Định tuyến trong mạng cảm biến: Chuyên đề tốt nghiệp và so sánh bằng mô phỏng

BQ GIAO DVC DAO T30

TRIreNG DAI HQC THANG LONG

-o0o--

CHUYEN DE TOT NGHIEP

DINH TUYEN TRONG MANG CAM BIEN VA SO SANH BANG MO PIING

Gil° viOn htrang din : TS.Hoing Tryng Minh

Sinh vien tittle hi@ : Bei Tan Tung

: Al2776

MA sinh visa (cid:9)

: Mgng may finis - Viin thong

Chuyen ngInh (cid:9)

HA NQI - 2014

L61 NOI DAU

Ngay nay nhb ce nhOng lien be nhanh ch6ng trong khoa hoc vi ceding nghe sir phat trier nhting mpg bao gem cic cam bien gia thinh re, tieu thu ft nang luting vi da chtic nang di nhen duqc nhOng sir chit ding ke .Hien nay ngubi to dang top twig trien kbai the mang cam bien de ap dung vio tong cuOc song hang ngiy. D6 11 cac vue ye y te, quan sir, m8i trubng, giao thong... Trong met Wang lai !thong xa, cac img ding cos mpg cam bien se trer thinh met phAn !thong the thieu trong cuOc song con ngtroi nett chting to phat huy dtrqc het cac diem manh ma khan phei mmig Ili° ding c6 duqc nhu mang cam bien.

Tuy nhien mang cam (mg dang phai dOi met WA nit nhieu thach thirc, met trong nhOng thich thirc len nhit d6 II ngute Ming luting bj gith han va Ichong the mp nay rat nhieu nhi nghien cfru dang tep trung vio viec cii thien khit nang stl dung hieu quit rang lucmg ci a mpg cam bien trong tung we khic nhau.Em de thn hieu ve met s6 giao thtic djnh tuyin coo mpg cam bits nhu LEACH, GAF gift') citi thien nhttng nhtrqc diem mitt the giao thitc truyen thong ring cao thlri gian sting cue mung. Trong nOi dung tai lieu My em se giai thieu tong quan ve man cam bien Idlong day (Wireless Sensor Network). Giao thirc vi cac phuong phip djnh My& trong mang vai nhang tru va nhuqc diem de c6 the hieu re hon ve mpg cam bien dua ra su ltra chon sing su6t pha hqp vai (mg dung cult mang de dirge tOi uu nat.

Di co the holm thinh dirge chuyen di tOt nghiep My, em da dirge hoc hat nhftng kien thfrc qui bau tfr the they, c8 elm cua Trubng Dpi hoc Mang Long trong suOt nam WW1 dal hoc .Em v6 ding biet on sir day d6, chi bito ten tinh cue cac they, cac co trong thbi gian hoc Sp nay.

Em xin bity t6 long biet an ten TS.Hoang Trong Minh, they di ten tinh chi &to vi djnh huOng cho em nghien cum di di nay.Thily di cho em nheng lbi lchuyen quan trong trong suOt qua trinh hoin thenh chuyen di.

Cu6i cling, em xin cam an gia dinh vi ban be Von too dieu Iden thuon lqi, dOng vien vi giitp der em trong suet thbi gian hoc tap, ming nhu qui trinh nghien ant, hoin thinh chuyen di My.

Hi nOi, thing 12 nam 2013

Sinh ten

Bid Tien Tung

TOM TAT DO AN

Ngay nay oh& lien bO vtrqt bac trong khoa hqc va ceing nghe, mang cam bien a fro thanh de tai nghien ciru !tong bong vi nhan duqc sq den b0 ding ke tong yid nam qua.Mang cam bien la mang v8 tuyen bao g6m cac thiet N cam Men duqc phan b6 mOt each ngiu nhien trong khong gian, nhim quan sat the hien twang vat ly , hay dieu hen mai throng nhu nhiet dO, am thanh, star chin dung, ap suit, su chuyen dung, 8 nhilm the vi tri 'chic nhau.

Su phat trien caa mpg cam bien ma diu la cac ling dung tong quan dOi vi du nhu glum sat chi& tnemg. Tuy nhien bay gib mang cam bien con duqc sir dung trong nhieu ltnh vuc din dung bao gam: quan sat m8i trubng sang, cham s6c sue khee, nha to dOng hay dieu lchitin giao thong.

Cac con cam bien la cac thiet bi dien tfr nh6, thong thubng duce trang bj b0 thu phut ve tuyen hoc cac thiet bi lchting day lchac, mOt b0 vi xir ly Who va mOt nguan nAng lugng. Cac con cam bien nay ce lchi !tang thu thap, xt) lt va truyen thong thong tin den cac not khac va ra the gith ben ngoai.

Mang cam Men la mOt linh we nit siu rung, chuyen de My se gieri thieu mOt each khai quit nhit ve cac dac diem cart mpg cam lien va mOt so giao thirc dinh tuyen trong mang cam bien.

DI in nAy gim co 4 diming:

Chuang 1: T6ng quan ye mang cam bien. Chuang My trinh bay nhttng khai niem chung Whit ve WSN va dua ra caftu trim cos mang cam bien. D6ng thbi cling neu ra cac img dung trong nhieu anh vuc cuOc song.

Chuang 2: M8 hinh !den trim mang cam bien. Cu the la tang vat 19, tang lien ket clit lieu va cac giao thire dac trung ctia mang cam bien tong d6 c6 hai giao thirc dac trung d6 la : (tong bO thEri gian va giao thirc vi tri.Chwmg nay cling la den de de di vao dm hieu cite giao thin djnh tuyen trong lop mang b chuong 3.

Chuang 3: Dinh tuyen trong mpg cam lien. Chuang My phan loci cac giao thirc dinh tuyen ra lam ba loci : trung tam dit lieu, phan cip vi djnh tuyin dua vao vi tri dja bier la nghien elm hq cac giao thirc dinh tuyen LEACH.

Chuang 4:M8 phong va so simh 3 giao thirc djnh thy& Leach, Leach-C, Stat- clus.Sau khi m8 phi:mg se cho ra ket qua duqc bleu dien bing d6 thi va Si cling la nhon xet va so sash ye 3 yin de de 11 Wing luang lieu thu , theri gian sang va luang g6i tin eita mang d6i vii tang giao thirc.

MVC LVC

1 CHITONG 1. TONG QUAN MANG CAM BltN KHONG DAY (cid:9)

1 1.1 Gioi thieu (cid:9)

2 1.2 06 Ink mpg cum bien (cid:9)

2 1.2.1 Clic yiu to anh httimg din cciu Ink mgng cam Min (cid:9)

1.2.2 Girl thieu yi nut cam biln• (cid:9) 3

1.2.3 Ddc diem ctia aiu &tic mgng cam 7 (cid:9)

1.2.4 Hai cdu tnic dOc trong ciza mgng cam bien 10 (cid:9)

12 1.3 l'ing ding (cid:9)

1.11 Ong dung trong qua dot (cid:9) 13

1.12 Ong dung trong m6i :meow (cid:9) 14

1.13 Ong dung trong chdm soc sec Moe (cid:9) 16

1.3.4 Tv dOng hod gkz din); va dien ddn dung 16 (cid:9)

18 1.3.5 Gicim sat vd dieu khiin cOng nghiep (cid:9)

1.4 Ket luen (cid:9) 19

CHMING 2. KAN TRUC MO HINH PHAN LOP CUA MANG CAM BItN120

20 2.1 Kien frac giao thitc ming (cid:9)

2.1.1 lip wit 15, (cid:9) 21

Throng (cid:9)

2.1.2 Lop lien kit di, lieu viz thd tuc thorn nhdp mot 25

2.1.3 Thu tyc canh tranh (cid:9) 28

2.1.4 Thu tyc 'cep lich (cid:9) 29

2.1.5 Chu& thd tuc thiim nhap mei trttimg IEEE 802.15.4 (cid:9) 31

2.2 Giao than diing thbi gian (cid:9) 34

2.2.1 Ddng ha ccic nut cam Min ye sit chin!: vise (cid:9) 36

2.2.2 Diing b¢ thiti gian trong mgng cam Nan (cid:9) 37

2.2.3 Giao thtiv clang bO' girth bin nh(m yit ben ph& (cid:9) 38

22.4 Giao thtiv eldng b() giily bin Wm vit bin nhdn (cid:9) 44

2.3 Giao thin vj trf (cid:9) 48

48 2.3.1 Dinh vj Ara vao mdc co then (cid:9)

49 2.3.2 Dinh vi dya vao vj tri tucmg doi

(cid:9)

50 (cid:9) 2.4 Ket

51 CHUONG 3. DfNH TUYEN TRONG MANG WSN (cid:9)

51 3.1 then thieu (cid:9)

3.2 Phiin loui vi so sfinh clic giao thirc dint( tuyen (cid:9) 53

56 3.3 Giao thirc dinh tuyen ngang hang (cid:9)

56 3.4 Giao that trung tam de lieu (cid:9)

3.4.1 Flooding va Gossiping (cid:9)

56 14.2 Giao that thitung lityng SPIN (cid:9)

57

59

(cid:9)

14.3 Giao that gein tuyin lien tie MR (Sequential Assignment Routing)

3.4.4 Giao that khuich tan tritc trip (Dirrected Diffusion)

60

(cid:9)

3.4.5 Giao thus chuyin dip gia tei thilu (MCFA)

60

(cid:9)

3.5 Nhem giao thik Olin cap (cid:9) 60

15.1 Giao thac dinh tuyen plan cdp twang thich ndng ltivng thap

60

(cid:9)

69 15.2 Leach-C: thanh lap cum tram cc sa (cid:9)

3.5.3 Leach-F: nham co dinh, lwin phien cluster-head (cid:9)

70 3.5.4 Giao that stat-cluster (cid:9)

73 3.5.5 Giao that Giao that nguang ring hem hieu qua

(cid:9)

(cid:9) 73

3.5.6 PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems)

3.6 Giao thirc dua ten vi tri (cid:9)

75 3.6.1 GO thuat chink xac theo dja ly (GAF : Geographic Adaptive Fidelity)

(cid:9) 75

16.2 GEAR (Geographic and Energy-Aware Routing)

(cid:9)

77 163 Kit 114n (cid:9)

78

CHU'ONG 4. M6 PRONG VA SO SANH GIAO Tait DJNH TUYEN LEACH, LEACH-C, STAT-CLUS (cid:9) 79

79 4.1 T6ng quan ve NS2 (cid:9)

79 4.1.1 Giai thieu vi NS2 (cid:9) 4.1.2 Co c6u to char NS2 (cid:9)

82 4.2 Gil thiet m8 phong (cid:9)

(cid:9)

82 4.2.1 Gici

83 4.2.2 aiu lenh chgy mo' phong : (cid:9)

86 4.3 Ket quit m6 phong vi nhO 'cot (cid:9)

86 4.3.1 Thai gian sting cia ccic nodes (cid:9)

87 4.3.2 Ming hrong (cid:9)

88 4.3.3 Diss lieu (cid:9)

89

90 4.14 Khi tang mar ndng hem len 11 (cid:9) 4.15 Khi thay deli tpa (16 tram cc so (cid:9)

92 4.4 Isllgin xet (cid:9)

93 CHUONG 5. KET LUAN VA. DV MEN TRONG TUONG LAI (cid:9)

5.1 Thu duqc ket qua (cid:9) 93

5.2 Dv kien trong tiremg lai (cid:9) 93

DANH SACH BANG BLEU VA HiNH VE

3 Hinh 1.1.Ciu trim mang elm bide (cid:9)

4 Hinh 1.2.Ciu tao net cam biEn (cid:9)

5 Binh 1.3.Nfit mpg ththc hu Mica Mote (cid:9)

5 Hinh 1.4.Net mang EYES (cid:9)

10 Hinh 1.5.Ciu trim phing cea mang cam bian (cid:9)

11 Hinh 1.6.Ciu trim ting cea mang cam lien (cid:9)

14 Hinh 1.7.1:Ing dpg trong quill dui (cid:9)

15 Hinh 1.8.1:ing dung theo dei sv di chuyin dm dOng 4 (cid:9)

16 Hinh 1.9.1Ung dung trong moi trutmg (cid:9)

16 Hinh 1.10.1Tng dung trong chith s6c sec khoe (cid:9)

20 Hinh 2.1.Kien frac giao thirc mpg dm bien (cid:9)

23 Fah 2.2.Khea djch bien de ASK (cid:9)

23 Hinh 2.3.Khea djch pha PSK (cid:9)

24 Hinh 2.4.Khea djch tin s6 FSK (cid:9)

25 Hinh 2.5.M8 hinh vimg zing det gifts chc net mang (cid:9)

29 Hinh 2.6.The tic LEACH (cid:9)

31 Hinh 2.7.The tic TRAMA (cid:9)

32 Hinh 2.8.Ciu tnic si8u khung (cid:9)

35 Hinh 2.9.Xlc djnh g6c den Cult am thanh 6 xa b?ri mOt day sensor (cid:9)

38 Hinh 2.10.D6ng bO ben phat/been nhon vet ben nhon/bOn nhen (cid:9)

40 Hinh 2.11.Hoat ding dm viec ding bO bon phatiben nhin (cid:9)

43 Hinh 2.12.LTS multihop phin b6 (cid:9)

45 Hinh 2.13.Vi du ve RBS (cid:9)

47 Hinh 2.14.Chuyen dap poi du lieu vh chuyen di thin then gian (cid:9)

55 Hinh 3.1.Phan lohi giao thin djnh tuyen trong WSN (cid:9)

56 Hinh 3.2.Phin lohi va so sanh chc giao thirc djnh tuyin trong man WSN (cid:9)

57 Hinh 3.3.Truyen g6i trong Flooding (cid:9)

58 Hlnh 3.4.Ba tin !lieu bit tay dm SPIN (cid:9)

58 Hinh 3.5.Hoat dung ctia SPIN (cid:9)

62 Hinh 3.6.M8 hinh Leach (cid:9) Hinh 3.7.Chc giao thee Leach cho chc mpg ltrei (cid:9)

63 Hinh 3.8.Thoi gian hien thj host dung cua Leach (cid:9)

64 Hinh 3.9. Ltru d6 qui trInh thiet lap (cid:9)

Hinh 3.10.Qu6 trinh hinh thAnh hai nh6m khic nhau trong yang LEACH (cid:9) 66

67 Hinh 3.11.Ltru d6 giai down On dinh (cid:9)

68 Hinh 3.12.Tucmg tac gifts nhieu cum. (cid:9)

70 Hinh 3.13.Giai doan chi dat cua Leach-C (cid:9)

71 Hinh 3.14.Can thiep cua nhem khic (cid:9)

HInh 3.15.The hien dtrqc clang ke cac Whom can thiep khi giao tiep vai cac cluster- 71 head (cid:9)

76 Hinh 3.16.Vi du ve lueri ito tong GAF (cid:9)

78 Hinh 3.17.Chuyin flip dial, de quy trong GEAR (cid:9)

Hinh 4.1.M8 phong NS, Icheri tao va thiet lap (cid:9) 79

81 Hinh 4.2.Lueng cac sir hen cho file tcl chay trong NS (cid:9)

82 Hinh 4.3.Ca ciu t6 chirc t he muc NS (cid:9)

83 Hinh 4.4.Topo mang 100 node m6 phong (cid:9)

86 HInh 4.5.Theri gian song cua the nodes d6i yeti mai giao thirc (cid:9)

Hinh 4.6.NAng luqng dui mang d6i veri mai giao thirc (cid:9) 87

Hinh 4.7.D0 lieu truyen colt mang 461 vii mai giao them (cid:9) 88

DANK SACH CAC Ti! VIET TAT

WSN (cid:9) Wireless Sensor Network

ID (cid:9) Identification

ADC (cid:9) Analog to Digital Converter

Radio frequency RF (cid:9)

MAC (cid:9) Media Access Control

UTC (cid:9) Coordinated Universal Time

GPS (cid:9) Global Positioning System

LTS (cid:9) Lightweight time synchronization protocol

RBS (cid:9) Reference broadcast synchronization).

RSS (cid:9) Received signal strength

TDOA (cid:9) Time of arrival

AOA (cid:9) Angle of arrival

TDOA (cid:9) Time difference of arrival

Receiver Signal Strength Indicator RSSI (cid:9)

PLF (cid:9) Perceptive localization framework

TDMA (cid:9) Time Division Multiple Access

CDMA (cid:9) Code Division Multiple Access

ARP (cid:9) Address Resolution Protocol

BS (cid:9) BaseStation

Tian Ting

Al 7776 (cid:9)

Del Hnr Th5ng I.nng (cid:9)

CHI O'NG 1. TONG QUAN MANG CAM BIEN KEIONG DAY

1.1 G161 thieu

Trong nhitng nom gin ctay, rit nhieu mang cam bien khong day da vi dang duqc phit then vi then khai cho nhieu the irng dyng khic nhau nhu: theo d8i sly thay doi cea mei trubng, !chi Mu, giim sit cic met ton van stir, phat hien vi do than viec tin cong bang hat nhan' , sinh hoc vi hoi hoc, chuin doin sly hang hoc cita may mac, thief N, theo diu vi giim sit cic bic sy, benh nhan cling nhu quitn 19 thu6c trong the benh vien,theo dai vi dieu lchien giao thong, cic phucrng lien xe c0...

Han nita vii sty tien be c8ng nghe gin day vi hei ty cea hg thong cic cong nghe nhu Icy thu$t vi dien tu, cong nghe nano, giao flip khong day, cong nghe mach tich hqp, vi mach phin cam hien, xir 19 vi tinh town tin hieu...da tao ra nhang con cam hien c6 kich think nhe, da chtic !tang, gii thimh thip, cong suit lieu thy thip, layn tang lchi nang img dyng rOng rai dui mang cam hien khong day.

MOt mang cam hien !thong day li met mang bao gem nhieu mit cam hien nhe c6 gii thimh thip, vi tieu thy Wing lucmg it, giao dip thong qua the ket n6i !thong day, c6 nhiem vy cam hien, do doe, tinh win nhiim myc dick thu th$p, tip trung dit lieu a dua

ra the quyet djnh town cyc ve mei trueng ty nhien .

Nherng not cam bien nhe bet My bao gom cic thinh

Cic 130 vi zit 19 rat nhe, b0 nhe glen han,b0 phin cam bien, be thu phit khong day, nguan nuoi. Kich thu6c cua cic con cam bien nay thay dei tir to nhu hap giiy cho den nhe nhu hat byi, thy thuetc vio tang irng ding.

Khi nghien cuu ye mang cam bien Wag day, met trong nhUng dic diem quan tong vi then chat de li th&i gian song cea the con cam lien hay chinh la sly gi6i han ve nitng luqng cea chting. Cic nut cam bien nay you ciu lieu thy cong suit thip. Cic nit cam bien hoot dOng c6 gi6i han vi n6i chung la khong the thay the duqc ngu6n cung cip. Do de, trong khi mang truyen thong tap trung vio dat duqc cic djch vy chit luqng cao, thl the giao thirc mang cam bien phii tap trung diu lien vio bio town ding suit.

Mang cam hien c6 met so dic diem sau:

+ CO 'chi Wing tlr t6 chirc.

+ Yeu ciu ft hoac khong c6 sy can thiep Oa con ngu&i.

+ Truyen thong ves tuyen vi truyen da buerc.

+ Trion khai so luqng lan tren pham vi rOng.

1 Chuyen de tat nghiep (cid:9)

Tign Time

Al777F (cid:9)

tai HQr Thing I.nng (cid:9)

+ Nang lugng, b0 nh6, !chi Wing xir ly c6 ham

+ Cau hlnh thin:mg xuyen thay d8i do m8i truirng hoc nut mpg.

+ Quang ba trong phi= vi hgp va djnh tuyen multihop.

Cac gi6i han ve mat nitng lugng, cong suit phat, b0 nh6 va cong suit tinh toan. Chinh nhfing dac firth nay da dua ra nhftng chien luqc mei va nhang yeu ciu thay d6i trong thiet Ice mpg cam bien.

1.2 C.Iu trfic mang cam bign

1.2.1 Cdc yiu to" dnh hurting din cdu trac mom cdm bun

Cac ciu trec hien nay cho mang Internet va man ad hoc khong day lchting

dimg duqcho mang cam hien kh8ng day, do mOt s6 15 , do sau:

(cid:226)

S6 lugng cac nut cam bien trong mang cam hien c6 the ion gip nhieu lin s6 lugng nut trong mpg ad hoc.

(cid:226) Cac nut cam bien a bi 16i. (cid:226) Ciu tic mpg cam bien thay d6i kha thtrimg xuyen. (cid:226) Cac nut cam bien chti yeu sir dtmg truyen thong kieu quang ba, trong khi hiu

(cid:226)

het cac mpg ad hoc diu dtra tren viec truyen diem-diem. Cac nut cam bien bj gi6i han ye riling lugng, Icha riling firth town va b0 nh6. (cid:226) Cac nut cam hien c6 the khong c6 so nhon long town ciu (globalidentification) (ID) vl chting c6 mOt so luqng len mio dau va mOt so lugng len cac nut cam 'nen.

Do v$y, ciu tnic !twig moi se:

(cid:226) Ket hop yin de nimg lugng vi !chit Wing (firth tuyen.

(cid:226)

(cid:226) Tich hop da lieu va giao thirc Truyen nang lugng hieu qua qua cac phtrong lien khong day. Chia se nhiem vo gran cac nut lan c$n.

(cid:226) Cac nut cam lien duqc phen b6 trong mOt sensor field nhu hinh (1.1). MOi mOt

nut cam hien ce khit fling thu dial) der lieu vi dinh tuyen lei den cac sink.

2 Chuyen di tot nghiep (cid:9)

Tien Wing

A17776 (cid:9)

Plait lane Thing I.nng

I Sink t

o Mit dm bitm

* SIddin 0 Treeing dm ban

Ngizbi skim

Hinh 1. Lau Thic ?ming cam biin

Dit lieu duqc djnh tuyen 13i den cat sink b?ri met cAu trim da diem nhu hinh ve tren. Cac sink c6 the giao tiep van cac nut quitn It nhiem At (task manager node) qua mpg Internet hoac ye tinh.

Sink 11 met thvc the, tui d6 th8ng tin duqc yeu citu . Sink c6 the la thvc the ben tong mpg (la met nth cam bien ) hoac ngoiti ming. Thvc the ngoli mpg ce the 11 met thiet bj thvc sv vi dv nhu may tinh zilch tay ma tuong tac vai mpg cam bien, hoac cling don than chi la met gateway ma n6i Arai mang khitc lan hon nhu Internet nai ma cac you cAu thvc sv doi yea cac th8ng tin thy tie met vai nut cam bien trong mung.

1.2.2 Glerri thitu ye wit aim biin:

a.Ciu to cda nit slim Min nhw mu:

Mai not cam bien ducrc cau thinh bei 4 thinh phAn co ban nhu ar hinh (1 2)• don vj cam bien (a sensing unit), don vi zu ly (a processing unit), don vj truyin dan (a transceiver unit) va be nguOn (a power unit). Ngoiti ra c6 the c6 them nhUng thilnh phAn khic thy thuOc vio tang ling dung nhu 11 he thong djnh vj (location finding system), bO phat ngu6n (power generator) va bO Oen di dOng (mobilizer).

3 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 7776 —Phi Tian 'fling

nal 14nr Thang i.nng (cid:9)

HO thief dinh nj

BO Phan di 4+14

Don si rim biOn

Don vi truyen dan

Dorn sit 13;. lit it

Bothuphit

rim biOn ADC

Luti

Bo phat nmOn

B+ gain

Minh 1.2.Cau tgo nut cam bien

Cac don vj earn bien (sensing units) bao g6m cam bien va 1,0 chuyen doi tuong tv-s6. Dva tren nhftng hien tuqng quan sit duqc, tin hieu Wang tv Mo ra bfri sensor duqc chuyin sang tin hieu so beng b0 ADC, sau d6 duqc dua vao b0 xer ly. Dan vi xir 1S, thutmg duqc ket hqp v6i b0 luu trft nhe (storage unit), quyet djnh cac thit tuc lam cho cac net ket hqp yeti nhau de thvc hien the nhiem vu djnh sAn. Phin thu phat v8 tuyen ket noSi cac nut do mang.

MOt trong s6 the phin quan tong that ciut mOt nit mang cam lien la bet nguon. Cac b0 ngu6n thuerng duqc h6 try boi the be phOn loc nhu la to bao Wing luqng mjtt trai. Ngoai ra cling c6 nhftng thenh phin phu lchic phv thuOc vao tong ling dung. Hiu het cac ki °mot djnh tuyen va the nhiem va cam bien cis mang deu yeu cau c6 do chinh the cao ye vj tri. Cac be phi') di dOng d8i lic can phiti djch chuyen cac nut cam hien khi can thiet de thvc hien the nhiem vu di An djnh. Tit ca nhftng thinh phin thy can phai phft hqp v6i ldch 0 tang module. Ngoai kich cdr ra cac nut cam hien con mOt s6 rang buOc nghiem ngat khac, nhu la phai lieu thu rat it Wing lucmg, hops dOng 6 mot dO cao, c6 gia thanh thip, c6 the qr hot dOng, va thich bien v6i sv hien d6i cia mai tnremg.

4 Chuyen de tat nghiep (cid:9)

Al 7778 -Rid Tan Wing_

Dei 1-hr Thing I.nng (cid:9)

b. MOt so lopi nut mpg:

Hinh 1.3.Ntit "King thuac hp Mica Mote

Ho nut inking nay nom trong clir an nghien ciru Mkt trutrng dai hoc california tCY

co& nem 1990, sir dung vi xir 19 cita Anne!, su dung he ditu hanh TinyOS.

Giao di. kit cim

tart

Ames nvei

Amen da 'in

ara SO*

Des led

Hinh 1.4.Ntit ngng EYES

Nig mpg nay phitt trien tai mOt to chim cita chau au trong dv an s* dung nang Wong hieu quit cita mang cam hien - Energy efficient sensor network (EYES). Nit mang sir dung vi dieu lchien MSP 430 clia Texas, cd khe riling ket nei them cam hien. Nit mpg nay sir dung vi dieu khien CC1010 cita chipcon, tich hop thiet N troy& din vo toy& vi cam bien nhiet do

c. Vi xtr 19

Vi xir lt la thiet bj quan bong nhit trong nut mang cam hien khong day, thqc hien

thu thap dit lieu HI cac not, sau de xt1 lt truck khi girl di, va nhan da . lieu tar cac nut khic. Nguyen nhan nd ducat lira chon trong cac he theng nhang la mem deo trong ket neli yeti cac thiet bj lchic nhu thiet bj cam hien, tieu thy Jiang ltrqng thip nhir lchi nang chuyen sang the do nge khi de chi co mOt phlin caa vi dieu lchien hoot dOng, hon nita

5

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777h -Rid Tan Wing

Dal I-Inr Thing I.nng (cid:9)

thutmg c6 b0 nh6 tich hqp ngay ten b0 vi xir 19. MOt dtic diem rat duqc ngutri lop trinh ye'u thich la khi tiling lop trinh bang ng6n net bOc cao (C, C++).

B6i v$y khi xay dung nut mung viec xem zit hieu suet cim vi xir 1St, hieu qua nang

Itrqng va gia thanh la rat quan trcmg.

d. Bi) oh&

Dirge sir dung de km tit de lieu thu tt7 cac nut cam Bien, hoc goi de lieu tir the nut khae, ce 2 loci kien true b0 nh6 11: kien true havard va ld'en true von newman, diem khic nhau ells 2 kien true nay la trong Id& true havard thi by nh6 der lieu va chuong trinh tach biet nhau khi de de lieu thutmg dirge hira trong RAM can chuong frith dtrqc chira trong ROM hotic b0 nhe FLASH, con trong kien true von newman thi de lieu va chuong trinh dirge km cling v6i nhau, thin:mg la tren RAM, nhugc diem dm n6 la dit lieu se bj mitt khi tit ngu6n, bOi vtiy chuong trinh hottc he dieu himh thuang duqc luu tra ten ROM, EEPROM, hoc b0 nh6 flash ( gin tuang to nhu EEPROM). Yeu eau kich thuOc b0 nh6 va Wing lugng lieu thu tuang ling vOi yeu eau ye di lieu cua ling dung eM nut mpg.

e. Thiit bj giao dip

La thiet bj duge sir dung de trao d6i de lieu gifts cac nut don v6i nhau, trong d6 moi true:mg kitting day 11 duqc ua dung hcrn ca, do co the la song vo tuyen, truyen thong quang, song sieu am, al trutmg cling duct sir dung trong mOt vai ling dung dtIc biet. Trong d6 s6ng vo tuyen cung Dip dii thong 16n voi the dO di lieu cao a pith hqp nhit cho hau het cac ling dung cim mpg thong day. Trong dO cac nut yeu eau ca chirc nang nthim va truyen de lieu (dieu chi, gill dieu che, lchuech dui, lqc, trOn ...) sau de chuyen luting bit, byte ho(te khung thinh song vo tuyen, thong thuong 2 thiet bj nay thubng dirge kit hqp thinh mOt thiet bj duy nhat, bei vOy thutrng thi tai mOt thai diem thong the thtrc hien dring then vita truyen vire nhOn de lieu, ma truyen va nh#n se dirge luan phien nhau dirge dieu Ichien bOi he dieu himh nhong.

Khi lira chqn thiet bi truyen nhan can Itru y viii dtIc diem sau:

rding phuc vu cho 16p ten (MAC), cho phep lop nay dieu !chi& goi •

de lieu

3 Tiet hem rding lugng vi sir dung nang lugng hieu quit do Ming lugng tieu thu nhieu nhitt tong nut mong la do viec truyen nh3n vo tuyen. 3 Tan s6 s6ng mang vi da kenh truyin tong tnty&t nhen phii phu hqp vei

yeu cau eM ling dung.

Chuyen d tot nghtep

Al 77Th -Rill Tian Wing

Del Hey Thing I.nng (cid:9)

3 Ric do da lieu Wang Ong v6i tin s6 song mang v8 bang tin cling v6i viec dieu the va ma hOtt du lieu, tOc dO nay cO the thay d6i bang dieu the holtc thay d6i toe dO ctia ky tv.

3 Dieu the va ma hed

f. Cam Min

CO rat nhieu loai cam bien, tity vao loci (mg dyng tong mkutg cam bien ma ta ceo cfic cam bien twang ling, that:mg la dva vito kieu host dOng dm cam bien, tich eve- thy dOng, pham vi giam sat ... /tang Itrong tieu thy, gia thanh va kich thuerc. Thuerng thi viec lira chyn cam hien Ichong phtic tap nhu b0 nh6 va vi air lt.

g. Nguen nuoi

Lit thitnh phan cot yeu cua mang cam bien, tong de 2 van de can quan tam li 'chi Wing luu ter vi cung cap nang lugng , va Icha ruing thay the ngu6n.Thuting thi nguOn day thuting li pin, vi !chi rang thay the tong net mpg la kh8ng the do dja hinh hien khai va se nut mang len, do v$y phiti chqn nguem on djnh co lcha rang host dOng phi hqp v&i ye'u cau cua ling dung vi m8i trubng host dOng.

h. Phin mom

He dieu hanh nhimg, dieu Ichien vi bio ve truy cop tai nguyen vi quan lt cho phep phep ngtrei dimg cling nhu h8 trq thi kinh xir IY vi giao tiep gifta citc qui trinh. Tuy nhien chirc Ming chit yeu la thi hinh lenh, bat vay he thong Ichong you cau quit nhieu tai nguyen de h8 trq nhu met he dieu hitnh holm thien.

Han nfta he dieu hinh cho mpg cam bien khong day con c6 the h8 trq nhang tay chon cho he thong, then hinh la quan ly su dung riling Itremg hieu qui, quan ly vi dieu Ichien the thanh phan ngosi vi: cam bien, thiet bj vo tuyen, djnh that Bei v$y you cau cho by dieu hanh cho mpg nhimg la caw trOc don gian vi ho trq quitn 11 nang luqng ma Ichang ten nhieu tai nguyen he thong nhu b0 nhe vi thin gian xir

1.2.3 DOc diem cilia cdu franc myng aimblew

Nhu tren ta di biet 4c diem dm mpg cam bien la bao gOm met s6 limn len cic nut cam bien, cac net cam bien c6 giOi hsn vi rang buec ve tai nguyen biet lit Ming lucmg rat Wait khe. Do do, du true mpg mei co dac diem rat khac v6i cic mpg truyen thong. Sau day ta se phan tich met s6 4c diem not Wit tong mpg cam bien nhu sau:

7

Chuyen

tdt nghiOp (cid:9)

Al 777A -MI Tan Thng

Hai Hor Thing Long (cid:9)

• IChi Wing chju 161 (fault tolerance):

MOt s6 cic nut cim bien c6 the Wong hoot dOng era do thieu ning lucmg, do nhftng hu h6ng vet 19 hok do inh huing cia m8i truting. Khi nAng chju 18i the hien a viec mong van hoot dOng blnh thuing, duy tri nhftng chic nAng mia no ngay ci khi mot so nut mong khong hoot dOng.

• Khi nAng me rOng:

Khi nghien cuu met hien tuong, s6 Wong cic nut cam bien duqc then khai ce the den hang tram nghln nut, phi thuk vio ding img dong con so nay c6 the vuqt qui hang trieu. Do d6 cau frac mpg mai phii c6 khi Wing ma rOng de c6 thE lim viec vii s6 lugng 1&n cic nut nay.

• Gii thrinh sin xuat : Vi cic numg cam bien bao gOm met s6 Itrog 16n cic nut cim bien nen chi phi con m6i nut rat quan Mpg trong viec dieu chinh chi phi cirri toin mong. Neu chi phi coca toin Truing dat han viec then khai sensor theo kieu truyen th6ng, nhu vey mong Ichong co gii thinh hqp lt. Do voy, chi phi cia m8i nut cam bien phii gift 6 mire thap.

• Ring butjc ve phan cung :

VI s6 lucmg cic nut trong mpg rat nhieu nen the nut cam bien can phii c6 cic ring buOc ve phan cung nhu sau : Kich tuck phii nhi, tieu the nth% lucmg thap, c6 khi nang hoot d'Ong 6 nhftng nol c6 mot dO cao, chi phi sin xuat thip, c6 khi ning to tri vi hoot dOng !thong can c6 ngutri kiem soar, thich nghi v6i mei truing.

• Mai throng hoot dung: Cic nit cim bien duqc thiet lip day dk, rat gin hok troc tiep ben trong cic hien Prang de quan sit. Vi the, cherig thuang lim viec mi kh8ng can Om sit a nhing vimg xa x8i. Cluing c6 the lim viec 6 ben trong cic may moc lan, 6 dueri day bien, hok trong nhftng vimg 8 nhiem h6a hoc hok sinh hqc, a gia dinh hok nhftng tea nhi 16n.

• Phucmg tien truyen din :

(3 nhftng mpg cam bien multihop, cic nut duqc ket non bang nhftng phucmg tien khang day. Cic dutmg ket nen nay c6 the to nen boi song vo tuyen, Wing ngooi hoc nhftng phuang tien quang hqc. De thiet lip so hoot dOng th6ng nhat cia nhftng mpg nay, cic phuong tien truyen din phii duce chop phii phi hqp tren toin the glen. Hien tai nhieu phin cung dui the nut cam hien doa vio thiet ke mach RF. Nhftng thiet bj cim bien !tang Iuqng thap ding b0 thu phit v8 tuyen 1 kenh RF hoot den a tin s6

Chuyen tot nghiep

Al 7776 -Rni Tien Tang

Thng Long (cid:9)

Dal (cid:9)

916MHz. Met each Ichic ma cac nut trong mang giao tiep vai nhau bang Wing ngoai. Thiet ke may thu phat vo tuyen dimg hong ngoai thi gia thinh re vi de ding han. Ca hai loci hung ngoai va quang deu yeu eau be phat va thu ram trong pham vi nhin thiy, the la c6 the truyen anh sang cho nhau dirge.

• Cau hinh mpg cam hien (network topology):

Trong mang cam hien, hang tram den hang nghin nut dirge trien khai teal twang cam bien. Chung dirge trien khai trong yang hang chuc feet cim nthi nut. Mat de cac nut c6 the len tai 20 nut/m3. Do so lugng cac nut cam hien rat lbn nen can phai thiet lap met au hinh On djnh. Chting ta c6 the kiem tra cac van de lien quan den viee duy tri va thay doi ciu Hit 6 3 pha sau:

(cid:226)

Pha tien then khai vi trien lchai• cac nut cam bien c6 the dat len xen hofte xip theo tat ti,r tren tnr&ng cam bien. Chang c6 the dupe trien khai bang each thi tir may bay xueng, ten lira, hoc c6 the do con ngtrai hoc robot dSt tang cai met. Pha h3u trien khai: sau !chi thin khai, nhitng sv thay dei eau hinh phu thuec vio viec thay d6i vi tri cac nut cam hien, Ichit Ming dal trang thai Ichong ket not (phu thuec vio nhieu, viec di chuyin cac vet can...), nimg lugng thich hap, nhUng sv

va item vu ev the.

(cid:226)

Pha then khai lai: Sau ;chi then khai eau hinh, ta van co the them vio the nut elm bien Ichic di thay the cac nut gap sv c6 hose thy thuec vito sv thay d6i chirc Ming. St: fieu thy Ming lugng (power consumption) : •

Cac nut cam hien Ichong day, c6 the coi la met thiet bj vi dien ter chi e6 the dirge trang bj ngu6n Ming lugng gill han (<0,5Ah, 1.2V). Trong met s6 ung dung, viec 136 sung ngu6n wing lugng Ichong the dive hien dirge. VI the Ichoing that gian song cua cac nut cam hien phu thuec manh vito tiled gian song cim pin. mang aim hien multihop ad hoc, m6i met nut ding met vai tr6 kep vita Ich6i t3o vita djnh tuyen dry lieu. Sv true tic cim met vai nut cam bien c6 the gay ra nhung thay ded ding ke trong eau hinh ve yeu cau djnh tuyen lai cac g6i vb to chirc lai mpg. Vi voy, viec duy tri vb quitn 1S, ngu6n Ming lugng &mg met vai tth quan tang. D6 IA 19 do vi sao ma hien nay nguoi ta dang top trung nghien cuv ve cac gill thuot va giao thirc di thiet ke tip& cho mang cam hien. Nhiem vu chinh cim cac nut cam hien trong taxiing cam bien la phat hien ra cac sv Iden, thus hien xir 19 da lieu cuc be nhanh Chang, va sau de truyen aq lieu di. VI the sr fieu thu nang lugng dirge chia ra litm 3 vimg: elm bien (sensing), giao tiap (communicating), va xir 19 dit lieu (data processing).

Chuyen de tot nghiep

Al 7776 -Rai Tan Tang

1)ei 1-inr Thing Inng (cid:9)

1.2.4 Hai can frac 40c dung cilia mgng cdm bit%

a. Gin tric phing

Trong ciu true phing (flat architecture) (hInh 1.5), tit ca cac nut deu ngang

hang vu thing nhit trong hInh clang ve chin Ming. Cac nut giao tiep vii sink qua multihop sir clung cac nut ngang hang lam 1,0 tiep song. Vii phwn vi truyen c6 djnh, cac nut gin sink hon se dam Igo vai tr6 cla 10 dip song dOi yid mOt sti Itrqng len ngu6n. Gil thiet ring tit cl cac nguan deu dung cimg mOt tin s6 de truyen du lieu, vi vkly c6 the this se thin gian. Tuy nhien each nay chi c6 hieu qui vii dieu kien ll c6 nguen chia se don le, vi du nhu thin gian, din so...

Mu"( • Twa con

Hinh 1.5.C6u Ink phang cua mgng cam biin

b. Ciu talc tang

Trong ciu true tang (tiered architecture) (hinh 1.6), cac cum duet to ra gulp cac tai nguyen trong cimg mOt cum gui dit lieu single hop hay multihop ( toy thuOc vim kick cer cua cum) den mOt net djnh sin, thubng gqi la nut chit (cluster head). Trong ciu true nay cac nut to thlnh mOt he thong cap b$c ml 6 d6 m6i net Cr mOt mire xlc djnh thirc hien cac nhiem vu da djnh sin.

10

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 7776 -Rni Tign Ting

Dai 14nr ThAng I.nng (cid:9)

.. •

Tr"( (cid:9)

TIM COI • Tarn "All

Hinh 1.6.Cau Ink tang cita numg cam biin

Trong cau true tang thi chk nang cam hien, tinh than va phan phoi dfir lieu khong dung deu giera cac nut. Nhitng chile niing nay co the phan theo cap, cap thip nhat thvc hien tit ca nhiem vv cam hien, cep gifts thvc hien tinh than, va cep tr.& cimg thvc hien phan phei di

Mcmg cdm biin xdy dung theo cau tnk tang hogt Ong hifu qud hen cau tnic

pitting, do cdc Ill do sau:

Cau trim ding co the gitim chi phi chi mang cam hien bang viec djnh vj cac tai nguyen 6 vj tri ma chting hog dOng hieu qua nhat. RO rang la neu trien khai cac phin citing thong nhit, mei nut chi can mOt Wong tai nguyen tei thieu de thuc hien tit ca cac nhiem vitt. Vi s6 lucmg dm nut can thitt phu thuOc vao yang phit song xac djnh, chi phi ciia tan mpg vi the se khong cao. Thay vac) do, neu met só luqng 16n cac nut co chi phi thip duqc chi djnh lam nhiem vu cam bien, met se luqng nhe hem cite nut co chi phi cao han duqc chi djnh de phan Lich dii djnh vj vi dung b0 thoi gian, chi phi cho town mang se giam di.

•. Mang eau trim tang se c6 Si the, cao hem cau true mang phAng. Khi can ph& tinh town nhieu thl mOt 10 V: nhanh se hieu qua horn, phv thuOc vac, thiri gian you cau thvc hien tinh town. Tuy nhien, vai cac nhiem vv cam hien can hog dOng trong Ichoing thin gian dai, cac nut lieu thv it nAng luong pha hqp v6i yeu cau xir 15r tei thieu se hog dung hieu qua hon. Do vay v6i cau frac tang ma cac chi= niing mpg phan chia era cac phen cimg dii duqc thiet ke rieng cho tang chirc nAng se lam tang Wei the) ctia mang. mang cam hien pith pha hqp v6i v6i se ltrqng cac not yeu Ve dO tin cay: (cid:9) cat thda man dieu kien ve bang thong va DIM gian sting. Wri mang cau Irk

11 Chuyen a tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777h -Hai Tign Tang

tai Hnr Th5ng I.nng (cid:9)

phiing, qua phan Lich ngued ta da xic djnh thong luqng t6i uu ala mai nut tong mang c6 n nut la x = ;Tr trong d6 W 11 do rOng bang tan ciut kenh chic se. Do d6 khi kith ddr mang tanglen thi thong Wong caa =Si nut se giim ve 0.

• Viec nghien ciru cac mang cau tnic tang dem lai nhitu trien vong de 'chic phyc van de nay. MOt cach flip can 11 dung met kenh don le trong eau true phan cap, trong d6 cac nut 6 cap thip hon tao thinh met cum xung quanh tram etc. Nan met tram g6c dOng vai tr6 11 cau n6i v6i cep cao hon, cap nay dam bao viec giao dip trong cum thong qua cac be ph$n halt tuyen. Trong twang hop nay, dung luong curt mang tang tuyin tinh v6i s6 luqng cac cum, v6i dieu !den a s6 luqng cac cum tang it that phii nhanh bang n . Cac nghien cuu Ichac crn thir cach dung cac kenh khic nhau er cac mtic khic nhau caa cau tnic phin cep. Trong truerng hop nay, dung luqng caa m6i 16p tong cau tnic tang vit dung luqng ctia m6i cum trong m6i 16p )(tic djnh la dee 1#p v6i nhau.

Tom lai, viec tuong thich gifts dac chtic Wing trong mang c6 the dot duqc khi dung cau tnic tang. D#c biet ngubi ta dang tap trong nghien cuu ve Mc tien ich ve tim dja chi. NhOng chic Wing nhu voy c6 the phan phoi den moi nut, met phan phan b6 den tap con ells cac nut. Gia thiet ring ctic nut deu Icheng c6 djnh vit phai thay del dja chi met each djnh ki, sy can bing gigra nhang bra chon nay phy thuOc vio tin se thich hop cua chirc rang cap va tim ldem. Hien nay cfmg dang co rat nhieu mo hinh tin} hem dja chi trong mang cau true tang.

1.3 (ling dyng

Nhu tan ta di de cap den cac link Arc ung dung mang cim bien Ichong cLiy.Cy the ta se xem xet k5' met s6 (mg dung nhu sau de hieu ro sy can thiet elm mang cam biE'n Ichting clay.

Cac mang cam bien c6 the bao g6m nhieu loci cam bien khac nhau nhu cam bitn dOng dit, cam bien tir trigmg t6c de thy mak tip, elm bien thi giac, cam bien h6ng ngoai, cam bien am thanh, radar... ma c6 the quan sat yang rOng the ditu kien xung quanh da clang bao gem:

3 Nhiet de. 3 DO Am. Sr3 (cid:9) chuyen dOng ctia xe cO. 3 Dieu kien firth sang. 3 Ap seat. 3 Sy hlnh thanh at.

12 Chuyen a tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777A -Rid Thin Time

tai Hnr Thing I nng (cid:9)

3 Mire nhiiu. 3 Str c6 mat hay ving mat met din tuqng nao do. 3 Mire ting suit tren cac d6i tuqng bj gin. 3 Dk tinh hien tai nhu the de, chieu va kich thutsc cita doi tuqng.

Cac nut cam bien c6 the duqc sir dung de cam hien lien tuc hoar la phat hien sir

kien, so nhen clang Sv kien, cam hien vi tri va dieu Ichien ctic be be phan phat dung.

Kith niem vi cam hien va ket not khan day cita nhOng nut nay him hen nhieu vimg

ling dung mei. Chang to phan loci cac (mg dung nay trong quan dei, m6i tnrbng, sire

Ich6e, gia dinh vi the Milt vvc thtrong mai Idtac.

1.3.1 Ung dyng trong qudn

Mang cam hien !thong clay c6 the tich la met phin tich hqp trong he thong dieu lchien quan dei, giam sat, giao tiep, tinh toan thong minh, trinh sat, theo doi muc lieu. Dec tinh triEn khai nhanh, to to chirc va c6 the bj 16i cita mpg cam bien lam cho chang him hen Icy thuat cam hien cho he th6ng trong quan dOi. VI mang cam bien dva tttn sv tri6n khai clay dac ciut cac nut cam hien c6 sin, chi phi thip va sr phi hay cita met vai nut bed quin djch !thong art hueng den host dOng cita pan dOi ding nth: sir phi hity cac cam hien truyen thong lam cho khai them mang cam bien la ung dung tot dei vei chien trueng. MOt vai ung dtmg quart dei cua mang cam hien la quan sat lvc luqng, trang thiet bj, dan duchy, theo doi chien trueng do tham dja hinh va lvc luqng quan djch, mix lieu, viec danh gia mire dO nguy hiem ciut chi& tratmg, phat hien va do tham viec tan cong bang h6a hqc, sink hoc, hat thin

a.Ghim sat Ivy luvng , trang that bj vi don dirge:

Cac ngtrei lanh dao, si quan se theo doi lien tuc tang thai lye luqng quart Ali, dieu kien va sy c6 sin ciut cac thiet bj va dan duqc trong chien trtamg bang viec sir dung mang cam hien. Quan dei, xe cO, trang thiet bj va dan duce c6 the gin lien v6i cac thiet bj cam hien nho de c6 the thong bao ire tang thii. Nhang ban bao cao nay duqc tap hqp lai tai cac nut sink de gni tei lanh dao trong quan dOi. Dft lieu cling c6 the duqc chuyen tiep den cac cap cao hon.

3 Giam sat chien throng: dja hinh hiem lit, cac tuyAn dutmg , dutmg men va cac ch6 eo hgp co the nhanh cheng duqc bao phit btri mang cam bien va gin nhu co the theo doi cac hoot dung cita quip djch. Khi cac host dOng nay duqc me rung va ke hooch hog dOng mei duce chutm N mot mpg mei c6 the duqc trien khai bit cir thei gian nao 'chi theo dOi chien tnrtmg.

13 Chuyan de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777h -Rai Tan Tang

Rai I-Inr TWAng I.nng

Hinh 1.7.1ing dung trong qudn tlgi

3 Giam sit dja hinh va lye luong quart djch: mpg cam bien c6 the duqc then khai b nhCmg dja hinh then chin vi mOt vai nai quan tong, cac mit cam hien can nhanh chong cam hien cic dit lieu tilt t(ip trung dft lieu giri ve trong vai phut truck khi quan djch phit hien vi ce the chin lai chting. Hirsh (1.7) cho to hinh dung ducm ve ting dung caa mang cam bien tong host dOng quitn dOi.

3 Dinh gii str nguy hiem cim chien new: try& va sau khi tin deg mang cam bien c6 the duqc triEn khai b nhCmg yang inn tieu de niun duqc misc dO nguy hiem cua chien twang.

3 Pith hien va tham do the At tan Gong bang Ma hoc, sinh hoc Ws hat nhfin. Trong the cuOc chien tranh Ma hoc vi sinh hoc dang glin ke, mOt dieu rat quan tong la sum pith hien ding lac vi chink )(tic cic tic nhan 46. Mpg cam bien trien khai b nfrang vung ma duqc sir dung nhu la he thong canh bio sixth hoc va h6a hoc c6 the cung cap cic thong tin mang Sr nghia quan tong ding I& nhim tranh thuang vong nghiem trong.

1.3.2 Ung dpng trong mail trwfrng

MOt vii img dung moi trutng cua inking cam bien bao gam theo doi sum di at coa cic loci chim, cic dOng vat nho, cic logi con tang, theo doi dieu kien men throng

Chuyen t6t nghiep (cid:9) 14

(cid:9) (cid:9)

Tian Tung

Al 777h (cid:9)

Bei Hoe Thing i.nne (cid:9)

ma inh huOng den mita ming vi vat nail; viec tad lieu, cic thiet bi do dac Ion d6i yeti viec quan sat dien tich len tren trii dat, sq than' do cic hinh tinh, phit hien sinh-h6a, nong nghiep chink xac, quan sit m8i tubing, trii dat, m6i truemg vimg bign vi biu klu

v Pith hien chiy (cid:9)

quyen, phit hien chiy rung, nghien cuu khf tuqng hoc vi dia It, phit hien 18 hit, sip chit sv phirc tap ye sinh hqc mkt moi tieing vi nghien ciru str 8 nhigm.

vi the not cam hien ci the duqc trien khai mOt each ngau nhien, ci chien lucre vOi mot de cao tong rung, cic nit cam bien se de tim nguin gic cim lira de thong bit° cho ngutri sir dung biet trait IN lira Ian rOng khong !dem soft duqc. Hang trieu cic not cam hien ci the ducat trier khai vi tich hqp sir dung he thing tin s6 khong day hoac quang h9c. Cling vay, chang c6 the duqc tang bi each thirc sir dung Gong suit ce hieu qui nhu la pin mat trbi bbl vi cic not cam bien bi be lai khong c6 chi hang thing vi hang nam. Cic nut cam bien se cOng tic vOi nhau de thvc hien cam bien phin bi vi khic phvc kW) khan, nhu cic cay vi di ma ngiln ter tam nhin thing cia cam hien co day.

en cilia don v (it

link 1.8.Cin dyn theo dei di ch

15 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Tign Time

Al 777E (cid:9)

Del 142r 'Mang T.nng (cid:9)

Hinh 1.9.1ing clung trong moi tnremg

v Phat hien 18 lut: met vi du d6 la he thkg bao tieing duqc Men khai tai My. Met vii loci cam bien duqc then khai trong hg thing cam bien luqng mua, mitt nu6c, thtri tiet. Nhttng con cam bien My cung cap th8ng tin de trip trung he theing ca s6 drr lieu da duce djnh nghia trtroc.

1.3.3 thy Amy trong chdm sac sac Moe

Melt vii irng dung ve sirc khoe de6i vei mpg cam bien la giam sat benh nhan, cac trieu chimg, quitn ly thutc trong benh vien, giam sat sv chuyen don va xe lt ben trong cua con trimg hoc the Ong vet nhe lchk, theo doi va kiem tra bac si va benh nhan trong benh vien.

Theo clei bac si va benh nhan trong benh vien : moi benh nhan duqc gin met nut cam bien nhe va nhg, m6i met net cam bien nay c6 nhiem vu rieng, vi du c6 nut cam hien xac djnh nhjp tim trong !chi con cam bien !chic phit hien ap suit mau, bac si cling c6 the mang net cam bien de cho ck bac si khac xac djnh duqc vi tri dm hp trong benh vien.

MOM MINIO.

Heath Cate Monitoring of Mabee Patients.

BASUMA (BMWA)-Gerrnany

Hinh 1.10.0ng dung trong chdm sex sue khoe

1.3.4 Ty' Ong hod gia dinh vd dien din dyng

Gia dinh la lchong gian ling dung rat lan cho the mpg cam bien lchong day. Nhieu Crag dung cong nghiep vita &Km m8 to c6 m6i lien he tuong fir trong gia dinh. Vi du met he th6ng HVAC duqc hang bi yen the be On nhiet va chting rung Ichong day

16 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

A17776 -Rill neon Tiing

tai I-Inr Thing I.nng (cid:9)

co the bao ye cac pheong duOi anh ning met troi cua ng8i nhl - se hieu qua han mOt ngoi nha chi trang bj mOt hi) 6n nhiet don co day.

MOt (mg dung duqc dieu khien chung tir xa, men PDA loci thiet bi c6 the chi khong dieu khien TV, May nghe DVD, din am thanh Tutu va cac thiet bj dien tir gia dinh Ichfic nhung yin cac bong den, cac drill cira, va cic o khofi cling duqc trang bj yeti mOt ket nei mang cam bien kh8ng day. Vii dieu khien chung tir xa, mOt be c6 the dieu IN& nen nha tir tien ich tren ghe. Tuy nhien, Icha ning hip din nhfit den tir six kit hqp nhieu dich vv, giong Mut cac ainh cira to dOng deng khi TV duqc bet, hoec ce the to dOng ngung he thting giai tri gia dish khi mOt cuOc duqc nhon tren may dien thoth hok chuong cira keu. Vii chiec can va may tinh ca nhan ca hai dirge ket not voi nhau thong qua mOt ming cam !then khong day, sin Ong ciia met vet co the duqc tlr dOng ghi 13i khong can yeu can su can thip bang tay.

MOt mzc dich 16n dui cac ming cam hien khong day trong gia dinh duqc mong ch6 la cac thiet bj ngoth vi may tinh ca nhan, giting nhu cac keyboard va mice khong day. Cac img dung nay dem Iii uu diem giii thip va mac lieu thu nguan thip la dieu kien thiet yeu cua cac ming cam bien khong day. fing dung khac trong gia dinh la cac citing cu thong tin dua tren cam bien (sensor-based) ma tic dOng vi lam viec tong sinh ro ret cling nhau de thal min chi nha. Cac mang nay la met mir rOng cua cac dung cu thong tin duqc de xuAt b6i Norman.

Ck d6 chai mieu to mOt thi tnrong len Ichfic cua cac mpg cam bien khong day. Danh sfich cac do chai c6 the duqc them ho(ic cho phep nh6 cac ming cam bien khong day la bj gidi hp chi bid slit ttemg tucmg cim con ngutti, va phim vi tir cac xe hcri va tau thuyen duqc dieu khien bang vo tuyen thiong thiremg den cac tit chart tren may tinh ten dung cic bO joystick vi bij dieu khien khong day. MOt ph(un vi hip din dec biet la cic may tinh ca nhan — cac fro chcri nang cao, ton dung sue manh tinh tom ala mOt may tinh 6 gin de nang cao chit luqng ngay tth ban than tr6 chai. Vi dv, nhen ding vi tong hqp givng nen c6 the duqc that hien bei vi tri cac microphone va speaker trong fro chai, cong vii cac b0 bien d6i analog-to-digital va digital-to-analog phi' hqp, nhung tin dung mot ket nei khong day den may tinh, c6 the thvc hien cac chin nang nhen ding va tong hqp. Nhb thay the cac mach dien nhen clang vi king hqp den nay con N gi6i han vii gifi tuang dii dit, bing viec sir dung sire mph tinh toin (manh han nhieu) hien tai trong may tinh, chi phi cac fro chai co the duqc giani (tang ke, trong khi cai tien nhanh thong ve kha niing va that thi coa tre chai. NO cling có the dua ra dO phirc tip cila tre chai ma tren thvc to khong ducm b6 xung trong cac icy thuet !chic.

17 Chuyen de tat nghiep (cid:9)

Tian Wing

Al 7776 (cid:9)

Hne Th5ng 1.nng (cid:9)

Ong dung gia Binh Ian hon Id* la met ma rOng dui dac diem RICE (Remote Keyless Entry) duqc tim they tren nhieu 8 t8. Val cac mang cam bien kh8ng day, A khoi kh8ng day, cac cam bien cira ra vito va cira s6, va cic be dieu khien bong den khong day, chit nha co met thiet bj tucmg to Whit met key-fob vai met node barn. KM barn node, thiet bi khoi tat ca cac cira ra vio va cira s6 trong nhit, tit heu het cac bong den trong nha (trir met vai bong den ngit), bat dm bong den an toitn ngoiti nha, va thiet lap he thong HVAC den the dr) ngit. Ngutri sir dung nhan met tieng beep met lin hei dap the hien tat ca da thvc hien thinh &mg, vi nghi ngcri holm toin, nhtr vay fled nha an toin. Khi met cith cira hang Ichling the ma, hoc van de tan tai, met min hinh hien thi tren thiet bj chi thi nai bi hong. Mang c6 them tri c6 the ten dung met he thong an ninh gia (firth day de de phit hien met cira so bj gay ho*c ch6 hong khic.

Ben ngoiti ng8i nha, cac khi Wing location-aware cita cac man can bien Ichong day phe hqp yeti met tap Uric nhau cua cac host deng consumer-related, bao gem du ljch vi mua sam. Trong cac img di,mg nay, qui trinh dinh vi ce the duqc sir dung de cung cep th8ng tin context-specific den ngubi tieu dimg. Trong truang hqp cite ngu&i huang den vien du ljch, nguOi sir dung chi duqc cung cap thong tin lien quan den quang canh hien tui, trong truing hqp cite nhan vien ban ban hang, ngual sir dung duqc cung cep thong tin lien quan den sari pan trtrac mat. bao gAm cac Ichoin mua bin va lcheu hao dac biet va trq 1.3.5 Gam sat va dleu laden cony whin)

MOt nha may c8ng nghiep, c6 quy mo reng dieu hinh c6 met phang dieu 'chi& tuang dei the, xung quanh c6 cac this& may mec twang dei 16n. PhOng dieu khien c6 cac thing 116 chi bio va cac may hien thj de mei to Dung thai cac thiet bi (trang thai cac van, trang thai this& b1, nhiet de va ap suit cita nguyen lieu dirge ltru tni, v.v...), dsu vio cac thiet bi de dieu khien cac be truyen dOng trong cac may mec (cic van, cac bep lb, v.v...) ma tic deng den trang thai dirge theo dOi the may m6c. Cac cam bien m8 to trang thai the may m6c, cac ket quit hien thj cita chimg nem trong phimg dieu khien, cac thiet bj dau vito dieu khien, va cac be truyin deng trong cac may tit ca Wong di re khi dirge so sash vai chi phi cite cac dutmg day boc kim loai ma dirge sir dung de truyen thong gift Chung. Tiet kiem chi phi ding k'e dirge hob tat neu met phuang tien 'thong day re c6 sin di cung cep kik truyen th8ng nay. Beri vi thong tin duqc truyen thong la thong tin trang thai, no thubng thay d6i cham. Vi v3y, trong the dO van himh binh thuang, thong lugng da lieu dirge you caw cita mang tuang dei chOm, thing dO tin cay dirge you caw cua mang lai rat cao. Mang cam bien kheng day ciut nhieu node,

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 18

Al 7776 (cid:9)

Tign TAng

Hne Th 5ng Lnng (cid:9)

cung cap nhieu duang dan djnh tuyen ban tin cim qua trinh truyen thong multi-hop, c6 the Ilan duqc cac yeti ciu nay.

MOt vi de ve di& khien cong nghiep khong day la qua trinh dieu khien b6 tri anh sang quang cao. Rat nhieu phi ton trong qua trinh cai dat cac b6ng den tong mOt to& nha lan lien quan den viec dieu khien cac bong den — ncri ma cac chuyen mach co day, yeti cac bong den duce bat va tit cling nhau, dieu khien bong den, v.v... MOt he thong Wong day c6 tinh mem deo co the ton dung mOt b0 dieu khien handheld co the duqc lap trinh de dieu Wan mOt s6 luting cac bang den tong mOt then nhieu each lchic nhau g'ain nhu vo hen, tong khi yin cung cap mac dg an ninh duqc yeti ciu bai mOt ix) phan lip dat quang cao.

Them mOt vi du nfta la viec sir dung cac mang cam bien !thong day tong cac img dung an toan cong nghiep. Cac mang cam bien Ichong day c6 the tan dung cac cam hien de phitt hien se hien then cim cac chit dOc hai hoac cac vat lieu nguy hiem, cung cap qua trinh phat hien va nhon clang som cac khe ha hoac phat hien tran cac the nhan hoa hqc hoc sinh hoc tuft khi thiet hai nghiem trqng co xay ra (va truOc khi the chit nrcrt ra ngoiti Wing kiem soat). Bei vi mang Ichong clay co the sir dung cac thuot toan djnh tuyen phan tan, co nhieu dirt:mg djnh tuyen, va co the to chfta tnj va to duy td, cluing c6 the co gian tong mat ngoai dm qua trinh bimg no hoac cac thief hai lchac den may cong nghiep, cung cap cac thim quyen vai thong tin tang thai may quyet djnh duai cac dieu kien rat lch6.

1.4 Kgt Won

Chuang nay da giai thieu tong quan ve dtic diem, hen tnic mpg cam bien va cac (mg dung tong nhieu linh vec din se cling nhu quart se, y te, moi tnerng... Qua do ta thiy ro duqc tam quan tong ciut mpg cam bien vdi cuOc song cua chang ta. Vai se phat trien nhanh cluing ctia ding nghe ugly nay se him hen them nhieu img dung mai cim mang dm bien.

19 Chuyen d t6t nghiep (cid:9)

Tien Tiing

Al 777A (cid:9)

Del Hy Thing Long (cid:9)

CHUONG 2. KIgN TROC MO HINH PHAN LOP COA MANG CAM BIgN

Trong chuang tnrec chting ta da xem xet ve cac khIi niem tong quan nhet ve mang cam bien. Chuang nay chfmg ta se di sau vao tim hieu mo hinh phan lop va cic giao thirc dac trung cita mang cam bilk. 2.1 [Gen Irfic giao thfrc man

Men true giao thfrc ip dung cho man cam bien duqc trinh bay trong hinh (2 1) Kik trtic nay bao gOm the lop va the mat piling quart lt . Cac mat piling quan lt nay lam cho the nut c6 the lam viec ding nhau theo each c6 hieu qui nhat, djnh tuyen dit lieu trong mang cam hien di dOng va chia se tai nguyen gifts the nut cam bien.

V 3.

p u I

U

Lop tkng dung

4 I

3 .13

3 O J U A

Lop truyen tai

3

Lop mang

Lop lien ket da ti4u

Lop vat ly

Hinh 2.I.Kien Ink giao rink 'ming cam bien

3 MOt phang quan 13, cling suit : Quin 1St each cam bien sir dung nguOn /tang luqng cua no. Vi du : nut cam bien co the tit b0 thu sau lchi nhan duqc met bin tin. Khi mire cling St dm con cam bien thap, no se broadcast sang nut cam bien ben canh thong bao ring mire rang luqng cita no thip va no khong the tham gia vao quit trinh djnh tuyen

3 M4t phang quern lir di Ong : co nhiem va pith hien va ding ky sir chuyen dOng

cita cac nut. Cac nut gift viec theo d5i xem ai la nut hang thincita chting.

3 Ad& phang pan ly nhiem tie Can bing va sip xtp nhiem vu cam bien giita the nut trong met vang quan tam. Khang pith tat ca cac nut cam bien lieu thvc hien nhiem va cam hien b cimg met thtti diem.

20 Chuyen a tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777A -Rill Tan Wing

nal tine Thing I.nng (cid:9)

3 L6p vat ly : c6 nhiem vu lira chqn tin so, tao ra tan s6 sang mang, phat hien tin hieu, diEu ch'E va ma has tin hieu. Bang tan ISM 915 MHZ duqc sir dung rung rai trong mang cam bien. Vzin de hieu qui nang lucmg ding can phai duqc xem xet 614 vat lt.

3 Lop lien kit di? lieu : lap My c6 nhiem vu ghep cac luting dft lieu, phat hien clic khung (frame) da lieu, cach truy nhop &rang truyen va diet' lchien 16i. Vi m8i truerng c6 tap am va cac not cam bien c6 the di dung, giao thirc diEu !chi& truy nhap mei trtrimg (MAC) phii zit den vim de ding suat va phai c6 !chi nang t6i thieu hoi viec va charm vEri thong tin quing bi ciut cac not lan can.

3 Lop wing : Lem mang ctia mpg cam bleu duqc thik ke tan theo nguyen tic

sau : o Hieu qua Wing luting luon luon duqc coi la vim de quan Mpg o Mang cam bien chu yOu la tap trung da lieu o Tich hqp da lieu chi di:cc sir dung khi no khOng can tit sum cOng tic c6 hieu

qua ciut clic not cam bien.

3 Lop truyiln tai : chi can thiet khi he thong c6 Ice hoach duqc truy cap thong qua

mang Internet hoc cac ming ben ngoli

3 Lop ring dung : Tut theo nhiem vu cam bien, cac loci philn mem irng dung Ichic

nhau c6 the duqc xay dung va sir dung 6 lErp irng dung.

2.1.1 Lerp vOt ly

Phial nay trinh bay ve 16p vat ly trong mang WSN, dim nhan chirc nang m6i twang truyen tin, cac ket n6i vet It, ca khi, dien, dieu the giii dieu che, ma Ma, chi dO truyen di! lieu , loci tin hieu truyen tin. Vit nhtmg Ichid them ca ban trong truyen thong s6 qua kenh v8 tuyin de c6 chi nhIn ro han ve 16p vat lt va kenh truyen.

Trong mang cam bien thich thirc chn yeu la My dung duqc mo hinh kien irk truyen nhan dam gian, gia thinh re, nhung yin phiti du hieu qui dE dip img duqc you citu djch vu mkt *rig dung duqc trien khai.

Trong kenh truyen v8 tuyen song dien ter lan truyen to do giOa tram thu va phit, boi vay kenh vo tuyen la moi twang truyen chung khiing chi cho mang cam bien ma cho nhieu img dung khicothir di dOng, phit thanh truyen hinh

a. Phan chia tin so

Viec ltra chip ten s6 sir dung lit rat quan trong trong thiet ke he thOng. Ngoai trir

cOng nghe bang rung hiu het cac he thOng v8 tuyen host dOng vdri tan s6 &DM 6GHz.

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 21

A17776 -Rill Tign Ting

Flai Mar Thing Lang (cid:9)

Dai truyen th8ng ve twin dai tin sir doing thuimg tir VLF tai EHF. Viec lea chon he tan so nham tranh nhigu gitta ngutri ding va cic he th6ng khic nhau, mOt vii dii tan duqc danh rieng cho mOt vii he thOng dic biet, a chiu au GSM c6 the hoot dOng dii tan GSM 900 (880 — 915 MHz) va GSM 1800 (1710 — 1785) MHz. Ben quilt d6 ITU con quy djnh did tan mien phi dinh cho cong nghiep, nghien ciru khoa hoc va Y hoc goi tit la ISM nghia la via dai tan nay duqc thy 9 sir dung ma khong can so cho phep cita chinh phu , biri of y n6 nit phO bien kheng chi cho mpg cam hien ma trong ca cic ding nghe Icheing day khic, vi do Mr tan 2.4 GHz ISM duqc sir dung trong IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth va IEEE 802.15.4

3 kHz 30 kHz 300 Ma 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

100M

100m

10m

100 km 10 Mr

Hon

I an

I mm

VLF = Tan s6 cvc thap

LF = Tan s8 drip

MF = Tan so trung binh

HF = Tan so cao

VHF = Tan s6 rat cao

UHF = Ten s6 cvc cao

SHF = Tan so sieu cao

EHF = Tan s6 tort icS, cao

b. Diiu chi vh gird diiu chi

Trong tinh town truyen th8ng s6 no thao tic ten du lieu s6 do linh hoot trong xir 19 tin hieu s6 va ti so gifta tin hieu ten tip cao. VI co ban tin hieu s6 la mOt chugi Id to thuang la bit, nhom Id to nay duqc inh xa tacmg img vii mOt s0 (long song c6 chieu dai giei han, dO dai nay goi la thin gian k9 to. Khi de dip ten ttic dO du lieu trong truyen nhin hoc dieu the to can phan biet nfrang thong so sau:

+ TOG dO Ict to duce dinh nghia bang nghich di° cia than gian 1(9 to, trong

dieu the bit n6 can goi la toc dO bit

+ Toe dO clit lieu la s6 bit duqc truyen di trong mOt giay.

Qua trinh dieu the thoc hien ta.i It truyen, ben nhjn mu6n khoi phoc lai kt to tir (long sting nh(in duqc can pith inh xo (long sting nhikr duqc ten kt to ttrong img, buoy

Chuyen de tot nghiOp (cid:9) 22

Tian Ting_

Al 7776 (cid:9)

Dal H9r Thing Lang (cid:9)

nay dirge gqi la giai dieu chi. Do tin hieu c6 the bj sai lech di trong qui trinh truyen nen to c6 khai them tec dO lei lct tir va tee de gi bit.

Thong thueng Mr& khi dot lieu duqc dim vio be dieu the s6 na duqc ma hi% de de clang cho viec khoi phuc tin hieu nhjp tth dau thu. Trong phin thir nghiem sir dung nut mang CC1010EB cita Chipcon he trq ma h6a lieu NRZ va Manchester. Met so kr thuet dieu chi s6:

2

1 ,

-2

111Piii (cid:9) 11111 1 Ii i 1111111'i V

1 0

(cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9)

20

30 Ms*

Hinh 2.2.Khoa djch Bien de; ASK

is

0.S

Hinh 2.3.Khoa dich pha PSK

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 23

Al 777h -RAI Tan Wing

Dal I-Inr Thing Lnng (cid:9)

1.6

0.6 -0.6

1 .6

1 0

10 30 Tim

Hinh 2.4.Kh6a djch tan so FSK

c. Hien qui cis truyin sing vi an

Khi truyen tit tram phut tai tram thu tin hieu c6 the bj meo do tic ding tits mot twang truyen hoc do 16i cis be thu trong qua trinh giai ma va diEu chE. Nhang th8ng s6 ca ban an quan tern khi dart gia hieu qua ctia kenh truyen vo tuyen la stir phan xa, giao thoa, suy yeu tren dueng truyEn, in va 16i tuong quan

d. Truyin gel vi ding b4

L6p lion kit der lieu sir dung ciu tnic gen hotic khung nhu la don vi truyen nh#n ca ban, tram phut thyc hien xir ly diEu chE va gill diau che. Tram thu can phai hi& chic chin thuOc tinh cite dung sing tai de ce the phut hien ra khung tai bao gOm din so, pha, bit hoc kt ty bit du hoc ket thus khung. Do di no phai ding b0 gida sing mang va ding ho he thing.

e. Chit liming cis kenh v6 tuyin

Khac vii kenh ci day, kenh truy'E'n vo tuyen throng c6 chit luqng kern, tic dO bit/kY to cao. Tren thut to chit luqng ctia kenh truyin phy thuOc vao rat nhieu thong s6 bao gam: tan se, khoang each fru*, tec dO truyen, m8i twang, cong nghe sir dung

Aqt vat dr dam quail trong caa lap vet 1 f ttrong mew cam biin hi:

+ Tieu thy nling luqng thip.

+ TruyEn cong suit thip tuong img Arai khoang each truyen ngin. + Phan ding c6 the boat dOng trong che de tiet hem Ming lugng. + Tee dO dit lieu thip tir vii chyc ten vii trim kilobits tren giay.

+ Ciu too don gian va gia thanh re

+ C6 lchit Wing chju dyng sy thay d6i tits moi twang cao.

24 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

A17776 -Rill TVA Wing

Del 14nr ThAng Long (cid:9)

2.1.2 Lep Hen kft dfr it u va the tyc them nh4p mot twang

Day 18 phin khi quan tong lien quan nhieu tea phin sau cua chuyen de nay nen to se tim hieu chi tiet hon cic phin khk, do ne c6 lien quan t6i giao thirc dinh tuyen se tim hieu 6 chuong sau.

Thu tvc thi'm nhap mei truerng thvc hien nhiem vv die'u Ichien nit khi thim nhop mei trueng truyen vo tuyen. Phin nay dm hieu nen tang cita thit tvc thfun nhop mei tut:mg, nhftng yeu ciu vi cic yin de co bin ma thit tic tit nh4p mei trtr?mg gtip phii tong mang cam Bien kh8ng diy.

a. Yeu au vi lieu chi thiit kg the tpc them nh3p mei truimg

Mvc dfch cia thit tic thfirn nh#p mei twang la truyen gOi tin mOt each hieu qui, On djnh. Xung dOt ce the xiy ra nett nhu giao attic thim nhap mei trutmg cho phep 2 hay nhieu nut giri der lieu tai cling mOt th6i diem, xung dOt cc!, the li nguyen nhan lim cho tram thu Ichong the nh#n eft lieu chinh xitc.

Hog dung vi hieu suit ctia thit tvc thim nhop men mu:mg phi thuCic khi nhieu vito 16p vot 19, km nffa mang WSN cling g(ip phii nhitng yin de ma mang lchong cry mAc phii d6 Mi Mc dO mpg, mat tuyen, sv suy giam tren dutmg truyen, each thirc dieu che, tin se sir ding vi khoing cich gifta tram thu, phit.

Trong phucmg phip trinh xung dOt CSMA (da truy cop cam bien song mang), mei nut nghe ngong mod trubng truyen truck khi truyen dft lieu di. Neu nhu mei truong dung bOn no se hoin viec girl g6i tin lei de trinh xung dot vi yeu ciu truyen lai.

Hinh 2.S.Md hinh yang xung dot gicia ccic nut mgng

VI di gii sir net A bit diu truyen eft lieu cho nut B, mOt lit sau nut D ding quy& djnh truyen de lieu cho nut B, boi vi D Ichang nhfui they nut A dang hoot dOng khi D bit eau truyen, du lieu xung dOt tai B ye ci 2 gni de lieu deli khong sir ding duqc, Uri vay sir dung phucmg phip CSMA trong twang hop nay van khOng trInh duce xung

Chuyen CM tot nghib (cid:9)

25 Al 7776 -Rid TVA Tung

Dal Hoe Than Long (cid:9)

dot, day ggi la hien tuqng An nut tong mpg cam lien, hien ttrgng nay chi dugc khac phvc bai giao thirc djnh tuyen phan cep cut lop mang se duqc trinh bay 6 phan sau.

MOt vi dv lchic the hien nhuqc diem dm phucmg phip nay la: gia sir B truyen dO lieu cho A, met lit sau C men truyen dtt lieu cho D, tuy nhien C nhan they B dang host dOng nen se ch6, mac de C van c6 the giri eft lieu cho D ma khong anti hating gi tai dft lieu nhOn duet tai A.

Trong m8i twangc6 day vi dv nhu mang ethernet khi tram giri tin hieu, neu phat hien xung dot tai dau thu n6 lop tic dimg viec gui tin hieu l3i, dk diem nay ggi la phat hien xung dOt (CD — collision detection) nhe vio ph& hien stir thay dei dien the tren dueng truyen, tuy nhien phuang phip nay khong luting duqc sir dvng tong mei trutmg khong day do viec truyen nhOn tong med tru?mg vo tuyen trong man cam lien thutmg la bain song cong, nghia la chi sir dvng met kenh truyen tai mOt thtri diem n6 chi girt hoc nhOn tin hieu, do d6 khi c6 xung dot ri5i thi van khong tranh duqc.

Mot dee diem khic khi thiet ke thu tvc tbim nhop mei throng lit luu luqng luting do lieu tong mang, vi dv vei loci dte tucmg giam sit theo chu icjr thi luu lugng mang thap, nut chit yeu a chi dO nghi, thy nhien vei loci del tucmg giam sat sv hen, vi dv nhiet dO trong rung thi bai town tit nen khi pink tap, vi birth thu?mg luu luting mang rat it, nhtmg tai khu vim 'city ra chay, luu luqng mang tang dot lien. b. Mat se thi bp &Lim nh$p mai trotting diin hinh

The tic them nh#p mei trueng ve ca ban mi duqc chia ra 3 to is thu tvc phin chia

co dinh, the Mc phin chia theo yeu cau, vi the tvc toy ckip niau nhien.

+ The tic phan chia co djnh: tai nguyen duqc phan chia cho thing nut me khong sq xung dOt. Khi de kenh truyen se duqc phan chia theo than gian (TDMA), theo tan s6 (FDMA), theo ma CDMA.

+ The tic phan chia theo yeu cau, cho phep ck nut sir dvng tai nguyen khi c6

yeu cau sir ding, the the nay c6 the chia thinh thzi tyc tap trung va thu tyc phdn tong the tic dieu !chi& talp trung nut se giri you cau tai net trung tam va cher tra lai, tong twang hqp duqc phep n6 se giri mOt ban tin ;tic nhon duqc phep tai net da giri you eau cling WA thong tin tai nguyen n6 duqc phep sir ding, vi dv nhu so luqngva vi tri cut ck khe than gian tong he thong TDMA. Trong trutmg hqp nay nut trung tam thuang Mn nhieu nang luqng, bei v#y tong giao thirc nay thutmg thi nAng luqng cim nhOng net trung tam duqc cung cap nhieu han cic net thong thutmg. Trong giao thirc phan tan gin twang ti tiler the bai tong token bus. Khung token se lan luort luu hinh tong mOt yang kin la mOt nhom cac nit man, mOt chuang trinh quan lSt yang dOc

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 26

Al 777A (cid:9)

Tin Wing

tai 1-19r Th5ng I.nng (cid:9)

biet clang de phat hien 184 va tai tao the bai khi thy ra sv co, nhuqc diem coa no la cac nut phai a trong tinh tang nhon dit lieu, them vito de viec bao tri va duy to tuyen khi hinh ding ming thay d8i la kha phirc tip.

+ Thit tic troy cop new nhien cac nut hoitt dOng plan tan hoan town, phuong phip diu tien va tai gib van dirge sir ding la ALOHA, trong thu tic ALOHA mot nit khi truyen dcr lieu n6 girl di ngay Hip tic, lcheng he c6 sv lien he vii cac nit khac Uri vay khi ruing thy ra xung dot la rat cao, khi phat hien xung dot phia nh$n se gai mot xac nh$n cho thutic tinh ciut g6i tin nhOn, phia giri se cher mot thai gian ngau nhien va bit dim truyen

c. Thu tyc them nh3p mai truang trong myn cam biin

Trong mang cam bien khang day yeu ciu diu tien va quan trong nhAt la can bing nang lucmg glita cac nut mang, sir dung nang lacing hieu qua trong thiet ke, lva chip thit tic them nh3p tad twang va kha nang thiet lap lii tuyen khi topo ming thay en.

Nhu da tim hieu a nhUng phin trtrac rang lacing cita nit tieu thu cha yen do truyen hooc nhOn dit lieu. th8ng thueng quit trinh truyen th8ng gam 4 trang thai: truyen, nlan, rai va the dO ngi. Trong d6 the dO truyen va nhOn la Mn nhieu rang ltrong nhAt, dva vao hog dOng ciut giao thirc them nh$p men throng to c6 the nhOn Only mat so van de va mic tieu thiet ke cita giao thirc MAC:

+ Xung dot: khi /ay ra xung dOt thi vita ton rang luqng tai ca nth Win va nai thu va nang lam ding de phat lai g6i tin d6, bei v#y can phai loci be xung dOt, tuy nhien nau c6 the dam bao luu luqng ctia mpg cam bien du thip thi xung dOt gin nhu duqc be qua.

+ Nghe taping: mac du khung Unicast gui tir mot nguan tai met dich, tuy nhien vi kenh vo tuyen la mai tnrbng chung cho tit ca cac nit hang xim ciia no boi v3y chimg deu nhen duqc tin hieu tir cac nit di va be qua tau chung lchong phai la dich tai, viec nay cling ten kha nhieu rang luqng. Tuy nhien d8i khi viec My la het sic can thiet khi thu thap thong tin ve hang xi:5m de xac djnh luu lacmg Men tai h8 trq cho rime dich quitn

+ Nghe ngOng a the de rai: khi mot nit 6 trang thai rai n6 sin sang nh$n dO tuy nhien trong nfrang ming luu lucmg it thi thai gian cher nhOn do lieu ton kha

nhieu nang luong.

+ MOt th8ng s6 quan tong nem ngoiti nang lacing ra la you eau chuang trinh

Ichong phirc taw, xir ding it tai nguyen nhu b0 nha, vi xir 15r ...

27 Chuyen a tot nghtep (cid:9)

Al 777A -RAI TiOn 'fling

flan H9r Th5ng 1.nng (cid:9)

Thu tic than nhap m8i throng mia mang cam bien thuemg duqc chia vio 2 nhem

thu tic chinh la: thu tic cash tranh, va thir tic 1#p lich.

2.1.3 Tha tyc cynh tranh

Trong thu tic conk tranh, cc( hei truyen de lieu chia deu cho tat ca cic nut hang x6m. Neu chi c6 mot nut hang x6m an truyen du lieu thi khong van de gi, tuy nhien neu c6 2 ho(ic nhieu nut mu6n truyen khi de chang phai cash tranh veri nhau de gianh quy&I truyEn dtt lieu, 2 giao thirc quan tryng coa nh6m giao thirc nay la ALOHA va CSMA ma ta da c6 dip de cep 6 phan truck.

* Thit tic CSMA: Trong thu tic da truy cap cam bien song mang Wirth xung dot CSMA — CA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) MOt van de gip phai v6i d6i turyng lam sit theo si kien, binh thutmg thi nut mpg 6 trang thai r6i trong met then gian dal , n6 chi bit diu host dOng khi c6 sir kien ben ngoii tic dOng, khi sir kien d6 xay ra gas nhu tat ca cac nut deu mu6n truy&I dft lieu met cich ding then, do vOy se do ra nhieu xung dot, au nut c6 gang giri dft lieu theo chu kjr thi Icha nang lap lai xung dOt la rat cao neu Wong c6 qui trinh them de xay ra. Sau day ta se tim hieu nguyen ljr lam viec ca ban cua giao thirc da truy cap cam bien song mang nay. Ban dau khi met nut nh#n gdi da lieu mei de truyen di, ne eh& met then gian tre new nhien, mix dich cua viec lam nay nhim lim gam tinh d6ng be cim cac nut khi phit hien sir kien say ra (vi neu khi 2 nut xay ra xung dot ma trong lan thir titp theo neu c6 ding then gian cher thi van khong trinh khdi xung dot), trong then gian chtr nem nhien d6 nut c6 the at 6 hang thai neu , trong thbi gian nghe ng6ng nut se thirc hien cam bien sting mang. Neu nhu m8i truling truyen dang bin, sau met s6 lean thir ma van khong thinh ding n6 se dung lai va cher met then gian ngeu nhien, phi thuOc vio sot lan thu va thai gian ngit ells nut, sau d6 ne lai titp tic nghe ngeng m8i trutmg, car nhu vay khi ten met gi6i his ntio d6 ma van lch8ng thinh ding thi g6i se bj be qua. Trong mem hqp m8i twang rei, nut se gin bin tin RTS va chuyen sang trang thai cher, trong throng hqp khong nh#n duce bin tin CTS, hoci c6 ban tin CTS cho nut 'chic thi n6 se quay lai qui trinh cher mot thin gian ngiu nhien va thu lai. Con neu nh#ri duqc bin tin CTS, ne se giri &Et lieu di vi cho ban tin ACK.

Tay tang trutmg hqp ma CSMA c6 the thay don then gian cher, thai gian nghe ng6ng la ngiu nhien hay c6 djnh. MOt dieu can luu y la can phan biet thu tic CSMA — CA trong mang khong day va thu tic CSMA — trong mpg c6 day, ve cc bin thi 2 thi tic nay gi6ng nhau la deu dua vio viec aim bien sang mang, tuy nhien thu tic truy cap CSMA — CA chi duqc gqi la trinh xung dot, do neo 'thong the phat hien khi ceo xung dot xay ra, do the dO truyen la bin song c8ng, nut mang tai met then diem chi c6

Chuyen elt tot nghiep (cid:9) 28

Al 7778 -Rid Tin Thng

Dei 1-inr Th5ng i.nng (cid:9)

the thu ho#c phit di? lieu. Do v#y trong lop trinh djnh tuyen sir dung thin Ate thim nhop mOi tru?mg nay thutmg sir dung mOt then gian trg ngau nhien de giam tinh thing WO giita cac nut, shim tang hieu qua tranh xung dOt.

Thiet bj duy tri ba thong so NB, CW va BE, trong d6 NB dem s6 thou diem rat lui, CW chi ra kich thuerc elm cira s6 xung dOt hien tai, BE la so mil cua theri diem nit lui hien tai. Khi c6 met gen du lieu de truyen di, cac th8ng so nay duce kheri tao Wong img von: NB=O, CW=2 va BE=macMinBE (trong d6 macMinBE la thong so curt giao thirc). Thiet bj se cher ngau nhien trong r th6i diem nit lui tiep theo trong khoing [0, 2 1' — 1] , khi de n6 thuc hien cam bier song mang, tau moi trtrerng rOi n6 se giam CW, va cher teri thai diem rot lui tiep theo va xem xet lei men trutmg truyen met lin nfta, neu mai throng yin r6i thi thiet 1)] se bit Mu truyen du lieu cos no. Trong twang hqp phit hien ra m8i truerng dang ban thl so then diem roi NB va so mu BE tang len va CW duqc $t lui CW=2, neu NB vuqt qui ngtrCrng thl khung der lieu duqc be qua, qui trinh truyen that bai. Cu nhu v#y cac bare duce lap lui.

2.1.4 The tyc xfp gch

a. Th6 Ale LEACH

Yu diem cita thit We nay la xip xep qui trinh truyen tai cac nut hang thorn di lchong thy ra xung dOt tai dau thu. Tuy nhien no cfmg c6 mOt vai nhuqc diem d6 la phirc tap tong thiet d(it va bio tri viec sip xep, lap ljch. (ki thuftt da truy cop phin chia theo then gian TDMA thubng dugc sir dung veil loci thu tuc them nh#p m8i tniemg nay)

Chills' dill ar tlinh

Rut host Ong

Pisa a; tilt

l'Sn TS I

Quyit dials tbinb

nit ;Aft*

Hinh 2.6.77u tyc LEACH

29 Chuyen de tgt nghiep (cid:9)

Al 77Th -Hui Tign Tiing

tai Hnr Th5ng i.nng (cid:9)

1 (cid:9)

Thu tic nay thueng duqc sir dung trong mpg ma cite nut co fling Iuggg tieu thu nhu nhau. NO phin yang the nut that'll the lien cung, moi lien cung do se chan ra melt nut gqi la nut chinh se thuc hien viec zap zip va bao tri thong tin dm cic nut trong lien cung, cic nut con loi trong lien cung de gqi la cic nut thinh vien duqc gin vac) khe thin gian Wang img de trao d6i do lieu vOi nut chinh. Ntit chinh se tip hap dft lieu trong cluster loi gAi true tiep hoc qua not trung gian de truyen dot lieu ve tram ca se. Nhu voy Wing luang tieu thu trong raring nay la bat din xung, nut chinh se tieu ton nhieu tiling luang han cic nit thanh vien, do ngoai viec girl dft lieu ve trim dr se n6 can awe hien chic ning lien lac va dieu lchien hoot dOng cua cic nut thanh vien. Trong khi fling hong tieu thu tai cic not thanh vien se duce tiet hem rat nhieu do khoing cich v6i nut chinh glut hon rat nhieu so voi tom co se. de lchic phtic tInh tong tieu thu Wing hong bit can dOi nhu vOy c6 the cif sau mOt lchoing thin gian thi cic not My to dinh gii fling lucmg va thay doi nut chinh Wan phien.

b. Thu tyc SMACS

Thu toe t r t6 chirc dieu khien troy cop mei trueng SMACS ve bin chat la su ket hap gifta viec lchim phi clic nut lin On va pit chia TDMA cho the nut d6, giao thirc nay duqc xity dung dtra ten mOt s6 gia thiet:

+ Dii tan sir dung duqc chia thimh nhieu kenh nho va nut co the sir dung de

trao d6i vai bit ky mot khitc.

+ Tit ca cic not trong mpg cam bien la c6 djnh.

+ Cie nut chia the khung dft lieu c6 dO dai c6 djnh, Ichong can thiet la tat ca

the nut deu gieng nhau.

Mix dich cim SMACS la phit hien ra cic mot hang xem va thitt l$p lien ket hoc kenh truyen toi nut d6, trong de dit lieu chay theo mOt chieu, neu 2 nut deu mu6n truyen do lieu cho nhau thi phai sir dung 2 kenh lien ket. viec nay se dam bio trinh duqc xung dOt.

Gil sir nut x muon thiet dOt mOt lien ket de trao dOi dit lieu vol nut y, n6 se nghe ngeng diti tin co djnh trong mOt khoing thin gian ngiu nhien, nen lchong nhin duqc gl trong thin gian d6, n6 se girl mOt ban tin mei girl do lieu r6i thong bio tea the nut hang xem. Khi nut hitng x6m z nhfut duqc ban tin mei ctia x n6 se che mOt thin gian nem nhien va try lei china dja chi ctia no, dja chi dm not mbi va s6 hang xem n, khi xrthOn duqc bin tin tri kri cua nut y, ne se mei y thiet lop lien keel. y se tra kin bing ban tin chin thong tin ve khe thin gian va tan s6 sir dm.

30 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 7776 (cid:9)

Tign Time

Del Mar Thing Lang (cid:9)

Giao thirc nay cho phip thiet diit lien ket c6 djnh gifta cac nut ce djnh, do do viec khirn phi thong tin ye cac nut hang xi:5m duqc thyc hien lien tic de Wang thich khi eau hinh mpg thay doi. Hon the ctia thu tic nay la phirc top trong xir ly gifta cac nut, do v#y khi lya chip thu tic nay an can nbirl gifta tong nitng luong can khi thyc hien thu tic va truyen nhon der lieu so v6i cac phuang phap khic, uu diem coca phuong phip nay nhu cac thu tic xep ljch khic la frith xung dot Mt.

c. thu tic Wang thich luu luqng truy c#p mei tru?mg

Thu tic TRAMA thyt hien vier phap ding cho phep cac nut truy &Op kenh truyen de tranh xung dot, giao thirc nay gia sir tit ca cac nut du dOng b0 thtri gian va chia thai gian thai gian dm:cc chia thanh thai diem truy cjip ngau nhien. MOt nut se quimg bi thong tin cim no t6i cac nut hang xtrm, bao gOm ca thong tin ve lap ljch elm no. Dya va cac thong tin nay cac nut se sir ding thu$t tan phan tan de xitc djnh khe thei gian va ke hooch them nh#p de truyen - nh#n dft lieu va kt hoach chuyen sang tong thai ngii cua nO. Nhuqc diem dui thu tic nay khi Ong ve tinh Win va b0 nher boi v$y yeu eau mang co tai nguyen du lan.

(cid:9) (cid:9)

Pt%

Pt 79

Prlo 200

Plink 2.7.Thu tyc TRAMA

2.1.5 Chu& thd 4w thdm nh4p moi tnrd‘g IEEE 802.15.4

Phi= vi Ong ding cua thu tic IEEE 802.15.4 di:9c then khai cho mong cam bien kheing day, mang trong nha, lc& nii that bj veri PC va bao mat hau hit nhttng ung ding nay yew cau Mc dO thap, lchong dad hoi qua cao ve dO tre, d#c biet nang luyng fieu thy that).

31 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Fla) /-19r Thing t.nng (cid:9)

Tign Titng

Al 777 (cid:9)

a. Min &tic m;ng vai tra vi Ulu nut mpg

Tren lap mpg co 2 id& nut: Nut da nang, nghia la no co the hog dOng dam nhiem vai tre cua nhieu clam Ming khic nhau, Ideu nut tit* 2 la nut co chile nang gi6i han n6 chi cep the hog dOng nhu mOt thiet bj.

MOt thiet bj phiti lien ket vai men dieu khien, trong mang hinh sao thiet bj dieu lchien c6 the hog dOng dva tree lien kit 1-1, hoc da lien ket nhu trong mang ca nhan MOt thiet bj dieu hinh thuang thvc hien nhang nhiem vv sau:

+ NO Tidbit nhOng thiet bj lien ket yeti n6.

+ Cap dja chi cho nhang thiet bj do, tit ca ck nut IEEE 802.15.4 co 64 bit

dja chi, dja chi nay cfmg ea the ngin hon toy theo yeu au cita ung dung

+ Trong the dO bho hieu IEEE 802.15.4 no pith mOt khung bao hieu thong bao cho the nut, va thiet bj dieu hinh co the rcfr 19 nhang you citu cua cac nut trong the khe Mai gian duqc chi ra trong tin hieu Mang NM.

+ NO trao dOi dft lieu vai the thiet bj ngang hang vai no

b. Ciu tree sieu khung

Thai am &II ate (cid:9)

710i aim thy ging --el

Ipnh sianKlw sbbi

crank trny

11164 bto

Hinh 2.8.Cciu ink sieu khung

Tram dieu hank trong mang hinh sao khi hog dOng a the dO thong bho no to chile

kenh truy c#p va truyen dr lieu.

Mqi sieu khung deu co dO dal nhu nhau, tram dieu hanh bat du m64 sieu khung bang each gin mOt khung dfi lieu canh Wm, khung canh bio nay se chira du lieu m8 to thong tin dO dai va nhang thong tin lien quan khic a nhang sieu khung nip theo. + MOt sieu khung duqc chia Minh 2 khoing: host dOng va Ichong hog dOng. Trong thai gian kh8ng hog dOng, tat ca the nut bao gom ca nut dieu khien se 6 tmng thai ngit, khi thai gian Icheang hog dOng ket thAc n6 1$p Mc bj &nit thIrc de nhtin thong

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 7776 -Rid Tiign Wing

Dal Nor Thing Long (cid:9)

tin thong bio tir net dieu hinh, that gian Ichong hog dOng nay ding co the duqc be qua.

+ Thai gian hog dOng duqc chia thinh 16 khe, khe dau lien lit khung cinh bio, nhftng khung con lai &Km chia thinh 2 vling, that diem canIt tranh truy cap sau d6 ll cac khe that gian "dim bio". DO dii dm that gian hog dOng vi Ichong host dOng ding nhu dO dii cita mai khe vi so khe that gian c6 the dieu chinh duqc bang chuong tranh

Nut dieu bluth hog dOng trong toin be thin gian host dOng, n6 lien lac yeti cic thiet bj hog dOng trong khe thin gian dim bio khi duqc phep. Trong hau het khe thin gian dim big ne c6 the chuyen sang the dO net. Trong khoing thai gian canh tranh truy cap, thiet bj c6 the tit the dO truyen nhOn nett Ichting co du lieu de truyen.

c. Quin I* thbi Wan dim bio

Nut dieu hanh se phin khe thin gian dam bio cho thiet bj khi c6 yeu cAu trong ichoang thai gian quilt tranh, mOt c6 dugc sir dung de chi ra khe thai gian yeu ciu la khe nhan hay truyen dCr lieu. Trong khe truyen de lieu thitt In se truyen g6i eh net dieu hinh vl ngtrqc lai trong Outing hqp la khe nhan. Khi nhan duce g6i tin yeu cau ngay lip tirc n6 se giri g6i tin ACK thong bio ring n6 di nhan &Km you ciu, khi net dieu hinh dil tit nguyen n6 se phin Ichoing that gian bio hinh cho nut, ne se the thong tin m8 tit ve Ichoting that gian bito hanh trong khung thong bio nip theo, phan thong tin m8 a ve that gian bio hinh n6 se chi ra dja chi cea nut girt yeu ciu, so luqng vi vi tri cea khe that gian trong khe that gian bio hinh trong siou khung. Vi thiet N c6 the sir dung khe that gian duqc phin de. Neu Ichong de tit nguyen no se giri mOt thong bio la khe that gian di het, khi de thiet bj se cha giri lai yeti cau vio lan sau.

d. Thu tyc truyin de. Iltu

Gil sir thiet N c6 dft lieu main giri tai nut dieu hinh, neu nhu thiet b1 di duqc phan khe that gian dam bio, no se hog dOng trtrec khi khe that gian bit diu vi ngay lOp tire truyen de lieu mi IchOng he c6 thao tic them d6 tranh xung dqt. Trong tratmg hqp thiet bj chua duqc phin khe that gian n6 se giri god de lieu tai thai diem canh tranh truy cep sir dung giao thirc da truy 4p cam bien song mang, sau do net dieu Unit giri ACK.

Trong throng hqp de lieu truyen ifs nit dieu hinh tot thiet bj, neu thiet bj cti duqc phan trong khe that gian dim bio thi du lieu se ducat truyen ngay lOp tirc ml khong can yeu can xic then.

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 33

Al 7776 -Rini Tan TAng

flat Hnr Th5ng I.nng (cid:9)

Trong twang hqp phO Win nhit khi nut dieu hanh !thong the sir dung de nhon trong khoang then gian dam bito, thl mOt the tuc bit tay duqc thuc hien giaa thiet bj va tram dieu hitnh, tram dieu hanh se giri met thong beo vimg dem da lieu cho thiet bi bao gam ca dja chi ciut thiet 131 trong truang (lilt chi mkt khung thong bao. Trong thvc to khi thiet bj tim thiy dja chi ells no trong twang dja chi n6 se giri mOt goi da lieu you au doc biet trong khoang thbi gian canh tranh. Tram dieu hinh se tri leri bing ban tin ACK va sin sang nh(in dtt lieu t6i. Trong trutmg hqp Ichong giri thanh cong thiet bj se girl lai yeu ciu trong nhOng sie'u khung tiep theo.

e. Khe that gian trong giao they da tray cep cam biin song mang

Khi mOt nit giri dit lieu hok thong tin quirt ly, dieu lchien di trong khoimg thai gian canh tranh truy cap n6 sir dung giao thtic da truy cep cam bien sang mang, de giam xac suit xung dOt giao thirc da truy cep cam hien song mang frith xung dOt (CSMA —CA) sir dung mOt thbi gian tre ngiu nhien. Khe thbi gian trong gian down quilt tranh truy cep duqc chia thinh ck khe that gian nho hcm, gqi la tiled diem rot lui, ttrcmg img vai dO dai cua khoang 20 kenh va khe thbi gian trong giao thirc CSMA — CA ttrang img yea thbi diem rat lui.

f. Chi de 'thong cinh bin

Ben canh the dO citnh bao trong IEEE 802.15.4 can de suit giao thirc chi do

kh8ng canh bao, mOt vii diem Iduic nhau ca ban giaa 2 the do nay la:

+ Trong the dO khong canh bao tram dieu hanh lchong giri khung cinh bao, str ving met al poi tin canh bao duqc thiet bj ton dung trong khoang then gian nay de Clang b0 vOi tram dieu hanh.

+ Mai goi giri fir thiet bi !thong sir dung khe CSMA — CA. do kh6ng co clang b0 trong thbi diem rut lui, them vao de thiet hi chi thi hanh duy nhat met lin them da mai throng, neu kenh rei thl qua tranh thim nh#p thanh cong.

+ Tram dieu hanh pith boat dOng theo chu k5r nhung thiet bj thi co the hoot dOng theo 1#p lich ciut rieng no, no chi host dOng khi, co goi da lieu hok goi dieu lchien can guff di hoc co da lieu duqc giri tai chinh no fir tram dieu lchien.

2.2 Giao that (tong bt) thal gian

Vert de theri gian nit quan trong trong nhieu img dung va giao thirc trong mang cam hien. Cac nut co the do that gian bing cach ding cac xung dang ha ctic b0 lay tir ck b0 dao dOng. Boi vi cac pha ngiu nhien lam djch chuytn va lam tr8i toc do da b° dao dOng, do v#y died gian cuc 130 ciut cac not se bit diu sai khk di lam cho mang mit

Chuyen de tat nghiep (cid:9) 34

Al 777h -Rhi Tian Ting

Dei Hnr Th5ng I.nng (cid:9)

di st deng be. Do vjy viec deng be thai gian c6 vai to rat quan trong trong host deng cua mang cam bien.

Deng be th&i gian la phucmg thirc cho phip cac thuc the rieng biet trong met nhOm deng be xung ding he cua chting hoac ding be vai that gian Wan cau phei hqp (UTC). Phan nay se giii thich tai sao an deng be that gian va dua ra met s8 giao thirc

ding be Witte nhau.

Tpi sao can ding bP thei gian trong mpng cam Nin ?

v Mang cam bien can lien ket vat the giai thuc de biet khi nio met hien ttrqng

xity ra.

v Djch vu ca bin chinh cua mang cam bien la tich ho de lieu. Do de can deng

be gifts cic nut de c6 the tich hqp da lieu truyen den Sink

v MOt vii giao thtic yeu eau ding be thai gian: quin 19 eau hinh mang. v Cic nut cam bien thutmg nh6, gii thinh thip nen be dao gang thubmg khong chinh xic, han naa chimg bj gioi han ve &Mg luqng nen thuang c6 the de sleep de Het ldem nang luqng.

Sau day, ta xit vi du don giin minh hoa sir can thiet cia de chinh xic ve th&i

gian nhu sau (hlnh 2.9)

Hinh 2.9.Xdc clinh pie din cita Om thank a xa beri mat day sensor

Met sting am phit ra ttlr met nguim am 6. lchoing cich xa the gong den met day cic sensor vi ta c6 the Ink doin g6c tai trong tnrbng hqp nay. m8i mot sensor deu biet vi tri cult cltmg va luu lei thei gian den dm am thanh. Trong truang hqp cu the Mar hinh ye, g6c 0 c6 the duqc xic djnh khi d va x da Net, dimg cong thirc luqng giitc:

x=d * sinO do de 0 = arcsin(d/x).

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 35

Dal Mr Thing 1.nng (cid:9)

A1777h (cid:9)

Tign Time

Khoitng each gifta the sensor co the xic djnh tit cac vi tri da biet ctia cac sensor vl x c6 the thu duqc tit dO loch thbi gian t A gifts cac Ian cam biAn cfla sensor va von tac cita am thanh c 330m/ s , sir dung Ong dint :

x=c•At.

Cho d = lm ve At = 0.001s thi 0 ;--; 0336 (radians). Neu dang ha cira cac sensor chinh xic den 5001.ts , sv sai loch ye thbi gian thvc c6 the 6 Ichoing gifta 500 va 1500 ps , va vi the gia tri cfra g6c 0 c6 the thay en tong lchoing 0 0.166 va 0 ez 0.518 . Vi the, met sai so nh6 trong khi clang bo then gian c6 the clan ton dO loch clang 16 khi trerc doan.

CAn phai chti y ring thtri gian dimg trong mang cam bien phii 11 theri gian tv nhien (physical time), da la hai mit cam bien phii c6 sr cam bien nhu nhau ye is va is cfra mOt mit cam bien cing gin \red Is trong thin gian thvc (real time) hok thbi gian town cau phai hop (coordinated universal time — UTC) tang tat. Then gian to nhien phai duqc phin biet v6i Ichai niem ve thbi gian logic (logical time) la thbi gian ma cho phep quyet djnh viec sip xip cac sum kien trong ho thong phan ha tilumg !cluing can thiat phai chi ra bat ki sv lien quan nao den then gian thvc. 2.2.1 Dow ha Sc mit cam blin va sr chthh sac

Hiu het cac thiet bj clang ha cita cac nut cam bien va may tinh diu c6 cau to giOng nhau. Mai nut c6 mOt b0 dao dung 6 mOt tan so xac djnh va met may dem xung dao dOng. Phan mem ctia cac nut chi truy nhklp tai gia trj cua b0 dem nay vi th&i gian gifta hai lin tang nay quytt djnh each giiti quyet van de then gian: cac sv kien xay ra gitta hai lin tang nay !thong the duqc ph$n bi'e't tir cac nhin thbi gian ctia chimg. BO dao deng thutmg c6 dO tr8i, doll sv djch nglu nhien so v6i tan so ten danh nghia, hay can gqi la do loch clang ha. Dieu nay phu thuOc vio sv khong tong suat cita tinh the, hay cac dieu kien min twang nhu ap sat, nhiet de... do vey viec trier khai mpg cam bien ten thvc to khic nhieu so yeti trong phOng thi nghiem. DO loch clang ha duqc do bring ppm (parts per million), n6 dua ra con s6 ve s6 dao dOng them vio hok so dao dOng N mit ma clang ha tao ra tong luqng thbi gian din cho 1 trieu dao dOng a toe dO danh

Tan s6 dao dOng thay dui theo then gian. C6 2 kik thay

• Thay dai ngan hen: do thay &Si nhiet de, do thay dai tong din 1p nguen cung

cap, 1p suit Ichong khi...

v Thay dui din han: do sv lao h6a cita cac bO dao dOng

36 Chuyen a tot nglilOp (cid:9)

Dal 14nr Thing I.nng (cid:9)

Al 7776 -Rhi Tan Ting

Ngu&i ta thuang gia dinh tan só cac be dao ding la on dinh vira phai trong pham vi tir vii phitt den vii chuc phut. Dieu nay cling n6i len rang cac tilt* toil .' (long 1,0 thin gian phai ding bo vii phid mOt lan de theo kip su thay dOi dm tan s6. Vi the giao thirc tang thtri gian la nit can thiet.

MOt dieu can quan tam nfta la bao lau thl giao thirc dong be thtri gian chay mOt Ian? Gia sir met nut chi dieu chinh de dich pha i 0 va thc do troi cua dao dOng la x

ppm co dinh, de chinh xac you cau la 8 s, thl sau khoang thoi gian khoang (cid:9) s

can thiet phai thing bij lai. V6i x = 20ppm, dO chinh xac la is thi sau 50s phai ding 1,0 lai. Cac mo hinh hien 41 ngay nay deu c6 ging ink Itrqng chinh xac khong chi N i ma con Oi de keo dai chu Id truOrc khi phiti ding be lai. MOt Ian nUa phai nhan manh ring quit trinh ding be met lan khong c6 hieu qua vi toc do troi thay clOi, va thutrng thi ta gioi han duqc tOc dO ten len nhat pi > 0 ma thee man

1

(cid:9)

H

at) 1 + pi

d 1 + pi dt

Ging thirc nay con dung de xac dinh tan s6 ding be

222 Bong 6¢ theri gltm trong mon° cam Min

Trong mang cam Bien c6 mOt so disc diem ma anh hutmg den you eau thiet ke

cita cac thu$t toan dOng b0 then gian:

(cid:226)

Thuat tan phrli phit hop vOri pham vi mang mutilhop rang 16n, cac nut bi rang buOc ve mat Wing luring. Yeu cau ve pham vi bao ham ca se, Wring cac nut trong mang va mat do cac nat.

(cid:226) Yeu cau ve do chinh xac c6 the thay doi khitc nhau tir mili gily cho den hang

(cid:226)

gily. !Chong sir di,mg them phan cling chi gianh cho muc dich &mg bo vi ton chi phi va neng luqng them vao cho phan phu do.

(cid:226) Muc dO di dOng la rat thip. (cid:226) Hau nhu khong c6 gidi han tren c6 dinh ve tre truyen g6i v1 phu thuOc 16p

(cid:226)

MAC, 161 cac g6i, va truyen lai. Tri troy& gifts hai nut hang x6m la khong ding ke. MOt khoitng cach 30m can 10^-7s vi van thc anh sang la c =3.10^8m/s.

CO rat nhieu giao thirc ang b0 thtri gian truyen thiing c6 ging gift viec ding bei gift cac nut 6 moi thin diem nhung lai khong quan tar' n den !tang luqng va cau hinh

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 37

Al 7776 -Rai Tign Tang

nal 1-Inr Thane I.nng (cid:9)

mang cho nen khong the ap citing vao mang cam bien. VI disc diem cita mang cam bien cho nen giao thirc eking b0 thei gian can cho y ve the yin de ve de chinh xac, chi phi rang Itroug va cac you eau ye be ruin.

Phuong phap co ban de d8ng b0 thei gian tong mang cam bien la cong the gitta cac nut trong town mang. Thiet lap moi lien he cop day (pair-wise) gifta cac nut trong mang sau de me rOng ra toan mang.

CO hai cach thiet lap so cong tic gifta hai nut trong mpg de la deng be* gift ben

gfri va ben nhen (Sender-Receiver) va gifts ben nhon va ben nhOn (Receiver-Receiver).

D6ng b0 gifta ben gfri va ben nhan yeu can lien ket hai chieu gitta hai nut lan can. Trong phucmg phap demg b0 gifta ben nhen va ben nhen, nhieu nut nhen cua the g6i c6 nhin thai gian nhu nhau d6ng b0 vei nhau ma khong you call thing be vOi ben gin (n& gfri goi tin broadcast den hai nut A va B, sau de A va B to deog 1)0 v6i nhau kitting an den Sc). Hai phuong phap nay duqc mieu to nhu hinh (2.10).

A 4‘

Ifinh 2.10.D ang ba ben phcit/ben *In vet ben nhdn/ben nhdn.

2.2.3 Giao that dong NI gift ben nh(ln vd ben phat

Trong giao thirc nay, mOt nut goi II ben nhan, trao dei gei du lieu vori net khic goi la ben phit, lam cho ben nhan d6ng be WA ding he cfut ben phat. Giao thee ding b0 gitta ben nhan va ben phat nbi chung la dei hen dtr?mg not 2 chieu gifta cac nut lan cert.

Dien hinh cfut giao thirc clang b0 gift ben phat va ben nhOn la Lightweight time synchronization protocol (LTS). Giao thirc nay dua ra bOi VAN GREUNEN va RABAEY de deng b0 citing h6 cua mang voi ang h6 cfla cac nut tham chieu, vi do nhu c6 the c6 1)0 nhOn GPS. Trong kin heat dOng n6 dieu lchien cac nut de sir clortg Wing luqng hieu qua va dat duqc dO chinh xac cao, va dua ra nhang gioi hart tuang dui chinh xac ye cac phin cfmg co se va the he thong. LTS kh8ng yeu au phai update ding he eve be va ne cling khong tree luqng t6c dO tr8i thvc so.

38 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777h -RAI Tiln TAng

Dal Fine Thing Long (cid:9)

LTS chia qua trinh deing b0 lElm 2 giai down: v Giao thirc d6ng b0 2 chieu de deng b0 2 nut Ian can. + De gitt cac nut hoc mOt tip hqp cac nut can quan tam Clang be theo met tham chieu chung, LTS xay di,mg mOt cly phin tan tir cac not tham chieu den tat ca cac nat. Neu Sic lei khi deng 1)0 single-hop la dOc lap, pit phei y het nhau va c6 trung binh la 0 thi cac nut la cna thy cling dirqc ding b0 vei lei bing 0 nhung syr thay dei la tong the thay d6i dqc theo dubng truyen tir nut tham chi& den nut la. VI vay su thay doi nay c6 the tai thieu hoa bang viec tim ra ciy phan tan c6 chieu cao nhe that.

Ding b# 2 chau

Diu tien chung to se nghien cuv ye deng be hai chieu (hinh 2 1 1)

Sau khi qua trinh 6Mg b0 lei duqc Ichei dOng a not i, goi da lieu you &au dew b0 &nye djnh clang tai thbi diem tl voi thbi gian Li(t1). Nat i dieu lchien cac gei qua he thOng host dOng va cac nein xep. Tre dubng truyen c6 the bien thien rat nhieu. Khi nut i gel bit diu tien tai thbi diem t2, nut j nhon bit cuoi ding ciia gei t.i t 3 = t2 + T -F tp ,trong de T la tre debug truyen va tp la then gian truyen gei (chieu dai cua goi tinh theo bit).

39 Chuyen CM tot nghiep (cid:9)

Tan Wing

Al 7776 (cid:9)

f)ei 1-Tor Thing 1.nng

bong b¢ Igi xung (cid:9)

to

g6i bong be) djnh

g6i Ydri nh5n th&i gian Mt') (cid:9)

ti

chuyin giao g6i 68 truyen

h4 th8ng host bong, truy nthip kenh truyen

bat 68u truyin g6i

-Ow

— (cid:9)

&rang fruiter'

LAO (cid:9)

thbi glen truyin g6i

t3—

(cid:9)

nwing nhin g6i

14—

ts— (cid:9)

nh8n thbi giant( 1 5)

g6i phoc &fp dang b6 djnh clang( I

16— e—nhin thbi giant...1 (t6)

4_chuy'in giao g6i d8 truyen

OS, truy nhig kenh truyen

bat au truyen g6i

L 06)

L 1 01) LJ 5)

mating nh$n g6i

—t 7

nhin thbi giant,(18) —ow —is

Hinh 2.11.Hogt dung ctia viec (long b0 ben phcit/ben nhan

Sau da met thin gian, tai thai diem t4, g6i dif lieu den duqc bio hieu den ling dung hoc he thOng host dOng cim nut j qua met qua trinh ngit, sau da duqc &nit du tai then diem t5 yeti thbi gian Lj(t5). Tsi t6, not j djnh dkuig g6i phitc dap vii thai gian Lj(t6), va dieu WU& gei do den he thong host dOng dm n6 va ngan xep numg. Goi nay bao gbm ca thin gian truttc d6 11 Lj(t5) va Li(t1). Nut i ngirng nhan g6i vio th&i diem t7 (t6 cOng vOi mao dau cim msng hotic he thOng host dOng) vi &nit deu tai thin diem t8 yeti then gian Li(t8). Bay gib ta se Olin tfch vi sao not i nhat' m str hieu chinh ciut , chting ta gia sir khang c6 bit 16 sir ten nil) no. De c6 (cid:9)

gitta cac clang ha trong khoang thbi gian tir tl den t8, do d6 0 = (cid:9)

* ) vii cac nut

va tren thtrc to nut i u6c dotin 0 bang viec vat dofin (cid:9)

.

40 Chuyin de tot nghiep (cid:9)

(cid:9) (cid:9)

Tien Tung

Al 777h (cid:9)

Bei finr TWAng i.nng (cid:9)

Tit hinh ye ta thity nhan thei gian Lj(t5) &Intl diu str quay lai cita nut i, cot the xay ra bat Id Inc nito trong khoang tir tl den t8. Tuy nhien chimg ta cd the lam giam su kh8ng xac djnh nay bang cac nh#n xet sau:

3 Chi do mot dO tri &rang truyen r tong vOi then gian truyen gdi tp gifta tl va t5 3 Chi c6 them mot khoing (cid:9) tp gifta t5 va t8 d8i yei g6i phitc clap.V6i cac mit tinh chting ta c6 the gia thiet ring tre throng truyen la nhu nhau theo ca hai human.

Thtri gian gifts t5 va t6 ding duqc tInh beri hieu Li (t6) — Lj(ts).

Do v#y, co the giitin su Icheing chinh xac cita t5 den Ichoing

/ = ELL(t i) + r + tp ,L i (t8) — r — tp — (Lj(t 6) — Li (t5)).1. Neu chting ta gia sir thtri gian sir chmg trong hg thing host dOng va ngiin xep mang, khoang ngit cling nhu lit tre &ging truyen la nhu nhau theo hai huong, thl tir not i se suy ra mit j se ce, Lj(t5) tai thei diem (xet so vdi nut i)

tp — (Li (t6) — Lj (ts))

L i (t5) =

4(4) + r + tp + Li(t 8) — (cid:9) 2

Vi the ,

Li(ts) + (cid:9)

11(4) — 11(t5)

0 = A(ts) = Li(ts)— 1,;(ts) —

Bay gib mit i cd the dieu chinh d6ng 116 cac b0 bang viec gin them de loch 0 vao. Bing cach thy mit i se deg b0 veri th?ri gian cvc b0 cita mit j. !Chi mic dich ctia viec gin them nay la de cho nut j ye 0 thi phai can them gni thin 3, giri tir i den j va bao gem ca 0. Trong trtrtmg hqp nay thi toan be qua trinh cuing b0 can 3 g6i.

Sit s6 ding be cao nhit cita m8 hinh nay la (cid:9)

nett r va tp co do chinh xac

cao.Sai se d6ng b0 that su c6 the do cac khoang ngit khac nhau O i va j, den cac thtri diem khac nhau gifta gifta viec ngit de nhon met gdi va clanh clau thtri gian gni do, va cac th6i gian tray nh#p kenh khac nhau. Nhfing su kheong chinh xac nay co the gitim clang ke neu mit you ciu co the danh diu thin gian cac geti cint no tang ch(im tang tot, tot nhit la ngay truck khi truyen hoc ngay sau khi chiem duqc dutmg truyen.

Ding bp trong toitn negng

Nth co khi Wing ang b0 theo hai chieu, LTS giai quyet di:cc nhiem va dOng b0 tit ca cac mit trong town mang yeti mit thaw chieu. Neu met not i nito d6 each mit

41 Chuyen a tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777A -Rill Tign Wing

jai HQC ThAng I nng (cid:9)

I

thaw chieu mOt khoang la hi hop va neu 161 clang b0 thong thu&ng phi thuOc vao cac thong soµ = 0 va a '= 2a 6 mai hop, va neu cac nut la &X lip yeti nhau, 161 clang b0 i phi thuOc vao phuang sai Qi = 4hi cr 2 . Voi cac nhat' xot ca ban nay mix dich cua LTS la xay dung mOt cay phan tan c6 chieu cao nh6 nhit va chi can clang be cac cip nut doc theo canh cita cay. Neu qua trinh clang b0 doc theo cay phan tan mat nhieu thoi gian, dO frog giaa cac clang ha se gay ra them sai so.

LTS multihop tdp Thing

Nth chuin (vi du nhu mOt nut vai bt) nh$n GPS) do nen cay phan tan T va bit du clang b0: diu tien clang ix) not chuin vai the nut con cita T, sau d6 cac nut con vOi cac nut con, va cu tiep tic nhu the. VI yew mai *It nut can phai Met cac not con coa na.

Cac not tham chieu cling can phai clang WO lei tin se) de bit cho dO ten. Ngubi ta

cho ring cac nut tham chieu an phai c6 4 tham so• chieu cao lern nhit h cita cay philit tan, toc dO tit 16n nhAt p phai thoa man cho tit ca cac nut trong mpg, dO lech chuin cna mai hop la 2a (da DM 6 tren), va dO chinh xac mong mu& la S . Muc dich la de luon luon c6 sai s6 ding b0 6 cac nut la luon nho han 8 vei dO chinh xac la 99%. Ngay sau khi clang b0 lai, dO chinh xac ctia nut la nho han h x 2.3x 2xa va no co the tang den mac 8 . Voi dO trai 16n nhit p , qua trinh nay mat mOt lchoing then gian lit 6-2x2.3xhxo. Chu lcy ding b0 phai duqc chon sao cho nho han do teen xay ra trong qua

trinh clang b0 lei dan, c6 the pha hang do chinh xac ban du 2.3x 2x h xa . Van de chi yeu 6 day la chi phi. Qua trinh ding be dan theo hai chieu can 3 goi va nhu vay viec clang b0 ca mang bao gam n nut se can 3n nut, khi khOng tinh den lai kenh holm xung dot. Them vao d6 la nguim Wing luqng thing ke de tao n'en cay phan tan, va no can phai lip lai qua trinh nay sau mai lin clang b0 de chili ding duqc cac sal so.

Do nhttng lt do tren ta thAy duqc viec can thiet c6 cac nut tham chieu multiple, neu mOt nut bi hang hok neu mang bj phan chia, thi cac nut Idific c6 the thay the. MOt

giao thirc chit rat hut dung de ha trq the net tham chieu dOng.

LTS multihop phan bo LTS multihop phan b6 Meng xay ding cay phan tan, Mumg rmii nut deu nhan

ding duqc se lugng cac nut tham chieu dgc theo duerng di thich hop ciia chting. D6 la

nhlem vi curt cac not de thiet lop Clang bt) lai theo chu Icy.

42 Chuyen a tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 7771; -Rid Tian Wing

Dal 1-inc Thing tong (cid:9)

Ta hay xem xet tnrang hop 6 hinh 2 12 va cho rang nut 1 mu6n clang b0 vai nut tham chieu R. Nut 1 phit you eau d6ng b0 den R theo 1 chu6i clang b0 theo 2 htreng: nut 4 thing b0 v6i nut R, nut 3 clang b0 yeti nut 4, va cu the den nut 1.

Hinh 2.12.LTS muhihop phan ha

CO 2 dieu can chi Sr b diy

- Ket qui li not 2, 3 va 4 cling duqc ding b0 yeti nit R

- Do ce dO chinh xac yeu cau 8 vi cimg toe dO Mei p cho tat ca the net, tan so

Bong b0 loi dOi v6i nit i each nit tham chieu hi hop li (cid:9) . VI the ten hinh ta

they not 1 vi nut 6 c6 chu kS/ thing b0 loi ngin nhat. Neu 2 not My luon yeu cau clang b0 vOi not R thl cac not 2, 3, 4 vi 5 Ichong bao gib to you cau dting b0 lai.

MOt nut phii chon nut tham chieu gin nhit de giant tei da sai se. Trong each My Ichong can phiti thy dung thy c6 tong s6 nho nhit ma nhiem vo cua gird thurit nay li dm dubng di got nhat. D6i v6i cac mpg va giao thirc Binh tuyen XfiC djnh ta gap phai van de ye chu trinh thing bO/dinh tuyen. Tir nhang vi do tru6c ta thiy cac not co the gin dong &Div thu‘in lqi khi qua trinh d6ng b0 dang thin ra. Nhu trong vi do nut 5 hinh (2.12) . Thay vi thing b0 not 5 dOc 13p v6i nut tham chieu R (c6 the lim cho nut 3 va not 4 tu dong yOu cau ding bp), not 5 c6 the gin you au den tat ea cad nut Or lin con dip Mc thing b0. Neu c6 brit IcS, phin hOi Mo, not 5 c6 the dqi mOt Ichoimg thbi gian vi sau de se thing b0 yeti not phin h6i.

Cac dac diem cua LTS duqc lciem tra bang viec me phemg 500 not phan b6 nem nhien tong yang 120m (hinh chit nh#t 120m, m6i nut c6 Icha nang truyen trong hoac tham gia vio qua trinh dang thing 1)0 (giant s6 luqng mao dku Ichoing 15 den 60%). Tuy nhien, neu chi c6 mot s6 Itrong nut duqc ding b0, cac giii thu$t phan b6 co the gi6i hon mio dim dm n6 den cac vimg quan tam vi luu tram nang luqng cim tat ca cac not trong khi cac giai thu#t t#p thing bao gem tat ca cac nth vi vi the n6 c6 chi phi co djnh bit ke khi giao thirc thing b0 then gian c6 duqc dimg hay Ichong.

43 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

2.2.4 Giao thur Jong b¢ glen bin nhOn vd bin nhOn

Trong giao thee nay nhiEu ben nhan cua cac g6i c6 nhan thin gian nhu nhau ding be vei nhau nhung khong ding b0 vei ben giri. ChAng ta xem xet met giao thac ca bin de la deg be quing ba tham chitu RBS (Reference broadcast synchronization).

Giao thirc nay bao gam hai Minh phAn• thinh pith dm den la met top hqp cac nut nam trong Wing broadcast don (vi du nhu met tap hqp cac nut c6 thE nghe thAy nhau) danh gia xung ding cea cac nut ngang hang veri chting Thanh phAn the hai cho phep lien ket cac than then gian gifts cac nut a xa vai met vii khu vuc broadcast gifta cheng. Chang ta se giai thich lln luqt mai Minh phan nay.

Hong b(5 trong mat khu Arc broadcast:

t Mang ca ban nhu sau: Ben gui se giri theo chu ky met g6i (kang can thiet danh diu nhan thin gian) vao kenh broadcast vi tat ca cac ben nhan se danh dau Min thed gian cho g6i nay. Cac ben nhan trao dOi nhan theri gian cua chang va c6 the sir dung du lieu nay de biEt duce ding h6 cua not hang x6m. Bang viec lap lai qua trinh nay cac net lchong chi biet ve de lech pha cua nhau ma con ca toc dO eel nfta. Ck nut lchong dieu chlnh thing 116 cue Ix) dm n6 nhtmg dei voi mil nut hang xem n6 xay dung met bang lutt trir cac tham s6 can thiet de chuyen doi gia trj xung dAng h6.Vi du: xem hinh (2.13 ).

ca hai nut met ngit nhan gel duqc

Hai nut i vi j mu6n ding be. Tai then diem tO, net R broadcast met g6i xung, bao gam sto nhan ding R vi met chuOi s6 s. Nut i vi j c6 met lchoing cach khic nhau tai R, do de tre truy'en cling khic nhau. Bit mai din nut i a thei diEm tl,i din nut j then diem tl,i va tre truyen Mang biin la ti vi (cid:9) eto ra, h thei diem t2j va t2,i d6i yeti not j vi i.

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 44

Dal I-19r Thing Long

Al 7776 –Rid Tan Time

Packet( R, s)

Packet(R, a)

t

Ngit nh$n g61 (cid:9)

tzi

De shay (OA ben nh$n

goi

t2 ,3— Ngit (cid:9)

Nhin thbi gist v6i Li 03,e)

t3 J— Nlkin dth gian yea

Lj (t3 4 )

(Li(t3,0, R, s)

(cid:9)•

Gin (Li (t3,i), R, s)

Hinh 2.13.14 4 ve RBS

Sau mOt khoing thai gian ngin era, a thai diem t3,i nut i danh diu goi yeti nhin thai gian cuc bO Li(t3,i); not j cfmg Mang to to ra nhin Lj(t3,j). Sau da nut i vu nut j citng trao d6i thin than gian va nhjn cling ciut the gel xung (dia chi ben giri, chwii so) Wang Mtg. Ca hai not de ding tinh tom de lech pha ttrang dei ciut d6ng h6 bing viec gilt sir t3,i = t3j. Dic biet, not i km tra gilt tri 0(0,0=Li(t3,0-Lj(t3j) thus lit de lech pha trong bang cuc 130 ma khong co su dieu chinh clang 116 cua no. Ro rang, su sip zap nay c6 the thuin lgi tir viec c6 ck ben thin danh dau cac Whin thai gian cum cac goi den nhanh den mire c6 the trong chu trinh ngit.

Thai gian gifts viec nhjn bit mei vi dltnh dsu nhin thai gian cua goi duqc gai la de thay d8i ben nh$n (receiver uncertainty), duqc lcy hieu la 8r,i vi 8rj doi vol nut i va j Wang ting.

Da chinh xac dgt ducc clii vol mei xung (km:

R8 ring, tom be viec tinh tom la chinh xac tuyet doi lchi viec giit sir t3,i-=t3j

thut sir dimg. Chang to se phial tich ngin gqn ngubn 16i deng be co the nhu sau:

Tit &rang truyen: Trong ming cam bien, khu vuc broardcast thong thuang nhe va tre truyen ciut mOt gal c6 the bet qua. Han ntta, d6 chi la su lchk nhau giaa tre

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 45

Dei Pry Thing Long (cid:9)

Al 77Th -Rid Tign Tilng

truyen gifta nut i va nut j ma ci y nghia va sa khk nhau nay c6 xu hutmg tham chi nhe hon.

Tre gifts viec nhOn bit culii cling va tao ra min ngit nhan gii: dieu nay ci the thy thuOc vio tre xu 19 phan cling (giting nhu tinh town checksum) cling nhu la khoitng then gian ngin tao lch8i ngit trong cat trukng hqp phin ?loan chfi yeu hok ngit phuc va co uu tie'n cao hon. Han nfta, d61a str khac nhau gifra nut i va j ma coi nhu la 16i thing b0.

Tre gifta ngit rth(ki gii va dinh diu nhin (cid:9) gian g6i: neu nhin thin gian duqc

tao ra ngay trong chu trinh ngit thl tre nay rat nhi. DO djch chuyen gifta viec danh dtiu

nhAn thei gian va trao ded nhiki thin gian quan sat duqc ding gip phan tao ra 16i eking

b0. Thai gian cling ttti qua, 161 nay cling lin.

So sanh vii phtrcmg phap Clang b0 thbi gian gifta ben *When nhki till then gian yeu ciu cfut R de djnh clang g6i tin, chuyen qua he dieu hanh, phap mem mang, cling nhu la tre truy cap dutmg truyen la hoan than khong lien quan den nhau vi diem cluing cua viec tham chieu dm nut i va j 11 thin gian tO ma g6i xuk hien trong kenh truyen.

Ctich tgo ra khu virc broadcast:

MOt trong nhttng diem !thong han the cua RBS la cach khu Arc broadcast duqc

tao thanh va cfich ni c6 the dam bao chic chin ring mOt dutmg din bien d6i thin gian thtrc to din tai gifta hai nut mong mu6n, nit cam bien va sink.

Ching to hAy xem xet hai ink huOng !chic nhau sau: Trong tinh husting mOt so luqng nit tinh host dOng nhu la ben ph xung chuyen dung va cling la b0 chuyen tiep citc g6i. Nhftng dieu nay duqc bieu dien bing yang tin tren hinh. Cac nut cam bien th8ng thu?mg la cac nut hang xim trung gian duqc diing b0. Nitt cam Wen danh ditzu nhijn thtri gian cua cfic g6i xung vi truyen sir quan sat cita ni den ben gui xung ma tinh toe"' m61 cap nit cam bien dO lech pha Wong d6i va tee dO tr6i , va rai rat ck ket qua. MOt khu Arc broardcast la duce rao ra btri pham vi cfia xung ben grit MOt nit cam bien i chuyin tiep mOt g6i ci hai thy chon: NO ci the xac dinh cat nit j khac trong cling khu we de chuyen tiep g6i den. Neu ca hai deu lit nut hang xim don bubo nhay thi nit i c6 the chuyen dOi nhin then gian va gui god frac tiep den j. Dieu nay bien thj bing cung 4c trong hinh (2 14). Trong trutmg hqp khac , nit i ci the yeu dm ben girl xung de chuyen kip g6i den nut j ma khong thay doi no. Trong ca hai tru&ng hqp, ben gin xung khong you ciu gift bang th8ng tin ve hOi thoai.

Chuyen 0 tot nghiep (cid:9) 46

(cid:9) (cid:9)

Dal Hex Thing T.nng (cid:9)

Al 7776 -Rid Tin Wing

Sour; (cid:9)

Sink

Hinh 2.14.Chuyin tap g6i di? lieu va chuyin €idi nluin then gian

NO c6 the chuyen tiep g6i tin ben gni xung. Day la trich nhiem ben giri xung tim lciam met phan to tiep theo j va de chuyen d6i nhan theri gian. Theo do, ben gal xung &roc yeu tau gift bang v6i the thaw s6 hei thou.

Trong twang hqp !chic, ben giri xung khong sir dung ding hi cue be va do do kh8ng can thiet d6ng be von cac nut cam bien cita no. Trong ca hai tnramg hqp khu vac

broadcast duqc chon lua nhu sau:

Mii nut cam bien la met thinh vien cira it nhat met khu we broadcast.

!Chi met gei duqc truyin tir met ngu6n din nut sink trong khu we broadcast lchk, phai c6 met chit& the khu we broadcast tren duang din gifta ngu6 n va sink va hai khu vac broadcast ph& &Zing lip len met nut. Nhting nut gateway nay (nut hinh vuong c6 hai mau tren hinh 2.14) Net cac thong s6 hOi thoni 46i yea tat ca cac nui trong hai khu we va theo do co the chuyen 01 thin thai gian. C3 do phai co dit dO ch6ng lin de dam bit° chic chin c6 su hien dien cita cac nut gateway. LS , Wang, gifts hai khu we broadcast c6 nhieu han mOt nut gateway de cho phep met vii su can bring khi chuyen tiep tai.

s6 cac hei thoai can thiet gitta met nguon va met sink se nho de tranh su mat mat dO chinh xac, cal nay duqc goi la khu we broadcast rung ion. N6i cach Ichic trong khu we rung 16n, co nhieu gOti phai duqc trao d6i voi tong suit truyen lern han phaidtrqc sir dung de dat duqc den nut hang x6m, lam tieu hao nang lucmg nhanh chang han.

Dieu nay c6 the dirge xem xet nhu van de phan cum, yeti mix dich de tim cac cum N ch6ng lip. Giao thirc phan cap cum chuyen dung cho rave dirge sir dung 6 [2]. Giao thirc nay cho phep dieu chinh kich think cum de tim dirge su can bing tai gifts tai thieu has cac buck truyen va tai thieu h6a Wong g6i/cong suit truyen.

Neu Icheng co cac nut chuyen dung hoac khi tit ca cac not deli bao h6m ben giri xung can thiet ducat ding b0, khu we broadcast phiti nhe han va tat ca citc thrinh vien trong khi we broadcast ph& la cac nut hang x6m met buOc nhity de co the trao d6i xung quan sat cling nhu chuyen tiep god dft lieu. Khu we broadcast la mOt tap hop the

Chuyen 0 tot nghiep (cid:9) 47

nut. Trong tinh hang nay mai nut se hog dOng nhu la met net girl xung, vi viec guy& djnh chuyen tiep bi gieri hart den nhemg net hang xi:5m nay chia se it nhat mOt khu Arc broadcast veri net chuyen nap. 2.3 Giao thfrc vi tri

Trong nhieu twang hqp viec Vic djnh vj tri trong the gioi tv nhien cfut cac nut trong mpg cam bien la rat can thi'et, no c6 y nghia hoac la mvc dich caa mpg cam bien. Vi du nhu trong eng dung quan sat mei trueng va khi tugng hgc, du lieu se ichOng con c6 y nghla neu nhu ichong duqc &nit clau theri gian va vi tri. Hay nhu trong cac en dung: theo del viec dOng gel hang, ltru tra sach trong thu vien, theo del vi tri, tat ca cac ting dung nay deu can xac djnh vj tri cua cac not ca bien. Ngoai ra thong tin ve vi tri cling rat quan trting trong mOt vii giao that dinh tuy'en, dac biet IA djnh tuyen dva vio vj

Trong mpg cam bien, c6 met s8 luqng rat lem cac nut, duqc trien khai met each ugh nhien trong khu Arc quan sat. Viec xac dinh vj tri tuyet d6i cua mOt not thuang rat kh6. Chong to c6 the trang bi thiet bi GPS cho cac nut. Tuy nhien each nay Ichong kha thi cloi voi mpg cam bien vi GPS tuang &Si dit vi !thong the host dung trong mei throng dac biet nhu trong nha, duOi long dat.

Hien nay c6 hai k$1 thuat djnh vj duqc xem xet chit yeu trong mpg cam bien la:

3 Dinh vi dva vio mac c6 3 Dinh vj dva vito vj tri twang d8i.

Ca hai kjl thuat nay deu sir dung str mk !ming phtun vi vi DSc dai veri viec dinh vj cac not cam *lig th8ng qua ctremg de tin hieu thu duck (received signal strength RSS), theri gian den (time of arrival — TOA), sv ch'enh lech theri gian den (time difference of arrival — TDOA), vi etc tei (angle of arrival — AOA). 2.3.1 Dinh vi dra vdo mdc cif min Phucmg phap nay gill sir nhu sau: (cid:226) C6 met vii con cam bien di biet vj tri. (cid:226) NhUng not nay se gin tin hieu m6c(clan duerng) theo chu icy. (cid:226) Cac not laic se do tin hieu nay, se dung phep do tam giac , da tri de dash gia

vi tri.

(cid:226) RSSI (Receiver Signal Strength Indicator ) dirgc dung de xac djnh str tuang

quan tin hieu veri Ichoing cach.

He thong dinh vj ad hoc (AHLoS) del hell met vii net phiti c6 vj tri xac djnh qua GPS hoac qua cau hinh dieu ichien. Dieu nay cho phop cac nut xac djnh duce vj tri

Chuyen dli t6t nghiep (cid:9)

48 Plai Her Thing i.nng (cid:9)

Al 777A -Rai Tign Timg

cis chting qua met qua trinh hai pha: xep loci va uac doin. Trong pha xep loci, moi met nut trek doan pham vi cos ck mit lin can. Pha uerc doan sau d6 cho phep cac nut lan can ma chua xac djnh dirge vi tri dung pham vi doge u6c doan trong pha xep loci va vi trf cilia vat rneic de xac djnh vj tri ctia chimg.

Tuy nhien phucmg phap nay chi phu hgp vOi tin hieu RF, va rat nhay cam voi vat can, nhigu da dutmg, anh haremg ciaa m8i truing (mua,...). Han nfta tin hieu RF phai c6 pham vi tot: khoang vii chic met. Ngoali ra ngtreri to con sir dung RF va song sie'u am: nut meoc truyen tin hieu RF va met song sieu am tan be thu. Thai gian dEn lchic nhau gift hai tin hieu dugc sir dung de do khoitng each. Pham vi len tai 3 m, dO chinh the 2cm.

Tuy nhien phucmg phap gin sir ding diu hieu cala cot mcic a nhang vi tri di Mat nhieu khi lchong the itp dung khi cac nut cam ling trien khai a nhang vimg ma kh6 c6 thE xac djnh dirge vj tri. Tren the gieri hie'n nay cac nha khoa hoc dang nghien cuu ve viec tax dinh vi trong d6 dung cac nguen a nhftng vj tri chin bi Et. Mk dia hq coi nhg gin thuyat 11 cac vat rn6c phai a vj tri c6 djnh nhtmg chimg van can phai c6 ngu6n tin hieu.

Ck ngu6n nay duck trien khai trong ding mot vimg veri cac nut cam img va duqc dimg lam chuin cho cac nut Ian can de trek chain cac vj tri va throng chua biet to ngthEn tin hieu. Ging trinh nghien tiro cita Moses va Savvides dva tren cac nguan tin hieu. Cac ding trinh lchic u6c doan vj tri ctla cac nut bring vice xem xet cac van de ve trerc doan vi tri nhu 11 cac van de ve sv tai tru lei vi c6 nhang rang buOc ye vj tri giva hai nit, vi do nhu pham vi phi! song. Hon nett trong phuong phip djnh vj nay, Patwari va cac d6ng nghiep xac djnh dirge chinh the ranh glen cis vj tri sensor dua tren cac tram g6c c6 djnh can thiet cho then gian den hoac nho'n ciaa tin hieu. 2.3.2 Dinh vi Ara vdo vi trf taring dSi

M(k du cac giao thirc djnh vj clua ten vat m6c rat hieu qua dai vii met s6 Craig dung nao d6, mot s6 mpg cam fang lchic c6 the &rot alien khai a yang ma kW:mg the bi anh hueing boi vat me‘c hok GPS, laic d6 cluing c6 the bi anh haremg bei nhieu med truing hay lit do sai s6 khi dieu lchien. Han nfta, the nit cam img loaf binh thuemg c6 the host dOng a the dO Wog tuyin tinh hocnhigu kh8ng than theo phin b6 Gaussian.

De khAc phuc nhitng ldi6 khan nay, cac thong tin yang duck at theo timg bark truyen tir nguon cho den sink. DE thu dirge cac thong tin wing chinh xac, cac nit calm img phii kat hgp de M trg cho nhau. Han nits, thing thong c6 the duck dv tral them

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 49

Dal Hnr Th5ng I.nng (cid:9)

Al 77Th (cid:9)

Tian Wing

bing viec cho phep cac mit cam fmg de theo vj tri cua cac nut lin con. Ky thu#t xac djnh vj tri twang &Si nay duqc nghien cfru ki ham bfri ca eau vj tri thu cam (perceptive localization framework -PLF). Trong ca ciu nay, met nut c6 the phat hien va d6 theo vj tr.' dm dm nut lin can bing cach dung ky thu#t trac dotin ket hqp v6i met be lac tong phan ducic ghep vao met diy cac sensor. De tang do chinh xac cua viec trot luqng vj tri, sink c6 the you cAu tit ca cac nut doc theo duimg tit nguan phai lac tfmg phan de tang s6 luqng vat mau. Quit trinh the dOng eve be nay Ichong yeu au bfit Id met vet mac nao. Han nfra, phan xir lt thing tam Ichong can phai quye't djnh vj tri ctia cac nguen.

Cho du ding giao thirc djnh vj dua tren vat mtic hay la dua tren vj tri Prang dei thi thong tin vimg deu can thiet trong cac giao that lap vOn chuyen, 16p mang va 16p lien kat dft lieu. M6i met logi giao thin djnh vj c6 nhing you cAu khac nhau. Cac ung dung mang cam fmg sau nay se sir dung ket hap cac ky thuat djnh vj nay.

2.4 KEt

Chuang nay em di trinh bay ve mo hinh kien true mang cam bien the biet la 16p lien kat clit lieu vi no c6 nhieu giao thin quan tang lien quan den phan djnh tuyen trong 16p mpg la phan trong tam cfut chuyen de nay.Ngoai ra em tjp thing vao trinh bay hai giao tithe lieu bieu What va dap *rig dime cac you cau Hong biet cua mang cam 1mg la xac djnh vj tri va ding be thfri gian. Ngoai hai giao thfrc nay can co rat nhieu cac giao thirc khk nhu giao thfrc 16p 1mg dung, lop Mac... Vi thtii gian co han nen em chi dua ra hai giao attic quan tong ma moi ngtrai can aim hieu Ichi tiOp cin vO lint Arc mang cam bien. Ngay nay cac nha nghien cuu cung di dua rat nhieu cli Wen cfm hai giao thfrc nay, phi hqp v6i thuc din han.

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 50

Oaf Hot- Thing Long (cid:9)

Trim Wing

Al 7776 (cid:9)

CHUVNG 3. DINH MAN TRONG MANG WSN

3.1 Gial thieu

Mac du mong cam bien c6 kha nhieu diem arcing clang so voi cac mong ad hoc c6 day va khong day nhung chimg cling Neu 10 mOt so cac dac tinh duy nhit ma too cho chung ton tai thanh inkuig Hong. Chinh !thin d#c tinh nay lam cho tap trung mui nhqn vio you au thiet ke cac giao thirc djnh tuyen mai ma khic xa so voi cac giao thirc djnh tuytn trong cac mang ad hoc c6 day va Icheing day. Viec nhim vao dac tinh nay da dua ra mOt tap cac thach thtic len va rieng doi voi WSN.Chuong nay se trinh bay ba loai giao tithe dinh toy& chinh hay dugc dung trong mong cam bien, do la :

+ Dinh toy& trung tam di lieu (data - centric protocol).

+ Dinh tuyen phan cap (hierarchical protocol).

+ Dinh tuyen dua vio vj trf (location - based protocol).

Thdch that trong vein Si Sinn tuyin :

Chinh vi nheng dac diem rieng biet ciut mang cam bien ma viec dinh tuyen

trong mang cam bien phai dOi mat yeti nit nhieu thach thirc sau:

+ Mpg cam bien co mOt s6 lugng lon cac nut , cho nen to Ichong the xay dung duce so do dja chi town cau cho viec trien khai s6 lugng lon cac nut d6 vi lugng mito dim de duy tri ID qui cao.

+ DO lieu trong mpg cam bien you cau cam bien to nhieu ngubn (chic nhau va

truyen den sink.

+ Cac nut dun bien bj rang buOc kha chat the ve mat nang lugng, tOc do xir ly,

hru lit

+ Hiu het trong cac fin dung mong cam In& cac nut not chung la tinh sau khi

duqc trien khai ngooi trir mOt vii nut co the di dOng.

+ Mung cam bien la nhitng img dung rieng biet

+ Viec nh$n biet vj tri la An de rat quan trqng vi viec tap hop dft lieu thong

thu6ng dua ten vj tri.

+ KM nang du thira cla lieu rat cao vi cac nut cam bien thu luqm dir lieu dua

ten hien twin chung.

Cac van de ye thidt ke glao that dinh tuyen

dich chinh cola mang cam bien la truyan th8ng der lieu trong mpg trong khi co ging keo dal then gian song cfut mpg vi ngan chin viec gam cac ket not bang

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 51

Tien Ting

tai Hnr Thing T.nng (cid:9)

Al 7776 (cid:9)

each dua ra rthung Icy thuot quan 19 nAng Iucing linh hoot. Trong khi thiet ke cac giao thirc djnh tuyen, chkg to thtrbng geP phii cac van de. sau.

Dec Una May tei that gian va trilt qr s4 xip cua mpg. Cac nut cam hien hoot dOng yeti sum giOi hen ye kha nang tinh tofu, km tra vi truyen din, duei ring buOc ve niing luqng !chit khe. Thy thuOc vio img dung mOt dO cac nut cam bien tong mpg c6 the tfr thus that den fit day. Han nea trong nhieu img dung s6 luting cac nut cam bien co the len den hang tram, thOm chi hang ngin not duqc trien khai thy y vi thong thirimg !thong bj gilun sat bao phu mOt \rung rang ion. Trong mpg nay, clkic tinh cua cac con cam bien la c6 tinh thich nghi dOng vi cao, nhu la nhu cau to t6 chirc va bio total nAng luqng btujc the nut cam bien Oki dieu chinh lien tuc de thich img hoot dOng hien tai.

Rang bur vi tai nguyin

Cac nut cam bien duqc thiet ke vii dO phirc tap nhe Mit cho trien khai trong phom vi ion de giam chi phi tofu mang. NAng lucing la mai quan tam chinh trong mong cam hien khang day, lam the nio dedot duce thai gian song keo dai trong khi the nut hoot dOng vii stir giai han ve tiling luqng du trO. Viec truyen gai mutilhop chinh la nguan tieu thu nAng luqng chinh trong mang. De elm viec tieu thu niing luqng c6 the dot duqc bing each dieu lchien to Ong chu ky cong suit cua mang cam bien. Tuy nhien vim de quitn 19 Tiling lugng da ter thinh mOt thach thirc chitin hrge trong nhieu kg dung quan trcong•

Mo harsh dd. lieu trong mpng cdm ban

M8 hlnh dit lieu m8 to luting th8ng tin gifla cac not cam bien vi cac sink. M8 hlnh nay phu thuOc nhieu vio ban chit cua kg dung trong da cai each dft lieu duqc yeu cau vi sir dung. Mot vii me hinh du lieu duqc de xulit nham top thing vio yeu cau tucmg tic vi nhu cau top hqp de lieu cum da clang cac img dung.

MOt loci cac ung dung ctia mang cam bien yeu cau ma hinh thu tilt) du lieu mk dtra tren viec lay mau theo chu kt hay str thy ra cua str kien trong m8i throng quan sat. Trong cac img dung lchitc dO lieu c6 the &rut chop vi ltm tr8 hoac c6 the duqc xir 19, top hqp ton mOt nit fru& khi chuyan tiep dii lieu den sink. MOt loci thir 3 da lit me hinh do lieu ttrcmg tic hai chieu gift the not dun bien vi sink.

Nhu cau ha trq da dung cac m8 hinh de lieu litm tang tinh phirc top cua van de

thiet ke giao thirc djnh tuyin.

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 52

Al 77Th -Rni TVA Tiling

tai Hnr Thing 1.ting (cid:9)

Glen truyIn dlt lifu

Cai each ma the truy van va dit lieu duqc truyen gifta cac tram co set va cac vj

tri quan sat hien Mpg la mOt kit canh quan tong trong mang cam bien lchting day.

MOt pinning phap co ban a thvc hien viec nay 11 ratii ail cam bien ce the truyen da lieu true deep den tram ca ser.Tuy zillion pinning phap dva tren Niue nhly don (singlehop) c6 chi phi rat dit va the not ma xa tram co se thi se nhanh cheng 1:4 tieu hao nang linyng va do de lam gian thin gian song dm mang.

Nhiim giam thieu 16i cua phuong phap nay thi da lieu trao doi gifta cac not cam bien va tram ca se c6 the duqc thvc hien bang viec sir dung truyen gei da buerc nhay (mutilhop) qua pham vi truyen ngin. Pinning phip nay tiet hem &mg luqng clang ke va ding giant clang ke sir giao thoa truyen dim gifta die nut khi canh tranh nhau de truy c#p kenh, disc biet 11 trong mang cam bien khong day met dO cao. Du lieu duqc truyen gifta cac nut cam bien va the sink

Di dip img cac truy van tir the sink hoc cac sir kien dac biet xay ra tai m8i trutmg thl dft lieu thu ttp duqc seduqc truyen din cac tram ca ser thong qua nhieu &rang din mutilhop.

Trong djnh tuyen mutilhop ciut mang cam bien Wang day, cac not trung gian dung vai trd chuyen tiep der lieu gifta ngutin vi dich. Viec xac djnh xem t#p hqp cac nut nao tao thanh &rang din chuyin dip der lieu gifta nguon va dich la mOt nhiem vit quan tang trong thu#t toin djnh tuyEn. Nei chung viec djnh tuyin trong mang kich thuac 16n von da la met vein de lcho khan, cac thuett than phai nhina vao nhieu you cau thiet ke thich that bao gem sir chinh xac, On djnh, tei uu hoa va chit y den sit thay d6i cua cac thing se.

Veri &lc tit ben trong cua mang cam bien bao gem stir rang buOc ve dai thong vi niing lutyrig di tao them thfich thirc cho cac giao thirc dinh tuyen la phai nhim vio viec thea man yeu eau ye luu lugng trong khi vim mb rung duqc thai gian sting cua mang.

3.2 Phan loai va so sanh cac giao that dinh My&

Vein de djnh tuyen trong rating cam bien la mOt thich thirc lcho khan dui hei phai can biing gifta stir dap ung nhanh cos mang va hieu qua. Sy can biing nay you can sir can thiet thich hqp lchi Wing tinh tot va truyen din et cac net cam bien nguqc veri mao dau you cau thich img yen dieu kien nay.

Trong mang cam bien kung day, mao (cid:9)

duqc do chinh la ltrqng bang thong duqc sir ding, lieu thi cong swat va yeu can xir ly ciut cac nut di dOng.Viec tim ra chien luqc can bin gifta sit canh tranh nay can thiet tao ra met nen tang chien luqc

53 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Del He TWAng T.nng (cid:9)

Al 7776 (cid:9)

Thin Tang

djnh tuyen. Viec thiet ke cac giao thtic djnh tuyen trong mang cam ban lchong day phii xem xet gitri han ye :

+ C6ng suat va tai nguyen cim mcii nut raking.

+ Chit lugng thay del theo then gian ctia cac kenh vo tuyen.

+ Kha Jiang mat gei va tre.

Nham vao the yeu ciu thiet ke nay mOt so cac chien luqc djnh tuyen trong mong cam hien dirge dua ra. Bang (3.2) dua ra su phan loai mOt se giao thtic dtra teen nhieu tieu chi khic nhau, nei chung viec djnh tuyen trong WSN c6 the duge chia thinh

+ Loai thu nhit giao thirc djnh thy& thong qua lden true phing ( hay con gpi la giao thirc djnh tuyen ngang hang ) trong d6 cic nut c6 vai fro nhtr nhau. KiE'n trtic phing c6 mOt vai igi ich bao gem se lugng milo dau toi thieu de duy tri ca set ha tang, va c6 Icha nang kham phi ra nhieu clutmg gitta cac nut truyen din de chong lai 16i va tat ca the flat thutmg ce vai tr6 hok chirc nang nhu nhau.

+ Loai thu 2 la phan cap theo cum, lqi dung eau frac cfia mang de dat duct hieu qui ve Wing lugng, six en djnh, su ma rung. Trong loci giao that nay cic nut mang to t6 chirc thanh cac cum trong d6 mOt nut c6 muc nang luqng cao han cic nut khic va d6ng vai tr6 la nut chit. Ntit chit thuc hien phiii hqp hoot dOng trong cum va chuyen dip thong tin gifta cic cum vai nhau. Viec too thanh the cum c6 kha Wang lam giam tieu thu Ming luqng vi keo dal thei gian sting cid mpg.

+ Loai giao thirc dinh tuyen thu 3 la giao thirc djnh tuyen dip theo vj tri thy thutjc vao ciu true mang. Trong d6 vi tri ctia the nut cam hien dirge sir dung de djnh tuyen so lieu

Met giao thtic djnh tuyen dugc col la thich (mg neu cic tham se dm he thong c6 the dieu !chi& dirge de thich (mg vai cac tang thaii mang hien tai vi cic mtic !tang lugng lcha dung. Nfrang giao thirc nay cfmg cob the dirge chia thanh cic giao thirc djnh tuyen da throng, yeu ciu, h6i/dip, lien ket hoje dua vao QoS tuS , theo w the hoot dOng elm giao fink. Ngoai ra, cic giao thtic djnh tuyen c6 the dirge chia thanh ba lotti la chti dOng, tuang tic hoc lai ghep tuy thuOc vao each thirc ma nguEin tim (Wong tai dich. Trong cic giao thirc chit dOng, tat ci cac dubng (kw tinh than truttc khi c6 you ciu, trong khi deti yeti cic giao thirc tuang tic thl the dutmg dirge tinh toan theo yeu cau. Cac giao thtic lai ghep ket hop ca hai quy dc 6 ten. Khi cac nut cam hien oft djnh, ne thich hqp v6i cic giao thirc djnh tuyen theo bang han la vtti cac giao tithe tuang tic. MOt lugng cong suit ding ke dirge sir dung de tim &rang vi thiet lip cic

Chuyen de t6t nghiep (cid:9) 54

Al 7776 (cid:9)

Tien Tiing

flei 1-1nr Thing 1.nng

giao thirc Prong tic. MOt s6 giao thirc khic dva vio djnh than vi thong tin vi tri. De kith quit, c6 the sir dung phan log theo ciu tnic mpg vi co the hog dOng cna giao thirc (lieu chuan djnh tuyen) . Viec pit loai vi so sinh cac giao thirc djnh tuyen trong WSN ducrc chi ra trong Innh 3.1 vi 3.2.

I Goo dim cboo dotal; mop WSNI

Ciu troc

I Cbt 00 boa On

Clan (cid:9)

Clap

Ciao (cid:9) &rims (cid:9)

--t— axe diang ibex t m7

prcip

tin

aba (cid:9) &tag (cid:9) #52 (cid:9) &sag (cid:9)

as (cid:9) dates (cid:9) boo yin (cid:9) ciu (cid:9)

A— Clan (cid:9) &stag theo (cid:9) QoS

Minh 3.1.Phan logi giao thtic dinh tuyin trong WSN

Da phirc (cid:9) tap

.4 (cid:9) Qos (cid:9)

Di (cid:9) chuyin (cid:9)

Tiet lien Du (cid:9) clang suit hei dip (cid:9)

Xic Kit i vio _ so ea, Trou (cid:9)

7, • i (cid:9)

Da &rang

alit

Phan Ia.; (cid:9) Giao thfrc (cid:9) djnh tuyen' (cid:9)

tang thai

I P l a

1.413 tning (cid:9) C6 the (cid:9) Han the (cid:9)

CO (cid:9)

Kh8ng Kh8ng (cid:9) Thep (cid:9) Hz (cid:9)

CO (cid:9)

(

SPIN (cid:9)

de lieu

trung Han the (cid:9) Han the (cid:9)

Co (cid:9)

co (cid:9)

CO (cid:9)

Khong (cid:9)

Th&p (cid:9)

CO (cid:9)

(

u (cid:9)

TtIPe lie

Hall (cid:9) che

Direct Diff

ed (cid:9) usion (cid:9)

Khong (cid:9)

CO (cid:9)

Khong Khong (cid:9) Thep (cid:9)

TOt (cid:9)

KhKhong(

Rumor (cid:9)

Tip trung Rit han Khang ip the (cid:9)

dung (cid:9)

Mt lieu (cid:9) Tftpdtt trung

Han chi IC alai

GBR (cid:9)

Tap hung (cid:9) Khong Khong ip Khong Khong Khong Khong

ong (cid:9)

Thop

Tot (cid:9)

Khong

MCFA (cid:9)

Mt lieu (cid:9) M (cid:9)

dung (cid:9)

(cid:9) Thaph (cid:9)

Khong (cid:9) Han cite (cid:9) Khong (cid:9)

C6 (cid:9) Khang Kheng

Hz * A

Khong

CADR (cid:9)

1.d8 813 trung

lieu

(cid:9) Han the (cid:9) Khong (cid:9)

C6 (cid:9)

Khong Kh8ng (cid:9) Thip (cid:9)

Hcht7 (cid:9) Khang (cid:9)

(

COUGAR lbdo ling KhOng

gip emg ip

(cid:9) (cid:9)

Khong (cid:9)

CO (cid:9)

Khong Khong (cid:9) Thip (cid:9)

Khong (cid:9)

(

ACQUIRE (cid:9)

TO trung (cid:9) do hung

Halti the

Kh8n (cid:9)

g (cid:9)

(

(cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9)

Han chi Kh8ng it) Khong Kh8ng Klking (cid:9)

Kh8ng

EAR (cid:9)

Thap (cid:9) Thep

clang (cid:9)

A (cid:9) cite

Khong (cid:9)

CO (cid:9)

Khong Nut chit (cid:9)

(cid:9)

Tot Tot

LEACH (cid:9)

Tap ming (cid:9) dO lieu (cid:9) _i_ (cid:9) Phan cep (cid:9)

6c (cid:9) Cac dai e6 (cid:9) h (cid:9) Nud; A Net goc (cid:9) Cut dal

Khong

Khong (cid:9)

CO (cid:9)

Khang Nut chic (cid:9)

A Tot

(cid:9)

Phan ciP (cid:9) c6 eh (cid:9)

TEEN & (cid:9) APTEEN (cid:9)

C6 (cid:9)

Kh6ng Nut chti (cid:9)

TOt (cid:9)

!Chang

PEGASIS (cid:9) Phan cep Nctilint (cid:9) Ctre dal (cid:9) Kh8ng Kh8ng (cid:9)

(cid:9)

Phan cep (cid:9) Kh8ng (cid:9)

Clic dai (cid:9) Kh8ng Khong Khong Kh8ng (cid:9) Thip (cid:9)

Thip (cid:9) Khan

MECN & (cid:9) SMECN

(cid:9)

Chuyen d13 tot nghiep

55

Dal Hoe Thh'ng1.nng

Al 77M -Hui Tign Wing

Khong Khdeatinnggitp

Phan cap

C6 KMng Nat chtl TOt

VGA

Phan cep

TTDD

Han chi KhOng KhOng Khang khOng Tbnininng Thai) CO the

KhOng Han the Kh8ng KhOng Khang Khang Thhp

GAF

KhOng Han the KhOng

KhOng Kh8ng Khang Thhp

Kh8ng

GEAR

Khang

CO Khong

Trung ninn

Kh8ng hp dvng

(

SAR

Due v th vi Dia vito vibi Due vito v1 trf

TOt Khang Hall he Han the Khang

Kheng

dung Kheing hp

Khang Khang Khang

Khan

(

Trung innn

SPEED

Due vim vith

4 1

Hinh 3.2.Phan loci va so scinh cac giao thac clinh tuyin trong mgng WSN

3.3 Giao thirc dlnh tuytn ngang hang

Cac loci giao thirc djnh tuyen (cid:9)

tien la giao thirc djnh tuyen ngang hang. Trong giao thirc djnh tuyen ngang hang cac nut co vai tr6 nhu nhau vi cac nut cam bien cOng the vai nhau de thuc hien nhiem vu cam bien. Do s6 luqng cac nut Ian len, no kh8ng kith thi de chi djnh met djnh clang town ciu cho m8i nut. Dieu nay xem xet di dim den trung tam due lieu djnh tuyen nai ma nhctng BS(cic nut ca s6) giri truy van den mOt s6 yang vi chic dqi dtt lieu tir vi trf cam hien trong vimg duqc lira chcm. Tir cac dft lieu duqc you ciu truy van thong qua, dtra tren thuOc tinh dat ten la can thiet de xac djnh thinh phtin dit lieu. 3.4 Giao thirc trung tam du. 114u

3.4.1 Flooding vd Gossiping

Flooding la ley di* Chung Muting duge sir dung de tim ra duang va truyen

thong tin trong mang adhoc vo tuyen va hum tuyen.

Chien lucre djnh tuyen nay rat dan gian va !thong phi; thuOc vio eau hinh mang va cac giai thuftt dinh tuyen phirc tap. Flood sir dung phuong phap reactive nha do m8i nut nhan do lieu hose dieu Ichien do lieu de giri the goi tai cac net lin can. Sau khi truyen, mOt g6i se duqc truyen tren tit ca the duemg co the. Trir khi mang bj ngit khan thi the goi se truyen den dich (hinh 3.3)

Chuyen a tot nghiep (cid:9) 56

Dal /Inc Thing I.nng (cid:9)

Al 77M -Rai Tan riling

Hinh 3.3.Tniy& goi trong Flooding

Han nth khi eau hinh mang thay doi the gni se truyen theo nheng tuyen mai giai thu$t nay se tao ra v6 him the bitn sao cua m8i gni khi di qua ck nut. Giili thuot nay c6 3 lawn diem lan nhu sau:

+ Thu nhit li hien Wong bin tin kip, tuc la cic gni de lieu Ong nhau duqc

giri dEn cimg nut.

+ Thu hai la hien tuong chang cheo, tuc la cic nut cimg cam bien met vimg

khang gian vi do de tao ra cic goi mon to nhau gni de lieu din cic nut lin con.

+ Thu ba de la thu#t toim nay keing he quan tam den van de nang luqng cim cic nut, cic nut se nhanh cheng tieu hao ning lucing vi lam giim thai gian song can mpg.

MOt sv cal nen ciut giao thirc nay li Gossiping, tlugit toim nay cii tiin a ch8 m6i nut se nem nhien giri gni ma n6 nhk duqc den met trong cic nut lin On cis n6. Thu t toin nay lim giam s6 luqng cic gai lan truydn tong mang, trinh hien Urging ban tin kip tuy nhien c6 nhuqc didm la c6 the g6i se Icheng bao gib dEn duqc dich.

3.4.2 Oa° thirc 4r thIrcrng liring SPIN

SPIN (Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation) li giao thirc (Anil tuyen thong tin dva ten sv din xep de lieu. Mvc lieu chinh ciut giao thirc nay de la tjp trong viec quan sit m6i twang c6 hieu qui Wing met so ck nit cam bien rieng biet tong toin be ming. Nguyen lY cua giao thin nay de la stir thich eng ye tai nguyen vi sip xep de lieu. Y nghia cua vier din xep dit lieu (data negotiation) nay la the not tong SPIN se biet ye nei dung ciut de lieu truck khi bit Icy de lieu nio duqc truyen tong mang .SPIN khai thic ten de lieu nha de ma cic nut se ket hop mieu ti dir lieu (metadata) vai de lieu mil ching tao ra vi sir dung str mieu to nay de thuc hien viec giin xep de lieu truck khi truyen de lieu thvc te. Noi nh#n de lieu c6 the biy ta mei quan tam din nOi dung dit lieu bing each giri yeu au de liy dirge de lieu , quang bi. Dieu nay ra sir sip xep de lieu de dim bao rang de lieu chi duqc truyen den nit

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 57

Al 777A -Rid TiOn Tiing

Dei I-Inr Thing I.nng (cid:9)

quan tam den logi da lieu nay. Do d6 ma loci trir kha nang ban tin kep va giam thieu ding ke viec truyen der lieu du thira qua mang. Han nUa viec sir dung be mieu to du lieu ding loci trir kha niing ch6ng lin yl cac nut c6 the chi glen hart ye ten lqaificr lieu ma chimg quan tam den. Viec thich img tai nguyen cho phep cac nut cam bien chay SPIN c6 the thich img y6i trang thai hien tai cite tai nguyen nang luqng. m8i nut co the de tim tai be quan 15/ de theo del mire tieu thy rang luqng cue minh trink khi truyen hoic xir 1St dif lieu. KM mire nang lirqng cbn lei thip cac nut nay cei the giam hoic logi be met so hog doing nhu la truyen mieu to a lieu hoac cac gOi. Chinh viec thich nghi yeti tai nguyen lam tang thin gian sting cua mang. De thuc hien truyen ya sap xep da lieu cac nut sir dung giao thirc nay sir dung ba loai tin hieu (hinh 3.4).

(1 ) 41111•11•11

ADV

cam bi'en

REO cam bien (3)-- n--OP

DATA

Hinh 3.4.Ba tin hieu bdt tay cna SPIN

0 ADv

DATA

0 0 04-0

0 REQ ¤ -4

0 0 0

0 Btrac 3

Buck 2

By& I

OBIT& 5

Hinh 3.5.Hoat tong tha SPIN

+ Bir6c 1: ADV di thong bao dl lieu mai ten cac

58 Chuyen on tot nghiep (cid:9)

Dal Illy Thing Long (cid:9)

Al 77Th -Rill Tian Tiing

nut quan tam den di lieu nay se giri REQ de yeu cau liy dft lieu.

+ Bulk 2: REQ de you cau &Et lieu can quan tam. Sau khi nhan duqc ADV cic

+ Bulic 3: ban tin DATA ban tin nay thuc su china 88 lieu duqc cam bien va

kern theo mao dau mieu to der lieu.

+ Bu6c 4: sau khi nut nay nh an der lieu no se chia se drd lieu ctla ne cho cic nut can 131 trong mong bang viec phit ban tin ADV chtia mieu to du lieu (metadata). + Buck 5: sau d6 cfic nit xung quanh loi giri bitn tin REQ you cau d>7r lieu.

+ Buck 6: la DATA loi duqc truyen den cic nut ma you cau di lieu thy. Tuy nhien giao thuc SPIN cling c6 h3n chi khi ma nit hung gian kung quan tam

den du lieu nao d6, khi d6 a lieu Ich8ng the den duqc Bich.

Giao that SPIN thew chia theinh Sc lopi :

* SPIN — PP : Giao thuc nay duce thiet ke cho truyen thong diem diem, gia sir nhu 2 nit c6 the giao nap v6i nhau ma khang anh huemg tai truyen thong ciut cic nit khac. KM nut c6 dft lieu de giri ne se girl ADV tai nit hang x6m, neu nit nao mutin nhan thong tin d6 n6 se tri 16i bing ban tin REG. Khi de nut vita giri ban tin ADV se giri goi di lieu tai not vita giri ban tin REG. Va qui trinh air tiep thin nth: vay.

* SPIN — EC : Giao thuc nay la str b6 xung them thit tuc xfic djnh Wing luqng so v6i giao thin truck. MOt nut chi tham gia qua trinh nett nhu no co the thuc hien the giai don ctla giao thuc ma nang luqng Idiong xu6ng clueri nguling cho phep.

* SPIN BC : Giao thuc nay dung cho kenh ping bi, uu diem ctia giao thuc nay la moi nit hang x6m &du nhan duqc ban tin quing bi can nhuqc diem ctia n6 la ck nit se nrnng truyen nEu nhu kenh d6 di &Km sir dung. MOt diem khk cua giao thuc My v6i citc giao thirc ink d6 la cac nit se kh8ng lip tin gin ban tin trit 16i REQ ngay sau khi nhan duqc goi tin ADV, m8i nut se sir dung mOi tiled gian tre nglu nhien rot mat girl gen tin REQ di.

3.4.3 Giao that gdn twin Hen dip SAR (Sequential Assignment

Routing)

Giao thuc gin tuyen lien tiep xem xot Wing luqng va chit ltrqng djch At ten m8i tuyen va mirc dO uu tien cua got tin de quyet djnh. M8i nit se duy tri nhieu tuyen tai tram ca so cling mOt lic de trinh tinh tong qui tai hoc mOt tuyen lien ket bj lei. S6 tuyen nay duqc xay dung bing each xay dung cay mang tai cac nut ke tram ca so, cay duqc mo rOng bang cich them vao ck nut li hc4c nut rthinh ke tiep va be qua nhang nit ce chit luqng djch vu hoc Wing luqng thip. Nhu 4y men nut se ket hqp 2 thong s6, chit luqng djch vu vi niing Itrqng trong min tuyen, trong det nang linmg

59

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al777h -Ri Tien Ting

tai Hnr Thing I.nng (cid:9)

duqc xae djnh bing s6 gal tai da c6 the djnh tuyen ma Ichong can thay the nang luqng neu nhu van sir long tuyen d6. Giao tithe SAR tinh town thong se chit lugng djch va, Ming luqng tieu thy va mire uu tien ciut goi tin, MOt thu we xay dyng lai tuyen duqc kh&i phat bai nut c& se de kjp thich Ong khi topo mkuig thay den, viec phve hot lai duqc thyc hien bing thu tae bit tay gifta cac nut hang xem vOi nhau.

3.4.4 Giao thdt khudch ton trine tie (Dirrected Diffusion)

Dirrected Diffusion trong mo hinh top trung dir lieu data centric (DC), n6 se top trung tong hop eta lieu de sir dyng nang lugng met each hieu qua, nghia la n6 se ket hop aft lieu tir nhUng nut Iduic nhau de loci be thong tin du thira nhim tei tru hoa s6 DK tin phai girl, NM vtly se tiet hem dirge fling lugng cho town mang.

Trong mo hinh djnh tuyen top trung dja chi address centric (AC) chi chi can tim dubmg di ngin nhit tai nut ca sa. Trong m8 hlnh top tang dir lieu, du lieu duqc top trung a met nut trtrac khi girl ve nut co sot con trong m8 hinh top trung dja chi till cac nut giri dit lieu die lap theo tuyen ngin nhit ve nut gee.

3.4.5 Giao that chuyin tie gid tdi thie (MCFA)

MCFA la thuat town throe lira chip trong phin thyc nghiem truyen nhen nhiet, do vay phhn nay se tim hieu chi tiet hon cac thuet town lduic. Day la thuet toan diu lien dirge tim ra trong nhom giao thirc djnh tuyen cong bing trong mang tich eye, Thuot town nay dtra tren thyc to chieu cua luting der lieu trong mang la don huemg luOn huang ve tram ca sa, do vey ne Wag dOi hei the nut pith xay dyng va duy tri bang djnh tuyen de truyen tiep dit lieu. Thay vao de mai not se xtic djnh gia tai thieu tir n6 tai tram co se.

3.5 Nhom giao that phan cap

Lqi dyng ciu tnic cent mang de dg dirge hieu qui ve Wing lugng, str On djnh, sy ma rOng. Trong log giao thirc nay cac not mang ty to chic thanh the cam trong de met nut c6 mire Wing lugng cao han cac not khae va thing vai fro la nut chit. Nut chit thtrc hien phei hop hog ding trong cam va chuyen tiep th8ng tin gifta the cym vat nhau. Viec to thanh cac cym c6 lchit nang lam giam lieu thy nang lugng va keo dai then gian song dm mpg.

3.5.1 Giao that dinh twin phdn alp twang thfch ndng htvng the

LEACH(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierachy) la met giao thirc sir dyng nang luqng rat hieu qua trong mpg cam hien. the gib cua phuemg phap nay Iching djnh no !tang theri gian song cim mang len tai 8 lin so vai met s6 phucmg phap djnh tuyen lduic. De 4t dirge mac tieu nay LEACH da thong qua mo hinh phan cap de to

60 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777A (cid:9)

Tign Tilng

Dal 1-1nr Thing T.nng (cid:9)

chirc mpg thanh the cum, mai cum duqc quart 1S , boi mit chit. Nat chit gait lay trong trach thtrc hien nhieu tic vv. Diu tien la thu luqm du lieu theo chu ky tit cac nut thinh vien, trong qua trinh tap trung du lieu nut chit se c6 ging tap hqp dft lieu de giam du thira ve nheng clit lieu tuang quan nhau. Nhiem vu thir hai d6 la nut chit se truqc tiep truyen dft lieu di duge tap hqp lid den the tram ca so. Viec truyen nay c6 the thyc hien theo lcieu single hop. Nhiem vu thir ba la LEACH se tao ra mOt mo hinh ghop kenh theo thei gian TDMA, mai nut trong cum se &cc gin mOt khe that gian ma ce the sir dung de truyen tin.

MQt thuot toan duge sir dung de chqn ra nut chinh, ban dau mai nut to xac djnh xem no c6 the lam nut chinh hay lchong (dtra vao danh gia nang Ituyng ctia chinh n6), neu n6 quyet djnh tra thinh nut chinh n6 se thOng bao cho cac nut hang xem cita no, cac nut Ichong lit thinh not chinh se thaw gia vito mOt nhom dtra ten thong bao ma n6 nhan duqc.

LEACH la giao thirc duqc dimg tong mang cam bien ma cac nut la ca djnh c6 vai tra binh ding, dtra ten gia thiet cac nut luon c6 ddr lieu de gin, cac nut thu thap du lieu mOi truing lien tiep do d6 t6c dO dit lieu la c6 djnh. Do cac nut chinh duqc thay dot lien tuc nen nit chung nang luqng lieu thy tren cac nut la !chi can bang.

chaste Menber (cid:9)

Chatter Had

Ifinh 3.6.M6 hinh Leach

Cac nut chit se quimg ba me hinh TDMA cho cac nut thanh ten tong cum cult no. DE gitim thieu lcha nang xung dOt glib cac nut cam bien tong va ngoai cum, LEACH sir dung mo hinh truy cap da phan chia theo ma CDMA. Qua trinh hoot dOng cite LEACH duge chia thanh hai pha la pha thiet lap va pha on djnh. Pha thiet lap bao g6m hai buac la lya chon nut chit va thong tin ve cum. Pha on dinh tang that gom thu

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 61

Al 7776 -Riii Tign Tang

flai Nor Tiang I.nng (cid:9)

luqm der lieu, tap trung de lieu va truyen clit lieu den cac tram ca so. Thai gian cim bulk On djnh keo dal han so vai thai gian dm buck thiet lop de giam thieu mao deu.

Giao thuc LEACH sir dung buac phan Munn fru& khi truyen de lieu. MOt nut dun bien duqc chip lam net clui nhOm vi se truyen tat ca se lieu cim cac nut cam bien thuOc nhom da tai nut gOc. Day 11 diem 'chic biet so v6i cac phtrong phap thong thuang ma moi nut cam bien se truyen truc tiep tai nut gOc.

Leach la mOt cum Mira ten giao thirc bao gem cac tinh Ming sau day:

+ Neu nhien, thich nghi, to ciu hinh thinh cum.

+ Mem soit de lieu truyen nhan.

+ Phucmg tien fru* thong nen luqng thap.

+Ong dung cu the xu ly clit lieu, nhu la top hip de lieu.

Cac img dung dien With cim mang cam bien la h8 trq cac mang luai giam sat mai truang tir xa. De lieu cim cac nut rieng 16 ttrang quan trong mOt b0 cam bien mang, ngutri dung cu6i cUng kh8ng deoi hoi tit GA cac de lieu(du thira), nguesi ding cued cUng can thu dial, de lieu m8 to nhitng Ay kien thy ra trong m8i trutmg.

Base station

Hinh 3.7.Ccic giao Mix Leach cho cac ;twig luoi

VI su Wang quan die lieu gilita cac tin hieu tir cac nut dim gen nhau, dating toi dOng cum de sir clung ca sa ha tang nhu la co sa cho Leach. Dieu nay cho phep tat ca cac de lieu tir cac nut trong nh6m de duqc xir 1Y tai nut cluster-head, chop 19c nhUng die lieu can thiet de duqc chuyen den ngutti diutg mei. VI vay, cac nut se tiet kiem Ming luqng cim na.

62 Chuyan de tot nghiep (cid:9)

tai nor Th5ng Long (cid:9)

Al 777A -Rid Tan Wing

Trong Leach, the nut ttr t6 chirc minh thanh mOt cvm, von mOt nut hint' dOng nhu IA cluster-head. Tat ca cac nut non-cluster-head phai truyen tai dft lieu dm cluing vao nut chisted-head, trong khi nut cluster-head phiti nhan dugc dry lieu tir tit ca the thanh vien trong nh6m, thvc hien chirc Ming xir ly tin hien tren the de lieu (vi dv nhu: tap hip cac va truyen tai de lieu den tram ca sir a xa . Vi vay, not cluster- head ton nhieu Wing luqng han nut non-cluster-head. Trong kjch bitn, ncri tit ca cac nut co nAng luqng giOi han, neu cluster-head di Iva chin theo each suy thin va c6 djnh tren town he thong trong dei, nhu trong mOt thuot toan nhOm tinh, cac not cluster-head xin cam bien mOt cach nhanh chOng lap the gi6i han sir ding ning lugng. MOt khi cac cluster-head het ning lugng, mi se Iching con ho;t dOng.

Set-up Steady-state

Round

• - (cid:9)

• (cid:9)

Frame • —• (cid:9)

•

os•

Time

Hinh 3.8.Theri gian (cid:9)

hogt ding cua Leach

VI vay, khi mOt not cluster-head chet, tat ca cite nut nam trong nhom 131 mat khit rang giao tiep. VI vay, Leach xoay yang Iva chin cac not cluster-head nhu vay ne xoay yang gifta cac not cam bien de tranh hien tugng het pin cua bat ky nut cam bien tren mang luei nham keo dai tu6i the cua cac nut. Bang citch nay, viec nap nang lugng dugc lien ket yeti mOt cluster-head la deu chia ra cho cac not.

Phuong tien truyen thong truy cap trong Leach di dugc chip di lam giant ning lugng tieu hao trong cac not cluster-head. Ke tir khi nut cluster-head bier tat ca the thanh vien trong nhom. NO c6 the tao ra mOt lich trinh TDMA rang mOi nut cho biet chinh xac khi nit° se truyen tai di lieu cua ne. Dieu nay cho phdp cac nut de 6 the dO ngix tang lin tang tot. Ngoiti ra, bang each sir ding mOt lich trinh TDMA chuyin giao cho the clit lieu ngan Chen cac xung dOt trong the cvm.

Tlt du hinh clan

Cac boat dOng cua cac Leach dugc chia thank yang. MOi vimg bat Mu v6i mOt giai down thiet lap khi cac cvm dugc t6 chirc , theo sau mOt giai down on dinh, nai mOt só khung cult da lieu dugc chuyen giao tir the not vao cluster-head va de tren tram ca sa.Giai (loan on dInh did so von giai door thiet

LEACH cluster sir ding mOt thuot Man phiin phOi, not cac nut thvc ben tv guy& Binh ma Ichang c6 bit IcY trung tam Idem soat. NhCmg lqi ich cua phuang phitp dip can

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9) 63

TVA Timg

Al 7776 (cid:9)

flai finr Thing Long (cid:9)

nay lit Ichong c6 th8ng tin lien lac duang dli yeti cac tram co so duqc yeu ciu va phin ph6i hinh thanh cum c6 the duct thut hien ma Ichong can biet chinh xac vi td cua bit ky cac nut trong mang. Trong phin 136 sung them, Ichong c6 thong tin lien lac toan cuc can this& de thanh 1#p cum. Mpc dich 11 a 4t duqc cac kat qua cim toan cuc, hinh thanh tot cum ra Ichei nut, hoan toan thong qua 34 tri that hien cac quyet dinh cua mOI nut to quyet.

Xdc d nh nut cluster-head

Ban du, khi nhom dang duqc Mc) ra, mOi not quyet dinh c6 hay Ichong trer thanh met cluster-head . Quyet dinh nay duqc tinh dua tren tS, le phin trim de xuat cua nth:5m trueng cho cac mang ( Mr& khi xac dinh) va s6 lin cac nut ca duqc met cluster- head. Quyet dinh nay duqc that hien bei n net bp chcm ngau nhien met s6 tir 0 den 1. Neu con s6 se thip hon met nguerng T(n), cac not se if& thkh met cluster-head. NgtrOng duqc thiet lap nhu sau:

if n e G T(n) — (cid:9) 1 —)

1 — P*(r mod

(3 tau P = tS, le pilau tram dimg diu nhom, r = chu Ict hien thin, va G la gip hqp cac nth Ichong duqc Iva chon la cluster-head trong 1/P chu ky . Bing cach sir dung theshold, mai nut se duqc lam cluster-head tai met s6 diem trong yang 1/P chu kjr. Sau 1/P - 1 chu Icy, T = 1 cho bit Ick nut nao chtra duqc lam cluster-head, va sau 1/P chu Icy, tit ca cac nut lai met lin Mks hei du dieu kien de tit thanh cluster-head.

T (n) = 0 cho cac node lchac.

Giai ttopn thief 1#p

Met khi cac not bliu cir ttr nhfut la cluster-head bing cach sir dung nhang xac xtuit trong chuong trinh 6 tren, cac nut cluster-head phli thong bao cho tit ca cac nut khac trong mang luoi biet ring hq di chp cho vai tr6 nay trong chu Ict hien tai. De lam duqc dieu nay, mai not cluster-head ph& met tin nhin quang cao (Adv) bing cach sir dung CSMA. Thong bao nay la met thong diep c6 chin ID cim nut va met lieu del ma phin biet th8ng bao nay nhu met th8ng diep thong bao. Tuy nhien, th8ng bao nay phai duqc phat song de tiep c#n yeti tat ca•cac nut trong mpg. C6 hai cach cho viec nay. Trunt tien, dam bito ring tit ca cac nut nghe thong bao chit yeu loai be xung dot khi CSMA duqc sir dung. Thu hai, met khi Icheing c6 gi dam bao ring cac nut ttr biu chqn cluster-head la spead du tren toan mang, bing cach sir dung nguen dien du de tiep cin veri tit ca cac nut dim bao ring tit ca cac not c6 the tra thinh mot phint ciut met nhom. Neu ngu6n dien cua cac thong diep thong ban di duqc giant, met só net

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

flai Mar Thong Lang (cid:9)

Al 2776 -Rni Tign Tiling

tren quill ciut cac mung c6 the Ichong then duqc bit kjr thong bao va do d6 co the !thong the tham gia vao yang nay cita cac giao thirc. Han nfta, ttr nhang thOng diep thong bao nh6, viec gia tang ngutm dien di tiep can v6i tit ca cac nut trong mang luen Ichong phai la mOt gash n(ing. Vi vOy, viec truyen tai dien Ilan duqc thiet 13p de cao ma tit ca cac nut trong mang c6 the nghe cac thong diep thong bao.

Mai nut non-cluster-head Vic djnh n6 thuOc Whom nao bing each chop cac cluster-head ded hiti nang Itrqng truyen thong toi thieu, dua tren viec nhen tin hieu cueing dO th8ng bao th m6i cluster-head. Sau khi di guy& djnh not thuOc !thorn nio, no phai thong bao cho nut cluster-head ring n6 so la met thanh vien ciut nh6m. Mai nut truyen met thong bao you ciu tham gia(Join-Req) quay tr6 10 chon cluster-head bang cfich sir dung CSMA. Thong bao nay lai la mOt th8ng bao ngin, bao glim cac ID cita not, cac ID cUa cac cluster-head, va mOt lieu de. Ke tir khi not co met quan niem ve nang luqng can thiet de tiep c8n yeti cac cluster-head (dtra ten nhtbt duqc thong diep th8ng bao ve =lc rang luting cita), ne c6 the dieu chinh no de truyen tai dien nang cap dO nay.

Cac cluste-head trong LEACH hoat dOng nhu cac trung tam kiem soft vi hi de phOi hop cac da lieu &Km truyen di trong !them ciut ho. Cac nut cluster-head thiet lap mot ljch trinh vi TDMA tray& van Ijch trinh cac nut trong cum. Dieu nay dam bao ring IchOng c6 xung dot dit lieu va ding cho phep cac thanh pkin phat cita mai nut non-cluster-head duqc tit 6 tit ca cac Mn, trir khi thin gian cilia lw truyen tai, do d6 giam thieu nang luqng lieu thy cita cac cam bien rieng le.

Sau khi TDMA Eli ljch trinh ciut tit ca cac nut ten cac cum, cac thiet lop giai

clop hoan tit va giai (loon tm dinh c6 the bit du hoat dOng.

Chuyen de tot nghi Op (cid:9) 65

Tin Time

A17776 (cid:9)

nal 1-19r Thang i.nng

Teo kir bosh TDMA ci gin tad tie think tins etia oho= t 0

Hinh 3.9. Luu dd qud trinh thiit ldp

a 41.44111•01“

.441411414SA (cid:9)

Hinh 3.10. Qud trinh hinh thanh hai nhom khdc nhau trong vong LEACH

Giai (tom do djnh

Cic hoot dOng giai down On djnh li dirt quing trong khung, nai cic nut girl dft lieu vio cic cluster-head tai him het cic khung cho mai lan tong than gian vita khe truyen . Mei khe tong de mOt nut truyen dit lieu lit c6 djnh, do do, thin gian cho mOt khung cia dii lieu chuyen thy thuOc vio s6 ltrang cic nit tong cam. Trong khi cic thu3t toin phin ph6i de xtic djnh nut cluster-head dim bio cho viec tao ra s6 lugng moi chu ky tao cam li k, n6 kh8ng dim bio rang c6 k cam a mai chu kt. Trong phlth

Chuyen d t6t nghiep (cid:9)

66 Al 7776 (cid:9)

Tign Tiing

Dai Hnr Th5ng I.nng (cid:9)

b6 xung them, cac thiet lap giao thirc khong dam Igo rang cac nut deu duqc chia ra cho cac not cluster-head.

De gian nting luqng tieu hao, min nut non-cluster-head sir dung quyen lut de thiet lap Idem so& s6 luqng truyen tai dien Ming, dua vio cac nhan duqc rang lucmg cim cac thong bac) cluster-head. Ngoii ra, cac tram phat cua moi nut non-cluster-head 1:4 tet cho den khi phi n b6 131 th&i gian fru*. VI tat ca cac nut có gin cho cac cluster-head biing cach sir dung mot lich trinh TDMA.

Cac cluster-head pluli thu nhan tat a3/4 cac do lieu tir cac nut trong cum. Mot khi cluster-head nhan duqc tilt ca cac der lieu, n6 c6 the hog dOng tren cac du lieu (vi du nhu: thyme hien viec tap hqp da lieu) va sau de cac du lieu duqc gal tir cac cluster-head den tram co

Hinh 3.11.1tu da giai dogn on djnh

MAC va cac giao thim djnh tuyen duqc thiet ke de bao dam nAng luqng tieu hao trong cac not thip ye khong cal xung dOt du lieu trong nhem. Tuy nhien, dai phat vOn la mot phuong tien quang ba. Nhu vay, truyen trong mot nh6m se kth hue/1g den giao flap trong melt ahem glin do.

67 Chuyen a tot nghiep (cid:9)

A17776 (cid:9)

Tien Wing

tai Hnr ThAng I.nng (cid:9)

Minh 3.12. Twang the glint nhau cym.

Hinh 3.12 hien th1 cac thong tin lien lac cho mOt dii phat , not nut A truyen, trong khi danh cho nut B, xung dOt lam hong de lieu truyen cho nut C. DE giam sur can thiep dm cum, m8i cum trong Leach giao tiep sir dung cach lan truyen cac chu8i (DS- SS). mOi nhom sir dung mOt mil so duy nhAt de lan truyen, tat ca cac nut tong cum truyen tai de lieu vio cac cluster-head nay lan truyen Sing cach sir dung MA so va cac cluster-head nhtin duqc tied ca cac bq lqc niing luqng bing cach sir dung ma so nay lan truyen. Dieu nay lchac vol phucmg phip dip con CDMA nai m6i nut se c6 mOt ma s6 duy nit. DS-SS ket hqp veri y tuang lam giim TDMA , rthdom can thiep, trong khi 1(41 trir can thiep trong nhom va yeu cau chi ce mOt loc phit hop cho viec nhket duqc did lieu.

De lieu tir nut cluster-head dEn tram ca s?r se duqc giri bang each sir dung mOt ma so lan truyen co djnh va mOt phucmg phip titp con CSMA. !Chi mOt cluster-head c6 di lieu de giri, ne pith cam bien cac kenh de xem bit IcS, mOt not nio khic c6 duqc truyen bang cach sir dung tram ca se( lan truyen ma . Neu Vey, cac cluster-head chi& dqi de truyen di! lieu. Neu IchOng, cac cluster -head giri de lieu bitng each sir dung tram ca ser lan truyin mi.

dilm

Giao thirc LEACH bra chop ngiu nhien the not cam bien lam cac melt chit, do d6 viec tieu hao Wing luqng khi lien lac voi not gOc duqc trai deu cho tat ca the nut cam bien tong man

Giao thirc LEACH giup kao dai thei gian sting cita mang bing each t6i thieu

hod niing luqng sir dung cua m6i not cam bien nha vat) viec ket hqp so lieu

Chuyen de tOt nghiep (cid:9)

Al 77Th -Rill Tian Ting

flat 1-1nr5ngl.nng (cid:9)

1Vhuric dam

Cac ket qui mo phOng giao thirc LEACH ctia mang WSN cho thay day li mot phucmg phip chqn duling ph& cap cli kha nang tiet hem duqc cong suit sir dung vi keo dii thin gian sang cita mang cam bien. Tuy nhien, co the host ding cita giao thirc LEACH li lua chip se lieu duqc tap trung vi thuc hien theo chu ky. Do do, giao attic nay chi thich hqp yeti yeu au giam sat lien tpc blii mang cam bien. \Teri *lig dung ma ngueri sir dung Icheing can tat ca so lieu ngay lap tic thl viec truyen se lieu theo chu Icy la kh8ng can thiet vi cli the lim tieu ten Wing luqng vo ich. Giao thirc LEACH can tiep tuc duqc cii tien de khic phuc han the nay.

Viec gii sir ring tat ca the nut chit trong mang deu truyen den tram co ser thong qua met bulic nhay la Ichang Owe te , va vi du tit nang luqng vi !chi nang cita cac nut thay clai theo th&i gian tir nut nay den nut khic. Han nfta lchoing chu Icy On djnh tang thii la vein de then chat de dot duqc giim Wing luqng can dile& de bit dip luqng mito du gay ra beri zit lY lua chcm cum. Chu kjr ngin se lim tang luqng mio du, chu k5, Mt se nhanh chling Hun tieu hao rang luqng cua nut chit.

3.5.2 Leach -C: thanh lip cym trim co' so.

Trong row tuft LEACH da di:cc m8 ti chi tiet. Trong khi co nherng thuan lqi de sir dung Leach da hinh thinh thuat toin phin ph6i ctun, nai ma mot nut to quyet djnh giii quyet ket qui tong tat ca the nut dang dirge dat vio cum, dieu nay cung cap the giao thirc !thong cli dim bio ve se luqng cac not cluster-head .Ke tir cum bran img, viec thu duqc mot cum kem thiet lap tong theri gian met Wing se khong anh Wang den rat nhieu hieu suit ding the ctia Leach. Tuy nhien, trung tam !dem soit bang each sir dung met thu$t toin de too thhnh cac cum cli thinh qui yet han bing each giii tin cac nut cluster-head ten toin mang. Day 11 co so cho LEACH-C (LEACH-Centralized), mot giao thirc ma sir dung met thuat toin cum tap trung vi On djnh cung mot giao thirc nhu LEACH (cac nut giri du lieu cita hq vio cac cluster-head, vi cac cluster-head gip hqp der lieu vi glii cac tin hieu tong hop cho cac tram co sli).

69 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 77M -Rhi Tan Ting

Rai fine Thing I.nng (cid:9)

All Nodes Base Station

• Small packets • Large energy

Clusters Famed

•Only nodes with E1 > ue eligible

Hinh 3.13. Giai dogn cal dot caa Leach-C

Trong qua trinh thiet lap cac giai dotal LEACH-C, mOi nut gin thong tin ve vj tri hien tai cim no va !tang km cho tram co s6 . Cac tram co se chay mOt thuftt town tOi tru h6a de Mk djnh cac cum. am win thanh lap 136i cac tram co se not chung duqc tot hcrn so v6i nhitng hinh thinh bang each sir dung cac thuat toil' phan phial. Tuy nhien, LEACH-C din Wu min nut truyen tai thong tin ve vj trf dm no den tram co so tai diu cim men ;tong. Thong tin nay co the duqc lay bang thch sir dung *It he thiing djnh vj than au (GPS) nhan duqc kich hoot vac lfic bit dau mai Wong, de lay vi tri hien tji cim cac nut.

Sau khi to6i uu hea cluster-head cum co lien quan duqc tim they, eke tram co s6 truyen th8ng tin nay lai cho tit ca cac nut trong mang. Dieu nay duqc thqc hien pith song cita mOt tin nhin co chira ID cac cluster-head cho miii nut. Neu ID tha cluster- head phii hop v6i ID ciut mOt nut tren cluster-head d6, nut de dam nhiem vai tr6 cluster-head; each Ichic nut xitc dish khe TDMA cho truyen da lieu va di ngil cho den then gian de truyen dtt lieu den cac cluster-head thi thirc day. Su on djnh trong thin, giai (loon ctia Leach-C la giong nhau cho cac Leach. 3.5.3 Leach -F: nham 0 Minh, ludn phi& cluster -head

Cac nut ten cum thich img vi pho thuOc vio not cluster-head cho mOt yang la thuan lqi bai vi no dim bio rang the not giao tiep v6i not cluster-head ma yen cliu mitt thap nhit ctia truyen tai dien Ming. Ngoli viec giim stir deg phi nang luqng , dieu nay dam bito tei thieu viec can thiep can cac nh6m Ichac, nhu la sirs mph dm mOt tin nhan se dugc can thiep it lion (nhieu nhat hoac bang) six manh cim tin nhin cite cluster-head dang nhan duqc (xem Hinh 3.14 ). Trong hInh ye nay nut A chip tham

Chuyen CM tot ngbiep (cid:9) 70

Al 777A -Rill Tien Time

flai Fine Th5ng I.nng

gia vao nhem C vi n6 dai hoi phai truyen tai dien riling it han de giao fiep yeti nut C han nut B, cac lga chan cho cac cluster-head.

Hinh 3.14. Can threp czia nhom khcic

Neu, mat lchic, the gun di duqc c6 djnh vi chi nhitng nut cluster-head la hien phien, mOt nut c6 the di sir dung met so luang 16n dien Ilan de giao flap yeti cac cluster-head khi c6 mOt gun cfia cluster-head gin ke. Vi du, tong Hinh 3.15 , nit A co nhu cau truyen tai tai not B phai sir dung mOt s6 lacing lan dien nang de giao tilt vai cluster-head dm not B. Tir diu cluster-head C la Am gin nut A, nit A se truyen hang bit ky thong tin gi den cluster-head C. Do d6, bang cach sir dung cum co djnh va Wan phien cac nut cluster-head trong nham c6 the you ciu xem them truyen tai dien nang tir cac nut, tang fieu hao nang lacing nit non-luster-head va tang cubng sir can thief cua cac nh6m khic.

Hinh 3.11Thi hien clupt citing ke cac nh6m can thtep khi giao tap voi cac

cluster-head

71 Chuyen di3 tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 7776 -Rhi Tian Ting

f'lei thy Thing Long (cid:9)

Lqi ich cita cum c6 djnh 11 mOt khi duqc thanh lOp cum, Icheng mit phi thiet lop tai dau cfut moi vong. Tay thuOc vim the chi phi cho thfinh latp cam thich ung, mOt each tiep cOn nai cac cum duqc thanh hip mOt lin va c6 dinh va cac cluster-head Ian phien vi tri gib cac nut trong nhom c6 the duqc them nail luqng hieu qua hart LEACH. Day la ca ban cho LEACH-F. Trong LEACH-F, cum duqc tao ra bing each sir clang the cam gip trung hInh thinh phat then thuot town cho LEACH-C. Viec sir clang m8 phong cac tram ca so de xac dinh tai uu va cum broadcasts cac cam th8ng tin cho the nut. Dieu nay bao gem cac tin nhin quang ba cac nhom ID cho moi nut, ma tir d6 cac nut c6 the xac djnh ljch TDMA va theo thir to luan phien vi tri cluster- head. Nat diu tien duqc het ke trong nhom se trb thanh cluster-head cho wing tau, cac nut thir hai duqc lift ke trong nhom se ter thinh cluster-head cho yang thin hai, va cho nut n-1. Sr on dinh tang thai, giai down cita LEACH-F la giang nhau cho LEACH.

LEACH-F se lchong duqc thvc hitnh trong bit IcS , loai chirc flan nao cim he thong Tinh chit co djnh cita giao thirc nay Ichong cho phep cac nut mei duqc them vio he thong va hien kW:Mg dieu chinh hanh vi cita ne dtra tren the nut chat. Han nfta, LEACH-F hien khong xi: ly cac au di dOng. Vi voy, trong khi day la mOt giao thirc tat so sanh de xac djnh gia trj Iqi the kinh phi Ichong c6 mOt phuang phap hip can, ne c6 the kh8ng c6 mOt giao thirc him ich cho the kien trac cita he thong thvc MTE.

D6i yeti djnh tuyen MTE, tuyen dubng tir nthi nut den cac tram ca se da duqc lva chan nhu vay ma mai nut next-hop ( nu* ke tiep) la nut bang x6m gin nhat c6 nghia la theo hubng ciut cac tram ca se. Khi mOt nth chat, ma tit ca cac not hang x6m theo huang nguac lai cua ho bit du chuyen do lieu den nut next-hop cita ngtrbi hang x6m. Bing each nay, tuyen duimg mai kh8ng an pith duqc tinh bit cu khi nao mOt nut chat.

Dieu chinh dien nang cita cac nut den mire you au thi thieu de tiep an hang x6m truyen ke tiep. Dieu nay giam can thiep veri each truyin di va lam gam riling lucmg lieu hao ciut cac nut. Giao tiep yen hang xem truyen ke dap xay ra bing each sir clang mOt giao thirc CSMA, va khi xay ra xung dOt, do lieu duqc loai b6. Khi mOt nut nhOn duqc di lieu tir mOt trong the upstream hang x6m, ne nhu cac dft lieu cho the trang hang x6m truyen ke tiep. Dieu nay dip tic cho den khi dat den the tram ca so dft lieu.

72 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777A -Rill Tan Time

f)ei Hnc Th5ng 1.nng (cid:9)

3.5.4 Glao that stat-duster

Giao thirc STAT-CLUSTER : cho phep trien khai cac thin nghiem giOng nhu giao

thirc LEACH ngoai trir ck gun duqc chop *It priori va c6 djnh.

Cfic gun duqc hinh thanh bing cfich sir dung cac thu3t tofin mo pheng nhu tong Leach-C. Ca: nit sir dung mOt ljch trinh TDMA de lieu den cfic cluster-head, va the cluster-head tip hqp dtt lieu truck khi chuyen den tram co so. Cfich tiep c#n nay c6 it phi, nhung khi cac nut cluster-head het ning lucyng, cac nut tong nhom bj mit kha niing giao tiep veri dm tram co sec . Cac nut cluster-head tong stat_cluster sir dung ding luting han the ctia ho mOt each nhanh chemg, lc& thic nhftng thong tin lien lac dm tit ca the nit trong cum. Tuy nhi'en, phuong phap tiep can nay khting tra tien cho theri gian va nfing luqng cho cac nh6m hinh thanh mOt lin naa.

3.5.5 Giao that Glao that ngwerng wing Wong hleu qua

TEEN (Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network) dva ten viec ph'fir' logi Inking cam bien thanh 2 nhem: clang Lich cvc va clang thy dOng, tong mang tich cut 021 thong s6 moi truong duqc theo doi mOt each lien Am do d6 toe dO du lieu la co djnh.

Trong trutmg hop nut thy dOng nghia la chi c6 di lieu truyen khi c6 stir quan tam say ra, do v#y luqng diY lieu truyen la Ichemg can biing, giao thirc TEEN duqc thiet ke cho loci nut mang nay. Giao thirc TEEN sir dung 2 thong s6 do ngueri thiet ke mang quyet djnh, d6 la nguemg cirng va nguemg mem. Khi gilt trj giam sat vaqt qua nguemg cimg lin dau tien ne luu lai va giri dig lieu di, viec Iva chop nguemg cimg lien quan tai gilt trj de lieu mang quan tam. sau de nett gilt trj theo doi vuqt qua ngtreing ma gilt trj nguang cimg cOng yeti nguemg mem thi der lieu meri duqc truyen di, viec nay nhiim ft-anti giri lai nhttng g6i tin ma gilt trj kheng c6 su thay d6i lan so voi doi tucmg der lieu can theo doi. Han the ala giao thirc nay la tong trubng hqp Ichong vuqt nguang nut Ichemg bao gib gui der lieu ye mang.

3.5.6 PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information

Systems)

PEGASIS phan cip la mOt hp cac giao thirc djnh tuyen va tap twig thong tin

tong mang cam bien.

Giao thirc nay du lien h6 trq viec keo clai tiled gian sling ciut mang nha dat duqc viec fieu thu Wing luqng ding Whit va hieu suit rang luqng cao qua tit ca cac nut tong mang, thin hai lam giam tre truyen der lieu den sink.

73 Chuyen ett tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 77Th -Rhi Tien Thng

tai Hnr Th5ng Long (cid:9)

Giao thirc nay xem ;cot m8 hinh mang bao gam tap hqp cac mit &mg nhit duqc trien khai qua mOt yang dia Cac nut nay c6 str hieu biet ve vi tri cac not Ichac tong town mang va chting con c6 khit nang dieu lchien cong suit va bao phit mot vimg thy '.Cac nut nay cling duqc trang bi be thu phut sang h6 trq CDMA. Trach nhiem cim the nut nay la thu hrqm va truyen da lieu den the sink, th6ng thaw la cac tram co set Mtic dich de ph& then mOt cau trim dinh tuyen va mOt so de trung du lieu de giam thieu str lieu thu cling suit va truyen de lieu dime thp trung den tram ca sa voi tri truyen din nhe nhit trong khi van can bing sit tieu thu cong suit gitra cac nut trong mang.

Giai thuat nay sir dung m8 hinh ciu ink clang chuOi. Dtra hen m8 hinh nay cac nut se giao tiep yea nut hang xem gan n6 nhAt. Ciu true chu8i bit du yeti nut xa sink nhat, the not mang duqc them din vao chuii lam cht6i lan din len, bit dAu tir nut hang x6m gin nut cuei nhitt. Cac nut se duqc gan vao chu8i theo cach greedy tir nut lan can gan nhit cho tai cac nut can lai trong mpg. De )(tic dinh duqc nut lan can gin nhit In& nut se sir dung ctr?mg dO tin hieu de do Ichoang cach tai cac nut lan can elm n6. Sir clung de kik nay the nut se dieu chinh curing dO tin hieu sao cho chi c6 nut lan can gin nhat nghe duqc.

MOt not trong chu6i se duqc On lam nut chit, trach nhiem cua nut chit la truyen de lieu t#p hqp duqc tai tram ca sa. Vai tr6 not chit se bi dich chuyin vi tri trong chit& sau m8i yang chu kS,. Chu Icji nay duqc wan boi sink va viec chuyen trang thai tir Ong nay den yang tiep theo c6 the duqc khai tho tx% viec dua ra dau hieu cong suit cao ben sink. Viec quay veng nut chit trong chuii nhiim dam bao cong bang trong tieu thu thing luqng giea cac nut trong mpg. Tuy nhien cong can cha Sr ring viec thay d6i c6 khi din den nut chit r&i xa tram co sa, sink, khi de nth nay lai can you can ding suit cao de truyen den tram ca sa.

Viec thp trung de lieu tong mang dqc theo chuii. Diu ti'en chain leader se girl met the bai tai nut cuOi cong ben phai cuei chu8i. Trong khi nhan duqc tin hieu nay not cuOi se gai de lieu ne thu luqm duqc den nut lan can theo chieu xu8i trong chu6i, sau da not nay tap Ming de lieu va lai tiep tuc gni den nut lk can gin n6 nhit, ca nhu vay cho den khi gai den not chit. Sau Q6 not chi' se tai tap trung d>7r lieu va gin den sink.

Moc du don gian nhung m6 hinh t$p thing clang chuOi de gay ra tre mrac khi de lieu tap trung duqc truyen den sink. MOt phuong phap de giam dO tri nay la t#p thing dim lieu song song dqc theo chuii, va se cling giitm nhieu ham nau cac not dirge trang bi b0 thu phut sir dung CDMA.

74 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777n -Rill Tien Thng

Bei Hoe Th5ng i.nng (cid:9)

Dimg PEGASIS se giii quyet duqc van de ve mio diu gay ra boi viec hinh thinh cic cum dOng tong LEACH vi giim duqc so lin truyen vi nh#n bang viec Sp hqp da lieu. Tuy nhien PEGASIS loi ce dO tre duimg truyen lan doi voi cic nut 6 xa tong chuiii. Han ntra b nut chinh c6 the xiy ra hien Wang that chai. 3.6 Giao thirc Ara fit vl tri

Mvc lieu chinh cOa giii thu$t djnh tuyen nay li due vio cic thong tin ve vj tri cfla cic nut cam bien a um mOt dubng di hieu qui den dick. Lou djnh tuyen nay rat phit hqp yeti mong dim bien nai ma viec top thing da lieu li Icy thuk ich de giim thieu viec truyen bin tin den tom ca ser bang each looi b6 stir du thira gifra cic &Si den tit cic nguOn khic nhau. Lou djnh tuyin niy cem yeu eau stir tinh toin vi luqng mho deli truyen d o thip. Ta se xem xet mOt so giao thtic dinh tuyen dua ten vj tri nhu sau:

3.6.1 Gidi thigh chfnh xdc theo dia if (GAF: Geographic Adaptive

Fidelity)

Giai thuk chinh xic theo dja ly (GAF) dkra ten vi tri c6 hieu qui ve m#t /tang lucmg duqc thiet ke chit yeu cho cic mang ad hoc di dOng, nhung cling c6 the ip dung cho mang ckn bien. GAF khai thic viec du thira dit lieu tong mang bang etch coi mOt top hqp cic net con tong mang li tuang duang nhau khi thin tit giao thirc lop ten. GAF chia Wing quan sit thanh cac hinh vuong du nho, bit IcY cic nut nio tong hinh vuong cling deli c6 the giao tiep vo tuyen yeti bat kt not nio nam tong hinh vuong ben canh.GAF dq ttff nang lining bang each tit cic nut Ichong can thiet tong mang ma khong inh huang den mire dO chinh xic ctia djnh tuyen. N6 to ra mot luoi io cho yang bao phu. M6i nut dung GPS cua ne - vj ti xic djnh de ket hqp vai cling mOt diem ten luoi mi duqc coi li tuang duang khi firth den gii cia viec djnh tuyen g6i. Su tuang duang nhu vOy duqc gin dung de gift cic nut djnh vi tong vimg luOi xic djnh tong tang thii nghi de tiet hem nftng Itrang.

VI vey GAF c6 the tang ding ke thei gian song cita mang cam bien khi mi s6

ltrcmg cic nut tang len. MOt vi du cu thiduqc dua ra b hinh (3 16)

75 Chuyen dl3 tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 7776 (cid:9)

Tign Tilng

Rai Hnr ThAng 1.nng

r (cid:9)

A

r (cid:9)

HInh 3.16. Vi du vJ Wei ero trong GAF

Trong hlnh ve nay, nut 1 co the truyen den bit Id nut nio trong s6 the nut 2, 3 va 4 va cfic not 2, 3, 4 co the truyen toi nut 5. Do d6 cac nut 2, 3, vi 4 la Mang throng vi 2 tong s8 3 nut d6 co the 6 trang thai nghi.

Cac nut chuyen tang thii tit nghi sang hoat dOng lan luct de cho cfic tai duqc

can bang. CO ba tang thai duqc djnh nghia trong GAF, d6 la :

+ Phat hien (discovery), de xic djnh cac nut Ian can trong lutri.

+ Hoat dung (active), the hien st ir tham gia vao qua trinh djnh tuyen.

+ Nghi (sleep) khi song duqc tit df.Nut nio nghi trong bao lau lien quan den cac thong s6 duqc dieu chin' h tong qua With djnh tuyen. Di dieu Ichien dO di dOng, min not trong ludi u6c doin tit gian reri Ichei lutri coa no va gin thong tin nay den nut lan can.

Cac nut dang kh8ng boat dOng dieu chinh th&i gian nghi cua chting phe hqp cac th8ng tin nh6n duqc tir cac not lk can do de giu cho viec djnh tuyen duqc chinh xic. Tnr6c khi died gian rtri Ichoi ludi cita cac nut dang hoat dijng qua han, cac nut Bang nghi thoitt Ichei tang thai do vi mOt trong s6 the nut d6 tr6 nen hoot dOng. GAF duqc then khai cho ca nheng mang bao gom clic nut kitting di dOng (GAF co ban) vi mang bao gom cac nut di dOng (GAF thfch ung di dung).

GAF c8 gAng gift mang hoot dung bAng cach gift cho cac nut dai dien luon

the de hoat dOng tong min yang 6 Judi lo cita no. Cac ket qua mo phting di chi ra ring GAF thuc hien tOi thieu se duqc nhu giao thirc djnh tuyen tong mang ad hoc thong cho vi tri, thutrng khi non den ton that &Si vi lam tang thtri gian song curt raking bAng cach tiet hem niing luqng. Mac do GAF la met giao thfrc dua ten vi trf, no ding

76 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 7776 -Hifi Tien Time

tai 1-1nr5ngl.nng (cid:9)

c6 the duqc coi la nhu met giao thirc phan cep khi ma cac cam dua tren vi tri dja 19. Doi voi m8i vimg ludi xac dinh, m8i nut dai dien boat ding nhu met nut chit de truyen dit lieu den cac nut khac. Tuy nhien nut clui thy kung thvc hien bit cu mOt nhiem hap nhit hay tap trung di lieu nao nhu trong cac giao thirc pit cap thong thu6ng. 3.6.2 GEAR (Geographic and Energy -Aware Routing)

Yue et da dua ra viec sir ding thong tin ve dja 19 trong khi ph6 bien cac you cau den cac vimg thich hqp vi cac yeu cau dft lieu thuang bao gam cac thutic firth dja 19.Giao thirc GEAR dung sq nhan biet ve Ming 'yang va cac phuong phap thong bao thong tin ve dja 19 teri cac nut lan can. Viec djnh tuyen thong tin theo vimg dja 19 rat c6 fch trong cac he thong Vic djnh vi td, va 4c biet la trong mang cam bien Wang nay han the s6 luqng cac yeu cau 6 Directed Diffusion bang each quan tam den mOt vimg xac dinh han la gin cac yeu cau ten town mang .GEAR cai den han Directed Diffusion 6 diem nay va vi the dq tril duqc nhieu niing luqng han.

Trong giao thirc GEAR, m8i met not giix met estimated cost va mOt learned cost trong qua trinh den dfch qua cac nut lan cat Estimated cost la sq ket hap clia nang luang con du va khoing each den &ch. Learned cost la sq cai tien ciia estimated cost giai thich cho viec djnh tuyen xung quanh cac hOc trong mang .H6c xay ra khi ma met not kheong c6 bit ld mOt nut lan can nao gin han so v6i vimg dich han la chinh ne.

Trong tnamg hqp khong c6 malt hoc nao thi estimated cost bang yeti learned cost. Learned cost duqc truyen nguqc lai 1 hop m6i Ian mOt g6i den dich lam cho viec thiet lap dubng cho g6i tiep theo dtrat dieu chinh.

C6 2 pha trong giii thuat nay:

+ Chuyen tiep g6i den vimg dich: GEAR dung each to chqn nut lan can dud tren so nhan biet ve rang luting va vi tri dja ljr de djnh tuyen g6i den vung dich. CO 2 baiting hqp can quan tam:

- Khi ten On nhieu han met nut lan can gin han so yeti dich: GEAR se chon hop

tiep theo trong so tit ca cac nut lin can gin dich han.

- Khi ma tit ca cac nut dew xa han: trong truang hap nay se c6 met 16 hang. GEAR chan hop tiep theo ma lim tai thieu gia chi phi cim nut lin can may. Trong tnxbng hap nay, mOt trong s6 cac nut Mtn can duqc chip de chuyen tiep g6i dqa tren learned cost. Lqa chip nay c6 theduqc cap nhat sau theo sq hei to ctia learned cost trong snot qua trinh truyen g6i.

+ Chuyen tiEp gel trong vdng : Neu g6i duqc chuyen den vimg, no c6 the truyen clit lieu trong vung de c6 the bang each chuyen tiep dja 19 de quy hoac flooding co gidi

77 Chuyen CM tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777A —Rini Titan Wing

Deinrir Thing 1.nng

han. Flooding c6 giai han ip dung tot trong throng hqp cic sensor trim khai lchong day dac. nhing mang co mat de sensor cao, flooding dja 19 de quy lai hieu qui ve mat ning luqng hon la flooding c6 giai Nut. Trong trutmg hqp da, nguai ta chia vimg thanh 4 vimg nhe va tao ra 4 bin copy ctia ged deo. Viec chia nho nay va qui trinh chuyen tiep tiep tuc cho den khi trong vimg chi can 1 nut, vi du nhu hinh (3.17).

, !

o Nt, o

‘-'

0 0 '' k

,- ‘ Ni

eri 4‘..../ 4

Hinh 3.17.Chuya'n tiep dja 13.5 de quy trong GEAR.

De thaa min cic dieu kien chimg ta dimg giii thutt chuyen tiep dja 19 de qui de

truyen g6i trong vimg nay.

Tuy nhien, vai nhitng yang mat dO thip, chuyen tiep dja ly de quy dai khi khong holn thanh, djnh nay& vo tic dung trong met vang dich ring tnthc khi so hop goi di qua vtrqt qui gioi han.Trong truang hqp nay chang ta dimg flooding c6 giai Nut

3.6.3 Kft lu¢n

Chuang nay di tong kit va dua ra !chi nhieu cic giao thirc djnh tuyen dkic biet tap trong trinh bay v 'e' giao thirc djnh tuyen LEACH. MOi giao thac deu c6 nhUng uu vi nhuqc diem rieng. Hien nay, di c6 nit nhieu cic cii lien cita cic loci giao thirc nay duqc dua ra, va cho ket qui rat khi quan. Viec Iva chqn loci giao that nio hoin town phtt thueec vao ung dung ma chting ta trim khai. Mac dit sv hoat clang cia cic giai djnh tuyen nay day hira hen trong yin de sti dung hieu qua rang ltrang, cic nghien cuv sau nay can phii xic djnh re) cic vin de nhu chit luqng dich vu cis cic ung citing cis cic cam bien hinh inh vi cic 1mg dung thin gian thvc.

78

Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

Tien Tiing

A17776 (cid:9)

alai 1-inr Th5ng TAnng (cid:9)

CHU'O'NG 4. MO PHONG VA SO SANH GIAO MOT DINH MAN LEACH,

LEACH-C, STAT-CLUS

4.1 T6ng quan ye NS2

4.1.1 Gi61 thqu ye NS2

NS2 la Olin mem m8 phong mang diet' khien stir ki'e'n rieng re huerng doi tuqng, duqc ph& trien tni UC Berkely, viet Wing ngon ngt/ C ++ va Otcl .N6 thyme hien giao thirc mang nhu TCP va UDP, luu luqng truy clip mA nguOn had' vi nhu FTP, Telnet, Web, CBR, va VBR, co the quirt lt Ung dqi nhu Tail Drop, RED, djnh thy& cac thu'at town nhu Dijkstra, va nhieu hop nfta. NS ret httu ich cho viec ma phong mang din rung (WAN) va mpg local (LAN). 136n lei ich lern nhit caa NS2 phii ke den dim tien la:

+ Kha Wing kiem tra tinh on djnh ciut cac giao thirc mang dang ton tai.

+ Kha rang dart gia cac giao thirc mang mei throe khi dua vao sir dung.

thi dtrqc trong thyme te.

+ ICU Wing thyme thi nhitng mo With mpg 16n ma Ian War to khong the thyme

+ KM Wing m8 phong nhieu loai mang khic nhau.

4.1.2 Co• cdu t6 char NS2

07d : Td iterwebr with 00 abbe%

CA AIWA

¤ Li ¤

Ord kept Sam

>,

NI SSW( Lk.y • Brent &leaks Cbjecb • Nave& Cayenne Objecb • None Sec Edpiw Modules (Piffle Moab')

NAN Ndwuk Ambler

Hinh 4.1.M6 phong NS, khai tan va that lap

: Kich bin OTcl. : Chuang With m8 phong. : BO bien dich Tcl mer rOng huang dtti ming.

• OTcl Script • Simulation Program • Otcl

79

Chuyen d13 tot nghiep (cid:9)

Tien Tung

Al 7776 (cid:9)

Dei flry Thing 1.nng (cid:9)

: Thu vien m6 pheng NS.

: Cac del tugng be lap ljch sir kien. : Cac dei tugng thank phin mpg.

: Cac m6 dun Plumbling. : Cac ket qua m6 phemg. : Phan tich : Minh hga mang NAM.

• NS Simulation Library (cid:9) • Event Schedulet Objects (cid:9) • Network Component Objetcs (cid:9) • Network Setup Helping Modules : Cac m8 dun trg giap thiet lap mang. • Plumbling modules • Simulation Results • Analysis • NAM Network Animator Trong hinh tren, NS la be bien djch Tel ma Ong huemg dei tugng, bao gem cac doi tugng : be lap ljch sir kien, cac din tugng thanh phan mang vet cac m6 dun trg &Kip thiet lap mang ( hay cac m6 dun Plumbing).

De sir dung NS2, ngueri dung lisp trinh biing ngon ngit kjch ban Otcl.Ngutri dung c6 the them the ma ngulin Otcl vao NS2 bing each vitt the 16p dei tugng mai trong Otcl.Nheng lop nay khi d6 se dirge bien djch ding veri ma nguen g6c.Kich bin Otcl co the thuc hien nhieng viec sau:

+ Khoi tiro lx) lap lich str kien.

+ Thiet lap m8 hinh mpg dung cac del tugng thinh phan mang.

+ Bao cho nguon traffic khi nem bit diu truyen vit ngung truyen packet trong

be lap ljch sg kien.

Thuat ngt/ plumbing dirge dimg a chi viec thiet lap mpg, vi thiet lap met

mang nghia la xtly dung cac duimg de lieu giita the din tugng mpg bAng each thiet lap con tr6 "neighbour" cho met doi tugng de chi den dja chi dm doi tugng Wang img.M6 dun plumbing Otcl trong thvc to thqc hien viec tren rat don gian.Plumbing lam nen sir manh ciut NS.

Thanh phin lern !chic cita NS ben cgith cac doi tugng thanh phiu. mang la be lap

ljch sir kien .BO lap ljch sir kien trong NS2 thvc hien nhfrng viec sau:

+ T6 chitc be djnh than me !long.

+ HU), cac sir kien trong hang dqi str kien.

+ Trieu gqi the thanh phin mpg trong m8 pheng.

Phu thuec vao mire dich siz dung ciut ngteri sir dung den veri kjch ban m8 pheng Otcl ma kit qua ma phong co the dirge luu tre nhu file trace Dinh clang file trace se dirge tai vao trong the img dung Ichac de thvc hien phan tich:

+ File nam trace (file.nam) duqc dimg cho cling cu minh hga mpg NAM

80 Chuyen a tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 7776 -Rin Tin Tiing

Dei Hnr Thing I ling

+ File trace (file.tr) &cc dimg cho cong cv Mn vet va giim set mo phong

Out nam

NAM Visual Simulation

TCL tae Fikicl

XGRAPH hay TRACEGRAPH

Tracing and Monitoring Simulation

Ent tr ;

Hinh 4.2.Luting ccic st kin cho file tcl cher trong NS

Mo phong NS2 dva tren hai ngon net : C / C ++ va Otcl.Tai sao lai dva tren hai ng8n ngit? Ns2 sir dvng hai ng8n vl c6 hai loci mo pheng khic nhau ctia sv vat can phii lam:

+ Tren mOt mat, mo phong chi tiet ciut giao thirc dei h6i mOt hg then lap trinh bang non nit ma co the thao tic mOt cich hieu qui byte, gOi, tieu de, vi thvc hien cic thuat toin ma chay b0 dO lieu km hon .D6i v6i nhung nhiem v i trong thin gian chay toc dO la dieu quan tong va kim ng?ch khoang thei gian (chay m8 pheng, tim they 18i, sira chits 16i, recompile, chay lai) li it quan trong.

+ Mat khitc, phan 16n railing lu6i nghien cfru hcri khic nhau hoac cic tham s6 cau hinh, hoac mOt cich nhanh ch6ng khai thic mOt s6 ltrong cfic kich bin.Trong nhftng trutmg hop nay, then gian lap lai (thay doi cic mo hinh vi chay lai) la quan tong hon.Tir cau hinh chay mOt Ian (vao dais ciut cic mo pheng), chay trong thin gian nay, mOt phin ciut cong viec it quan trgng.

NS c6 dip img cic nhu cau ciut ca hai v6i hai nem ngft, C / C ++ va OTcl.0 / C ++ de chay nhanh, nhung chain de thay d6i, lam cho no thich hqp cho viec trim khai thvc hien chi tiet ve giao thirc .OTcl chay nit chom nhung co the dugc thay doi rat nhanh cheing (va lap 100, lam cho n619 Wang cho cic me pheng cau hinh.NS (thong qua tc1c1) cung cap co cau ket not de lam cho cic d6i arcing bien vi xuat hien tren ca hai nem nip.

81

Chuyen a tot nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777A -Rill Tian Wing

tai ficir TWAng i.nng

Hinh 4.3.Ca cciu td chtic this myc NS

4.2 Gib thitt m8 phemg

Em di sit dung Olin mem NS2 de chay m8 pheng WSN va de so sinh ck quyen

lqi cua ck giao thirc djnh tuyin lchic nhau tong chuyen de nay.

GM tidal:

4.2.1 (cid:9)

: 100 node Nat mpg (cid:9)

: 100m x 100m Kich thuac mpg (cid:9)

: (50,50) Dia diem tram ca sa (cid:9)

NAng lacing ban du m8i nut : 2J

: Packet DO lieu (cid:9)

: 600 s Thtri gian m8 phong (cid:9)

: 100nodes.txt (file c6 san tga dO cac node) Topo mang (cid:9)

82 Chuyen d tot nghiep (cid:9)

Hinh 4.4.Topo wing 100 node me phong

gel tin. Gii sir clic nodes dIu ce nhu clu (cid:9)

4.2.2 Mu lenh Sty m6 phony :

(cid:226) M6 pithy Leach:

ns ns-2.34/tcl/ex/wireless.tcl -sc ns-2.34/mit/uAMPS/sims/nodescen -rp leach -x 1000 -y 1000 -nn 101 -stop 600 -eq_energy 1 -init energy 2 -filename LEACH1 -dirname leach_dir -topo ns-2.34/mit/uAMPS/sims/100nodes.nct -num_clusters 5 -bs_x 50 -bsy 50 2> leachdir/LEACH1.err > leach dir/LEACHLout

(cid:226) M8 phdng Leach-c:

ns ns-2.34/tcl/ex/wireless.tel -sc ns-2.34/mit/uAMPS/sims/nodescen -rp leach-c -x 1000 -y 1000 -nn 101 -stop 600 -eq_energy 1 -roil energy 2 -filename LEACH-C - dirname leach-c_dir -topo ns-2.34/mit/uAMPS/sims/100nodesixt -num_clusters 5 - bs_x 50 -bs_y 50 2> leach-c dir/LEACH-C.err > leach-c_dir/LEACH-C.out

> Af6 phdng Slat-clan:

ns ns-2.34/tcl/ex/wirelessicl -sc ns-2.34/mit/uAMPS/sims/nodescen -rp Leach -x 1000 -y 1000 -nn 101 -stop 600 -eq_energy 1 -init energy 2 -filename Stat-clus -dirname

83 Chuyen de tot nghiOp (cid:9)

A17776 -Rill TiAn Timg

Rai He Th5ng I.nng (cid:9)

stat-clus_dir -topo ns-2.34/mit/uAMPS/sims/100nodes.txt -num_clusters 5 -bs_x 50 - bs_y 50 2> stat-clus_dir/stat-clus.err > stat-clus_dir/stat-clus.out

Cdc tham s6 &or I* b diu cda met me phdng. + Wireless.tcl: d#t ra met s6 the tham só m8 pheng va cac nguen tip tin TCL/mobitily/leach.tcl (ho(ic Leach-c.tcl, mte.tcl hoc ke-clus.tcl). Nhung gip tin nay dirge lien kat den tip tin vei cang met ten trong mit / uAMPS / Sims. Mai tip tin nay d#t ra nhOng thong s6 cu the cho giao thirc vi cac ngu6n gip tin mit/uAMPS/Sims/uamps.tcl, trong de cal chin cac tham se nhu nhau cho tit ca cac giao thac djnh tuyen (vf du nhu, kenh bang thong, kich thu6c tin hieu di lieu, vv) .

+ -sc nodescen: top tin c6 china dja diem node. + -rp: giao thirc djnh tuyen. + -x 100: kich c6 x coa mang Iv& . + -y 100: kich ca y colt mang + -nn101: s6 mit (bao gem ca nut co sdr ) + -stop 600 : chieu dai mo phong (600 giay) + -eq_energy 1: tit ca the nut bit du vei Wing luqng bing nhau ( nett bAng 1 :

tat ca cac nut bit du vai Wing luqng bang nhau vi bang 0 thi ngtrqc lai) .

+ -init_energy 2: se luqng ruing !um ban du (J) . + -Topo leach_topo: ban du ten Topo . + -filename leach_file: ten tip tin du ra se, lieu thong ke . + -dirname leach_dir: thu muc cho cac tap tin du ra s6 lieu thong ke . + -num_clusters 5: so luqng cum mong muen (k tham se) . + -bs_x 0: vi tri x cita tram co se. + -bs_y 0: vi tri y caa tram co se. Sau khi chay m8 phong ket qua li cac file luu vet (c6 duoi .tr , .data , .enegry, ,alive, .txt vs...) se dirge ltru tai cac thu mix da tao ra a tau lenh tren.Cic file nay cho to s6 lieu thong ke qua thai gian ve rang luqng , lieu , s6 nut song ,v.v...

De bleu dien citt lieu trong the file nay bang de thi can pith tito ra cac file.awk de dqc cac file nay va clang XGRAPH de ye de thj to cac file du ra.Trong chuang nay em di tao ra 3 file.awk la energy.awk, data.awk, alive.awk de dqc the 3 file du ra (data,energy,alive) caa the giao thirc Leach, Leach-c,Stat-clus.V1 de ve de thj bang XGRAPH em da be sung cac cau lenh sau vac, him "finish" trong file Wireless.tcl :

84 Chuyen di3 t6t nghiep (cid:9)

Al 777h -Rill Tign Wing

tai nne Thing t.nng (cid:9)

exec awk -f data.awk LEACH-C.data > data-c.tr

exec awk -f energy. awk LEACH-C. energy > energy-c. tr

exec awk -f alive.awk LEACH-C.alive > alive-c.tr

exec awk -f alive.awk LEACH Lalive > alive.tr

exec awk -f energy.awk LEACHLenergy > energy.tr

exec awk -f data.awk LEACHI.data > data.tr

exec awk -f data.awk Stat-clus.data > data-s.tr

exec awk -f energy. awk Stat-clus.energy > energy-s.tr

exec awk -f alive. awk Stat-clus.alive > alive-s.tr

# Ve do thi bang ham Xgraph:

exec xgraph 100nodes.txt -geometry 800x400 -m -M -nl &

exec xgraph data. tr data-c. tr data-s. tr -geometry 800x400 -t " Du Lieu "

-x "Time (sec) " -y "Packet "&

exec xgraph energy.tr energy-c.tr energy-sir -geometry 800x400 -t "

Nang Luong " -x " Time (sec) " -y " Nang Luong Toan Mang " &

exec xgraph alive.tr alive-c.o. alive-s.tr -geometry 800x400 -t " Node

Song " -x "Time (sec) " -y "So Nut Song "&

Chuyen 0 tot nghiep (cid:9)

4.3 Ket qua m6 phOng Id nhen set

4.3.1 Thol gian sing cda cdc nodes

HIM 4.5.7'hoi gian sing cid: Sc nodes dal vet mai giao thsic

C6 the they vei mirc fling luting ban du bin 2J thi thoi gian sting dui fling

deli Writ mai phuang pluip djnh tuyen c6 sq khec nhau rat re rat.

+VOi Leach-C thbi gian sting cna cic nodes mang 11 cao nhit.Tai Way this 380 bit du xuk hien node chit va den Way 580 hiu het clic nodes deu chit do het Mug Wong.

+We Leach tai giiy thin 200 bet diu suit hien node chit va den giay 452 cec

nodes hiu hit di chat do het fling luting.

+V6i Stat-clus thee gian sting Ma mung la the!) nhet din Way the 45.7 cec nodes chit hoer, Wen .Vi n6 chi chon cec cluster-head 1 lin duy Mit , ma cec cluster- head nay cling c6 giei hen nAng Wong Ii 21 nen khi cec cluster-head My het &big hrqng thi toan mung ngfrng hout Ong mic de ning luting toan mang con rat nhieu.

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4.3.2 Ndng lirrng

Mak 4.6.1Cmg lutmg mkt mgng clof viti m6i giao that

+ V6ri 100 node mung va mtri node ban diu c6 gia tri 2J to co deg Sing luqng t6i da mpg la 200J. Ta c6 the they Leach-C de se dung riling luqng theo each hieu qua nhit.Ta cling eh the they chimg tieu thu riling luqng nit deu , ruing luqng tieu thu duqc chia deu cho cite node trong mpg.

+ V6i Stat-clus nhu de not b tren du n>ing luvng town mpg m6i tieu ton khoang 20J thy nhien de ng*ng hoot dOng vi khong co node cluster-head de troy& tai de lieu cho tram co sir.

+ Vol Leach Wing luqng ban diu khi mei thanh cic gun t6n it riling Itrqng hon Leach-C mOt chOt.Tuy nhien Leach-C v6i viec truyen de lieu Oa dti t6i trum co sir de tich kiem dirge nIng luqng mOt each toi uu nhet.Ngai ra viec thenh lop cum cos Leach-C dam &to dung 5 cum cho m8i lin chia cum ( v6i 100 node) con Leach thl khOng dam bao viec nay vi the de lieu thy ruing luqng 1 each khang diu cho town man S din viec khOng su dtmg 8 Sung hieu quit bang Leach-C.

87 Chuyen de tik nghiep (cid:9)

4.3.3 DOP lieu

Hirsh 4.7.D1? lieu iruyjn cda mong did vat mai giao time

+ C6 the duly &it lieu truyIn cult Leach-C dot mitt cao nhht, qua d6 thAy dirge viec sir dung tiling luqng theo Leach-C c6 hieu suit cao nhAt voi khoting 2300000 g6i

fin.

+ \Teri Leach co kholing 750000 g6i tin dirge girl .Ngotli ra cling 1 don vj thbi

gian Leach-C con gni dugs nhieu g6i tin hon veri chi phi Wing luqng thip hon .

+ Voi Stat-clus nhir di n6i b tren do man ngfmg hoot Ong lit sem nen chi giri

dirge met lugng g6i tin ret nh6.

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4.3.4 Kid tang mar nag° bring lin 3J

Chuyen 0 tat nghiep

4.3.5 Khl thay 461 tpa df trym co. sek

Thay dei Ma de tram ca se til (50;50)-4 (101;101).

Ina de (101;101) la diem nem ngoali mans .

(cid:9) 90 Chuyen de tot nghiep

Leach-C vin cho thhy viec sir dung ruing Wong hiOu quit hon Leach vi Stat-clus.

91 Chuyen de tot nghiep

Tign Wing

Al 777h (cid:9)

tai 1-Ine Thing I.nng (cid:9)

4.4 Nh#n xet

Tir ket qui m6 pheng, em c6 the nh$n they la Leach-C c6 lqi the ve tit ca cac linh we .Leach-C c6 the cung cap them de lieu hieu qui km Leach mOc du viec lfinh thanh nham la ton kern hcm bpi vi the thuat town tftp trung c6 the sir dung mpg luai th8ng tin vao bieu mslu Topology c6 yeu du ft nang luqng hcm cho the hoot dOng cis thuet town phap ph6i Leach .Tuy nhien, giao thirc nay sir dung cho cac nut phi .' biet dja diem. Dieu nay deli hoi met giao thee GPS hoc thiat bj djnh vj Ichac theo doi cac va bit du len giai do?n phin phai rang luqng cho the phuong phap tie!) con thong tin tir cac hlnh thirc m6i nut phii duqc truyen vao tram ca ser tai deu cua mei vong. Doi yeti Leach, rang luqng khai dOng nay bao gam nhung ning luqng cho thong diep thong bao cue m8i cluster-head, cac nut non-cluster-head thaw gia yeu eau ctia the thong diep, va truyen / nhon ljch trinh TDMA trong mil cum. 90i vai Leach-C, viec khai dOng bao gom viec truyen rang lugng ens mOt thong diep nhe c6 china vi tri nut hien toi va nang lucmg tir m6i nut den the trim ca s6 (bing each sir dung CSMA) va tiep nhkin cac thong tin tir tom co so .Tuy nhien, bit chip nay bit d'au tang len nang luqng fieu thu chung, Leach-C la nhieu Ming luqng hieu qui han-Leach vi tOp trung Mtge town c6 the xac djnh tot hen so vol thuet town phin tan .Tucmg fir, Leach-F MIK hien tot, nhung giao thirc nay lchong the dieu chinh cac dieu kien mai, ching hen nhu not duqc them vao mpg hoc cac nut di dOng .V1 vOy, giao that thy hien Wong thich img vol cac thin nghiem khi then khai mong WSN. Stat-clus cung cep de lieu cho m6i darn vi Ming luqng cue tit ca cac giao thin, nhung tang s6 deli he thong ngin hon rat nhieu vol cac phuang phap tiep cOn khac .Stat-clus lchong the giri met s6 luqng lcm di lieu din cite tom co ser vi nut cluster-head trong stat-clus hen the viec sir dung nang luqng mOt each nhanh ching, ket thitc nhung thOng tin lien loc cilia tat ca cac nut trong

cum.

Chuyen de tat nghiep

'Men Tung

Al 7776 (cid:9)

tai Hnr Thing Long (cid:9)

CHUO'NG 5. ICtT WAN VA DV KIfN TRONG TU'O'NG LAI

5.1 Thu duct kit qua

Hien thi nhftng Icien thirc ve tong quan cia mang WSN, met so diem mph va kliiin.Tem tit lai met so thach thirc djnh tuyin va thiet ke the vin de c6 hieu qua djnh tuyen trong WSN.Nghien ciru chi tiet ve met s6 thuot town dinh tuyen .Sau de, danh gia hieu qui dm thu$t toan do.

Thvc hien thanh cong mo phi:mg ve ba giao thirc djnh tuyen cia NS2, sau d6

denh gia stir manh va yeu cia moi giao thirc

Cac ky thuit djnh tuyen cho thiy 8 tren, hiu het nhDng giao thirc nay gii djnh ring cac nut cam hien va BS khemg chuyen dOng.Tuy nhien, c6 rat nhieu cac *rig dvng nhu thu thip du lieu m8i twang not ma cac BS va !than nut cam bien can pith di dOng.VI viy, cluing to an pith nghien cuu thuit town dinh tuyen mai c6 the xir It va Topology thay doh trong ngueng luqng ctia moi tru?mg.

Minh giti vOi cac phin mem m8 pheng: - MIT va NS2 cung cep cho cac d6i tuqng dies hlnh de c6 the m8 ph6ng cho

mang WSN.

- Tracefile di duqc cai tien de lam cho chi net cac tham s6 cho danh gia nhu:

th&i gian song, riling luqng, di? lieu...

- Xgraph va cac file.awk ye d3 thi theo der lieu tong cac file trace.

5.2 Dty kiln trong twang Jai

Nghien ciru va chi thien kha ning djnh tuyen cho cac giao thirc nkri de tao ra cac

limit town cc ban NS2 va MIT, m8 phong cac node di dOng va cac giao thirc Ichk...

Thi hanh tip tin Nam gulp cho viec me phi:mg hinh anh.

93 Chuyen de tot nghiep (cid:9)

A17776 -Rid Tign Tiing

Del liar Thing Lang (cid:9)

TAI HSU TRAM KHAD

[1] Holger Karl Andreas Willig, Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks, Wiley, 2005.

[2] Jamal N. Al-Karaki Ahmed E. Kamal, Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa 50011.

[3] Ian F. Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh Sankarasubramaniam, and Erdal Cayirci, A survey on Sensor Networks, Georgia Institude of Technology.

[4] Wendi Beth Heinzelman, Application-Specific Protocol Architectures for Wireless Networks, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.

[5] Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli, Taieb Znati, Wireless Sensor Networks Technology, Protocols, and Applications, Wiley, 2007

[6] The MIT uAMPS ns Code Extensions, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, August 7, 2000.

[7] Kumar Mrinal, Amit Ruri, Routing in Sensor Network.

[8] Wendi Rabiner Heinzelman, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Han Balakrishman, Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network, Massachusetts Institude of Technology Cambrifge, MA 02139.

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