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Bồi dưỡng kiến thức cho học sinh giỏi Lịch sử 12 (Tái bản, sửa chữa, bổ sung): Phần 2

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Nối tiếp nội dung phần 1 tài liệu Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Lịch sử 12, phần 2 cung cấp cho người đọc các kiến thức: Lịch sử Việt Nam hiện đại (từ năm 1975 đến năm 2000), lịch sử thế giới hiện đại (từ năm 1917 đến năm 2000). Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo.

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Nội dung Text: Bồi dưỡng kiến thức cho học sinh giỏi Lịch sử 12 (Tái bản, sửa chữa, bổ sung): Phần 2

  1. D i f m , va nhan m a n h ; ngoai con d u o n g d i i n g bao luc each mang, nhan dan phong trao dau tranh ciia quan c h i i n g chong " t o c p n g " , " d i # t c p n g " , d o i t h i m i e n N a m k h o n g c6 con d u a n g nao khac. lianh H i ? p d j n h Gionevo, d o i hoa b i n h , dan chii..., da d i tir dau t r a n h c h i n h t r j Dugc N g h j quye't 15 cua T r u n g u o n g soi sang, p h o n g trao noi day t u cho U. (Jen ket h o p v o i dau t r a n h v u trang t u v#. te 6 t u n g dia p h u o n g Ian rong khap m i e n N a m thanh cao trao each mang, tieu H p i n g h j Ian t h u 15 Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g xac d j n h eon d i r o n g bieu v o i cugc " D o n g k h o i " a Ben Tre. phat trien co ban cua each m a n g m i e n N a m la khai nghia gianh chinh quyen bang * Dien bien luc luang chinh tri ciia quan chung la chu yeu, ket hap vai luc luang vu trang. Cupc noi day a VTnh Thanh (Binh D j n h ) , Bac A i ( N i n h Thuan) thang 2-1959. Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " rpng Ion, tieu bieu la k h o i nghia Tra Bong va noi / 6 Tra Bong (Quang N g a i ) thang 8 - 1959, roi Ian ra k h l p m i e n N a m thanh cao day 6 Ben Tre. D e n n a m 1960 6 hang t r a m xa thon c h i n h q u y e n d i c h tan ra, 01 trao each mang, tieu bieu v o i cuoe "Dong k h a i " 6 Ben Tre. chinh q u y e n each m a n g dupe h i n h thanh. oc Tai Ben Tre, ngay 17 - 1 -1960, cuoe " D o n g k h o i " no ra 6 ba xa d i e m la D j n h Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " da d u a toi sir ra d o i ciia Mat tran Dan tgc giai phong iH T h u y , Binh K h a n h va Phuac H i e p thupc h u y e n M o Cay roi n h a n h chong Ian ra mien Nam Viet Nam (20 - 1 - 1960), thanh lap T r u n g u o n g cue m i e n N a m , Q u a n Da cac huyen Ian can. giai p h o n g m i e n N a m . " D o n g k h o i " da lam l u n g lay c h i n h q u y e n N g o D i n h hi H o a n h i p v o i cuoe " D o n g k h o i " 6 Ben Tre, nhan dan cac t i n h Tay N i n h , M l Di?ni va giang m o t d o n nang ne vao chinh sach thuc d a n k i e u m o i cua M i . nT Tho, Tan A n , Tra V i n h , Bac L i e u , Rach Gia, ca M a u , C h a u Doc, L o n g Xuyen, N h u vay, each m a n g m i e n N a m da tir dau tranh chinh tri giie gin life luang uO Soc Trang, Can T h o , K i e n Phong, Kien Tuong... d o n g loat noi day, l a m chii 2/3 lien dan len dau tranh chinh tri hap vai dau tranh vu. trang, khai nghia gianh ie xa ap. Tir giira n a m 1960 t r o d i , p h o n g trao " D o n g k h o i " Ian ra k h a p cac t i n h tu quyen lam chu, phat trien thanh chien tranh each mang. iL Ca M a u cac t i n h ven bien m i e n T r u n g va Tay N g u y e n . d. Qua phong trao Dong khai a mien Nam (1959 - 1960) "y Dang, long dan Ta *m qua gap nhau". s/ T h i n g Igi cua p h o n g trao " D o n g k h o i " m o ra v u n g g i a i p h o n g r p n g Ion, Tir k h i M i thay chan Phap xam lupc mien N a m V i ^ t N a m , d u d i su lanh dao up l i e n hoan. dia Dang, nhan dan ta d u n g len thuc h i ^ n cupc khang chien chong M i c i h i nuoe. ro Tir n a m 1954 den nam 1958, nhan dan m i e n N a m vira d a u tranh, vira t i m /g Thang Ipi ciia p h o n g trao " D o n g k h o i " dan den sir ra d o i ciia M a t tran dan kiem con d u o n g dau tranh cho p h i i h o p . M o dau la "phong trao hoa binh" cua om tQC giai p h o n g m i e n N a m V i ^ t N a m ngay 20 -12 -1960. tri thuc va cua tang Idp nhan dan Sai Gon - C h p L o n thang 8 - 1954. D e n thang .c *Ynghia 11 - 1954, M l - D i e m tien hanh k h i i n g bo, dan ap, l i i n g bat cac nha lanh dao ok Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " thang Igi d a n h dau buoc ngo3t cua each mang phong trao. N h u n g p h o n g trao dau tranh v i mue tieu hoa b i n h ciia cac tang l o p bo m i e n N a m , chuyen each m a n g tir the g i u g i n lire l u p n g sang the tien cong. nhan dan tiep tuc d a n g cao, Ian rpng, loi cuo'n hang t r i | u n g u o i t h a m gia, g o m ce C h a m d u t t h o i k i o n d j n h t a m t h o i che d p t h y c d a n m o i eiia M I 6 m i e n ta't ca cae tang l o p nhan dan, cac dang phai, cac dan tpc i t n g u o i . . . h i n h thanh fa N a m , m o ra t h o i k i k h i i n g hoang cua che dp Sai Gon. nen mat tran chong M I - D i e m . w. c, Phong trao "Dong khai" (1959 - 1960) da chuym each mang mien Nam tit ww the gia gin luc luqng sang the tien cong T r u o c Ian song d a u t r a n h m a n h me cua d o n g bao m i e n N a m , MT - D i ^ m M l xam lupc m i e n N a m V i f t N a m , d u n g len c h i n h q u y e n N g o D i n h D i ? m , cang ra sue d a n ap, l a m cho nhieu co so each m a n g b j v 6 16 n h u n g chung a m m i m chia eat lau dai dat nude ta, bien m i e n N a m thanh thupc dia kieu m o i khong the dap tit d u p e p h o n g trao. Gang d a n ap, p h o n g trao d a u tranh each va cSn c i i quan sy ciia M I . T h y c h i ^ n chinh sach " t o epng", " d i ^ t c p n g " , " l u a t •n^ng cang dang cao. 10-59", "cai each d i e n d j a " , lap " k h u d i n h d i e n " , " k h u trii mat"... M i D i ^ m da V o i k h i the d a u t r a n h cua d o n g bao m i e n N a m n h u vay, ngay 15 - 1 - 1 9 5 9 , k i m k?p, boe Ipt va dan ap kho'c l i ^ t , p h o n g trao each m a n g m i e n N a m b j ton I>ang ta t r i f u tap H p i n g h j Ian t h u 15 Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g quye't d j n h that n ^ n g ne.
  2. 3Si dtrdn^ HSG Ljch Si> 12 - The. TnKmg N0< v rh,r, * Am mini va thi'i doan cua Mi m a n g m i e n N a m la "dua vao luc l u a n g c h i n h t r i cua quan c h i i n g la chii ye'u MT de ra" k e h o a c h Xtalay - Tay-lo" v o i npi d u n g chu ye'u la b i n h d j n h m i e n ket h o p v o i luc l u o n g v u trang de danh do ach thong trj ciia d e q u o c va phong N a m t r o n g v o n g 18 thang. kien, thiet lap c h i n h quyen each m a n g cua nhan d a n " . T h u c h i ^ n k e h o a c h , MT tang c u o n g v i ^ n t r p cho quan s u D i e m , tang nhanh D u o i anh sang N g h j quyet 15 cua Dang, p h o n g trao dau t r a n h cua d o n g bao lire l u p n g quan d p i Sai G o n , tie'n hanh d o n dan lap " A p chien lupc", su d u n g m i e n N a m no ra n h u nuoc v o bo. M o dau la cac cupc k h o i nghla t u n g phan pho bien cac chien thuat m o i "true thang van", "thiet xa van". Vien t r p quan sy n h u : cuoc noi day 6 VTnh Thanh (Binh D i n h ) , Bac Ai ( N i n h Thuan) thang 2 - ciia MT tang gap d o i . Bp chi h u y quan su MT ( M A C V ) d u p e thanh lap tai Sai 1959. 6 Tra Bong (Quang N g a i ) thang 8 - 1959, roi Ian ra khap m i e n N a m Gon ngay 8 - 2 - 1 9 6 2 . / 01 t h a n h cao t r a o each m a n g , tieu bieu v o i cuoc " D o n g k h o i " 6 Ben Tre ngay " A p chien lupc" dupe xem n h u " X u o n g song ciia "chien t r a n h dac b i ^ t " va oc 17 _ 1 _ I960. H o a n h j p v o i cuoc " D o n g k h o i " o Ben Tre, nhan d a n cac t i n h Tay nang len thanh "quoc sach". C h u n g coi viec lap: A p chien l u p c " n h u m o t cupc iH N i n h , M i Tho, Tan A n , Tra V i n h , Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, Ca M a u , Chau Doc, Lonj; chien tranh tong luc n h a m day luc l u p n g each mang ra khoi cac ap, tach dan ra Da X u y e n , Soc Trang, Can Tho, Kien Phong, Kien T u o n g . . . d o n g loat noi day. khoi each mang, tien toi nam dan, thuc hien chuong trinh "binh d j n h " mien N a m . hi " D o n g k h o i " con Ian ra khap cac tinh t u Ca M a u cac t i n h ven bien m i e n T r u n g b. Mien Nam chien dau chong chien luac "Chien tranh dac hiet" cua Mi nT va Tay N g u y e n . D a p l i n g yeu cau ciia each mang t u k h o i nghla t u n g phan phat trien len uO Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " t h ^ n g Igi danh dau buoc ngoat cua each mang chien tranh each m a n g , chong "Chien tranh d^c biet" ciia MT va chinh q u y e n ie m i e n N a m , chuyen each m a n g tir the g i u gin luc l u g n g sang the tie'n cong. ,'Sai Gon. iL C h a m d u t t h o i k i on d j n h tam thoi c h e d o thuc dan m o i cua MT a m i e n N a m , M a t tran dan tpc giai p h o n g m i e n N a m ra d o i (20 - 12 - 1960), T r u n g u o n g Ta m o ra t h o i k i k h u n g hoang cua c h e d o Sai Gon. Cyc mien N a m V i ^ t N a m thanh lap (1 - 1 - 1961), cac l y e l u p n g v u trang each s/ N h u vay, n h o c6 N g h j quyet 15 ciia D a n g soi d u o n g p h o n g trao dau tranh mang thong nha't thanh Quan giai phong mien Nam (5 - 2 - 1961). up cua d o n g bao m i e n N a m dien ra soi noi, m a n h me, quyet liet va da gianh dupe D u o i n g p n co doan ket c i i u n u o c ciia M a t tran dan tpc giai p h o n g do D a n g ro thSng Ipi v o cung to Ion. D o chinh la l i do de giai thich cau noi ciia d o n g chi i a n h dao, quan giai p h o n g m i e n N a m ciing v o i nhan dan day m a n h dau tranh /g N g u y e n C h i Thanh: " Q u a p h o n g trao D o n g k h o i o m i e n N a m (1959 - 1960) y chong M l va c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon, ket h p p dau tranh c h i n h t r i v o i dau tranh om Dang, long dan gap n h a u " . Y D a n g 6 day la N g h i quyet 15 va long dan la sue .c v u trang, noi day v o i tien cong tren ca ba v u n g chien lupc ( r u n g n i i i , nong thon, m a n h quat k h o i cua d o n g bao mien N a m . dong bang, do thj), tien cong dich bang ca ba m i i i chinh t r j , quan sy, b i n h van. ok T r o n g nhu-ng nam 1961 - 1962, quan giai p h o n g da day l u i nhieu cupc chien 2. T h a i k i tu nam 1961 den nam 1965: Mien Nam chien dau chong " C h i e n bo cong, d o n g t h o i v o i tien cong tieu diet nhieu d o n bot le ciia djch. N a m 1962 tranh dac bi?t" cua MT ce quan dan ta da tien hanh nhieu cupc can quet Ion ciia d j c h vao chien k h u D , a. C h i e n luQfc " C h i e n tranh dac bi?t" ciia de quoc M I a mien N a m fa (cSn c i i U M i n h , Tay N i n h va Tay Bac Sai Gon. * Khdi nicm vc "Chien tranh dac bict": Chien lupc "Chien tranh dac b i f t " la w. Cupc dau t r a n h chong va pha " A p chien lupc" d i l n ra gay go, quyet li?t m o t h i n h t h i i c chien tranh xam lupc thuc dan m o i , d u p e tien hanh bMng quan ww giOa ta va d i c h , co hang chuc tri?u l u p t n g u o i tham gia pha " A p chien lupc" d i d p i tay sai, d u o i s u chi buy ciia he thong "co v a n " M I , d u a vao v u k h i , trang bi 6i v o i xay d y n g lang chien tranh. V o i quyet tam " m o t ta'c da't k h o n g d i , m p t l i ki thuat, p h u o n g tien chien tranh cua M I , nham chong lai cac l y c l u p n g each hong r o i " , nhan dan m i e n N a m kien quyet b a m da't, giir lang, pha d e ' k i m k?p m a n g va nhan dan ta. ciia d i c h . * Hoan cdnh: Sau p h o n g trao " D o n g k h o i " (1959 - 1960), nhan d a n ta 6 mien M I va c h i n h q u y e n Sai G o n d u tap t r u n g siic vao d o n d a n lap " A p chien N a m tiep tuc noi day, ket h o p dau tranh chinh t r j v o i dai tranh vu trang chong lupc" n h u n g cGng chi t h y c hien d u p e m p t phan k e h o a c h . D e n cuoi n a m 1962, M l va c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon. T r o n g k h i do tren the g i o i , p h o n g trao giai phong each m a n g k i e m soat tren nira tong so v o i gan 70% n o n g dan. dan tpc dang len m a n h me, true tiep de doa he thong thupc dja ciia chu nghuT Chien thSng A p Bac danh dau b u o c t r u o n g thanh ciia l y c l u o n g v u trang dequoc. each m a n g m i e n N a m , da d a n h bai cac bi?n phap chien thuat: true thang van", 145
  3. "thiei xa van" cua d\ch, danh sap long tin ciia quan dpi Sai Gon vao trang bj vu "Chien tranh cue bp" la loai hinh chien tranh xam lupc thyc dan moi, dupe khi hien dai ciia M i . Chien thang nay cung chiing minh quan dan nnien Nam tien hanh bang luc lupng quan dpi M i , quan dong minh ciia M i va quan dpi Sai hoan toan c6 kha nang danh bai "Chien tranh dac bi§t" cua M I va chinh quyen Gon nham chong lai each mang va nhan dan mien Nam. Sai Gon, sau tr^n A p Bac, phong trao "thi dua Ap Bac giet giac lap cong" day len De thyc hi^n "Chien tranh eye bp", vua moi vao mien Nam, M i da cho quan k h i p mien Nam. ina ra ngay cupc hanh quan " t i m di^t" vao cSn cii ciia Quan giai phong 6 Van Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj aia cac tang lop nhan dan trong cac do thj, Ttrong (Quang Ngai). Tiep do. M i mo lien hai cupc phan cong chien lupc miia ca 6 nhung thanh pho Ion nhu Sai Gon, Hue, Da Nang, c6 nhung buoc phat y i o (dong - xuan) 1965 - 1966 va 1966 - 1967 bang hang loat cupc hanh quan trien manh me, noi h^t la dau tranh cua "dpi quan toe dai" cua cac ba m? va cac / "tim diet" va "binh dinh" vao vung: "dat thanh Vi^t Cpng". 01 chi; cua cac tin do Ph^t giao chong lai sy dan ap, ki thj ton giao ciia chinh b. Chien dau chong chien lucre "Chien tranh cue bg" cua Ml oc quyen Diem. Voi y chi khong gi lay chuyen "Quyei chien quyel thdng giac Mi xam lucre" iH Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj 6 do thj ciing voi phong trao pha "Ap chien dupe sy phoi hpp chien dau va chi vi?n ciia mien B^e, quan dan ta mien Nam Da lupc" 6 nong thon va nhung don tien cong lien tiep ciia cac lire lupng vu trang da anh dung chien dau va lien tiep gianh thang Ipi. hi each mang da day nhanh qua trinh suy sup ciia chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Di^m. 6 Van Tuong (Quang Ngai) vao ngay 18 - 8 -1965, sau mpt ngay chien dau, nT Sau khi len lam l o n g thong, Giionxon quyet djnh day manh hon nCra mpt trung doan ehii luc ciia ta cung voi quan du kich va nhan dan dja phuong uO "Chien tranh dac bi?t". Ke hoach Gionxon - Mac Namara thay the ke hoach da day lui dupe cupc hanh quan ciia d}ch, loai khoi vong chien dau 900 djch, ie Xtalay - Taylo dupe vach ra nham tang cuong vi^n trp quan su, on djnh chinh ban chay 22 xe tang va xe bpe thep, ha 13 may bay. iL quyen Sai Gon, binh djnh mien Nam c6 trpng diem trong 2 nam (1964 -1965). Van Tuong dupe coi la "Ap Bac" do'i voi quan M i va quan dong minh, mo Ta Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj phat trien trong cac do thi, nhat la 6 cac do dau cao trao "71m Mi ma danh liing nguy ma diet" tren kh3p mien Nam. Nhieu s/ thj Ion Sai Gon, Hue, Da N i n g , cang lam roi loan hau phuong ciia dich. Phong "Vanh dai diet Mi" xuat hi?n nhu 6 Hoa Vang, Chu Lai (Quang Nam), Cu Chi up trao dang cao, eang thu hiit nhieu nguoi tham gia. (Sai Gon)... Mpt phong trao thi dua tro thanh "Dung st diet Mi" vk "Dcm vi anh ro Sau chien thang Ap Bac, quan giai phong nhanh chong truong thanh va tien hiing diet Mt" soi noi khap noi. ,» rs ii r /g len danh nhirng tran c6 quy mo Ion. Cuoi nam 1964, quan va dan Dong Nam Sau tran Van Tuong kha nang chien t h i n g M I trong "Chien tranh cue bp" om Bp mo chien djch tien cong Dong - Xuan 1964 -1965 voi tran mo man danh vao ciia quan dan ta eon tiep tuc dupe ehung minh trong hai mua kho. .c ap Binh Gia. ok Buoc vao kho thu nhat (Dong - Xuan 1965 -1966) voi 720 000 quan, djch mo Thira t h i n g sau chien thang Binh Gia, quan giai phong va nhan dan mien bo dpt phan cong voi 450 cupc hanh quan, trong do c6 5 cupc hanh quan "tim di?t" Nam day manh tien cong Xuan - He 1965 va gianh nhieu thang Ipi trong cac ce Ion, n h i m vao hai huong chien lupc chinh 6 Dong Nam Bp va Lien Khu V, voi chien djch A n Lao (Binh Djnh), Ba Gia (Quang Ngai), Dong Xoai (Bien Hoa). fa myc tieu danh bai chii lye Quan giai phong. Tung don vj Ion ciia djch bi tieu di?t gpn, hoac thi^t hai nang. Quan dpi Sai w. Quan dan ta trong the tran chien tranh nhan dan, voi nhieu phuong thue Gon, lyc lupng nong cot ciia "Chien tranh dac bi^t", khong con dii siic duong ww tac chien, da chan danh djch tren mpi huong, chii dpng tien cong dich tren dau voi cupc tien cong Ion ciia quan giai phong va dung trudc nguy co tan ra. mpi noi. Quan ta da loai khoi vong chien dau 104 000 dich, ban roi 1 430 3. Thai ki Kr nim 1965 den nam 1968: Mien Nam chien dau chong "Chien n^ay bay. tranh c\ic b p " cua M I Buoc vao mua kho thu hai (Dong - Xuan 1966 - 1967), voi lyc lupng dupe a. Chien luge "Chien tranh cue bq" ciia dequoc Mt a mien Nam *Sng len hon 980 000 quan, chiing mo dpt phan cong voi 895 cupc hanh quan, Sau that bai chien lupc "Chien tranh dMc bi^t", M I day manh chien tranh *rong do c6 3 cupc hanh quan Ion "tim diet" va "binh dinh", ion nhat la cupc xam lupc mien Nam, chuyen sang chien lupc "Chien tranh cue bo" va mo rpng hanh quan Gianxon Xiti danh vao can cu Duong Minh Chau (B3c Tay Ninh), chien tranh pha hoai" mien Bac. ^ a m tieu di^t quan chii lyc va co quan dau nao ciia ta. 147
  4. C u n g v o i n h u n g cuoc chii d o n g tien cong d i c h tren chien t r u a n g T r j - chung da nhanh chong to chuc lai luc l u g n g phan cong quan ta gap k h o n g it Thien, D u o n g so 9... quan ta m o m a n g hang loat tran phan cong danh bai cac kho khan va ton that. Q u a n each mang vao chie'm giCr thanh pho t r o n g d g t 1 bl cuoc hanh quan " t i m diet" va " b i n h d j n h " cua djch. Loai k h o i v o n g chien da'u day ra ngoai. 151 000 ten d i c h , bin r o i 1 231 may bay. * y nghia: Mac d i i co n h i r n g ton that va h ^ n che'do, cupc T o n g tien cong va 6 hau k h i p cac v i i n g nong thon, quan c h i i n g dug-c sir ho trg- cua l y c l u g n g noi day co y nghIa he't sue to Idn: v u trang da d u n g len da'u tranh chong ach k i m kep ciia d j c h , pha t u n g mang L a m l u n g lay y chi xam lugec cua quan M I , bugc M I phai t u y e n bo " p h i M I "Ap chien luge". T r o n g hau khap cac thanh t h j , giai cap cong nhan, cac tang i6p hoa" chien tranh xam luge (tue thua nhan that bai cua "Chien tranh cue bg"). / nhan dan lao d o n g khac, hoc sinh, sinh vien, Phat t u , b i n h sT Sai Gon... da'u M I phai t u y e n bdeha'm d u t k h o n g dieu kien chien tranh pha hoai m i e n Bae, 01 tranh d o i M i riit ve nude, d o i t u do dan chu. V i i n g giai p h o n g d u g c m o rong, chju den ban d a m phan 6 Pa ri de ban ve cha'm d u t chien tranh. oc u y t i n cua M a t tran dan toe giai p h o n g m i e n N a m d u g c nang cao tren t r u o n g Cuoc T o n g tien cong va noi day da m o ra buoc ngoat cua eugc k h a n g chien iH quoe te. chong M I c i i u nuoe cua quan dan ta. Da Den euoi nam 1967, M a t tran giai p h o n g c6 eo quan t h u o n g true 6 hau he't d. Nhimg diem giong vd khdc nhau giiia chien luoc "Chien tranh dac hi^t" hi cac nude xa h p i ehii nghia va 6 m p t so nuae t h e ' g i o i t h u ba. C u a n g l l n h cua vd Chien luoc "Chien tranh cue bg" cua Mi d Vi?t Nam nT M a t tran d u g c 41 nuoe, 12 to chue quoe te, 5 to chuc k h u v u c len tic'ng u n g ho. uO * Giong nhau: c. Cuoc Tong tien cong vd noi day Tei Mau Than nam 1968 ie Deu la chien tranh xam luge t h y e dan m d i ciia M I , n h a m bien m i e n N a m * Hoan cnnh: Buoc vao mua xuan 1968, xuat phat t u nhan d i n h so sanh luc iL thanh thupe dja kieu m a i cua M I . Deu thuc hien am m u u chong lai each mang va l u g n g thay d o i c6 Igi cho ta sau hai mua kho. N a m 1968 ta Igi d u n g m a u thuan Ta nhan dan mien N a m . Deu su d u n g v u k h i va p h u o n g t i ^ n chien tranh cua M I . a M l t r o n g n a m bau c u tong thong (1968), ta chii t r u o n g m o m g t eugc Tong s/ * Khac nhau: tien cong va noi day tren toan m i e n N a m , t r o n g tam la do t h j . up Ve quy m o chien tranh: " C h i e n tranh dac biet" dien ra a m i e n N a m , con * Muc dich: N h a m tieu d i f t m g t bp phan luc l u g n g quan MT, quan dong ro "Chien tranh cue b p " m o rpng ca hai mien N a m - Bac. m i n h , danh d o n m a n h vao chinh q u y e n va d g i Sai G o n gianh c h i n h q u y e n ve /g Ve t i n h chat ac liet: "Chien tranh cue b p " ac liet h o n , the hien 6 muc tieu, tay nhan dan, bugc M I phai d a m phan, rut quan ve nude. om .c lye l u p n g tham chien, vQ k h i , hoa l y c va p h u o n g tien chien tranh. * Dien bie'n: Cuoc tong tien cong va noi day d u g c m o dau bang eugc tap kieh " C h i e n tranh dae biet" dupe tien hanh bt^ng quan d g i tay sai d u d i sy chi ok chien luge cua quan chii luc vao hau k h ^ p cac do thj t r o n g d e m 30 rang sang h u y eua co van M I , d y a vao v u k h i , trang bj k l thuat, p h u o n g tien chien tranh bo ngay 31 - 1 - 1968 (dem giao thua Te't M a u Than). Cuoc tong tien cong va noi cua M I n h a m thuc h i ^ n m u u do co ban la " D i i n g n g u d i Viet d a n h n g u d i V i ^ t " , ce day dien ra ba d g t : 3 0 - 1 - 2 5 - 2 ; thang 5 va 6; thang 8 va 9 -1968. "Thay m a u da cho xae ehe't". Tien hanh " Chien tranh dae b i ^ t " , M I - n g u y m d fa Tai Sai Gon, quan giai p h o n g tien cong vao cae v j t r i dau nao eua d j c h , n h u rpng nhieu cupc hanh quan can quet, mue tieu la chong pha each m a n g va b i n h w. Toa dai s u M I , D i n h "Doe lap". Bp Tong tham m u u q u a n Sai G o n , Bp T u lenh d j n h m i e n N a m . C h i i n g coi " A p chien l u p c " la quoe saeh n h ^ m tach each m a n g ww biet k h u T h i i do, T o n g nha canh sat, Dai phat thanh, san bay Tan Son Nha't. ra khdi dan de t h y c h i ^ n eai gpi la "Tat nude bat ca". * Kt't qua: T u t r o n g eupe T o n g tien cong va noi day, eo them nhieu luc l u p n g m a i ehong M I , chong c h i n h quyen Sai G o n xuat hien, mat tran doan ket dan " C h i e n tranh cue b p " v d i muc tieu la v u a tieu diet quan chu lye v u a b i n h tpe, chong M I c u u nuac d u g c m o rgng. To chuc Lien minh cac luc lugng dan tgc, d j n h m i e n N a m , pha hoai m i e n B3e. L y e l u g n g tham chien d o n g , g o m ca M I , dan chu hoa binh a Sai Gon, H u e ' v a toan mien N a m , dai dien cho tang l o p t r i c h u hau, n g u y , t r o n g do quan M I giir vai tro quan t r o n g va k h o n g n g i r n g tang thuc, t u san dan tgc tien bp 6 thanh thj d u g c thanh lap. len ve so l u g n g va trang b i . C h u n g su d u n g v i j k h i hien dai, hoa lye m a n h ca Cupc T o n g tien cong va noi day Te't M a u Than da danh d o n bat n g d , lam !? tren bg, tren k h o n g , tren bien, toe do nhanh va m d lien tue nhieu chien djch n h ^ m " t i m d i e t " va " b i n h d i n h " vao "Da't thanh Viet edng". 1 cho djch choang vang. N h u n g do luc l u g n g djch con d o n g (hon ni>a t r i ^ u linh M I va d o n g m i n h , gan 1 trieu quan d g i Sai Gon) co so 6 thanh t h j m a n h , nen
  5. 4, T h a i k i tu nam 1969 den nam 1973: Mien Nam chien dau chong " V i ? t Nam T r o n g hai n a m 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta cung v d i n h a n d a n hai nude hoa chien tranh" ciia M l Campuchia va Lao g i a n h n h i i n g thang Igi cd y nghia chien luge tren m | t tran a. Chien luoc "Viet Nam hod chien tranh" vd "Dong Duong hod chien quan s u va chi'nh t r i . tranh" cua dequo'c Mi. T r o n g hai ngay 24 va ngay 25 - 4 -1970, H g i n g h i cap cao ba nude V i ^ t N a m D a u n a m 1969, N i c h x a n vua len n a m chinh quyen da de ra chien luoc toan - Lao -Campuchia h g p n h a m bieu thj quyet t a m cvia n h a n d a n ba nude D o n g cau "Ngan de thuc tc" (thay cho chien luge "Phan u n g l i n h hogt" ciia Kennodi) D u o n g doan ket chien dau chong MT. va tiep tuc CUQC chien tranh xam luge thi^c dan m o i ; thuc h i ^ n chien luge "Vict T u ngay 30 - 4 den ngay 30 - 6 -1970, quan d g i V i ^ t N a m cd s u p h o i h g p ciia quan dan C a m p u c h i a da dap tan cugc hanh quan xam luge Campuchia va / Nam hod chien tranh" a m i e n N a m va m o r p n g chien t r a n h ra toan D o n g D u o n g 01 v o i chien luge " D o n g D u o n g hoa chien tranh". quan d g i Sai G o n , loai k h o i v o n g chien dau 17.000 d j c h , giai p h d n g nhieu v u n g oc Chien luge " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien tranh" duge tien hanh bang lue l u g n g quan rgng I d n dat dai v d i 4,5 trieu dan. iH d g i Sai Gon la ehu ye'u, c6 su p h o i h g p ve hoa li^c va k h o n g q u a n M I , va van do T u ngay 1 2 - 2 den ngay 2 3 - 3 - 1 9 7 1 , quan d g i V i ^ t N a m cd s u phd'i h g p ciia Da M l chi b u y bang h ^ t h o n g eo' van. quan dan Lao da tap tan cugc hanh quan m a n g ten " L a m Son -719" ehiem g i u hi De thuc hien chien luge " V i e t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " M i da: d u d n g 9 - N a m Lao eiia 4,5 van quan M i va quan d g i Sai Gon, loai k h o i v o n g nT chien da'u 22.0000 d j c h , d u o i het quan M I va quan d g i Sai G o n k h o i d u o n g 9 - Rut dan q u a n MT va quan d o n g m i n h k h o i chien tranh de g i a m x u o n g mau. uO N a m Lao, giu h a n h lang chien luge each m a n g D o n g D u o n g . Tang c u o n g luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai C o n n h a m thye hi?n am m u u " D u n g ie n g u a i V i f t d a n h n g u o i V i e t " . M I d i i n g luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai G o n de thuc Thang Igi tren mat tran quan su da ho t r g va thuc day p h o n g trao da'u tranh iL hi?n " D o n g D u o n g hoa chien t r a n h " . chinh t r i , chong " b i n h d j n h " . Ta M I con d i m g t h i i doan ngoai giao xao quyet n h u thoa t h u a n v o i T r u n g 6 k h a p n o i eae thanh thj, p h o n g trao ciia eac tang Idp n h a n dan no ra lien s/ Quoc, hoa hoan v o i Lien X6 n h a m ban che s u g i i i p d o ciia eac n u a c d o d o i v o l tyc. Dac bi?t d Sai Gon, Hue^ Da N a n g , p h o n g trao hoe sinh, sinh vien no ra up cugc khang chien ciia nhan dan ta. ram r g da t h u h i i t d o n g dao g i d i tre t h a m gia. Phong trao t u d i tre, hgc sinh, ro b. Chien dau chong chien luge "Viet Nam hod chien tranh" vd "Bong Duong sinh v i e n cd vai tro q u a n t r o n g , t h u d n g la "Phong trao chdm ngdi no"' cho p h o n g /g hod chien tranh " ciia Mt. trao c h u n g ciia tang I d p nhan dan thanh t h i . om Chien dau chong chien luge " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " la chong lai cugc Tai eac v u n g ndng t h o n , d o n g bang, r u n g n i i i , ven t h j , k h a p n o i cd p h o n g .c chien tranh xam luge toan di?n dugc tang c u o n g va m o r g n g ra toan D o n g trao ciia q u a n c h i i n g nd'i day ehd'ng " b i n h d j n h " , pha "a'p chien luge" ciia djch. ok D u o n g , v u a chien dau chong chien djch tren chien t r u o n g , vira dau tranh v o i Den dau nam 1971, each mang gianh quyen lam chii them 3600 ap v d i 3 trieu dan. bo djch tren ban d a m phan. c. Cugc tien cong chien luge nam 1972 ce Thang Igi chinh t r i m o dau giai doan chong " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " la Bude vao n a m 1972, quan ta m d cugc tien cong chien luge t u ngay 30 - 3 fa s u ra d o i ciia C h i n h p h i i each m a n g lam t h o i Cong hoa m i e n N a m ngay 6 - 6 - danh vao Q u a n g T r j , lay Q u a n g T r j l a m h u d n g tien cong chii ye'u, r d i phat w. 1969. D o la c h i n h p h i i cua nhan dan m i e n N a m . V u a ra d o i , c h i n h p h i i each trien rgng ra k h i p chien t r u d n g m i e n N a m , keo dai t r o n g n a m 1972. ww m a n g l a m t h a i da d u g c 23 nuoc cong nhan, trong d o c6 21 nuae dat quan he Q u a n ta tien cong d i c h v d i c u o n g d o m a n h , q u y m o I d n , tren hau k h a p eac ngoai giao. dja ban chien luge q u a n t r g n g . C h i t r o n g thdi gian ngan (den eudi thang 6 - GiCra liie cugc chien chong M I c u u nude ciia nhan dan ta 6 ea hai m i e n dang 1972), q u a n ta choc t h i i n g ba p h d n g tuyen m a n h nhat eiia d i c h , la Q u a n g T r i , tren da thang Igi, thi Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h qua d o i ngay 2 - 9 - 1969. D o la mot Tay N g u y e n , D o n g N a m Bg, loai k h o i v o n g chien da'u h o n 20 v ? n d j c h , giai ton that Ion, khong gi eo the b i i dap d o i v o i dan toe ta, d o i v o i each mang nuac ta. p h d n g nhieu v i i n g dat d a i rgng I d n va d o n g dan. T h u c hien d i chiic ciia C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , nhan d a n 6 hai m i e n day Sau d o n m d dau bat n g d ciia quan ta, quan d g i Sai G o n cd s u y e m t r g eiia m a n h k h a n g chien chong M I c u u nuac. M l da p h a n cong lai, gay cho ta nhieu thiet hai; con M I t r d lai chien tranh pha pha hoai m i e n Bac. . .. 150
  6. Cupc tien con^ chien luoc nam 1972 da ^^idn;^ don nqng nevao chien luge "Viet Vua gay "chien V u a gay chien tranh 6 Nam hod chien tranh", buoc Ml phdi tui/en bo "Mi hod" tra lai chien tranh xdm luge tranh cue bp" 6 Vi$t N a m , vu-a m o rpng (tiec thim nhqn that bqi cua "Vict Nam hod chien tranh"). Ve q u y m o m i e n N a m , vira gay chien tranh xam luge d. Tinh dodn kit chien dau cua quan dan Viet Nam, Lao va Campuchia chien tranh pha Lao, Campuchia. trong chien dau chong chien luge "Vi(t Nam hod chien tranh" va "Dong Duong hpai a m i e n Bac hod chien tranh" cua Mi Voi muc tieu la D u g c tien hanh bSng Chien dau chong chien \ugc " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " la chong lai cuoc v u a tieu di?t quan luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai / chien tranh x a m luge toan dien d u g c tang c u o n g va m o rgng ra toan D o n g Khac ehu luc vua binh G o n la ehu ye'u, c6 su 01 D u o n g , v u a chien dau chong chien djch tren chien t r u o n g , v u a dau tranh v o l nhau djnh mien Nam, phoi h g p ve hoa luc va oc djch tren ban d a m phan. pha hoai mien Bac. k h o n g quan MT, va van iH Luc lugng tham d o MT chi h u y bang h f Da T r o n g hai n a m 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta cung v o i nhan dan hai nuoc chien dong, g o m ca tho'ng CO van. hi Campuchia va Lao gianh n h u n g thang Igi c6 y nghia chien luge tren mat tran Ve am m u u , MT, ehu hau, nguy, - Riit dan quan MT va nT quan sy va c h i n h t r j . t h u doan trong do quan MT quan dong minh khoi uO T r o n g hai ngay 24 va ngay 25 - 4 - 1970, H o i nghj cap cao ba nuoc V i ^ t N a m giir vai tro quan chien tranh de giam ie - Lao -Campuchia h o p nham bieu thj quyet tam ciia nhan dan ba nuoc D o n g trpng va khong iL D u o n g doan ke't chien dau chong M l . x u o n g m a u . Tang c u o n g n g u n g tang len ve Ta luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai T u ngay 30 - 4 den ngay 30 - 6 - 1970, quan d p i Viet N a m c6 su p h o l h g p ciia so' l u g n g va trang s/ Gon n h ^ m thuc hi^n am quan dan Campuchia da dap tan cupc hanh quan x a m luge Campuchia va up bj. C h u n g sir d u n g m u u " D u n g nguoi Vi^t quan d p i Sai Gon, loai k h o i v o n g chien dau 17.000 djch, giai p h o n g nhieu v u n g ro v u k h i hi^n dai, hoa danh nguoi Viet". r p n g Ian dat dai v o i 4,5 trieu dan. /g lye m a n h ca tren bp, - D u n g luc l u g n g quan T u ngay 12 - 2 den ngay 23 - 3 - 1971, quan d p i Viet N a m c6 s u p h o i h g p cua om tren khong, tren d g i Sai G o n de thuc hien quan dan Lao da tap tan cupc hanh quan m a n g ten " L a m Son -719" chiem g i i i .c bien, toe d p nhanh " D o n g D u o n g hoa chien d u o n g 9 - N a m Lao cua 4,5 van quan M I va quan d p i Sai Gon, loai k h o i vong ok va m o lien tue nhieu t r a n h " . Thoa t h u a n v o i chien dau 22.0000 djch, d u o i het quan M i va quan d p i Sai G o n k h o i d u o n g 9 bo chien djch nham T r u n g Quoc, hoa hoan N a m Lao, g i u hanh lang chien luge each m a n g D o n g D u o n g . ce " t i m diet" va "binh v o i Lien X6 n h a m han fa 5. Nhung diem giong va khac nhau giua hai chien luge " C h i e n tranh eye bp" d j n h " vao "Dat thanh che s u g i u p d o ciia cac w. (1965 -1968) va " V i ? t Nam hoa chien tranh" (1969 -1973) cua M I 6 mien Nam. Vi^t cpng". nuoc do do'i v o i euge ww N h u n g diem khang chien ciia nhan T i e u chi V i ? t N a m hoa giong va C h i e n tranh cue bp dan ta. so sanh chien tranh khac nhau Bj that bai, phai That bai, phai chap nhan G i o n g nhau: - D e u la chien luge chien tranh xam luge theo kieu thuc dan Ke't qua chap nhan ngoi vao ki ke't H i e p d j n h Pari, m o i cua MT nham chong lai each m a n g va nhan dan V i ^ t N a m . ban d a m phan v o i eong nhan doc lap, ehii - Deu su d u n g co van MT, v u k h i va p h u o n g tien chien tranh cua MT. ta 6 H p i nghj Pari quyen, thong nha't va de giai quyet van de toan v?n lanh tho cua - Deu d u n g luc l u g n g quan d p i nguy, nguy quyen de l a m tay sai dac luc eho Vif t Nam. Viet N a m . chiing. IS-?
  7. 6. T h a i k i tvr nam 1969 den nam 1973: Mien Nam dau tranh chong chinh sach L a m cho t i n h than chien d a u cua quan d p i Sai G o n them hoang m a n g , mat " b i n h dinh, laun chiem", tao the va Ivc tien toi giai phong hoan toan mien Nam t i n h than chien d a u . V o l H i ^ p d i n h Pari n a m 1973, ta "ddnh cho Mi cut". N g a y 29 - 3 - 1973, toan C h u n g to kha nang m o i cua quan dan ta co the gianh thang Igi Ion t r o n g l i n h M l cuoi c i i n g da r u t k h o i nuoc ta. N h u n g M I van giO lai h o n 2 van co van thoi gian ngan v o i toe d g nhanh. Chien thang Phuoc L o n g la co so de Bg C h i n h quan su, lap ra Bp chi h u y quan su, tiep tuc v i e n t r o quan su, k i n h t e c h o chinh tri quyet d i n h giai p h o n g m i e n N a m trong n a m 1975. q u y e n Sai Gon. Sau chien thang nay eiia ta, chinh quyen Sai G o n p h a n u n g m a n h va d u a D u g c CO v a n M i chi h u y va n h ^ n v i ^ n trq cua MT, c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon quan chiem lai, n h u n g da that bai. C o n M i chi phan u n g yeu 6t, chu ye'u d i i n g ap luc t u xa de doa. / ngang nhien pha hoai H i e p d j n h Pari, chung h u y d o n g gan n h u toan bo l u t 01 l u g n g tien hanh chien djch "tran ngap lanh tho", lien tiep m o n h i r n g cuoc hanh Phoi h g p v o i d a u tranh quan su, nhan dan ta 6 m i e n N a m day m a n h dau oc quan "Binh dinh - Ian chiem" v i i n g giai p h o n g . Day thuc chat la hanh d p n g tiep tranh c h i n h t r i , ngoai giao nhSm to cao hanh d g n g eiia M i va chinh q u y e n Sai iH tyc chien l u o c "Viet N a m hoa chien tranh" cua N i c h x o n . Gon v i p h a m H i ^ p d j n h , pha hoai hoa b i n h , hoa h g p dan toe, neu cao tinh chat Da chinh nghla cupe chien dau eiia nhan dan ta; d o i lat d o c h i n h q u y e n N g u y e n Ve phia ta, vi^c k i H i e p d j n h Pari ve cham d u t chien tranh 6 Viet N a m , viec hi Van Thi$u, t h u c hien cae q u y e n t u do, dan chii... quan d p i x a m lupc M i r i i t k h o i nuac ta, da tao nen su thay d o i can ban t r o n g so nT 7. H i ? p dinh Pari ve vi|c cham dut chien tranh lap lai hoa b i n h d V i | t N a m sanh luc l u g n g gii>a each m a n g va phan each m a n g c6 I g i cho CUQC d a u tranh uO a. Dau tranh doi Mixudng thang chien tranh va thuong lumg a Hoi nghi Pari cua nhan dan 6 m i e n N a m . ie D a u 1967, sau thang Igi t r o n g hai m u a kho 1965 -1966 va 1966 -1967, ta ehu T r o n g cuoc dau tranh chong djch "hinh dinh - Ian chiem", chong am m u u iL t r u o n g m o t h e m m a t tran tien cong ngoai giao, nhSm to cao tgi ac eiia bgn xam "tran ngap lanh tho" cua c h i i n g vao n h i i n g thang dau n a m sau k i h i ^ p d j n h , Ta luge M l , vach tran l u a n d i e u hoa b i n h b j p b p m cua ehiing, neu t i n h chat c h i n h quan dan ta da dat d u o c m o t so ket qua nha't d j n h . N h u n g d o k h o n g d a n h gia s/ nghla, lap t r u o n g d i i n g din ciia ta, tranh t h i i r p n g rai s u d o n g t i n h l i n g hp eiia het am m u u pha hoai H i e p d j n h ciia dich, d o qua nhan m a n h den hoa binh, up d u luan quoc te. hoa h g p dan tpc... nen tren m o t so dja ban quan trong, ta bj m a t dat, mat dan. ro Thang 7 - 1973, Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g h o p H o i nghj Ian t h u 21 M u e tieu dau tranh ngoai giao trude mat eiia ta la d o i M i cham d u t k h o n g /g H p i nghj neu ro n h i e m v u co ban cua each m a n g m i e n N a m t r o n g gia doan dieu ki?n chien tranh pha hoai m i e n Bae, coi d o la d i e u ki?n tien quyet de d i om den t h u o n g l u p n g 6 ban hpi n g h j . h i ^ n tai la tiep tuc cuoc each m a n g dan toe dan ehii nhan d a n . H o i n g h i nhan .c m a n h t r o n g bat eu t i n h h i n h nao c i i n g phai tiep tuc con d u o n g each mang bao N g a y 31 - 3 - 1968, sau d o n bat ngo ciia cupe Tong tien cong va noi day Tet ok lire, phai nim vCrng chien luge tien cong, kien quyet dau tranh tren ca ba mat M a u Than eiia quan ta, G i o n x o n tuyen bo n g i r n g nem b o m ban pha m i e n Bae bo tir VI t u y e n 20 t r o ra va bat dau noi den t h u o n g l u p n g v o i V i ^ t N a m . ce tran quan su, c h i n h t r i , ngoai giao. N g a y 13 - 5 - 1968, cuoc t h u o n g l u p n g c h i n h thue hai ben, giua dai d i f n fa Thue h i ^ n N g h j quyet H o i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 21 eua D a n g , t u cuoi C h i n h p h i i Viet N a m D a n chii Cong hoa va dai d i ^ n C h i n h p h i i H o a K i a Pari w. n a m 1973 quan dan ta 6 m i e n N a m v u a kien quyet d a n h tra quyet d a n h djch, hpp phien d a u tien. ww bao v ^ v i i n g giai p h o n g , vua chii d o n g m o n h i r n g euge tien cong d j c h , m o rgng v u n g giai p h o n g . N g a y 1 - 11 - 1968, G i o n x o n tuyen b o ' n g u n g nem b o m ban pha tren toan C u o i n a m 1974, d a u n a m 1975, ta m o d o t boat d o n g quan s u D o n g - Xuan m i e n Bac. T u day, dau tranh g i u a ta va M i chii yeu xoay q u a n h van de h i n h vao h u o n g N a m Bg, t r g n g tarn la d o n g bang song C u u L o n g va D o n g N a m Bg. thuc, thanh phan h p i n g h i va da d i den thong nha't ve h i n h thuc H p i nghj Bon Q u a n ta da gianh thang Igi vang d p i trong chien djch D u o n g 14 - Phuoc L o n g . ben giCra Viet N a m D a n chii Cpng hoa. M a t tran dan toe giai p h o n g m i e n N a m * Y nghia cua chien thang Phieac Long: Viet N a m (sau d o la C h i n h p h i i each m a n g lam t h o i C p n g hoa m i e n N a m Vi?t V o i chien thang Phuoc L o n g c h u n g to quan chu luc Sai G o n da den luc N a m ) Hoa K i va Viet N a m Cpng hoa (Chinh quyen Sai Gon). k h o n g con d u kha nang chiem g i i i n h i i n g v i m g dat quan t r g n g tren dien rgng. H p i nghj b o n ben ve Viet N a m chinh thue hpp phien dau tien ngay 25 - 1 - 1969 tai Pari. 154
  8. Cty TNHH MTV DWH KhaPi^lW b. Hiep dinh Pari 1973 ve chant dut chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh d Viet Nam * Y nghia: Q u a n d i e m cua ta: d o i M7 rut het quan ciia m i n h va quan d o n g m i n h i
  9. Khac n h a u - Cac ben t h a m d y h p i - H o a K i va cac n u o c , G i i i p h o n g h o a n toan m i e n N a m , g i a n h toan v?n l a n h t h o n g h i cam ket t o n t r p n g cam ket t o n t r p n g cac a. Chu truang, kehoach giai phong mien Nam q u y e n d a n tpc co ban * Thai ca chien luge xuat hien: cac quyen dan tpc ca ciia Vi?t N a m . Sau H i ^ p d i n h Pari n a m 1973, trudc n h i i n g a m m u u v a h a n h d p n g m o i ciia ban cua ba nuoc D o n g jvC va c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon, each m a n g m i e n N a m van tie'p t y c con d u o n g each Duong. - H a i ben tien h a n h trao iri?ng bao luc, g i i i v i i n g va phat trien the tien cong d j c h . - Cac ben t h a m chien tra til binh va d a n C u o i n a m 1974 d a u n a m 1975, quan ta m o nhieu cupc t a n cong d i c h , tao thuc hi?n cupc tap ket t h u o n g bi b3i. the'ap dao djch, dac bi§t la chien djch D u o n g 14 - Phuac L o n g v a o ngay 6 - 1 - / 01 chuyen quan, chuyen - Cac ben cong nhan 1975. V o i chien thang Phuoc L o n g l a m cho quan d p i Sai G o n ngay cang bat l y e oc giao k h u v y c . thuc te m i e n N a m V i ^ t trong chien dau va kha nang can thiep bang quan s u ciia M I rat han che. D o la iH - Quan dpi nhan dan Vi?t N a m CO hai chinh quyen, dieu k i ^ n de q u a n ta tien len gianh thang I p i cuoi c i i n g t r o n g s u n g h i ^ p chong Da N a m va quan vien chinh hai q u a n d p i , h a i v u n g M l c i i u nuoc. hi Phap tap ket 6 hai mien kiem soat v a ba l y e » Chii truang, kehoach giai phong mien Nam: nT N a m - BSc. Sau do, quan lupng chinh trj. K h i t h o i CO xuat h i ^ n . Bp C h i n h t r j T r u n g u o n g D a n g q u y e t d i n h giai p h o n g uO Phap n i t ve nuoc. mien N a m t r o n g hai n a m 1975 va 1976. ie "' T u y n h i e n . Bp C h i n h t r i nhan m^inh "ca nam 1975 la thai ca" v a c h i ro "neu - L a phap l i quoc te'cong n h a n cac q u y e n d a n tpc co iL Y nghia Giong thai ca den vao dau hoac cuoi nam 1975 thi lap tiec giai phong mien Nam trong nam Ta nhau ban ciia nhan dan Vi?t N a m . 1975" Bp c h i n h t r j c u n g n h a n m a n h s y can thie't tranh t h i i t h a i co d a n h thang s/ - D e u la ket qua cua qua t r i n h d a u t r a n h va gianh nhanh de d o t h i ^ t hai ve n g u o i v a ciia cho nhan dan, giu g i n t o t co so k i n h te, up thang Ipi tren mat tran quan sir ciia q u a n dan ta. cong t r i n h v a n hoa... g i a m bot s u tan pha ciia chien tranh. ro - D e u la thMng Ipi to I o n n h u n g chua t r p n v?n, v i b. CuQC Tong tien cong vd noi day Xudn 1975 /g v a n con tie'p tuc dau tranh chong ke t h u . Cupc t o n g t i e n cong v a n o i d a y X u a n 1975 d a d i l n ra t r o n g g a n 2 t h a n g om Khac n h a u - D a n h d a u budc thang - D a y la thSng I p i lich s i i (tu 4 - 3 den 2 - 5) q u a 3 chien d i c h I o n : Tay N g u y e n , H u e - D a N a n g va chien .c Ipi ciia cupc khang chien q u a n t r p n g , tao ra t h o i djch H o C h i M i n h . ok chong Phap, m i e n B3c CO t h u a n I p i de nhan * Chien dich Tay Nguyen (tif 3-4 den 24 - 3) bo Tay N g u y e n la dia b a n chie'n lupc het sue q u a n t r png, ca ta v a d i c h deu co ce hoan toan giai p h o n g . dan ta tien len giai nim giir. N h u n g d o nhan d i n h sai h u d n g tien cong ciia quan d a n ta, djch cho't fa p h o n g toan m i e n N a m . g i u o d a y m p t l y c l u p n g m o n g , bo p h o n g co nhieu co so. Can c i i vao do. Bp w. - Bupc Phap phai chain - M i r i i t q u a n M i va C p\inh t r j T r u n g u o n g D a n g ta quyet d j n h chpn Tay N g u y e n l a m h u o n g tien ww dut chien tranh x a m quan d o n g m i n h ciia M i g chii yeu t r o n g n a m 1975. lupc, n i t het quan d p i ve ve nuoc nhung chua r h y c h i ^ n ke hoach, ta tap t r u n g chii l y c m ^ n h v a i v u k h i k i thuat h i ^ n d g i , nuoc. chap nhan v i ^ c cham chien d j c h q u y m o I o n 6 Tay N g u y e n . Tran then chot m o m a n 6 Buon M e d u t chien t r a n h 6 V i | t Thupt ngay 10 - 3 -1975 da gianh thang I g i , (truac do, ngay 4 - 3, quan ta danh f N a m , M i v a n tie'p t y c h i b i n h 6 P l a y k u va K o n T u m n h a m t h u h i i t quan djch v a o h u o n g do). N g a y v i ? n t r p cho n g y y tie'p - 3 -1975, d j c h p h a n cong chiem lai Buon M e T h u p t n h u n g k h o n g thanh. tyc chien tranh. 159
  10. 17 g i o nj;,i\6 - 4, q u a n ta d u p e l#nh t o n g n o s i i n g m o dau ehien d j c h , Sau hai d o n 6 Buon M a ThuQt (vac cac ngay 10 va 12 - 3), h$ t h o n g p h o n g anh q u a n v u p t qua tuyen phong t h i i v o n g ngoai cua d j c h tien vao t r u n g tarn thu cua djch 6 Tay N g u y e n r u n g chuyen, quan djch mat tinh than, hang ngO i Gon, danh chiem cac co quan dau nao ciia chung. ro'i loan. 10 g i o 45 p h u t ngay 30 - 4, xe tang ciia ta tien thang vao D i n h Dpc Lap, bat N g a y 14 - 3 - 1975, N g u y e n Van T h i ^ u ra lenh r u t toan bg quan Tay N g u y e n song toan bp C h i n h p h i i T r u n g u o n g Sai Gon, ( D u o n g V a n M i n h v u a len chue ve g i u vCrng d u y e n hai m i e n T r u n g . Tren d u o n g riit chay, c h i i n g b i quan truy Tong thong C h i n h p h u Sai Gon ngay 28 - 4) da phai t u y e n bo d a u hang k h o n g kich tieu d i ^ t . D e h ngay 24 - 3 - 1975, Tay N g u y e n r p n g Ion v o i 60 van dan dieu ki?n. 11 g i o 30 p h i i t cung ngay, la co each m a n g t u n g bay tren noc D i n h hoan toan giai p h o n g . Dpc Lap bao hi?u sy toan thang Chien d i c h H o C h i M i n h lich su. / Chien dich Tay Nguyen thang lai da chiiycn awe khdng chien chong Ml ci'ni nteac 9. N g h ? t h u a t xay d u n g the t r a n c h i e n l u g e t r o n g T o n g t i e n cong va n o i day 01 sang giai dean mai: tit tien cong chien luge a Tay Nguyen phdt trien thanh Tdhg tien mua Xuan 1975 oc cong chien lime tren toan chien truvng mien Nam. T h o i C O de quan va dan ta m o cupe T o n g tien cong chien l u p c nam 1975 la iH * Chien dich Hue- Da Nhg (tir 21-3 den 29 - 3) tren co so thMng I p i ciia cupc tien cong chien lupc n a m 1972 6 chien t r u o n g Da N h a n tha'y t h o i co chien luge den nhanh, het sue t h u a n I g i , ngay k h i chien mien N a m , b u o c dau ta da tieu d i ^ t luc l u p n g Ion quan djch va giai p h o n g m p t hi d j c h Tay N g u y e n d a n g tiep dien. Bp C h i n h trj co quyet d i n h k j p t h o i ke hoach so v u n g dat dai c i i n g v o i d o n d a n h bai cupc chien tranh pha hoai bang k h o n g nT giai p h o n g Sai G o n va toan m i e n N a m , truoc tien tien hanh chien d j c h giai quan ciia djch ra m i e n Bac, bupe M i phai ngoi vao d a m phan v o i ta tai H p i uO p h o n g H u e - Da N a n g . nghi Pa-ri (27-1-1973). ie Ngay 21 - 3, q u a n ta danh thang vao can c i i djch, chan cac d u o n g riit chay Sau that bai nang ne do, djch da suy yeu toan d i ^ n ca ve luc l u p n g , the tran iL ciia chung, h i n h thanh t h e b a o vay c h u n g t r o n g thanh p h o H u e . D i i n g 10 gio va t i n h than. So sanh luc l u p n g tren chien t r u o n g co Ipi cho ta va bat Ipi cho Ta 30 ngay 25 - 3, quan ta tien vao co do Hue^ den horn sau (26 - 3) t h i giai phong djch, n h u n g n g u y q u a n Sai G o n van con co s u vien t r p ve v u k h i va g i i i p d o s/ thanh pho va toan t i n h Thua Thien. ciia C O van q u a n sy d u o i dang co van hanh chinh ciia M i . C h i n h q u y e n n g y y up Da N i n g , thanh p h o Ion t h u hai a m i e n N a m , m o t can c u quan s u lien hop Sai G o n ra sue pha hoai H i e p d i n h Pa-ri, tang c u o n g m o cac cupc hanh quan ro Ion nha't ciia M I va quan d p i Sai G o n roi vao t h e c o lap. H o n 10 van djch don u Ian chiem v u n g giai p h o n g ciia ta. /g ve day t r o nen h o n loan, mat kha nang chien dau. Sang 29 - 3, quan ta t u ba om T r u o c t i n h h i n h do. Bp C h i n h t r j . Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g ha phia BSc, Tay, N a m tien thang vao thanh pho, den 3 g i o chieu thi chiem toan .c quyet tarn l i c h s u giai p h o n g hoan toan m i e n N a m t r o n g 2 n a m 1975-1976, ne'u b p Da N a n g . ok t h o i C O den som thi giai p h o n g hoan toan m i e n N a m trong n a m 1975. Dong T r o n g cung t h o i gian tren, t u cuoi thang 3 den thang 4, nhan dan cac tinh bo thoi, nha't t r i phe chuan p h u o n g an ciia Bp Tong tham m u u la chpn N a m Tay con lai 6 ven bien m i e n T r u n g , N a m Tay N g u y e n va m o t so'tinh 6 N a m Bp, co ce N g u y e n lam h u o n g tien cong chien lupc chii yeu, day la h u o n g djch tuy ; s u ho t r p cua luc l u p n g v u trang dja p h u o n g va quan c h i i luc, da n o i day gianh fa m a n h n h u n g co nhieu so ho va la n o i co t i n h chat hiem yeu, se gay bat ngo Ion, quyen lam chu. w. cSt d o i chien t r u o n g toan m i e n N a m , l a m dao Ipn the chien l u p c ciia djch. * Chien dich Ho Chi Minh (tie 26 - 4 den 30 - 4) ww T r o n g cupc T o n g tien cong va noi day m i i a Xuan 1975, ta tien hanh 3 chien Sau thang Ipi Chien d j c h Tay N g u y e n va H u e - D a N a n g , Bp C h i n h tri ich Ion. Day la ba d o n tien cong chien lupc, the hi?n ro ngh^ t h u a t chi dao tac T r u n g u o n g D a n g ta nhan d j n h "Thai ca chien luge da. den, ta co dieu kien hoan ie'n chien lupc, dac b i ^ t la nghe thuat xay d u n g the tran chien l u p c . thanh sam quyel tarn giai phong mien Nam"; t u do d i den quyet d i n h "Phdi tap T r u o c het, la the tran d i i n g chan ciia cac b i n h doan chii luc. The tran ciia ta trung nhanh nhd't luc lugng, binh khi kt thuat va vat chat giai phong mien Nam truac the tran ciia chien tranh nhan dan da dupe xay d u n g tir daiu cupc chien miia mua (truac thdng 5 - 1975)". Chien djch giai p h o n g Sai G o n d u p e Bp C h i n h tranh, do chien tranh nhan dan phat trien cao, nen cac binh doan chii luc ciia ta trj quyet d i n h m a n g ten Chien dich Ho Chi Minh (14 - 4 -1975). da d i r n g chan 6 phia N a m vT tuyen 17, lap the tien cong 6 phia tay chien tuyen T r u o c k h i bat dau chien djch giai p h o n g Sai G o n , q u a n ta tien cong Xuan ciia djch, tir v l t u y e n 17 den Sai Gon, den d o n g b3ng song Ciru L o n g . Cac b i n h Lpc va Phan Rang - N h i i n g can c u p h o n g t h i i t r p n g yeu cua d j c h bao v ^ Sai 161 Gon t u phia D o n g .
  11. doan chu li^c ciia ta k h o n g tie'n cong djch t u phia BSc vT t u y e n 17, k h o n g d a n h ac v u n g , m i e n va s y n o i day ciia quan c h i i n g . Xay d y n g the tr|in chien l u p c vao chieu dpc chien t u y e n cua djch. Boi v i , neu ta m o cupc t o n g tie'n cong t u n h u the, bupc djch p h a i p h a n tan d o i pho de ta c6 d i e u k i ^ n tap t r u n g l y c phia B3c vT t u y e n 17 d a n h theo chieu doc chien t u y e n cua djch, c6 d p day va l u p n g d a n h cac d o n chien lupc quye't d i n h 6 Tay N g u y e n , H u e - Da N a n g , r o i phat trien thang Ipi giai p h o n g N a m T r u n g Bp. Tren da thang Ipi, ta d i i n g tat ca chieu sau i o n t u Q u a n g T r i den H u e - Da N a n g - N h a T r a n g t h i kha nang va lyc l u p n g , ca q u a n doan tong d y bi chien lupc va l y c l u p n g 6 D o n g bang song sue dpt pha k h o n g d u m a n h de tieu di?t djch, pha v o cac t u y e n p h o n g n g u C u u L o n g , c u n g tap doan chien l u p c phia N a m da d u n g chan san 6 ngoai v i cua chung. D o do, cac b i n h doan chu l y c cua ta trien k h a i d u n g chan 6 phia tay Sai G o n t h y e hi?n d o n chien lupe then chot quye't d j n h giai p h o n g Sai G o n m p t chien t u y e n cua d i c h , chi each H u e - Da N a n g khoang t u 30 den 40km, tham each n h a n h g p n . chi cung d u n g chan a sat nach Sai Gon, chi each phia Tay Bae Sai G o n khoang N g h e thuat xay d y n g the tran chien lupe t r o n g cupc T o n g tien cong va n o i / 01 60km, thue h a n h tien cong djch la h g p l i , de choc t h i i n g va chia eat cac tuyen day m i i a X u a n 1975 la m p t nghe thuat dpc dao tai t i n h , day sang tao ciia chien oc p h o n g n g v ciia d i c h , gianh thang Ipi nhanh chong. tranh n h a n d a n Vi?t N a m , la bude phat trien r y e ro, la d i n h cao ciia nghe thuat iH The tran trien khai t u phia tay danh vao chieu ngang d p i h i n h m o n g ye'u quan s y chien t r a n h nhan dan Vi?t N a m t r o n g t h o i d a i H o C h i M i n h . D o la Da cua d i c h , k h o n g eo chieu sau, t h i ta c6 the nhanh chong d a n h ehiem chien bieu t u p n g sang n g o i ciia nghe thuat chi dao tac chien chien l u p c tai g i o i ciia hi t u y e n p h o n g n g u eo ban cua d i c h tren d u o n g so 1. 6 H u e , Da N a n g va T a m K i , Dang va t u t u o n g q u a n sy H o C h i M i n h . nT ta chi can m p t Ian d p t pha chien djch la c6 the dat t o i chieu sau chien lupc. 10. N h u n g t h i n g Ipi c6 y nghla chien lupc ciia quan dan ta 6 mien N a m tren uO Thue t e t a d a n h t u phia Tay cac thanh pho Hue^ Da N i n g va thj xa T a m K i thi cac m|t tran quan sy, chinh tri, ngoai giao trong khang chien chong MT, cuu ie t u y e n p h o n g n g u ciia djch k h o n g c6 chieu sau chien lupe ma chi c6 chieu sau nuorc (1954 - 1 9 7 5 ) . iL chien d i c h . V i cac b i n h doan ehii l y c ciia ta d u n g san a phia Bac Sai Gon, nen T h a i gian Quan sy C h i n h tri Ngoai giao Ta Sai Gon gan n h u k h o n g eon chieu sau chien lupc, tao d i e u kien cho ta nhanh T u nam 1954 Phong trao " D o n g Phong trao dau T h y e hien n h i i n g s/ chong pha v o chien t u y e n , l a m syp d o nhanh chong the tran chien lupe ciia den n a m 1960 k h o i " n a m 1959 - tranh hoa b i n h d i e u khoan ciia up d i c h . The tran chien l u p c ma ta tao dupe da chia cat the tran, pha d u p e the lien 1960, tieu bieu la n h a m g i i i g i n va HiQp d j n h ro hoan chien lupc eiia d i c h , c6 lap va chia eat cac tap doan lue l u p n g eiia d i c h ra eupe " D o n g k h o i bao v ^ lye l u p n g Gionevo nam /g t i m g c y m , k h o c6 the l i n g euu d u p e nhau, ta tie'n cong vao d a u c i i n g de gianh "dBe'nTre(17-l each m a n g . D o i 1954 v e D o n g om d u p e thang I p i , de phat trien tie'n cong, khue'ch t r u o n g thang Ipi t r u o e de gianh .c - 1 9 6 0 ) da d a n h M l - Diem thi Duong. thang I p i sau I o n h o n , thang I p i sau tao cho ta m p t the tran v i i n g chae h o n de bai chien tranh hanh H i e p d j n h IV ok tie'n cong de b?p d i c h nhanh chong. Day la net dae sac t r o n g xay d y n g the tran m p t phia eiia M i . Gionevo va d o i •1 bo chien l u p c ciia ta. T r o n g chien djeh Tay N g u y e n , tran Buon M a T h u p t la tran h i ^ p t h u o n g tong ce then chot dau tien c6 y nghla quye't d j n h v i , giang m o t d o n sa'm set rat nhanh tuyen cii. fa vao tran dja - t u y e n p h o n g n g y ciia d i c h , m o ra va thiic day s u phat trien Ion T u nam 1961 Chien thang B i n h Phong trao dau w. ve the'ehie'n lupe eiia ta, pha v o the chien lupc eiia d i c h . T r a n t h i i 2 6 H u e - Da den n a m 1965 Gia tranh c h i n h t r j eiia 4. ww N a n g , ta da giang m p t d o n rat m a n h , rat nhanh cCing eo y nghla then chot (2-12-1964) quan c h i i n g nhan quye't d j n h , l a m dao Ipn the chien lupc eiia djch, tao ra eye d i ^ n chien tranh d a n h bai " C h i e n dan 6 eae thanh •f. mod, gay ra d p t bien ehieh tranh, tao dieu k i ^ n v o cung t h u a n I p i cho d o n t h i i tranh dae b i ^ t " pho Sai Gon, Hue^ ba la chien djeh H o C h i M i n h thanh m p t tran then chot quye't d j n h , ke't thiic ciia M l . Da N a n g , noi bat chien tranh. la eupe dau tranh The t r $ n ciia eupe t o n g tie'n cong va n o i day m u a Xuan 1975 la m p t the tran ciia d p i quan toe dai, eiia t i n d o i chien tranh n h a n dan, trien k h a i t u Q u a n g T r j qua Tay N g u y e n den Sai G o n , la Phat giao. m p t the t r a n d a n h tir phia tay sang phia d o n g , danh cat giao t h o n g , t h e k e t h p p 162 163
  12. CuQC T o n g tien Phong trao da'u Ngay 13-5-1968, CP/ TNHH MTYPVYH Khang Vift Tir nam 1965 den nam 1968 cong va n o i day tranh ciia cong cuoc t h u o n g lugng \\ Hai s u k i ^ n dugc danh gia la buoc phat trien nhay vpt cua each mang Tet M a u Tiian nhan, cac tang l o p chi'nh thuc hai ben, m i e n Nam. Nguyen nhan bung no n a m 1968 d a n h nhan dan lao giu-a dai dien * Hai sif kicn dime danh ^id la buac phat tricn nhay vat cua each mang mien Nam bai " C h i e n tranh d o n g , hoc sinh, ChinJi phii Vi^t do la: cue b o " ciia M I . sinh vien, Phat N a m Dan chii Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " (1959 - 1960) 6 mien N a m gop phan quyet d j n h t i r . . . d o i MT rut ve Cong hoa va dai trong viec d a n h bai chien luoc chien tranh m p t phia ciia MT. nuoc, d o i t u d o dien Chinh phii Cuoc T o n g tien cong va noi day Tet M a u Than n a m 1968 g o p phan quyet / dan chii. Hoa KT o P a r i hop 01 d i n h t r o n g viec d a n h bai chien luge " C h i e n tranh cue b p " ciia MT. phien dau tien. oc Cuoc tien cong Phong trao da'u * N g u y e n nhan: T u nam 1969 Hiep d j n h Pari ve iH chien iuac nam tranh ciia cac tang Viet N a m dugc k i - Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " (1959 - 1960): den n a m 1973 Da 1972 d a n h bai l o p nhan dan 6 ket va thuc hi^n vao Luc l u g n g each m a n g 6 m i e n N a m d u g c giir g i n va phat trien qua thuc tien hi chien l u a c " V i ^ t kh3p cac thanh thj ngay 2 7 - 1 - 1 9 7 3 , da'u tranh c h i n h t r j , hoa b i n h , d o i thi hanh H i e p d j n h Gianevo, tien len d i i n g nT N a m hoa chien lien tiep b u n g no. buoc MT va cac bao luc, ket h g p da'u tranh c h i n h trj v o i da'u tranh v u trang, chuan bj cho su uO t r a n h " ciia MT. Dac biet la 6 cac nuoc cam ket ton b i i n g no p h o n g trao each m a n g m o i . ie thanh pho Sai trong doc lap chii C h i n h q u y e n N g o D i n h D i e m tang c u o n g d a n ap p h o n g trao da'u tranh ciia iL G o n , Hue^ Da quyen, thong nhat nhan dan (1957 - 1959), lam cho mau t h u a n giira nhan d a n m i e n N a m v o i de Ta N a n g , p h o n g trao va toan v?n lanh quoc MT xam luge va tay sai phat trien gay gat, d o i h o i phai co m o t bien phap s/ hoc sinh, sinh tho ciia V i ^ t N a m . quyet liet de d u a each m a n g v u g t qua k h o khan, thir thach. up vien no ra r a m ro, MT phai rut quan ve H g i nghj Ian thir 15 Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g (1 - 1959) khSng d j n h ro t h u hut d o n g dao n u o c d e c h o nhan con d u o n g each m a n g bao luc, xac d j n h p h u o n g h u o n g co ban ciia each m a n g /g g i o i tre t h a m gia. dan mien N a m Viet mien N a m la k h o i nghTa gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan bang eon d u o n g om N a m t u quyet djnh .c da'u tranh c h i n h t r j la chii ye'u, ket h g p v o i da'u tranh v i j trang, m o d u o n g cho tuong lai chinh trj each m a n g m i e n N a m tien len. ok ciia m i n h . - Cuoc T o n g tien cong va noi day Tet M a u Than n a m 1968: bo Cuoc Tong tien Phong trao da'u Tiep tuc thuc h i ^ n T u nam 1973 Qua hai euge phan cong chien luge miia k h o 1965 - 1966 va 1966 - 1967, cac d i e u khoan ce d e n nam 1975 cong va noi day tranh to cao hanh ciia H i e p d i n h quan dan ta lien tiep d a n h bai cac cuoc hanh quan " t i m d i e t " va " b i n h d j n h " fa Xuan nam 1975 v o i d o n g ciia MT va Pari n a m 1973 ve .ciia MT - nguy, gianh u u the'tren chien t r u o n g m i e n N a m . w. ba chien djch: Tay chinh q u y e n Sai Viet N a m . N a m 1968 la nam bau cir T o n g thong 6 MT, noi bg m a u t h u a n gay g3t, ta Igi ww N g u y e n , H u e - Da Gon v i pham H i e p d j n h Pari, d u n g C O hgi d o d e m o cuoc T o n g tien cong va n o i day. N a n g va chien pha hoai hoa 12. So sanh thoi co trong Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945 voi thoi co trong dich H o C h i M i n h b i n h , hoa h o p cupc Tong tien cong va noi day mua Xuan nam 1975. Bai hpc k i n h nghif m ve Ijch sir, ket thuc dan toe. thoi CO each mang. thang igi CUQC ' * Thai ca trang Cdch mang thang Tdm: khang chien chong MT cuu nuoc. - Ve khach quan: Den thang 5 - 1945, phat xit D u e b j tha't bai 6 mat tran chau A u . Den ngay 14 - 8 - 1945, phat xit N h a t bi quan D o n g m i n h d a n h bai, 164 ke t h u c h u n g ciia nhan loai tien bg bi tieu d i ? t hoan toan. K h i phat N h a t b j ttanh hai rr m S t trSn rh5n A _ Thii Rinh n.fr»ncr l , i m r h n bon N h a t n Dnnff
  13. 3Si dudng HSG L/ch St> 12 - Ths. rrucng Ngpc Thoi * Bat hoc kinh nghiem velhai ca each mang: Duong va bpn tay sai ciia chving hoang mang den cue do. Day la co hpi khach Kien tri con duong each mang lau dai, ra sue xay dyng va chuan bi luc quan thuan loi cho Cach mang thang Tam gianh dupe th^ng Ipi nhanh chong, lupng ve mpi mat cho that hiing hau, vung chic, tuy theo su phat trien cua it do mau. tinh hinh khach quan va chii quan ma dua quan chung each mang ra dau tranh - Ve chii quan: Sau 15 nam ehuan bi ma true tiep la thoi k i t u nam 1941 tro de gianh thang Ipi t u nho den Ion, lam chuyen bie'n so sanh luc lupng co Ipi di, lye lupng each mang cua nhan dan ta da co quy mo trong toan quoc va toan cho each mang, chii dpng tao tinh the va thai co, loi dung tinh the va thoi co dan tpc, phong trao each mang cua quan ehiing da phat trien thanh cao trao. khach quan thi co the gianh thang Ipi co ban, thang Ipi quyet djnh hay hoan / toan trong thoi gian ngan ma tiet ki^m dupe xuong mau. 01 Dang tien phong da duoc toi luyen day dan, da san sang hoan thanh su menh Nho bie't ehu dpng tao ra tinh the'va thoi co each mang ma Dang ta da lam oc phat dong va lanh dao nhan dan dung len dap tan che do eia, gianh dpc lap cho each mang phat trien voi toe dp "mpt ngay bang hai muoi nam". iH dan tpc, thanh lap chinh quyen nhan dan, xay dung che dp moi. III. NHtyNG T H A N G LQI C H U N G CUA QUAN D A N HAI MIEN NAM - Da - Ve cac tang lop trung gian: Do bp mat cua phat xit Nhat va chinh phu b u T l / N A M 1954 D E N NAM 1975 hi nhin Tran Trpng K i m ngay mpt phoi bay va vach tran; lai do Dang Cong san BAC nT Vi?t Nam co duong loi each mang diing dSn, cho nen cac tang lop trung gian 1, Nhung thing Ipi ciia quan dan ta a hai mien dat nuoc tir nam 1954 den uO trong xa hpi deu nga h3n ve phia each mang. nam 1960 ie N h u vay, thoi co trong Cach mang thang Tam la su ket hop giua cac ye'u to * Otnien Bac: iL khach quan va ehu quan, trong do, ye'u to chu quan giu vai tro quyet djnh do Tu nam 1954 den nam 1957, mien Bac da hoan thanh cong cupc cai each Ta dua Cach mang thang Tam thanh cong. rupng dat; khoi phuc kinh te^ han gan vet thuong chien tranh; t u nam 1958 den s/ * Thai ca trong each mang mien Nam, ehu ye'u la trong cuoc Tong tien cong va noi nam 1960 mien Bac thue hien cong cupc cai tao xa hpi chii nghla. up day mita Xuan nam 1975: Thang Ipi eiia mien Bac trong 6 nam cai each rupng dat, khoi phuc kinh te^ ro cai tao xa hpi chii nghla tao dieu ki^n cho mien Bac ve co ban xoa bo dupe che Trong each mang mien Nam, Dang ta su dung bao luc each mang voi hai /g dp nguoi boc lot nguoi, xac lap dupe quan he san xuat moi; sue manh ciia luc lupng chinh tri va quan su, ket hop khoi nghla tung phan eiia quan chung om mien Bac dupe tang cuong, la cho dya vi>ng chac cho cupc dau tranh ciia nhan 6 nong thon voi chien tranh each mang, ket hpp dau tranh quan su, chinh tri .c dan mien Nam. voi ngoai giao, danh djeh tren ca ba vung chien lupc, bang ba niii giap cong, ok *0 mien Nam: ket hpp giua danh Ion, danh vua va danh nho... cot nham khong ngung phat bo Sau khi Hiep djnh Gionevo ki ket, nhan dan mien Nam dau tranh chong trien lye lupng each mang de tao ra thoi co, cho den khi Hi#p djnh Pari ki ket, ce che dp M l - Diem de bao ve hoa binh, giir gin luc lupng each mang. Tieu bieu M l riit khoi mien Nam. Hiep dinh Pari nam 1973 lai la mpt thai co de tien len fa la "phong trao hoa binh" cua tri thiie va ciia tang lap nhan dan Sai Gon - Chp thyc hi^n eupc Tong tien cong va noi day mua Xuan nam 1975. Ban than cupc w. Lon thang 8 -1954. Den thang 11 - 1954. Tong tien cong va noi day Xuan nam 1975 ciing la mpt chuoi nhung khau xuat ww Tu cuoi nam 1957, cupe dau tranh eiia dong bao mien Nam cang tro nen hi^n thoi co va tao thoi co (thoi co chien lupc va thai co each mang). Nhieu khi quyet liet nham chong chinh sach dan ap, chinh sach "to cpng", " d i f t epng", sai lam eiia djch trong nam 1975 nhu Nguyen Van Thi^u cho so tan khoi Tay chong Luat 10 - 59 ciia MT - Diem. j-,..! , ; Nguyen cung la thai co thiie day each mang tien len. Ngay 15 - 1 - 1959, khi co Nghj quyet 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang, Nhu vay, thoi co trong each mang mien Nam, nha't la trong cupe Tong tien phong trao dau tranh ciia dong bao mien Nam no ra nhu nude va bo. M o dau cong va noi day miia Xuan nam 1975 ehu ye'u dua vao cac dieu k i f n ben trong, la cac cupc khoi nghla tiing phan nhu: cupe noi day 6 Vinh Thanh (Binh Djnh), khong CO dieu kien khach quan thuan Ipi nhu Cach mang thang Tam. N h u ye'u Bac Ai (Ninh Thuan) thang 2 - 1959. 6 Tra Bong (Quang Ngai) thang 8 - 1959, tochii quan do do ta tao ra bang each tao luc, tao the'va tao thai co de tien len roi Ian ra khap mien Nam thanh cao trao each mang, tieu bieu voi cupe "Dong danh cho M I cut, nguy nhao, giai phong hoan toan mien Nam, thu giang son ve mpt moi.
  14. 3Si dirdn^ HC'C) I ich Oir 12 - Ths. Tri/ang Ngpc Thai Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khan^ VIft khoi" 6 Ben Tre ngay 17 - 1 - 1960. Tir Ben Tre phong trao nhanh chong Ian - Tren mat tran chong chinh sdch binh dinh: rpng khSp cac tinh Nam Bo, Nam Trung Bo va Tay Nguyen. Cupc da'u tranh chong va pha "Ap chie'n lupc" dien ra gay go, quyet Met Phong trao "Dong khoi" thang Igi danh dau budc ngoat ciia each mang giCra ta va dich, co hang chijc trieu lupt nguoi tham gia pha "Ap chie'n lupc" di mien Nam, chuyen each mang tu the giii gin lye luong sang the tie'n eong. (Joi voi xay dung lang chien tranh. Voi quyet tam "mot ta'c dat khong di, mot li Cham dut thoi ki on dinh tam thoi che do thuc dan moi ciia M i 6 mien Nam, Ichong roi", nhan dan mien Nam kien quyet bam dat, gii> lang, pha de'kim k?p mo ra thoi ki khiing hoang ciia che do Sai Gon. ciia djch. 2. Nhung t h i n g Igi co ban cua quan dan ta a hai mien Nam - Bac t u nam 1961 / M i va chinh quyen Sai Gon du tap trung sue vao don dan lap "Ap chie'n 01 den nam 1965 lupc" nhung ciing chi thuc hien dupe mot phan ke'hoaeh. Den cuoi nam 1962, oc * Mien Baa each mang kiem soat tren nua tong so voi gan 70% nong dan. iH Trong nhi>ng nam 1961 - 1965, mien BMc thuc hi?n ke hoach Nha nuac 5 - Tren mat tran quan siv: • Da nam. Nhiem vu co ban ciia ke hoach 5 nam la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va Trong nhijng nam 1961 - 1962, quan giai phong da day liii nhieu cupe chien hi nong nghiep, tie'p tue eong euoe cai tao xa hoi chii nghia, ciing co va tang cong, dong thoi voi tie'n eong tieu diet nhieu don bot le ciia dich. Nam 1962 nT cuong thanh phan kinh te quoc doanh, cai thien mot buoc doi song vat chat va quan dan ta da tien hanh nhieu cupe can quet Ion ciia djch vao chie'n khu D, uO van hoa ciia nhan dan lao dong, ciing co quoc phong, tang cuong trat t u va an can cii U Minh, Tay Ninh va Tay B^c Sai Gon. ie ninh xa hpi. Chien thang Ap Bac danh dau buoc truong thanh ciia luc lupng vii trang iL Qua viec thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam, mien Bac dat dupe nhirng thanh tuu co each mang mien Nam, da danh bai cac bien phap chie'n thuat: tri/c thang van", Ta ban ve kinh te^ van hoa, giao due, y te, quan su... "thici xa van" ciia djch, danh sap long tin ciia quan dpi Sai Gon vao trang bi vu s/ Nhi>ng thanh tuu dat dupe trong viec thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam (1961 - khi hien dai ciia MT. Chien thang nay ciing chung minh quan dan mien Nam up 1965) va noi chung trong 10 nam (1954 - 1964) da thay doi bp mat xa hpi mien hoan toan co kha nang danh bai "Chien tranh dac biet" ciia M i va chinh quyen ro Bac. Tai Hoi n^hi Chinh tri dac biet than;; 3 - 1964, Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh noi: Sai Gon, sau tran Ap Bac, phong trao "thi dua Ap Biic gict giijc lap cong" day len /g "Trong 10 nam qua, mien Bic nuoc ta da tie'n hanh buoc dai chua tirng thay khap mien Nam. om trong lich su dan tpc. Dat nuoc, xa hp! va eon nguoi deu doi mai". .c Sau chie'n thang Ap Bac, quan giai phong nhanh chong truong thanh va tie'n * Mien Nam: len danh nhiing tran co quy mo Ion. Cuoi nam 1964, quan va dan Dong Nam ok Tu nam 1961 den nam 1965, mien Nam chien dau chong "Chie'n tranh dac Bp mo chie'n djch tie'n cong Dong - Xuan 1964 - 1965 voi tran mo man danh vao bo bif t" ciia MT. a'p Binh Gia. ce - Tren mat tran chinh tri: Thua thang sau chie'n thang Binh Gia, quan giai phong va nhan dan mien fa Phong trao da'u tranh chinh trj ciia cac tang lop nhan dan trong cac do thi, Nam day manh tie'n cong Xuan - He 1965 va gianh nhieu thang Ipi trong cac w. ca 6 nhi>ng thanh pho Ion nhu Sai Gon, Hue, Da Nang, co nhiing buoc phat chien djch An Lao (Binh Djnh), Ba Gia (Quang Ngai), Dong Xoai (Bien Hoa). ww trien manh me, noi bat la da'u tranh ciia "dpi quan toe dai" ciia cac ba m? va cac 3. Nhxrng t h i n g Igi co b a n ciia quan dan h a i m i e n Nam - BSc trong n h u n g chj; ciia cac tin do Phat giao chong lai su dan ap, ki thj ton giao ciia chinh ^ a m 1965 -1968. quyen Diem. B * O mien Bac: i. ; . Phong trao da'u tranh chinh trj 6 do thj ciing voi phong trao pha "Ap chien H | t Ngay t u ngay dau M l mo rpng chien tranh, mien B3e chuyen m p i boat lupc" 6 nong thon va nhung don tie'n cong lien tie'p ciia cac luc luong vu trang H j y n g sang thoi chie'n, thuc hi0n quan su hoa toan dan. each mang da day nhanh qua trinh suy sup ciia chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Di?m. H Mien BSc v u a san sang chong lai hanh dong danh pha ciia M7 vua lao dong Phong trao da'u tranh chinh trj phat trien trong cac do thi, nhat la 6 cac do ^ a n xua't. thi Ion Sai Gon, Hue^ Da Nang, cang lam roi loan hau phuong ciia djch. Phong trao dang cao, cang thu hiit nhieu nguoi tham eia.
  15. 3Si difdng H5G Ljch SCr 12 - Ths. Tnrone Ngpc Thai Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khang Vi^t T r o n g chie'n da'u, m i e n Bac da ban r o i va pha b u y 3.243 m a y bay MT; ban Dink cao la cuoc Td'ng tien cong va noi day Te't Mau Than nam 1968 chay va c h i m 143 tau chien M I . N g a y 1 - 11 - 1968, M i t u y e n bo n g u n g h5n Cupc t o n g tien cong va n o i day d u p e m o dau bang cupc tap k i c h chie'n lupc chie'n tranh pha hoai m i e n Bac. ciia q u a n chu l y c vao hau k h a p cac d o t h i t r o n g d e m 30 rang sang ngay 31 - 1 - T r o n g san xuat, m i e n Bac lap d u o c n h i i n g thanh tich q u a n t r p n g : 1968 (dem giao t h u a Te't M a u Than). Ve nong nghi^p, d i ^ n h'ch canh tac m o rong, nang suat lao d ^ n g khong ngurig Cupc T o n g tien cong va n o i day Te't M a u Than da d a n h d o n bat ngo, l a m tang len, ngay cang c6 nhieu hop tac xa nhieu dia p h u o n g dat "3 muc t i e u " . cho djch choang v a n g . Ve cong n g h i ^ p , nang l y e san xuat 6 m p t so nganh d u g c g i i i v u n g , cac co so Cupc T o n g tien cong va noi day da l a m l u n g lay y chi x a m lupcc ciia quan / 01 cong n g h i ^ p I o n k i p t h a i so tan. Cong n g h i ^ p dja p h u o n g va cong nghiep quoc M l , bupc M l p h a i t u y e n bo " p h i M i hoa" chien tranh x a m l u p c (tuc thua n h a n oc p h o n g deu phat trien. that bai ciia "Chien t r a n h cue bp"). M I phai t u y e n bocha'm d i i t k h o n g d i e u kien iH Ve giao t h o n g v a n tai la m p t t r o n g n h i r n g t r o n g d i e m ban pha cua djch, chien tranh pha hoai m i e n B5c, chju den ban d a m p h a n 6 Pa r i de ban ve chain Da d u p e quan va dan bao d a m t h u o n g xuyen t h o n g suot. dirt chie'n tranh. hi Cupc T o n g tie'n cong va noi day da m o ra b u o c ngoat cvia cupc k h a n g chie'n Ve van hoa, giao due, y te deu phat trien m a n h me, phuc v u dac luc cho nT chong M I c i i u nuoc ciia q u a n dan ta. n h i ^ m v u chie'n da'u va san xuat. uO 4. N h u n g t h a n g I p i ciia q u a n dan ta d h a i m i e n N a m - B3c t r o n g v i f c d a n h M i e n Bac l a m n h i e m v u hau p h u o n g Ion cua khang chien chong M i ciiu ie b a i c h i e n l u p c " V i ? t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " cua M i . nuoc, m i e n Bac l u o n h u o n g ve m i e n N a m . V i m i e n N a m r u p t thjt, m i e n Bac iL * Thang led cua quan dan mien Nam: p h a n da'u "Mm nguai lam viec bang hai". V i tien t u y e n keu g p i , hau p h u o n g sSn - Thang Igi chinh tri: Ta sang d a n h dap lai "Thoc khong thie'u mot can, quan khong thieu mot ngmi". Tuyen s/ S u ra d o i ciia C h i n h p h i i each m a n g l a m t h o i C o n g hoa m i e n N a m n g a y d u o n g v a n chuyen chien lupc Bac - N a m m a n g ten H o C h i M i n h tren bp (doc up 6 - 6 -1969. D o la c h i n h p h i i ciia nhan dan m i e n N a m . day n i i i T r u o n g Son) va tren bien (doc theo bo bien) bat d a u k h a i t h o n g tii ro T h y c hien d i ehiic ciia C h i i tich H o C h i M i n h , n h a n dan 6 hai m i e n d a y thang 5 - 1959, dai hang n g h i n cay so, da n o i lien hau p h u o n g v o i tien t u y e n . /g manh k h a n g chie'n chong M I c i i u nuoc. * O mien Nam: om O cac thanh p h o l o n n h u Sai Gon, Hue^ Da N a n g , p h o n g trao hpc sinh, sinh Quan dan mien N a m Ian lupt danh bai chien lupc "Chien tranh cue b p " cua M I ; .c vien no ra r a m r p da t h u h i i t d o n g dao g i o i tre t h a m gia. Phong trao t u o i tre, Ma dau la chie'n thang Van Twang (Quang Ngai) vao ngay 18 - 8 - 1965. Vol ok hpc sinh, sinh v i e n c6 v a i tro quan trpng, t h u o n g la "Phong trao chdm ngdi no" chie'n thang V a n T u o n g kha nang chie'n thang M i t r o n g "Chien t r a n h cue bo" bo cho p h o n g trao c h u n g ciia tang l o p nhan dan thanh t h i . cua q u a n d a n ta con tiep tuc dupe c h i i n g m i n h t r o n g hai m i i a kho. ce - Thang Igi tren mat tran phoi hop: Tiep den la cuoc phan cong chie'n Urge trong hai mua kho: fa T r o n g hai n a m 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta ciang v o i n h a n d a n hai n u o c M u a k h o t h u nhat (1965 - 1966): Q u a n dan ta trong the tran chien tranh w. Campuchia va Lao g i a n h n h i i n g t h i n g I p i c6 y nghia chien l u p c tren mat tran n h a n dan, v o i nhieu p h u o n g thuc tac chie'n, da chan d a n h djch tren moi ww quan sy va c h i n h t r j . h u o n g , chu d p n g tien cong djch tren khap m p i n o i . Q u a n ta da loai k h o i vong T r o n g hai ngay 24 va ngay 25 - 4 -1970, H o i n g h i cap cao ba n u o c V i ^ t N a m chie'n da'u 104 000 djch, bSn r o i 1 430 may bay. - Lao - Campuchia h o p n h l m bieu t h i quyet tam ciia n h a n d a n ba n u o c D o n g M u a k h o t h u hai (1966 - 1967): Quan ta m o hang loat tran phan cong danh D u o n g doan ke't chie'n da'u chong M I . bgi cac cupc h a n h quan " t i m d i ^ t " va " b i n h d j n h " cua djch. Loai k h o i vong T u ngay 30 - 4 den ngay 30 - 6 -1970, q u a n d p i Viet N a m c6 s u p h o i h p p ciia chien da'u 151 000 ten djch, ban r o i 1 231 may bay. 0quan dan C a m p u c h i a da dap tan cupc hanh quan x a m l u p c Campuchia va 6 hau k h a p cac v u n g n o n g t h o n , quan c h i i n g pha t u n g m a n g " A p chie'n quan d p i Sai Gon, loai k h o i v o n g chien da'u 17.000 djch, giai p h o n g n h i e u v i m g luge". T r o n g hau k h a p cac thanh t h j , giai cap cong nhan, cac tang l o p nhan dan I ' 9 n g Ion dat dai v o i 4,5 trieu dan. lao d p n g khac, hpc sinh, sinh v i e n , Phat t u , b i n h si Sat Gon... da'u tranh d o i IVfi Tir ngay 12 - 2 den ngay 23 - 3 - 1 9 7 1 , quan d p i V i | t N a m c6 s u p h o i h p p ciia r i i t ve nuoc, d o i t y d o dan chu. A quan d a n Lao da tap tan cuoc h a n h quan mane ten " L a m Son -719" chiem g i i i
  16. 3Si du&ng HSG Ljch Si} 12 - Ths. Trucmg Ngoc Thai lien Bac ban roi 735 may bay MT, ban c h i m 125 tau chie'n loai k h o i v o n g chie'n d u o n g 9 - N a m Lao cua 4,5 van quan M i va quan d o i Sai Gon, loni khoi vong a'u hang tram p h i cong MT. chie'n da'u 22.0000 djch, d u o i hc't quan MT va quan d o i Sai G o n k h o i d u o n g 9 - "Dien Bien Phii tren khCm^" la tran thang quye't d j n h cua ta, da budc MT phai tuyen b d ' n g u n g han cac boat d o n g chd'ng pha mien B^c (15 - 1 - 1973) va H i e p N a m Lao, g i u hanh iang chien luge each m a n g D o n g D u o n g . d j n h Pari ve cha'm d u t chie'n tranh, lap lai hoa b i n h d Viet N a m (27 - 1 - 1973). - TMn^ hi trcn mat tran chon^ chinh sack "binh d'lnh": 5. C h i e n thang cua quan dan ta 6 hai mien Nam - S i c buQc MT phai chap Tai cac v u n g n o n g thon, d o n g bang, r u n g n u i , ven thj, k h a p noi eo phong nhan k i ket H i ^ p d j n h Pari nam 1973 trao cua quan c h u n g noi day chong " b i n h d i n h " , pha "a'p chien luge" eua djch. * Chien thang cua quan dan mien Nam: Den dau nam 1971, each mang gianh quyen lam chu them 3600 a'p v d i 3 tri^u dan. / Thang Igi t r o n g viec danh bai chien luge " V i e t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " cua 01 - Than^ Igi qui/c't dinh vcqiian sir M l (1969 - 1973). Tieu bieu nha't la cugc tien cong chien luge nam 1972. oc Budc vao n a m 1972, quan ta m o cugc tien cong chie'n luge tix ngay 30 - 3 T d m tat d i e n bien: Budc vao nam 1972, quan ta m d cugc tien cdng chien iH danh vao Q u a n g T r j , la'y Q u a n g Trj lam h u o n g tien cong chii ye'u, roi phat luge t u ngay 30 - 3 d a n h vao Quang T r j , lay Q u a n g T r j l a m h u d n g tien cdng Da trien rgng ra khap chie'n t r u o n g mien N a m , keo dai t r o n g nam 1972. chu ye'u, roi phat trien rgng ra khap chie'n t r u o n g m i e n N a m , keo dai trong hi Q u a n ta tien cong djch v o i c u o n g do m a n h , q u y m o Idn, tren hau khap cac nam 1972. Q u a n ta tien cdng djch v d i c u d n g do manh, q u y m d Idn, tren hau nT dja ban chien luge quan trong. Chi trong thai gian ngan (den cuoi thang 6 - 1972), khap cac dja ban chien luge quan trong. C h i trong t h a i gian n g ^ n (den cud'i uO quan ta choc t h u n g ba p h o n g tuyen manh nhat cua djch, la Q u a n g T r j , Tay ie N g u y e n , D o n g N a m Bg, loai khoi v o n g chien dau hon 20 van djch, giai phong thang 6 - 1972), q u a n ta chgc t h i i n g ba p h o n g tuyen m a n h nha't cua djch, la iL nhieu v u n g da't dai rgng Idn va d o n g dan. Quang T r j , Tay N g u y e n , D d n g N a m Bd, kiai khdi v o n g chien da'u hon 20 van Ta Sau d o n m d dau bat n g d cua quan ta, quan d o i Sai C o n cd su y e m t r g cua djch, giai p h d n g nhieu v u n g da't dai rgng Idn va d d n g dan. s/ MT da phan cong lai, gay cho ta nhieu theit hai; con MT t r d lai chien tranh pha Sau d o n m d dau bat n g d cua quan ta, quan d d i Sai Gon cd s u y e m t r g cua up pha hoai m i e n Bac. MT da phan cdng lai, gay cho ta nhieu theit hai; con MT t r d lai chien tranh pha ro pha hoai m i e n Bac. Cuoc tien con^ chien luxrc nam 1972 dil i^idn;^ don nijti^'^ ni}'vao chien litxrc "Viet /g Natn hod chien tranh", buoc Mi phdi tuyen bo "Ml hod" tra Iqi chien tranh xani liror Cugc tien cdng chien luge n a m 1972 da giang d o n nang ne vao chien luge om (ti'fc thiea nhqn that bai ciia "Viet Nam hod chien tranh"). .c "Vi^t N a m hoa chien tranh", budc MT phai tuyen bd'"MT hoa" t r d lai chien tranh xam luge (tiic thua nhan that bai cua "Viet N a m hoa chien tranh"). * Thdng lot cua qtidtt dchi mien Bdc: ok * Chien thdng ciia quan dan mien Bdc: N g a y 6 - 4 - 1972, MT cho may bay nem b o m ban pha m g t so'nai thugc khu bo I V c i i . Ngay 16 - 4 - 1972, N i c h x a n tuyen bo chinh thuc gay ra cugc chie'n tranh Thang Igi t r o n g viec d a n h bai cugc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai ciia MT ce k h o n g quan va hai quan pha hoai mien B^c (Ian t h u hai); den ngay 9 - 5 - 1972, 6 m i e n Bac (1969 - 1973). Tieu bieu la tran D i ^ n Bien Phii tren k h d n g n a m 1972. fa tuyen bo p h o n g toa cang H a i Phong cung cac cua song, l u o n g lach, v u n g bien T d m tat d i e n bien: N g a y 16 - 4 - 1972, N i c h x a n t u y e n bo c h i n h thuc gay ra w. mien Bac. cugc chien tranh k h d n g quan va hai quan pha hoai m i e n BSc Ian t h u hai. N g a y ww 14 - 12 - 1972, N i c h x a n phe c h u a n ke hoach m d cugc tap k i c h k h d n g q u a n N h d d u g c chuan bj trudc va v d i t u the'luon l u o n san sang chie'n da'u, mien bang m a y bay B52 vao H a N g i va H a i P h d n g bSt d a u tir chieu t o i 18 den he't B3c da cd the chu d o n g , k j p thai chd'ng tra djch ngay t u tran d a u . ngay 29 - 12 - 1972. Q u a n dan ta d mien BSc da danh tra djch nhCrng d o n d i c h N g a y 14 - 12 - 1972, gan 2 thang sau k h i tuyen b d ' n g u n g nem b o m ban ph.i
  17. "Dicn Bicn Pln'i trcn Mioii^" l a t r n n t h a n j ; i | u \'l i l i n l i i ii.i l . i , buor M i phaf BF* Nguyen nhan quyei dinh nha't: tuyen bo'ngung han cac hoat dong cho'ng pha mien Bac (15 - 1 - 1973) va Hiep Trong nhung nguyen nhan tren, nguyen nhan ve su lanh dao ciia Dang la dmh Pari ve cham dut chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh 6 Vi#t Nam (27 - 1 - 1973) Lguyen nhan quyet djnh nha't. Boi v i , nho c6 su lanh dao diing dan ciia Dang IV. Y N G H I A LICH S\J, NGUYEN N H A N T H A N G L Q H C U A C U Q C Itiai phat huy dupe cac nhan to nhu: giau long yeu nuoc, vai tro hau phuong K H A N G CHIEN C H O N G M I ClTU N l / O C (1954 - 1 9 7 5 ) W ( ^ i e n Bac, su doan ke't ciia nhan dan ba nuoc Dong Duong... T u do moi phat 1. Y nghia lich su }iuy dupe sue m^nh ciia dan tpc voi sue manh thai dai de chien da'u va chien Cupc khang chien cho'ng Mi cuu nuoc thang Igi da ke't thiic 21 nam chien thang ke thu. da'u cho'ng MI va 30 nam chien tranh giai phong dan toe, bao ve To quo'c; cha'm / dut ach thong tri ciia chu nghia de'quoc va chedo phong kie'n 6 nuoc ta. Tren cAu 01 H 6 I ON T A P CO so do, hoan thanh cupc each mang dan tpc dan chii nhan dan trong ca nuoc, Cau 1. Phan tich moi quan h^ giiia each mang hai mien Nam - Bac Vi^t Nam oc thong nha't dat nuoc. sau Hiep djnh Giuonevo 1954. Tai sao noi viec thuc hien thang Ipi cac nhi^m iH Thang Ipi cua cupc khang chien cho'ng MI cuu nuoc mo ra ki nguyen moi Da vy each mang 6 mien B3c c6 y nghia quyet djnh nha't doi voi toan bp su phat ciia lich su dan tpc - Ki nguyen dat nuoc dpc lap, tho'ng nha't di len chu nghia hi trien ciia each mang Vi^t nam? xa hoi. nT Cm 2. Trinh bay nhung buoc phat trien va thang Ipi ciia each mang mien Bac Thang Ipi ciia nhan dan ta, that bai de'quoc MI da tac dpng manh den tinh uO tu nam 1954 den nam 1960. Y nghia ciia nhung thang Ipi do. hinh nuoc Mi va thegioi nha't la doi voi phong trao giai phong dan tpc. ie Cdu 3. Tai sao phong trao "Dong khoi" (1959 - 1960) dupe eoi la mo'c danh Thang Ipi do "Mai mai diivc ghi vao lich sir cua dan toe ta mot trong nhieng tran^ iL da'u buoc phat trien nhay vpt eiia each mang mien Nam? choi Ipi nhat, mot bieu tugng sang ngoi vesie toan thang cua chu nghia anh hung each Ta Cdu 4. Dai hpi dai bieu toan quo'c Ian thii I I I ciia Dang hpp trong boi canh mang va tri tue con nguai va di vao lich su the giai nhu mot chien cong vidai cua the s/ Ijch sir nhu the'nao? Npi dung va y nghia cua Dai hpi. ki XX, mot sukien c6 tam quan trong quae teto Ian va c6 tinh thai dqi sau sac". up Cdu 5. Bang nhirng sy kien Ijch sir, hay chiing minh cau noi ciia Chu tjch Ho 1. Nguyen nhan thang Igi ro Chi Minh tai Hpi nghj Chinh trj dae bi?t (thang 3 - 1964): "Trong 10 nam qua, Nho CO su lanh dao sang suo't ciia Dang dung dau la Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh /g mien Bac nuoc ta da tien nhiing buoc dai chua tirng tha'y trong Ijch sir dan tpc. voi duong loi chinh trj, quan su dpc lap, t u chii; duong loi tien hanh dong thai om Dat nude, xa hpi, eon nguoi deu doi m o i " . each mang xa hpi chii nghia a mien BSc va each mang dan tpc dan ehii nhan .c Cdu 6. A m muu va thu doan eiia M I 6 mien Nam eo gi khac nhau giira hai dan 6 mien Nam diing dan, sang tao voi phuong phap da'u tranh linh hoat, ket ok giai doan 1954 - 1960 va 1961 - 1965? hpp voi da'u tranh quan su - chinh tri - ngoai giao. bo Cdu 7. Tien hanh chien lupc "Chien tranh cue bp" 6 mien Nam (1965 - 1968), Nhan dan ta 6 hai mien giau long yeu nuoc, doan ke't, nha't tri, lao dpng can ce de quoe M I thuc hi^n am muu va thu doan gi? Quan dan ta 6 mien Nam da cu, chien da'u diing cam vi su nghiep giai phong mien Nam, xay dung bao ve fa gianh dupe nhiing t h i n g Ipi gi trong chien da'u cho'ng chien lupc "Chien tranh mien Bac, thong nha't nuoc nha. w. eye bp" cua M I tir nam 1965 den nam 1968? ' Nho CO hau phuong mien Bac khong ngirng Ion manh, c6 kha nSng dap ww I Cdu 8. Cupc Tong tien cong va noi day Xuan Mau Than 1968 6 mien Nam da ung kjp thoi cac yeu cau ciia cupc chien da'u 6 hai mien. dien ra trong hoan canh nao? Dien bie'n, ke't qua va y nghia. Nho su phoi hpp chien da'u, doan ke't giiip do nhau trong qua trinh da'u 1; Cdu 9. De'quoc M I gay chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien tranh cho'ng ke thu chung ciia ba dan toe a Dong Duong. Bie tir nam 1965 den nam 1958 nhu the nao? Mien BMe da lap dupe nhirng Nho CO sy dong tinh, ling hp va giiip do to Ion ciia cac lyc lupng each ^ thanh tich gi trong san xua't va chien da'u cho'ng chien tranh pha hoai eiia M I tir mang, hoa binh, dan chii tren the gioi, nha't la Lien X6, Trung C^uoe va cac nam 1965 den nam 1968? nuoc xa hpi chii nghia khac; phong trao nhan dan M I va nhan dan the gioi phan doi cupc chien tranh xam lupc Vi?t Nam ciia de'quoc MI. 174 175
  18. "Cau 10. T h a n TK h nhCing d i e m g i o n g va khac nhau g i u a chien luQC "Chien tranh dac biet" (1961 - 1965) va " C h i e n tranh cue b o " (1965 - 1968) ciia M I 6 Giong m i e n N a m Viet N a m . Npi I nhau Cau 11. L a p bang t h o n g ke ve y nghla cua chien thang V a n T u o n g (8 - 1965), dung Khac cupc phan cong chien lupc t r o n g hai m u a kho (1965 - 1966), (1966 - 1967) vn nhau T o n g tien cong noi day Te't M a u Than (1968). Giong -1 Chien t h i n g V a n T u o n g Y nhau (8-1965) nghia Khac / nhau 01 Cupc phan cong chien Cau 15. Lap bang so sanh hai cupc chien tranh pha hoai ciia M I 6 mien Bac ve: . oc lupc hai m u a k h o (1965 - J - T h o i gian d a n h pha. iH 1966), ( 1 9 6 6 - 1 9 6 7 ) ' - Q u y m o danh pha. Da T o n g tien cong noi day - A m m u u d a n h pha. hi Te't M a u Than (1968). Is - Ke't qua chien d a u cua quan dan mien B3c. nT Cau 16. Sau H i e p d i n h Pari ve V i ^ t N a m n a m 1973, the'va l u c m o i ctia quan uO Cau 12. N e u a m m u u va t h i i doan cua M i t r o n g chien l u p c " V i ^ t N a m hoa dan ta 6 mien N a m n h u the'nao? ^ ' ie chien t r a n h " va " D o n g D u o n g hoa chien t r a n h " (1969 - 1973). N h u n g thang Ipi Cau 17. So sanh t h o i co t r o n g Cach m a n g thang T a m n a m 1945 v o i t h o i ca iL c h u n g cua ba nuoc D o n g D u o n g tren cac m a t tran q u a n su, chinh t r j , ngoai trong each m a n g m i e n N a m . Ta giao t r o n g n h i r n g n a m 1969 - 1973. Cau 18. D a n g ta da can c u vao dieu kien t h a i co n h u the nao de de ra ke s/ Cau 13. Q u a n d a n m i e n B^c da d a n h bai cupc tap kich bang k h o n g quan cua hoach giai p h o n g hoan toan m i e n Nam? N p i d u n g ciia k e h o a c h d o . T o m t i t up M I cuoi n a m 1972 n h u the nao? Ke't qua va y nghia. M i e n BSc thuc hi?n nghla dien bien ciia cupc T o n g tien cong va n o i day Xuan 1975. ro v u hau p h u o n g n h u the nao d o i v o i tien tuyen m i e n N a m t u n a m 1969 den /g Cau 19. T r i n h bay y nghla Ijch s u va n g u y e n nhan t h i n g I p i cua cupc khang n a m 1973? om chien chong M I c i i u nuoc. Phan tich m o t n g u y e n nhan quye't d i n h nha't. Cau 14. L a p bang so sanh n h i r n g d i e m g i o n g va khac nhau giCra H i e p d j n h .c Cau 20. L a p bang he t h o n g nhi>ng thang I p i co y nghia chien l u p c cua q u a n G i o n e v o ve D o n g D u o n g n a m 1954 va H i ^ p d i n h Pari ve Vi?t N a m n a m 1973: ok ^ n ta a hai m i e n N a m - Bac tren cac m a t tran quan su, c h i n h t r j , ngoai giao hoan canh k i ke't, n o i d u n g va y nghia cua H i e p d j n h . bo i^ong khang chien chong M I , c u u nuoc (1954 - 1975). ce Tieu Nhung T h a i gian Quan s u C h i n h tri Ngoai giao fa chi diem Tir nam 1954 H i ? p dinh Gionevo H i ^ p dinh Pari w. so giong va den nam 1960 ww sanh khac nhau i.Tu nam 1961 ideh nam 1965 Giong Wit nam 1965 nhau Hoan Men nam 1968 canh 'Tir nam 1969 Khac «leh nam 1973 nhau ;Tu nam 1973 nam 1975 176
  19. Cau 21. Lap bang tong hg^p ve cac giai doan phat trien ciia each mang mio,. C/iuy^n di 5: VlfiT N A M TIT 1975 DfiN N A M 2000 Nam theo yeu cau sau: I. V I ? T NAM TRONG NHCNG NAM DAU SAU DAI THANG MUA Nhi^m Thing Igi Giai doan Y nghia XUAN 1975 each m^ng dat dugfc 1. Nhung thuan Igi va kho khan eua each mang 6 hai mien Bac - Nam sau 1) 1954 -1960 nam 1975 * Mien Bac: 2) 1961 -1965 Trai qua hon hai muoi nam (1954-1975) tien hanh each mang xa hpi chu / 01 nghia, mien Bac dat dxxqc nhiing thanh tyoi to Ion va toan d i f n, da xay dvmg 3) 1965 -1968 oc duge nhiing co so vat chat - ki thuat ban dau cua chu nghia xa hpi. iH N h i m g cuQc chien tranh pha hoai bang khong quan va hai quan cua M i het 4) 1969 -1973 Da siic ac li?t, da tan pha nang ne gay hau qua lau dai doi voi mien Bac. Chien hi tranh pha hoai cua M i da pha huy hau het nhung cai ma nhan dan ta ton biet 5) 1973 -1975 nT bao cong siic de xay dung nen, lam cho qua trinh tien len san xuat Ion bi cham uO lai den vai ba ke hoach 5 nam. Cau 22. Lap bang thong ke cac chien luge chien tranh ciia M i , cac doi tong ie * Mien Nam: ^ '' thong M l va chie'n thang quyet dinh ciia quan dan mien Nam trong vi?c danh iL Da hoan toan giai phong, che dp thuc dan moi ciia MT cimg bp may chinh Ta quyen Sai Gon 6 trung uong bi sup do, nhung co so chinh quyen nay 6 dja Chien thing quye s/ Chien lugfc phuong cung bao di hai xa hoi van con ton tai. Doi Tong thong dinh cua each up Thai gian CuQc chien tranh ciia MT gay ra hau qua nang ne. Nhieu lang mac, dong ehien tranh mang mien Nam ro ruQng bi tan pha. Nua tri^u hecta ruong dat bj bo hoang. Mgt trieu hecta bj /g Tif nam chat dpc hoa hpc va bom dan cay xoi. V6 so'bom min con vui lap tren cac canh om 1954 den .c dong, rupng vuon, noi cu trii cua nhan dan. Dpi ngii that nghif p co toi hang nam 1960 trifu nguoi. So ngudi mu chu chiem ti If Ion trong dan cu. •' ok Tir nam Mien Nam co nen kinh te trong chung muc nhat djnh phat trien theo huong bo 1961 den tu ban, song ve co ban van mang h'nh chat ciia nen kinh te nong nghiep lac ce nam 1965 hau, san xuat nho va phan tan phat trien mat can doi. If thupc nang ne vao fa Tu nSm v i f n trg t u ben ngoai. w. 1965 den 2. Nhtmg chu truong va bi?n phap giai quyet nhirng nhif m vy cap bach sau ww nam 1968 khi cupc khang chien chong MI ket thiic Tir nam d mien Bac, den giua nam 1976 moi can ban hoan thanh n h i f m vy va khac 1969 den phuc hau qua chien tranh, khoi phuc kinh te. nam 1973 O mien Nam, cong vifc tiep quan viing moi giai phong t u thanh thi deh TCr nam nong thon, t u dat lien den hai dao, t u can cu quan sy den cac co so san xuat, 1973 den hanh chinh, van hoa dugc tien hanh khan truong. nSm 1975 6 nhung viing moi giai phong, viec thanh lap chinh quyen each m?ng va doan the quan chiing cac cap nhanh chong thyc hien. Hang t r i f u dong bao ta 179
  20. t r o n g t h o i gian chien tranh bj d o n vao cac "a'p chie'n luo'c" hay bo chay vao cac 6 n h u n g v i i n g m o i giai p h o n g , viec thanh lap chinh q u y e n each mang va thanh p h o k h o n g c6 v i f c l a m du(?c hoi h u o n g , chuyen ve n o n g t h o n san xuat doan the q u a n c h u n g cac cap nhanh chong thi^c hien. hoac d i xay d u n g v i i n g k i n h t e m o i . H a n g trieu d o n g bao ta trong thoi gian chien tranh bj d o n vao cac " A p chien C h i n h q u y e n each m a n g tjch t h u tai san va r u g n g dat ciia b o n phan d p n g l u p c " hay bo chay vao cac thanh p h o k h o n g co viec l a m d u p e hoi h u o n g , t r o n ra nuoc ngoai, tuyen bo xoa bo h i n h thuc boc lot p h o n g kien, tien hanh chuyen ve n o n g t h o n san xuat hoac d i xay d u n g v u n g k i n h t e m o i . dieu c h i n h r u o n g dat t r o n g noi bo nong dan, quoc h u u hoa ngan hang, thay C h i n h q u y e n each m a n g tich t h u tai san va r u o n g dat ciia b p n phan d o n g d o n g tien cu hang d o n g tien m o i cua each m a n g . tron ra nuoc ngoai, tuyen bo xoa bo h i n h thuc boc Ipt p h o n g kien, tien hanh / Sau dai thang m u a Xuan nam 1975, To quoc Viet N a m ve mat lanh tho da dieu chinh r u o n g dat trong n p i bp nong dan, quoc h i r u hoa ngan hang, thay 01 d u g c t h o n g nha't, song 6 m o i mien lai ton tai m g t h i n h thuc to chuc N h a nuoc d o n g tien eii bSng d o n g tien m o i ciia each mang. C h i n h q u y e n each m a n g chii oc khac nhau. iH trpng khoi phuc san xuat nong nghjep de dap I'mg nhu eau truoc m3t va lau dai D a p lai n g u y e n v o n g chinh dang cua nhan dan ca nuoc, d o n g t h o i p h u hop Da ve l u o n g thuc. Cac hoat dong van hoa, giao due, y te'dupe tien hanh khan truong. v o i thuc teUch s u dan toe - " N u o c Vi?t N a m la mpt, dan tgc Viet N a m la m p t " hi I I . XAY D l / N G C H U N G H I A XA H Q I , D A U T R A N H B A O VE T O Q U O C H p i nghj Ian t h u 24 Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g (9 - 1975) da de ra nT (1976 -1986) n h i ? m v y hoan t h a n h t h o n g nha't dat nuoc ve mat N h a nuoc. uO 1. Ke hoach N h a n u a c 5 n a m 1976 - 1980 T u ngay 15 den ngay 21 - 11 - 1975, hoi nghj hiep t h u o n g c h i n h trj t h o n g ie - Nhiem vu va muc tieu: * nha't dat nuoc d u o c to chiic tai Sai Gon. H a i doan dai bieu dai dien cho hai iL Dai hpi dai bieu toan quoc Ian t h u I V cua D a n g Cpng san Vi?t N a m hpp t u m i e n tham d u . H o i nghj nha't t r i hoan toan cac van de chu t r u o n g , bi#n phap Ta ngay 14 den ngay 20-12-1976 da de ra d u o n g l o i xay d u n g chii nghla xa hpi s/ n h a m t h o n g nha't dat nuoc ve mat N h a nuoc. trong p h a m v i ca nuoc, d u o n g loi chung each m a n g xa hpi chii nghla va d u o n g up N g a y 25 - 4 - 1976, cuoc tong tuyen c u bau Quoc hoi c h u n g d u g c tien hanh 161 xay d u n g k i n h te t r o n g thai k i qua d p . ro t r o n g ca nuoc. T u ngay 2 4 - 6 den ngay 3 - 7 - 1976, Quoc h g i nuoc Viet N a m Dai hpi quye't d j n h p h u o n g h u o n g , nhiem v u va muc tieu eiia ke hoach N h a /g t h o n g nha't, hop k i dau tien tai H a N o i . Quoc h p i thong qua c h i n h sach d o i npi nuoc 5 n a m (1976 - 1980), la xay d u n g xa hpi ehii nghla, n h a m hai m u c tieu co om va d o i ngoai cua nuoc Viet N a m thong nha't. ban: xai/ di/ng mot buoc ca so vat chat - ki thuat cua chu nghia xa hoi, buac dau hinh .c Quye't d i n h ten nuoc la Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghta Viet Nam (tir ngay 2-7- thanh ca cau kinh temoi trong ca nuoc ma ho phan chu yeu la co ca'u cong nghiep - nong ok 1976), quye't d j n h Quoc h u y , Quoc k i la ca d o sao vang, Quoc ca la Tich qudn ca, bo T h i i d o H a N p i , thanh pho Sai Gon d o i ten la Thanh phoHoChiMinh. Quoc h p i nghiep va cai thien mot biroc dai song vat chat va van hod cua nhdn dan lao dong. ce bau ra cac co quan, chuc v u lanh dao cao nha't cua nuoc cpng hoa xa h p i chii - Thanh tieu dat dugc: fa nghla Vi?t N a m , bau Ban d u thao H i e n phap. + K h o i phuc va phat trien k i n h te w. V o i ket qua k i h p p t h u nha't quoc h p i khoa V I , cong viec t h o n g nha't dat Cac CO so n o n g nghiep, cong nghiep, giao t h o n g van tai ve co ban da d u p e ww nuoc ve mat N h a nuoc da hoan thanh. T u day vi^c tiep tuc hoan t h a n h t h o n g phuc hoi va b u o c dau phat trien. N a n g luc san xuat ciia cac nganh k i n h te nha't tren ta't ca cac ITnh v u c chinh t r j , t u t u o n g , van hoa, xa h p i se gan lien v o i d u p e nang len. viec thuc h i ^ n nhi>ng n h i e m v u ciia each m a n g xa h p i chii nghia t r o n g p h a m v i T r o n g cong nghiep, co nhieu nha m a y d u p e gap r i i t xay d y n g , n h u cac nha ca nuoc. m a y xi mang, dien, co k h i d p n g luc, d u o n g , giay keo, keo spi, giao thong van tai 3. N h u n g t h a n h t m i t r o n g khac phuc hau qua chien t r a n h , k h o i p h u c va p h a t d u p e k h o i phuc va xay d y n g m o i 1.700km d u o n g sat, 3.800km d u o n g bp, t r i e n k i n h te, o n d i n h t i n h h i n h m i e n N a m sau g i a i p h o n g n a m 1975. 30.000m cau, 4.000m ben cang, bo sung them nhieu p h u o n g tien van tai. Tuyen C o n g vi#c tiep q u a n v u n g m o i giai p h o n g t u thanh thj den n o n g thon, tir d u o n g sat T h o n g nha't t u H a N p i d i Thanh pho H o C h i M i n h sau 30 nam b| dat lien den hai dao, t u can c u quan su den cac co so san xuat, hanh c h i n h , van gian doan da hoat d p n g tro lai. hoa d u p e tien hanh khan t r u o n g . liii
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