dao each m a n g Viet N a m d i d u n g q u y d^o dong dao quan ehiing nhan dan chong Phap. uO ciia eupc each m a n g v 6 san. Vao d a u the k i XX, sau k h i b i n h d j n h xong ve quan su, t h u c d a n Phap tien ie N h u vay, vi^c t i m ra eon d u o n g each m a n g d u n g dan no eo tac d u n g quye't hanh khai thae thupe dja n u o c ta, cupe khai thae nay da lam cho xa h p i V i ^ t iL d j n h d o i v o i thang \q'i eiia each m a n g V i ^ t N a m . C h i n h v i the^ day la eong hien N a m C O n h i i n g bie'n d o i sau sac: ben canh cac giai cap cii n h u dja ehii p h o n g Ta Ion nhat ciia N g u y e n A i Quoc d o i v o i dan toe V i ? t N a m t r o n g qua t r i n h hoat kien va n o n g dan van eon, gio day da xua't hi^n cac giai cap va tang l o p m o i s/ d p n g c u u nuoc ciia m i n h . , n h u t u san dan tpc, tieu t u san va eong nhan. Su ehuyen bien sau sac ve k i n h up 6. N h u n g n p i d u n g co ban cua tac pham Dudttg kdch menh ciia Nguyen A i Quoc te^ xa hpi da tao nen mpt t i n h the m o i trong eupc da'u t r a n h giai p h o n g dan tpc. ro Cach m a n g la s u nghiep cua quan c h i i n g g o m sT, nong, cong, t h u a n g trong Vi vay, each m a n g Viet N a m dau the'ki XX phai bao h a m hai n p i d u n g dan tpc /g do eong - n o n g la goe each m a n g con hpc tro, nha b u o n nho, d i e n chii nho la va dan c h i i , tiie la phai d a n h de'quoe, p h o n g kien tay sai de giai p h o n g d a n tpc, om bau ban cua eong - nong. giai p h o n g giai cap. Yeu eau ciia ljch su Viet N a m dau the k i XX bao h a m npi .c Cach m a n g phai co d a n g theo chii nghla Mae - L e n i n lanh dao. D a n g co d u n g sau sac h o n , bao t r u m hon cuoi the'ki XIX. ok vung m o i t h a n h eong, cQng n h u n g u o i cam lai co v i m g t h u y e n m o i chay. H o n nii'a, vao dau the'ki XX, cupe each m a n g t u san 6 cac nuoc p h u o n g Tay bo Cach m a n g cua m o i nuoc la m o t bp phan cua each m a n g quoc te. Can phai phat trien m a n h me dan d e n su h i n h thanh chii nghla t u ban, r o i chii nghla de ce doan ket va t r a n h t h i i s u g i i i p d o ciia giai cap v 6 san va cac d a n toe bj ap bue quoc. C u n g v o i s u phat t r i e n do, phong trao da'u tranh ciia giai cap cong nhan fa tren the gioi, song truoe he't phai d u a vao sue m a n h cua c h i n h m i n h . va nhan d a n cac n u o c thupe dja phat trien manh me. w. Cach m a n g giai p h o n g dan toe la m p t bp phan ciia each m a n g t h a i d g i - NhCrng dieu kien t r o n g nuoc va su tac d p n g ciia the g i o i lam xua't h i ^ n trao ww each m a n g v 6 san. Cach m a n g dan tpc phai gan lien v o i giai p h o n g n h a n dan liru m o i t r o n g vi^e xac d j n h con d u o n g ciiu nuoc khae con d u o n g p h o n g kien lao dpng, giai p h o n g giai cap eong nhan. D o la s u nghiep to Ion, lau dai. C h i co truoc do. N h i e u sT p h u yeu nuoc k h o n g eon g i u o n g cao ngpn co q u a n chii ma giai p h o n g giai cap v 6 san m o i giai p h o n g d u p e dan tpc. Ca hai eupc each h u o n g ve cai each d a n chii. T u y nhien, tren con d u o n g c u u n u o c nay c u n g xua't m a n g nay la sy nghiep ciia chii nghla epng san va each m a n g the g i o i . hi?n nhieu m a u sMc, k h u y n h h u o n g khae n h a u . Con d u o n g e i i u n u o c ciia Phan Sach neu ro m p i n g u o i phai d o n g tam, h i f p luc, phai co to ehiic va p h u o n g Bpi Chau chii yeu lay p h u o n g thiic bao d p n g v u trang de gianh dpc lap. p h a p da'u t r a n h d i i n g de d a n h d o giai cap t h o n g t r i c h i i k h o n g phai la am sat Vi^c xac d j n h con d u o n g eiiu nuoc ciia Phan Bpi Chau co n h i e u d i e m m o i , ca nhan. Hen bp h o n con d u o n g c i i u nuoc phong kien truoe do. Phan nao p h u h p p v o i Tac p h a m Ducmg kdch mcnh da v u trang l i l u a n each m a n g cho can bp ciia yeu cau m o i ciia t h o i d ^ i . Song, con d u o n g eiiu nuoc eiia Phan Bpi C h a u cung H p i ^ i ( f t N a m Cach m^rig T h a n h nien t u y e n t r u y e n vao giai cap cong nhan va
  15. BdidiJ&ngHSGLjch Sir 12- Thf,. Tn/an^ Ngpc Thai jChi chu nghTa Mac - L e n i n dupe truyen ba sau rpng vao Viet N a m , nhat la bpc Ip nhieu non yeu, nhirpc d i e m v i , tu t u o n g dan chu tir san den dau the k i tir nam 1928 t r o d i , lam cho p h o n g trao cong nhan va p h o n g trao yeu nuoc XX k h o n g con la t u t u o n g tien bo, khi he tu t u a n g v6 san da phat trien. phat trien m a n h me, yeu cau phai c6 chinh dang cua giai cap vo san lanh dao. Con d u o n g c i i u n u o c ciia Phan Chau T r i n h chu yeu la d u a vao Phap de Dap u T i g y^'" '^^^ ' i * ^ ^ " ^'^^ ^ ^ " ^ ^^^^ *° ^ ^ " ' ^ "^^^"S thuc hien dan chu, thuc hien cai each. Con d u o n g cuu n u o c ciia Phan Chau n h u n g su hoat d p n g rieng le ciia ba to chiic cpng san gay anh h u o n g k h o n g tot T r i n h k h o n g the thuc hien dupe trong che'dp thuoc dja nira p h o n g kien n h u cten tien t r i n h each mang. V i vay, den dau nam 1930, tai H p i nghj h p p nhat ba Vi?t N a m v i , bon thuc dan Phap phai d u y t r i , nuoi d u o n g bpn vua quan phong to chuc cpng san t u ngay 6 -1 den ngay 7 - 2 - 1930, D a n g C p n g san Vi?t N a m kien de lam tay sai t r o n g vi^c dan ap, boc lot nhan dan ta. / ra d d i . 01 N g o a i con d u o n g cuu nuoc cua Phan Bpi Chau va Phan Chau T r i n h con c6 Dang C p n g san V i ^ t N a m ra d d i da lanh dao nhan dan ta dau tranh theo oc cae cupe dau tranh co tinh chat t u phat cua nong dan va cac dan toe it n g u o i , con d u d n g each m a n g v6 san ma N g u y e n A i Quo'c da lua chpn. iH tieu bieu la cuoc k h o i nghTa nong dan Yen The. Roi p h o n g trao dau tranh cua Qua 15 nam dau tranh chong thuc dan, p h o n g kien nhan d a n ta da viet nen Da giai cap t u san dan toe va cua tang lop tieu t u san... trang s u ve vang cua Cach m a n g thang Tam nam 1945; trai qua 9 n a m khang hi N h i n c h u n g cac p h o n g trao yeu nuoc theo k h u y n h h u o n g p h o n g kien cung chie'n lau dai, ben b i , nhan dan ta da lam nen chien thang D i e n Bien Phii nam nT n h u dan chu t u san da to ra bat luc, khong the d u a cupe dau tranh giai phong 1954, d a n h bai hoan toan chu nghTa thuc d a n eu tren da't n u d e ta; t r a i qua uO dan toe, giai p h o n g giai cap den thang Ipi. Cupe k h u n g hoang ve con d u o n g 21 nam k h a n g chie'n chd'ng MT xam lupc v d i dai thang Xuan nam 1975 da danh ie cuu n u o c ngay cang tram trpng, lam cho each mang Vi?t N a m " d u o n g n h u cho "MT cut, nguy nhao", t h u non song ve mot m o i , d u a ca nude tien len xay iL nam trong d e m t o i , k h o n g c6 d u o n g ra". Do la su k h u n g hoang ve d u o n g loi d y n g chu nghTa xa h p i . Ta c h u k h o n g phai k h u n g hoang ve phong trao yeu nuoc, n h u n g do k h i i n g hoang T u k h i xac d j n h dupe eon d u d n g cuu nude d u n g dan. D a n g ta da lanh dao s/ ve d u o n g loi nen p h o n g trao yeu nuoc theo do ma tha't bai. nhan dan ta dau tranh theo con d u d n g each m a n g d d va da gianh dupe t h ^ n g up T r u o c su k h u n g hoang ve con d u o n g cuu nuoc n h u vay, N g u y e n A i Quoc Ipi hoan toan. ro quyet d j n h ra d i t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc, cuu dan. Truoc k h i buoc chan x u o n g tau N h u vay, qua t r i n h ehuyen hda t u p h o n g trao yeu nude theo k h u y n h h u d n g /g ngay 5 - 6 - 1 9 1 1 , N g u y e n A i Quoc da chuan bj cho m i n h nhCrng tien de t u phong kien, roi k h u y n h h u d n g dan chu t u san va eud'i cung la k h u y n h h u d n g om t u o n g xem xet cac con d u o n g ciiu nude de Kra chpn h u o n g d i va d i c h t o i cho vo san la qua t r i n h dau tranh lau dai, gian k h d cua nhan dan ta. Day la qua .c m i n h m o t each d u n g d5n. trinh ehuyen hda h p p q u y luat va xu h u d n g phat trien cua thdi dai nen c h u n g ok Sau nhieu nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai, thang 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc da t i m ta da gianh thang I p i . bo den chii nghTa Mac - Lenin, t i m ra eon d u o n g cuu n u o c d u n g dng n a m hai m u o i cua the k i XX, phong trao yeu nude d Viet N a m lam eon d u o n g each m a n g v6 san. vao t i n h trang k h u n g hoang d u d n g 16'i chinh trj va vai t r d lanh dao m o t each Su lua chpn con d u o n g cuu nuoc cua N g u y e n A i Quoc da tao ra n h u n g tien sau sic. Giua luc d d , N g u y e n A i Quoc - n g u o i cpng san Viet N a m dau tien de, nhi>ng nhan to m o i d u a cupe dau tranh giai p h o n g dan tpc vao q u y dao xuat hien va t r d thanh v j lanh t u d budc ngoat cua ljch sir, t u y e n ba eon d u d n g each m a n g v o san. De t r u y e n ba ehii nghTa Mae - Lenin vao V i f t N a m , d u a con Clhi nude m d i de giai p h d n g dan tpc: con d u d n g each m a n g vo san. d u o n g each m a n g v o san vao nuoc ta, N g u y e n A i Quoc da thanh lap H p i Viet Sau Cach m a n g thang M u d i Nga nam 1917, tren t h e g i d i da h i n h thanh hai N a m Cach m a n g Thanh nien, viet tac pham Dubn'g kdch menh. T h o n g qua H p i con d u d n g phat trien xa h p i : chu nghTa t u ban va chu nghTa xa h p i , t r o n g do Vi?t N a m Cach m a n g Thanh nien va Diimt;^ kdch menh, chu nghTa Mae - Lenin Van de dpc lap dan tpc gan lien v d i chu nghTa xa hpi dang dat ra cho cac nude Ian l u p t d u p e t r u y e n ba vao Viet N a m . 29
  16. thuQC dja can phai giai quye't. T r o n g tinh h i n h do, m o i d a n tpc phai l y a chgn C u o l n a m 1917, Cach m a n g thang M u o i N g a thanh cong, Chien t r a n h the cho m i n h con d u a n g phat trien p h i i h o p v o i thoi dai va dieu k i ^ n lich sir rieng g i a i thir nhat sap ket thiic, N g u y e n A i Quoc ban hoan chao d o n Cach m a n g ciia m i n h . O Viet N a m , sir lua chon con d u o n g dien ra suot thap k i 20 cua the thang M u o i N g a , mac dau luc do N g u o i chua hieu gi ve cupc each m a n g nay. k i nay. D o la qua t r i n h kiem nghiem Hen tuc ciia thuc te'khach quan d o i v o i cac Thang 6 - 1919, cac n u o c de quo'c thang tran hpp H p i n g b i Vecxai, nhan xu h u o n g , dang phai chinh trj de t i m kiem m p t con d u o n g d u n g nha't. N g u y e n danh la n g u o i A n N a m yeu nuoc, N g u y e n A i Quoc giri den H p i nghj ban yeu A i Quoc bang thien tai va l i n h cam nhay ben c h i n h t r j ciia m i n h da nhan thuc sach d o i cac q u y e n t u do d a n c h i i , b i n h dang va dan tpc tir quye't cho nhan dan day d u xu the cua t h a i dai va yeu cau cua Hch sir dan tpc, v u a t qua tam nhirt ta. Mac dau k h o n g d u p e b p n de'quoc, nhat la de'quoc Phap chap nhan n h i m g / cua nhi>ng n g u o i yeu nuoc d u a n g thoi ve van de dan tpc. Van de dan tpc ban yeu sach da l a m chan d p n g the gioi va vang d p i ve nuoc tao ra buac 01 k h o n g chi c6 doc lap dan tpc, ma ca giai phong dan tpc va giai p h o n g giai cap chuyen t r o n g p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc. oc D o do, N g u o i k h o n g chpn kieu Cach mang MT (1776), cung k h o n g theo kieu Thang 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc dupe dpc so thao L u a n c u o n g ciia L e n i n iH each m a n g dan chii t u san Phap (1789) ma chpn con d u a n g Cach m a n g thang ve van de dan tpc va thupc dja dang tren bao Sir that. D e n day N g u y e n A i Da M u o i N g a (1917) - each m a n g v6 san. Quo'c da t i m ra con d u a n g each m a n g d u n g dan cho d a n tpc V i f t N a m , d o la hi De thuc hien viec lira chpn con d u o n g each m a n g do, N g u y e n A i Quoc phai con d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san. Roi thang 12 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc t h a m d u nT trai qua m p t cupc hanh t r i n h t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc day gian kho. N a m 1911, Dgi h p i ciia D a n g Xa h p i Phap hpp 6 thanh pho Tua, bo p h i e u tan thanh Quoc uO N g u o i quye't d i n h sang p h u o n g Tay t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc, day la moc quan te Cong san va gia nhap D a n g Cpng san Phap. N h i r n g sir kien d o c h u n g to ie trpng danh da'u s u lira chpn dau tien ciia N g u o i . T r o n g k h i n h i r n g n g u o i ciing rang, den n a m 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc ket thiic chan d u a n g t i m p h u o n g cuu iL thai d i p h u o n g Dong, sang Nhat Ban, Trung Quoc thi Nguyen A i Quoc re loi khac, nuoc, qua t r i n h lira chpn con d u o n g cuu nuoc d i i n g dan. Ta buac quye't d i n h nay la ket qua ciia qua trinh chuan bj ve nhan thuc t u tuang. N h u vay, qua t r i n h t i m k i e m con d u a n g c i i u nuoc ciia N g u y e n A i Quo'c la s/ Con d u o n g sang p h u o n g Tay, v o i n h u n g boat d p n g thuc tien va l i luan qua t r i n h hoc tap, khao sat, nghien cuu, k i e m n g h i e m l i l u a n va thuc tien day up p h o n g p h i i da tao ra n h u n g nhan to m o i dua N g u y e n A i Quoc tie'p can chan l i gian kho, phiic tap. N g u y e n A i Quoc da ket hop dupe hai yeu to dan tpc va t h a i ro ciia t h o i dai de c6 s u lira chpn con d u o n g c i i u nuoc d i i n g dan. Qua m u o i nam d?i de chpn con d u o n g c u u nuoc thich hpp v a i sir phat trien ciia Ijch sir dan tpc. /g boat d p n g (1911 - 1920) N g u y e n A i Quoc da den nhieu nuoc khac nhau tren Do la con d u o n g each mang v6 san, con d u a n g theo chii nghla Mac - Lenin. om cac luc dja A , Phi, M i L a t i n h va t u bie'n m i n h thanh n g u o i v 6 san. T r o n g qua b. Vai tro cua Nguyen Ai Quoc doi vai qua trinh van dong chuan hi thanh .c t r i n h do, N g u y e n A i Quoc da riit ra dupe ket luan sau sac rang: a dau bpn de lap Dang Cgng san Viet Nam ok quoc va thuc dan cung tan bao, doc ac, 6 dau n g u o i lao d p n g cung bi ap biic, Sau t h o i gian dai ra di t i m d u a n g c i i u nuoc, den n a m 1920, N g u y e n A i bo boo Ipt nang ne. N h i r n g nhan thuc m o i me nay cang n u n g na'u suy nghT giai Quoc da den v a i chii nghia Mac - L e n i n va t i m ra con d u a n g c u u nuoc d i i n g ce p h o n g dan tpc va m o uoc q u y e n song ciia n h u n g n g u o i ciing kho ma N g u o i da d^n cho each m a n g V i f t N a m , do la con d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san. fa tran t r o t r u d c luc xua't d u o n g , cang thoi thuc N g u o i quye't tarn t i m con d u a n g w. K h i t i m den chu nghia Mac - L e n i n , t i m ra con d u o n g c i i u n u o c d i i n g dan, giai p h o n g dan tpc. ww N g u y e n A i Quoc tie'p tyc boat d p n g de t r u y e n ba chu nghia Mac - L e n i n ve Giira n a m 1917, N g u y e n A i Quoc t r o lai nuoc Phap, N g u o i lao vao hogt Vi^t N a m . Qua t r i n h boat d p n g do la: d p n g c h i n h trj va nghien cuu each mang t u san Phap. N h u n g v a i k i n h nghiem N a m 1921, cung v o i m p t so n g u o i yeu nuoc ciia A n g i e r i , Maroc, T u y n i d i . . . r u t ra tir quan sat va boat d p n g thuc tien, N g u y e n A i Quoc tha'y giai cap t u san N g u y e n A i Quoc lap ra Hp; lien hiep cac dan tpc thupc dja 6 Pari de doan ket k h o n g con la giai cap tien bp ciia thoi dai. D o do, N g u o i k h o n g d i theo Cach cac l y c l u p n g each m a n g chong chii nghia thuc dan. Co quan ngon luan cua m a n g MT, Cach m a n g Phap ma phai t i m con d u o n g each m a n g khac. Day la H p i la bao Ngieai cung kho do N g u o i lam chu n h i ^ m k i e m chu b i i t . N g u o i con quye't d j n h quan t r p n g t r o n g qua t r i n h lira chpn con d u o n g ciru nuoc ciia Viet nhieu bai cho cac bao Nhan dqo (cua D a n g Cong san Phap), Dai song cong N g u y e n A i Quoc. nhan (cua T o n g L i e n doan Lao d p n g Phap)... va dac biet la cuon Ban an chedo •in 31
  17. i^uy iivnn iviir tii lyiiaiiif thtiT dan Phdf). Cac sach bao noi tren dvtgc bi mat chuyen ve V i ^ t N a m da gop V I . P H O N G T R A O D A N TQC D A N C H U 6 V l f T N A M TU" 1925 D E N phan thiic day p h o n g trao dan toe t r o n g nuoc phat trien m a n h me h o n . N A M 1930 Thang 6 - 1923, N g u y e n A i Quoc bi mat roi nuoc Phap sang Lien X6 d y Hoi 1. Sv va boat dpng cua cac to chuc H p i V i f t N a m Cach mang T h a n h n^^lii Quoc tc'NCnt;^ dan (thang 10 - 1923) va dupe bau vao Ban Chap hanh H p i . nien. T a n V i f t each mang dang va V i ? t N a m Quoc dan dang. N g u o i a lai Lien X6, v u a nghien c i i u , hpc tap, vic't bai cho bao Su that ciia Dang a) Hqi Vi^t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien Cpng san L i e n X6, tap chi Thu tin Quoc tccua Quoc t e C p n g san. Tai D a i hpi Sau k h i ve den Q u a n g Chau ( T r u n g Quoc), N g u y e n A i Quoc m o l o p h u a n Quoc t e C p n g san Ian t h u V (1924), N g u y e n A i Quoc t r i n h bay lap t r u o n g quan l u y e n dao t^io can bp. Phan Ion hpc v i e n la thanh nien, hpc sinh, t r i thuc Vi?t d i e m ciia m i n h ve vj t r i chien lupc ciia each m a n g cac nuoc thuoc dja, ve m o i / N a m yeu nuoc. N g u y e n A i Quoc l u a chpn m p t so t h a n h n i e n t i c h eye t r o n g 01 quan h^ giua p h o n g trao cong nhan 6 cac nuoc de quoc v o i p h o n g trao each T a m tam xa de to chuc thanh n h o m C p n g san D o a n (2 -1925). oc mang 6 cac nuoc thuoc dja. T h a n g 6 -1925, N g u y e n A i Quoc thanh lap H p i V i f t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h iH Ngay 11 - 11 - 1924, N g u y e n A i Quoc den Quang Chau ( T r u n g Quoc) de nien n h a m to chuc va lanh dao quan c h i i n g doan ket lai, kich liet tranh da'u de Da true tie'p dao tao can bp, xay d u n g to chuc each mang, t r u y e n ba l i luan each danh d o d e q u o c chii nghia Phap va tay sai de t u c u u m i n h . hi m a n g giai p h o n g dan toe vao Viet N a m . T h o n g qua Bao Thanh nien la co quan n g o n l u a n t r u n g u o n g ciia H p i d o nT Thang 6 - 1925, tai Q u a n g Chau ( T r u n g Quoc) N g u y e n A i Quoc n h o m hpp N g u y e n A i Quoc sang lap va p h a m Duong Kdch menh d u p e xuat ban n a m 1927. uO n h i r n g thanh nien yeu nucVc V i ^ t N a m trong to chiic T a m tam xa roi d i den Bao Thanh nien va sach Duong Kdch menh da trang b j l i l u a n each m a n g cho ie thanh lap H o i Viet N a m Cach mang Thanh nien de t r u y e n ba chii nghia Mac - can b p ciia H p i V i f t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien de t u y e n t r u y e n giai cap cong iL Lenin ve t r o n g nuoc. nhan va cac tang l o p n h a n dan Vi?t N a m . Ta N h O n g boat d p n g ciia N g u y e n A i Quoc t u nam 1920 den nam 1925 c6 tac s/ Tir cuoi n a m 1928, sau k h i c6 chii t r u o n g " v 6 san hoa", n h i e u can b p ciia d u n g chuan bj ve t u t u o n g ehinh t r j va to chuc cho sy t h a n h l|p D a n g C p n g up H p i da d i sau vao cac nha may, xi n g h i f p, d o n dien c i i n g lao d p n g va song v o i san V i Q t N a m ( 3 - 2 - 1930). ro cong n h a n de t u y e n t r u y e n va v a n d p n g each m a n g . Phong trao q u a n c h i i n g C h i i nghia Mae - Lenin dupe truyen ba rpng rai vao V i ^ t N a m l a m cho /g phat t r i e n m a n h m e . p h o n g trao cong nhan va p h o n g trao ycu nuoc phat trien m a n h me, d o i hoi om b) Dang Tan Vi^t phai CO ehinh dang eua giai cap vo san lanh dao. Dap u n g yeu eau khach quan .c N g a y 14 - 7 - 1925, m p t so t i i ehinh t r i cu 6 T r u n g K i c u n g m p t n h o m sinh Ijch s u do 6 Viet N a m Ian Urpt xuat hien ba to chuc cong san; D o n g D u o n g ok vien T r u o n g Cao d i n g 6 H a N p i lap ra H p i Phuc Vi?t (1925) sau d o d o i t h a n h C p n g san dang. A n N a m Cong san dang va D o n g D u o n g Cong san lien doan. bo Hpi Hung Nam. N h u n g su boat d p n g rieng re eua ba to ehiie cpng san gay anh h u o n g k h o n g ce T h a n g 7 - 1926, H p i d o i ten t h a n h V i ^ t N a m each m a n g d a n g va d e n t h a n g tot den tien t r i n h phat trien ciia each mang V i ^ t N a m . fa 7 -1927, lai d o i ten la V i ^ t N a m each m a n g d o n g chi h p i . H p i da nhieu Ian ban T r u o e tinh h i n h do, N g u y e n A i Quoc lien roi khoi X i e m sang T r u n g Quoc w. de h p p nha't v o i H p i V i f t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien song k h o n g thanh. de t h o n g nha't cac to chuc cpng san. ww D e n 14 - 7 - 1928, H p i h p p D a i h p i t ^ i Hue^ quyet d j n h d o i ten t h a n h D a n g V o i chuc trach la phai v i e n ciia Quoc te'Cpng san c6 q u y e n quyet d j n h m p i v a n de lien q u a n t o i p h o n g trao each m a n g 6 D o n g D u o n g . N g u y e n A i Quoc Tan V i f t. trieu tap dai bieu eiia D o n g D u o n g Cong san dang den Ciru L o n g de ban vi^e D a n g Tan Viet chii t r u o n g lanh dao quan c h i i n g 6 t r o n g nuoc va lien lac v o i thong nha't D a n g . cac d a n tpc b j ap buc tren t h e ' g i o i de d a n h d o dequo'c c h i i nghia n h a m thiet , T u ngay 6 - 1 den 7 - 2 - 1930, H p i nghj h p p nha't D a n g hpp 6 C u u L o n g lap m p t xa h p i b i n h dSng va bac ai. D a n g tap h p p n h i i n g t r i thuc nho va thanh ( H u o n g Cang) d o N g u y e n A i Quoc chvi t r i . H p i nghj nha't t r i h p p nha't ba to nien tieu t u san yeu nuoc. D j a ban hoat d p n g chii yeu 6 T r u n g K i . chuc cpng san thanh m p t d a n ^ d u y nha't lay ten la D a n g C p n g san^yi^t N a m . D a n g Tan Vi?t ra d o i va hoat d p n g t r o n g dieu k i f n H p i Vi?t N a m Cach j m a n g T h a n h nien phat trien m a n h nen tu t u o n g each m ^ n g ciia N g u y e n A i 32 3,^
  18. Quoc va duong 161 cua Hpi c6 anh huang cuon hiit nhieu dang vien tre, tien Mai, Ton Quang Nguyen Khac Nhu, tien aia Dang Tan Vi§t. Phi?t Pho Due Chinh Mpt so' dang vien tien tien da chuyen sang Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach mang Thanh Lyc lupng Cong nhan, tri thiic, Nhieu tang lop Tu san, tieu tu san, nien. So dang vien tien tien con lai thi tich cue chuan bi de tien tai thanh lap thanh nien yeu nuoc. gom tieu tu san, dja ehu, cong chuc, mpt chinh dang theo tu tuong each m^ng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc, cua hpc thuyet hoc sinh, sinh binh linh nguai Mac - Lenin. vien. Vi?t... c) Vift Nam Quoc dan dang i Nhiem vu Truyen ba chu nghia Danh duoi thye Danh duoi de quoc, / Vi?t Nam Quoc dan dang duQ^c thanh lap ngay 25 -12 -1927. Hat nhan dau Mac - Lenin, dao tao dan Phap nhung xoa bo ngoi vua, 01 tien ciia Dang la Nam dong thu xa, mpt nha xuat ban tien bp do Ph^m Tuah can bp lam each mang. chua CO duong thie't lap dan quyen. oc Tai lap ra dau nam 1927. loi ro ret. iH Vi^t Nam Quoc dan dang do Nguyen Thai Hpc, Pho Due Chinh... sang lap Xu huong Lam each mang dan Phan hoa theo Di theo con duong Da la mpt chinh dang theo khuynh hudng each m^ing dan chii tu san, dai bleu cho chii, lam each mang hai huang. tu an nhung bj be hi tu san dan tpc Vi^t Nam. v6 san. tac, tan ra. nT Liic moi thanh lap. Dang chua c6 myc dich ton chi ro r|t ma chi neu chung * Cac dieu ki#n dan toi vi?c thanh l?p Vi?t Nam Quoc dan dang va nhung non uO chung la: "Truoc lam dan tpc each mang, sau lam the gioi each mang". yeu aia to chuc do ve chinh trj, tu tirong, to chuc va phuong thuc ho^t dpng. ie Ve sau, myc dich ciia Dang la doan ket lye lupng de: iL - Dim kien thanh lap: - Day manh each mang dan tpc Ta Sau Chien tranh the gioi thu nha't, tu tuong each mang tu san tiep tyc dpi - Xay dyng nen dan chu true tiep s/ vao Vi^t Nam, tieu bieu la anh huong chii nghia Tam dan eiia Ton Trung Son. - Giiip do cac dan tpc bj ap buc up Anh huong cua chuong trinh khai thac thupc dja Ian thii hai, giai cap tu san Ban chuong trinh hanh dpng ctia Dang cong bo nam 1929 da neu nguyen ro ra doi va ngay cang phat trien. tac ciia Dang la: "Tu do - Binh dang - Bdc ai". /g Phong trao yeu nuoc theo khuynh huong dan ehii tu san nhung nam 1919 - Chuong trinh boat dpng cua Dang chia thanh 4 thoi ki euol cung la bat hpp tac om 1925 phat trien manh me. v6i Chinh phii Phap va trieu dinh nha Nguyen, c6 dpng bai cong, danh duoi .c - Nhieng non yeu: ' gi$c Phap, danh do ngoi vua, thie't lap dan quyen. ok Ve chinh tri, tu tuong quoc: Lay chii nghia Tam dan ciia Ton Trung Son, mpt Vift Nam Quoc dan dang chu truong tien hanh "each mang bang sat va bo trao luu dan chii tu san thjnh hanh 6 Trung Quoc lam nen tang chinh trj, tu tuong; mau", chu trpng lay lye lupng chii luc. ce nhung nhiing nguyen tac, chinh sach eo tinh each mang da bj Ipai bo (Khau hi^u To chuc CO so cua Dang trong quan chiing rat it. Dja ban hoat dpng cua Dang fa Binh quan dja quyen, chinh sach Lien Nga, lien Cpng phu trp cong nong). chi bo h§p trong mpt so'dja phuong 6 Bac Ki con 6 Trung Ki khong dang ke. w. Ton chi, myc dich: Con chung chung, khong ro rang (nhSm danh duoi giSc * So sanh ba to chuc yeu nuoc each mang: Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach m^ng ww Phap, danh do ngoi vua, sau cung thie't lap dan quyen). Ve to chuc: Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach Dang Tan Vi?t Vift Nam quoc Day la dang each mang theo khuynh huong dan chii tu san, tieu bieu cho mang Thanh nien dan dang bp phan tu san dan tpc do Nguyen Thai Hpc, Pham Tuan Tai, Nguyen Kh^c Thoi gian Tu thang 6 - 1925 Tu thang 7 - 1927 Tir thang 12 - 1927 Nhu va Pho Due Chinh sang l^p, chii truong xay dyng thanh 4 cap tir trung hoat dpng denthang7-1929 den cuoi nam den dau 1930 uong: Tong bp, Ki bp, Tinh bp den Chi bp eo so nhung chua bao gi6 tr6 thanh 1929 Lanh d^o h? tho'ng trong ca nuoc. Nguyen Ai Quo'c Tang lop tri thue Nguyin Thai hpc, tu san: Dgng Thai Pham Tuan Tai, 35
  19. Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khang Vift Thanh p h a n d a n g v i e n t r o n g V i f t N a m quo'c dan d a n g p h u c tap, ke't nap Ciia N g u y e n A i Quo'c ve con d u o n g giai p h o n g dan tpc tren lap t r u o n g v6 san hoc sinh, sinh vien, cong chuc, t u san dan tpc, p h t i nong, than hao dia chu va o Vi?t N a m . C o n d u o n g each m a n g tren lap t r u o n g v 6 san d a p u n g d u p e yeu ca m o t so b i n h h'nh n g u o i Viet t r o n g quan d p i Phap. cau co ban cua dan tpc va ciia nhan dan V i ^ t N a m . V i vay, con d u o n g each La m p t d a n g hoat d p n g b i mat n h u n g to chuc l o n g leo, k i luat thieu n g h i e m mang v 6 san, cac to chuc each m a n g tren lap t r u o n g v 6 san d u p e quan c h i i n g m i n h , ke't nap d a n g v i e n bua bai, t h y c dan Phap Ipi d u n g so h o nay d u a tay nhan dan hau t h u a n ngay cang chiem u u the'va da g i u vai tro chii dao t r o n g chan vao dang, theo d o i n a m bat m p i hoat d o n g cua d a n g va cha d j p ra tay p h o n g trao each m a n g Vi?t N a m . dan ap. 2. P h o n g trao d a u t r a n h ciia g i a i cap cong n h a n t r o n g n h i i n g n a m 1925 - 1929. / P h u o n g t h i i c hoat d o n g : C h u t r u o n g bao d o n g v u trang, i t c h i i y den tuyen 01 E)|c d i e m va y n g h i a ciia no d o i v o i vi^c t h a n h l a p D a n g C p n g san V i ^ t N a m t r u y e n van d p n g q u a n c h i i n g . K h o n g c6 co quan ngon l u a n hoac tai l i ^ u v a n oc *Dien bien: ^ kien chinh t h u c de giai thich ton chi, muc dich. K h o n g c6 l i l u a n l a m co so cho iH T r o n g hai n a m 1926 -1927, da no ra 27 eupe da'u tranh eiia cong nhan. d u o n g l o i va p h u o n g phap da'u tranh nen hoat d g n g thien ve q u a n sy, nang ve Da C u o i n a m 1928, sau k h i co chii t r u o n g "v6 san hod", nhieu can bp H p i V i ^ t am sat ca nhan. hi N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien d i vao cae nha may, h a m mo, d o n dien, c i i n g sinh * N g u y e n n h a n c h u n g dan den qua t r i n h c h u y e n hoa ciia H p i V i ^ t N a m nT hoat va lao d o n g v o i cong nhan de tuyen t r u y e n v a n d p n g each mang, nang Cach m a n g T h a n h n i e n , s u p h a n hoa cua T a n V i # t , s y that b a i cua V i ^ t N a m uO cao y t h u c c h i n h t r j eho giai cap cong nhan. Phong trao cong nhan phat trien Q u o c dan d a n g . ie mgnh, t r o thanh n o n g cot ciia phong trao dan tpc t r o n g ca nuoc. T u nua sau n h i i n g nam 20 cua the k i XX 6 Vi^t N a m dien ra mot thuc te'ljch su: iL T r o n g hai n a m 1928 - 1929 da eo toi 40 eupc da'u tranh ciia cong n h a n no ra Q u a t r i n h t r u y e n ba chu nghla Mac - L e n i n va n h i i n g q u a n d i e m cua Ta t^i cae t r u n g tam k i n h t e - c h i n h t r j . D o la bai cong ciia cong n h a n m o than M a o N g u y e n A i Quoc ve d u a n g 161 each m a n g tren lap t r u o n g v 6 san a V i ^ t N a m s/ Khe, nha m a y nuoc L a - r u y Sai Gon, d o n dien Lpe N i n h , nha m a y cua Ben d o H o i V i ^ t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien tie'n hanh. N h u n g c h i n h s u phat trien up T h i i y , nha m a y xi m a n g H a i Phong, nha may in Pooc-tay Sai Gon, d o n dien cao d o lai vug-t qua tam lanh dao cua H g i . De dap u n g yeu cau t h u c tien each ro su Cam T i e m , hang dau N h a Be, nha may to N a m D j n h v . v . m a n g V i ^ t N a m liic nay, H p i Vi?t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien da chuyen hoa /g thanh hai to chuc C o n g san: D o n g D u o n g Cong san d a n g (6 -1929) va A n N a m Cae eupe bai cong do khong chi giai han trong mot pham v i mot xuong, mot dia om Cpng san d a n g (8 -1929). .c phuong, mpt nganh ma da bat dau co su lien ke't thanh phong trao chung. C u n g chju anh h u o n g ngay cang sau sac ciia con d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san, C u n g v o i cac eupc bai cong ciia cong nhan, cac eupe da'u t r a n h ciia n o n g ok nen Tan Viet each m a n g d a n g c i i n g co su phan hoa: M o t bp p h a n tien tie'n ciia dan, tieu t h u o n g , tieu chii, hoc sinh c i i n g da dien ra a m p t so n o i . bo Tan Viet da gia nhap vao H p i V i ^ t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien; m o t bp p h a n * Dac diem: ce con lai sau nay tie'n den thanh lap D o n g D u o n g cpng san lien d o a n . Phong trao no ra lien tue, r p n g khap. '^ fa N h i e u nha may, x i nghi^p thanh lap dupe Cong h p i do. w. To chuc Viet N a m Quoc dan dang theo xu h u o n g each m a n g dan chii t u Cae eupc da'u tranh da co s u p h o i hop kha chat ehe va eo su lanh dao ciia ww san. D u o n g l o i each m a n g k h o n g dap u n g yeu cau cua dan tpc, d o vay Vi^t N a m quo'c d a n d a n g k h o n g xay d y n g d u p e co so cua m i n h t r o n g cae giai cap H p i V i ^ t N a m Cach m a n g Thanh nien. CO ban, k h o n g d u p e quan c h u n g l i n g hp. D o la nguyen nhan dan den s u that K h a u hieu da'u t r a n h t u d o i quyen Ipi k i n h te chuyen sang d o i ca q u y e n Ipi bai cua khoi nghTa Yen Bai do Viet N a m quo'c dan dang khoi x u o n g va lanh dao. chinh t r j . K h o i nghia Yen Bai that bai keo theo su tan ra cua Viet N a m quoc dan dang. *Y nghia: T u thuc t e d o , ta co the n i t ra nguyen nhan c h u n g dan den s u chuyen hoa Phong trao cong nhan phat trien m a n h me co anh h u o n g r p n g Ion t r o n g ciia H p i Vi?t N a m Cach m a n g Thanh nien, su phan hoa ciia Tan V i $ t va s u that toan quoc va t h u c s u t r o thanh m p t luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j dpc lap, co sue t h u h u t bai r o i tan ra ciia V i ^ t N a m quo'c dan dang la: qua t r i n h t r u y e n ba chii nghla cae lue l u p n g xa hpi khae. Mac - L e n i n vao Vi?t N a m , cung la qua t r i n h t u y e n t r u y e n n h i i n g q u a n d i e m Su phat trien ciia p h o n g trao cong nhan da thiic day nhanh chong viee h i n h 1A thanh cac to ehiie cons san: D o n g D u o n g C p n g san dang; A n N a m C p n g san
  20. d a n g va D o n g D u o n g Cong san lien doan de den dau n a m 1930 thanh lap Cong san dang, t h o n g qua T u y e n ngon, D i e u 1$ ciia Dang, ra bao Bua Hem l a m co D a n g C p n g san V i ^ t N a m . quan n g o n l u a n va c u ra Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g ciia D a n g . 3. Q u a t r i n h p h a n hoa t u H p i V i ^ t N a m Cach m ? n g T h a n h n i e n d e n s y t h a n h K h o a n g thang 8 -1929, cac can bp lanh dao tien tieh t r o n g T o n g bp va K i bp l a p D a n g C p n g skn V i ? t N a m H p i Vipt N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien 6 N a m K i c u n g da quye't d j n h l^p An H p i V i ^ t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien d u p e t h a n h lap t u thang 6 - 1925, t ^ i t^am Cong san dang. Q u a n g Chau - T r u n g Quoc, d o N g u y e n A i Quoc sang lap. M p t so d a n g v i e n tien tieh ciia Dang Tan Vipt cung tieh cvre v a n d p n g lap N a m 1928, H p i thyc hien chii t r u o n g " v 6 san hoa", dua can bp ve nuoc hoat cac chi b p cpng san va xiic tien vipe ehuan b i lap D a n g C p n g san. T h a n g 9 - / dpng trong phong trao cong nhan nham truyen ba chu nghla Mac - Lenin cho hp. 1929, n h i r n g n g u o i cpng san t r o n g Tan Vipt t u y e n bo thanh lap Dong Ducmg 01 K h i phong trao cong nhan phat trien manh me, yeu cau phai c6 chinh dang cua Cong san lien doan. oc giai cap v6 san lanh dao. Vai tro ciia H p i Vi^t N a m khong con phia hpp nCra. c. Y nghia iH T u do, H p i Viet N a m Cach m a n g Thanh nien phan hoa n h u sau: Dap u n g yeu cau khach quan ciia each mang giai phong dan tpc 6 Vipt N a m . Da + M p t so t h a n h vien ciia H p i 6 B3c K i tien t o i thanh l$p D o n g D u o n g Cpng C h u n g to s y Ion m a n h va kha nang each m a n g ciia p h o n g trao cong nhan. hi san d a n g ( 6 - 1 9 2 9 ) . La s u ehuan b i true tie'p cho sy thanh lap D a n g C p n g san Vipt N a m . nT + M p t so t h a n h v i e n ciia H p i 6 N a m K i va Q u a n g Chau - T r u n g Quoc tieh 5, D a n g C p n g san V i p t N a m t h a n h l?p uO t o i thanh lap A n N a m C p n g san dang (8 - 1929). a. Nguyen nhan dan tai Hoi nghj thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam ie D e n n a m 1930, ca hai to chuc D o n g D u o n g C p n g san dang. A n N a m Cpng N a m 1929, d o tac d p n g ciia chii nghia Mac - Lenin, p h o n g trao cong nhan iL san c u n g v o i D o n g D u o n g C p n g san lien doan h p p nha't lai thanh D a n g Cpng phat trien m a n h , y thue giai cap, y thue chinh t r j ngay cang ro rpt. C i i n g v o i cac Ta san V i ^ t N a m . p h o n g trao dau t r a n h yeu nuoc khae, ke't thanh m p t Ian song each m a n g dan s/ 4. H o a n canh l i c h su, q u a t r i n h t h a n h l ^ p va y n g h i a l } c h s u ciia s v xuat h i ^ n tpc, dan chii m a n h me, t r o n g d o giai cap cong nhan da t h y c s y t r o thanh l y e up cac to chuc c p n g san n a m 1929 ro l u p n g tien p h o n g . T h y c tien d o d o i hoi cap thie't sy lanh dao t h o n g nha't, chat /g a. Hoan canh lich sik che ciia m p t c h i n h d a n g ciia giai cap v6 san. om Cuoi n a m 1928 dau nam 1929, chii nghia Mac - Lenin dupe truyen ba sau rpng T r o n g k h i d o , d Vipt N a m da xuat hipn ba to chuc cpng san, ba to chuc nay .c vao V i f t N a m , tao dieu ki^n cho phong trao cong nhan phat trien manh me. lai nay sinh m a u t h u a n , n h u tranh gianh dang vien, t r a n h g i a n h q u a n chiing, ok V a i tro lanh dao ciia H p i Vipt N a m Cach m a n g Thanh nien k h o n g con p h u tranh gianh anh. h u o n g , t h a m chi con bai xich Ian nhau l a m cho quan c h i i n g bo h p p nua, can c6 c h i n h dang v6 san lanh dao de d u a p h o n g trao phat trien. k h o n g bie't theo sy l a n h dao ciia to chuc nao. T i n h h i n h ngay cang keo dai, ce h. Qua trinh thanh lap cang bat I p i cho each m a n g . fa C u o i thang 3 - 1929, v o i su nhay cam ve c h i n h t r j , m p t so'hpi v i e n tien tieh T r u o c t i n h h i n h ay, d u p e sy uy n h i p m ciia Quoc te cpng san, N g u y e n A i w. ciia H p i V i ^ t N a m Cach m a n g Thanh nien 6 Bac K i h p p tai so nha 5 D p h o H a m Quoc da trieu tap H p i nghj g o m cac dai bieu ciia cac to chuc cpng san de ban ww L o n g (Ha N p i ) lap ra C h i bp cpng san dau tien 6 V i ^ t N a m g o m c6 7 d a n g vien. vipe h p p nha't t h a n h m p t Dang, tai C u u L o n g , canh H u o n g Cang ( T r u n g Quoc) C h i bp m o r p n g cupc v a n d p n g de thanh lap m p t d a n g cpng san n h a m thay the t u ngay 6 - 1 den ngay 7 - 2 -1930. cho H p i Vipt N a m Cach m a n g Thanh nien. Sang lap ra D a n g C p n g san Vipt N a m la cong lao to Ion ciia N g u y e n A i Tir ngay 1 den ngay 9 - 5 - 1929, Dai hpi Ian t h i i nha't ciia H p i Vipt N a m Quo'e d o l v o i dan tpc va giai cap. Cach m a n g T h a n h nien h p p tai H u o n g Cang. Tai D a i h p i , doan dai bieu Bac K i b. Ngi dung Hpi nghj thanh lap Dang d|t van de thanh lap ngay Dang Cpng san de thay the H p i Vipt N a m Cach mang N g u y e n A i Quoc da phe p h a n nhCrng quan d i e m sai l a m ciia m o i to chuc Thanh nien, song khong dupe dai hpi chap nhan nen da bo dai hpi ve nuoc. cpng san rieng re va neu ro ehuong t r i n h ciia H p i n g h i . N g a y 1 7 - 6 - 1929 dai bieu cac to chiic co so cpng san 6 m i e n BSc hpp dai i H p i nghj da thao l u a n va nha't t r i t h o n g nha't cac to chuc cpng san thanh m p t h p i tai nha so 312 p h o K h a m Thien, H a N p i , quye't d j n h thanh lap Dong Duong D a n g d u y nha't la'y ten la D a n g Cpng san Vipt N a m , t h o n g qua c h i n h c u o n g 39
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