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Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess (Part 2)

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Table 71-2 Deficiencies and Toxicities of Metals Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake Level Boron No biologic Developmental defects, male 20 mg/d function determined sterility, (extrapolated from data) animal testicular atrophy Calcium Reduced bone Renal insufficiency (milk-alkalai syndrome), mg/d 2500 (milk- Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake Level mass, osteoporosis nephrolithiasis, iron absorption impaired alkalai) Copper Anemia, growth retardation, keratinization Nausea, vomiting, 10 mg/d defective diarrhea, hepatic failure, (liver toxicity) and tremor, mental hemolytic pigmentation of hair, deterioration, hypothermia, degenerative changes in aortic osteopenia, deterioration elastin, mental anemia, renal dysfunction Chromium Impaired glucose tolerance ...

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Nội dung Text: Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess (Part 2)

  1. Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess (Part 2) Table 71-2 Deficiencies and Toxicities of Metals Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake Level Boron No biologic Developmental 20 mg/d function determined defects, male sterility, (extrapolated testicular atrophy from animal data) Calcium Reduced bone Renal insufficiency 2500 (milk-alkalai syndrome), mg/d (milk-
  2. Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake Level mass, osteoporosis nephrolithiasis, impaired alkalai) iron absorption Copper Anemia, growth Nausea, vomiting, 10 mg/d retardation, defective diarrhea, hepatic failure, (liver toxicity) keratinization and tremor, mental pigmentation of hair, deterioration, hemolytic hypothermia, anemia, renal dysfunction degenerative changes in aortic elastin, osteopenia, mental deterioration Chromium Impaired glucose Occupational: renal ND tolerance failure, dermatitis, pulmonary cancer
  3. Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake Level Fluoride Dental caries Dental and skeletal 10 mg/d fluorosis, osteosclerosis (fluorosis) Iodine Thyroid Thyroid 1100 µg/d enlargement, T4, dysfunction, acne-like (thyroid cretinism eruptions dysfunction) Iron Muscle Gastrointestinal 45 mg/d abnormalities, effects (nausea, vomiting, of elemental iron kilonychia, pica, diarrhea, constipation), (GI side effects) anemia, work iron overload with organ performance, impaired damage, acute systemic cognitive development, toxicity premature labor, perinatal maternal
  4. Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake Level mortality Manganese Impaired growth General: 11 mg/d and skeletal Neurotoxicity, Parkinson- (neurotoxicity) development, like symptoms reproduction, lipid and Occupational: carbohydrate Encephalitis-like metabolism; upper body syndrome, Parkinson-like rash syndrome, psychosis, pneumoconiosis Molybdenum Severe Reproductive and 2 mg/d neurologic fetal abnormalities extrapolated abnormalities from animal data Selenium Cardiomyopathy, General: Alopecia, 400 µg/d
  5. Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake Level heart failure, striated nausea, vomiting, (hair, nail muscle degeneration abnormal nails, emotional changes) lability, peripheral neuropathy, lassitude, garlic odor to breath, dermatitis Occupational: Lung and nasal carcinomas, liver necrosis, pulmonary inflammation Phosphorous Rickets Hyperphosphatemia 4000 (osteomalacia), mg/d proximal muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis,
  6. Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake Level paresthesia, ataxia, seizure, confusion, heart failure, hemolysis, acidosis Zinc Growth General: Reduced 40 mg/d retardation, taste and copper absorption, (impaired copper smell, alopecia, gastritis, sweating, fever, metabolism) dermatitis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting immune dysfunction, Occupational: failure to thrive, Respiratory distress, gonadal atrophy, pulmonary fibrosis congenital malformations Note: ND, not determined; GI, gastrointestinal
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