Đào tạo và trọng dụng nhân tài ở Thăng Long thời Trần

D A O T A O V A T R O N G D U N G N H A N T A I<br /> • • •<br /> 6 T H A N G L O N G THCfl T R A N<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYfiN THI PHUONG CHI*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T h a n g Long - Kinh do cua nhieu trieu chon nhdng ngUdi do dat, co dao ddc cho<br /> dai, la trung tam chinh tri, hanh vao hau vua doc sach. Sd chep: "Thang 8<br /> chinh, trung tam giao due thi cd ldn nhat nam 1236, chon nho sinh thi do cho vao<br /> nU6c, cung la ndi quy tu nhan tai co mot chau hau (hau vua - TG), sau thanh dinh<br /> khong hai cua quoc gia. le" va "Thing 12 nam Giap Tua't (1274),<br /> chon ngUdi Nho hoc trong midc ngUdi nao<br /> Trong dung va dai ngo la budc sau cua co ddc hanh sung vao hau Dong cung" (1).<br /> dao tao nhan tai. Hay cu the hdn, thdng<br /> qua dao tao de tuyen chon nhan tai. Va, Mat khac, mot trong nhdng each thdc<br /> nhu chung ta da biet, nha Tran co nhieu ma nha Tran thUc hien la cd cac vUdng hau<br /> each dao tao nhan tai. Dao tao trong gia ton tha't di tra'n t r i d cac dia phUdng bang<br /> dinh, ddng toe; dac tad thong qua he thong che do phan phong thai a'p. Dieu can lUu y<br /> giao due Nho hoc va dao tao bang thUc te la, chi cac thanh vien trong hoang toe (cac<br /> ccng viec, nham tao nen doi ngu quan lai vUdng hau) va nhdng ngUdi dUdc ban quoc<br /> noi chung, nhan tai noi rieng du nang lUc tinh (ho vua) co tudc vUdng, hau mdi dUdc<br /> va tai ddc phuc vu dat nUdc. phdng cap thai a'p. Thai ap la mot vung dat<br /> d mot dia phUdng cu the. Cac vUdng hau<br /> 1. Dao tao nhan t a i<br /> ten that dieu hanh cong viec mot each toan<br /> Dao tao trong gia dinh, ddng toe. dien d do tren cac linh vUc kinh te, van hoa,<br /> Chdng ta thay, doi ngu quy toe nha xa hoi. Qua trinh cai quan d dia phUdng,<br /> Tran la nhiing ngUdi ndi tieng tai gioi. Tiec cung la bien phdp thUc te de trieu Tran ren<br /> thay, kheng co tu lieu nao cho biet ho dUdc luyen cac vUdng hau tdn tha't. Qua do ho co<br /> dao tao nhu the nao nhUng co dieu chic cd hoi va dieu kien the hien tai nang va diic<br /> chin rang, ho dUdc thda hUdng mot nen do cua minh. Mac du cho de'n nay khong co<br /> giao due trong gia dinh, dong toe. Tu lieu tU lieu nao cho biet each thdc hoc hanh cua<br /> trong sd cu ghi chep ra't ft ve viec nky ho the nao nhUng tren thuc te ho deu ndi<br /> nhUng le loi trong do van co nhiing sU kien tieng tai gidi nhu Tran Thu Do (1194-<br /> tieu bieu minh chiing cho viec trieu dinh 1264), T r l n Thai Tong (1218-1277), Tran<br /> <br /> <br /> ' PGS.TS. Vien Su hoc<br /> 20 Rghien ciiu Lich sir, so 12.2010<br /> <br /> Thanh Tong (1240-1290), Tran Nhan Tong nhUng biet dau got tdc mac ao vai la ve hda<br /> (1258 - 1308), Tran Tung (1230-1291), Tran thUdng phUdng Bic. Khi da ngci yen, pha<br /> Qudc Tuan (? - 1300), Tran Quang Khai tra mdi ud'ng, ngUdi h i u cua Xuan cam cai<br /> (1240 - 1294), Tran Nhat Duat (1254-1330), ten ddng dang sau Qudc Tuan, choc vao<br /> Tran Khanh Du (? - 1339), Tran Quang diu Qudc Tuan chay mau ra, sac mat Qudc<br /> Trieu (1286-1325), Tran Khat Chan (?- Tuan v i n khdng thay ddi. Khi ve Sai Xuan<br /> 1399), Tran Nguyen Dan (1320-1390)... Tat tien ra de'n cda (3).<br /> nhien, nhiing ngudi noi nghiep ngai vang Dao tao thong qua he thong giao due<br /> thi hien nhien la d Kinh do, khong thay cac Nho hoc<br /> ong co thai a'p nao, con cac thanh vien<br /> trong hoang toe thi mot mat d thai ap "Con dudng tim ngUdi tai gidi, trUdc het<br /> nhUng mat khac v i n co thdi gian lam quan la khoa muc. Pham mudn thu dUdc ngUdi<br /> d Thang Long. Ai cung biet Tran Quang tai nang, tuan kiet vao trong pham vi cua<br /> Khai co thai a'p d Doc Lap (nay thuoc minh, thi ngUdi lam vua mdt nUdc khdng<br /> huyen Binh Luc, tinh Ha Nam) va Hung the nao khdng cd khoa cd" (4).<br /> Dao Dai vUdng Tran Quoc Tuan co thai a'p Budi d i u nha Tran, he thd'ng giao due<br /> d Van Kie'p (Chi Linh, Hai Dudng) nhung bao gdm nhieu ndi dung nhUng Nho hoc la<br /> chung ta van thay cac ong lam viec d chu yeu, hoc Nho giao va hoc chd Nho. Hoc<br /> Thang Ldng. Su kien sii than nUdc Nguyen cho Nho de doc Kinh sach cua Phat giao va<br /> la Sai Xuan cung 5.000 quan (2) sang phuc vu cho cac nghi le cua Dao giao. Su<br /> Thang Lcng nam 1281 vdi thai dd ngac phat trien cUc thinh trd thanh qudc giao<br /> man, td ra cci thudng nghi le Dai Viet. cua Phat giao t d thdi Ly va sU ton tai cua<br /> NhUng nhd sU tai gidi cua Hung Dao vUdng Dao giao khdng chi dUdc phan anh trdng<br /> Tran Qudc Tuan ma Sai Xuan phai thay sinh hoat cdng ddng ma cdn dUdc phan anh<br /> ddi han thai dd. Van hda ngoai giao cua trong giao due khoa cd. Khoa thi dau tien<br /> Hung Dao vUdng Tran Qudc Tuan mot lan cua nha T r i n la khoa thi tam giao (5).<br /> nQa khang dinh dng khdng chi la thien tai Tuy nhien, cang ngay trieu dinh cang<br /> ve quan sU ma cdn thien tai trong ngoai chu trong de'n giao due Nho giao. Ne'u nhu<br /> giao. Sd chep: Xuan kieu ngao vd le, cudi khoa thi Tam giao dUdc td chdc ngay sau<br /> ngUa di thing vao cda DUdng Minh. Quan khi trieu T r i n thanh lap (1227), thi 5 nam<br /> si Thien TrUdng ngan lai, Xuan lay rdi sau (1232), khoa thi Thai hoc sinh dau tien<br /> ngUa danh bi thUdng d diu. Khi den vien dUdc td chdc. Cac khoa thi Thai hoc sinh<br /> Tap Hien thay chang diy man trUdng mdi (nhU thi Tien si ddi sau) la mot trong<br /> chiu xud'ng ngUa. Vua sai Quang Khai de'n nhiing phUdng thdc tuyen chon nhan tai<br /> sd quan tiep dai, Xuan nam khenh khdng dUdc nha T r i n thUc hien tuy khdng deu<br /> chiu ra. Quang Khai di thing vao trong dan nhu ghi chep trong sd cii (7 nam mdt<br /> phong Xuan ciing khdng day. Hung Dao lin) nhUng so lUdng cac khoa thi da gap<br /> vUdng Qudc Tuan nghe thay viec ay, tau nhieu l i n so vdi thdi Ly. Td khoa thi d i u<br /> xin de'n sd quan xem Xuan lam gi. Bay gid tien vao nam 1232 va de'n khoa cud'i cung -<br /> Qudc Tuan da got tdc mac ao vai, di de'n sd nam 1393, nha T r i n da td chdc dUdc 12<br /> quan vao trong phong. Xuan ddng day vai khoa thi Thai hoc sinh va mdt ky thi Dinh<br /> chao mdi ngoi, moi ngUdi deu lay lam la, cac Tien si (6). Thdng qua giao due Nho hoc<br /> Bao tao va trong dung 21<br /> <br /> Nha Tran da tuyen chon dUdc nhieu nhan 1266: 47 ngUdi, khoa thi nam 1275: 27<br /> tai phuc vu dat nUdc. ngUdi, khoa thi nam 1304: 44 ngudi...<br /> Trong do phai ke tdi mdt sd' nhan t i i nhu<br /> Cac loai hinh trUdng hoc Nho giao ton<br /> Nguyin Trung Ngan, Le Van Huu v.v.<br /> tai chu yeu d Kinh thanh Thang Long<br /> Nguyin Trung Ngan tdng giQ nhieu chdc<br /> gom: TrUdng hoc do nhd nUdc to chiic co<br /> quan trong, trong do cd thdi ky dng l i ngudi<br /> Qudc td vien, Quoc hoc vien. Thdi gian<br /> ddng dau quan ly Kinh do Thing Long vdi<br /> dau, hoc d Quoc t i i vien va chi danh cho<br /> chdc Dai Doin Kinh sU (8). Ong cung vdi<br /> con em cac van quan va tung quan vao<br /> TrUdng Han Sieu dUdc n h i vua giao cho<br /> hoc, den nam 1253 thanh l i p Quoc hoc<br /> bien soan bd Hoang trieu dai dien v i bd<br /> vien thi cho tdt cd cdc nho si trong midc<br /> Hinh thu" vio nam 1339. Le V i n Huu dd<br /> vao hoc. Noi dung hoc gom Luan ngd,<br /> Bang nhan khoa thi n i m 1247. Ong l i<br /> Manh Td, Dai hoc, Trung dung (Td thu)<br /> ngUdi chip but viet bd sd ndi tie'ng cua<br /> va Ngii kinh gdm: Kinh Dich, Kinh Le,<br /> nUdc ta l i bd Dai Viet sd ky, 30 quyen vio<br /> Kinh Thi, Kinh Thu, Kinh Xuan Thu.<br /> n i m 1272. De'n cudi thdi Tran, ky thi tien<br /> Theo tu lieu nay thi ndi dung hoc tap cua<br /> si thing 8 n i m 1400, chung ta thi'y ndi<br /> cac Nho si nhU tren cung kha qui cu.<br /> tie'ng l i Nguyen Trai. Ong sinh nam 1380,<br /> Ben canh trudng qudc lap cdn cd nhiing mac du dng chua cd dieu kien dem t i i nang<br /> trUdng tU nhu trUdng cua Chu Van An, phuc vu trieu Tran vi trUdc dd (thing 3-<br /> trUdng cua Chieu Qudc vUdng Tran Ich 1400) trieu Tran sup dd, Hd Quy Ly len<br /> Tac. Cac trUdng hoc d Kinh thanh da thu ngoi vua, thiet l i p nen trieu Hd. NhUng<br /> hut nhieu nho si den hoc. Hoc trd cua Chu thdi gian dng hoc t i p de dd dat lai la<br /> Van An cd ngUdi do dat cao va deu glut khoang 20 n i m cudi trieu Tran. T i i nang<br /> trong trach trong trieu dinh. v i nhdng cd'ng hien cua dng dd'i vdi trieu Le<br /> Td nhiing thip ky cud! the ky XIII trd Sd mai m i i lUu truyen sd xanh. Ngd Thi SI<br /> di, con dUdng tuyen chon ngUdi hien vie d i n h i n xdt: "Xem nhiing ngUdi dd ve cac<br /> viec nUdc da di vao quy cu v i ngiy cing khca cud'i ddi Tran thi Nguyin Uc Trai l i<br /> phit trien. Phan ldn he l i nhiing ngUdi nhat, v i n chUdng mUu t r i cua dng da giup<br /> nhan t i i ndi tieng nhU: Tran Thi Kien, De cho trieu Le budi dau diing nUdc. Sau nda<br /> Thien Hd, Mac Dinh Chi, Nguyen Dii, nhu Ly Td Ti'n, Vii Mdng Nguyen, Phan<br /> Pham Mai (tdc Chuc Cd', vi l i hoc trd cua Phu Tien, Nguyen Thien Tdng, deu l i v i n<br /> Nguyen ST Co' nen kieng huy cua thay ddi chUdng cU phach mdt thdi" (9)...<br /> lam Mai), Pham Ngd (tdc Chuc Kien, vi Giio due khoa cd cua nha nUdc da tao cd<br /> tranh ten cua phan thu Hue Nghia, ddi ten hdi cho Nho si khdng chi cd dieu kien thi<br /> l i Ngd), Nguyin Trung Ngan, Le Quit, thd' t i i nang, tien than tren con dUdng<br /> Pham Su Manh, Le Duy (NgUdi xa Co quan chdc ma quan trong l i qua dd n h i<br /> Dinh, huyen Nong Cd'ng), TrUdng Han nUdc tuyen chen dUdc ngUdi t i i gidi phuc<br /> Sieu, Le Cu Nhan. Chinh sd chep l i "nhdn vu dat nUdc. Ngd Thi Si da viet: "The mdi<br /> tdi day day..." (7). Cic khoa thi li'y do tien biet td Tam dai (nha Ha, n h i ThUdng, n h i<br /> si ra't nhieu. Khoa thi n i m 1247: 48 ngUdi, Chu - TG) ve sau chon ngUdi gidi bang khda<br /> khoa thi nam 1256: 43 ngUdi, khoa thi nam cd thi van nghe khdng thieu dUdc" (10).<br /> 22 Rghien ciru Lich sir, so 12.2010<br /> <br /> Dao tao bang thiic te cong viec chdng d mdt mat, du lam tnidng ca Quan.<br /> Quan cd luc cd, thi tudng cin cd the mdt<br /> Hinh thiic dao tao nay kha phong phu,<br /> minh, cho nen ngudi khdo dung tai thi<br /> co ngUdi la Nho sinh, co ngUdi la quy toe, co<br /> nhQng chdc thien ti (tdc thien tudng va t i<br /> ngUdi la Thai hdc sinh. Doi vdi Nho sinh<br /> tudng) cung deu la dai tudng ca" (13). Va,<br /> chua qua thi cii, nha Tran tuyen chon qua<br /> vdi each thdc tren mud'n the hien tai thi<br /> cong viec cu the nhu trUdng hdp Ddan NhQ<br /> khdng cd each gi khac la phai trai qua cdng<br /> Hai (11). NhUng trai qua cdng viec do ciing<br /> viec.<br /> chinh la hinh thiic dao tao bang thUc te<br /> cong viec. Doan NhQ Hai tiing lam giiip 2. Trong dung nhan tai<br /> vua Tran Anh Tong bai Bieu ta toi "Nghi<br /> Trong dung ngUdi thiic tai la diem dac<br /> Anh Tong hoang de ta thUdng hoang bieu"<br /> biet noi bat cua trieu T r i n . NhQng ngUdi<br /> (Thay ldi vua Anh Tong lam bieu ta<br /> tai deu cd cd hdi cd'ng hien va deu dUdc<br /> ThUdng hoang) (12). Noi dung td Bieu chiia<br /> trong dung. Td quy tdc ten that den nho<br /> diing sU am hieu kien thiic sau rong va tai<br /> sinh, ai cd tai thi deu dUdc trieu dinh trong<br /> nang khac thUdng ciia ong. Ngay sau do<br /> dung va nhQng viec quan trong va cho giQ<br /> ong dUdc vua Anh T6ng trong dung, phong<br /> cho chiic NgU sd trung tan khi mdi 20 tudi, chdc cao va dUdc hudng lde h i u .<br /> rdi Tham t r i chinh su" (nam 1303), Tri khu NhU chdng ta da bie't, nhQng quy tdc<br /> mat vien sU va dinh cao la chdc Hanh vUdng h i u tai gidi deu dUdc trieu dinh<br /> Khien ma le cu la chi ddng hoan quan. Tai trong dung theo che' do quyen cao, chdc<br /> nang ndi tie'ng cua Ong the hien tren nhieu trong va dUdc duy t r i thee che dd tap am.<br /> linh vUc: ngoai giao, ndi tri, quan sU va van Sd chep: "Thang 2 (1236), dinh quan ham<br /> hoc. Trcng quan he cua nha Tran vdi cac cac dai thin; pham ngudi ton that vao<br /> nUdc Chiem Thanh, Ai Lac, Ddan NhQ Hai chinh phd, hoac la thai su, thai phd, thai<br /> da ddng gdp mdt phin cdng sdc quan trong. bao, thai uy, hoSc tu dd, ta hQu tudng qudc,<br /> TrUdng hdp cua Nguyen Trung Ngan deu kiem ham kiem hieu die tien nghi<br /> cung vay, nhu tren da neu, sau khi thi do ddng tam t i binh chUdng sU (14)" (15).<br /> Thai hoc sinh, lam quan trong trieu dinh NhUng khdng phai ai la ton that cung dUdc<br /> nhung v i n cd khoang thdi gian tUdng dd'i trdng dung. Neu la ton t h i t ma khdng cd<br /> dai di thUc te'd dia phUdng. Tinh td nam tai thi trieu dinh cung khdng giao cho<br /> 1224 de'n 1241, Nguyen Trung Ngan cd tdi trong chQc. Cung Tuc vUdng Due, con<br /> 17 nam lam viec d dia phUdng va kiem mdt trUdng cda vua cung khdng dUdc chen de ke<br /> so cdng viec khac d trieu dinh. Dieu dd cd tuc ngai vang vi khdng du tai ddc, "la ngUdi<br /> the thay, nha Tran rat coi trong viec dao phong dang qua". Bao Hung vUdng la ngudi<br /> tao quan lai bing cdng viec thUc te. ton that dUdc vua T r i n Anh Tdng rat yeu<br /> quy, nhUng khdng dUdc vua uy che lam viec<br /> Tran Hung Dao tuyen ngUdi lam viec<br /> chinh sU "vi Id khong co tai lam dUdc" (16).<br /> dudi trUdng theo "cdng thdc" nhu sau: 'Tai<br /> ngudi nao cd the vUdt 100 ngudi thi lam T r i n Qudc Khang la anh vua T r i n<br /> trudng tram ngudi, vUdt dUdc mot nghin Thanh Tdng va cung la anh cua T r i n<br /> ngudi thi lam trudng nghin ngudi, vUdt qua Quang Khai, mic du "Qudc Khang tudi ldn<br /> nghin ngudi thanh mdt Quan thi cd the dd'i hdn, nhUng tai ddc t i m thudng cho nen cho<br /> phd cd sU d mdt mat, cd the dam dUdng sdc Quang Khai lam tudng" (17). Vua T r i n<br /> Bao tao va trong dung 23<br /> <br /> Thai Tong tdng mudn cho anh ciia Tran van vo du lam phep cho muon nUdc, md<br /> Thii Do la Tran An Qudc lam tudng nhUng khong dam cay tdi nang; Anh hung ndi<br /> Tran Thu Dd da ndi: "An Qudc la anh thin, tie'ng hai niidc md khong dam nhdn cong<br /> neu la ngudi hien thi than xin nghi viec, nghiep. The liic cd the lat song nui, dudi<br /> neu cho t h i n la hien hdn An Qudc thi sdm set, md luc nao cung coi uy nhan vua d<br /> khdng nen cd An Qudc. Ne'u anh em cung triidc mat. Nay xem ra theo nghia phdi md<br /> lam tudng thi viec trong trieu se ra sao" khdng theo loi cha. Biet cd nUdc md khdng<br /> (18). Danh vong va chiic tudc la can nhUng biet de'n nha, be mui gay de di theo hau<br /> trieu dinh dung ngudi la de xay dung va vua, gia grfctm md ke tdi con. Long trung<br /> bao ve dat nude ciing tdc la bao ve td tdng. thanh sdng nhU mat trdi" (20).<br /> Hai van de nay tuy hai nhUng la mdt. Su<br /> Chieu Van vUdng T r i n Nhat Duat la<br /> can trong trong dung ngUdi cua nha Tran<br /> nha ngoai giao ndi tie'ng, nha van hda ldn<br /> r i t dUdc trieu dinh de cao, nhat la nhan<br /> cua Dai Viet. Ong khdng chi gidi ngoai nguf<br /> tai.<br /> khi giad tiep vdi ngUdi nUdc ngoai hoSc tiep<br /> Nhdng nhan tai ndi tie'ng dUdng thdi, dai sd t h i n nha Nguyen ma kien thdc uyen<br /> danh tie'ng cua ho de'n ngay nay vang vong bac cua Ong dUdc the hien qua nhiing l i n<br /> khap non sdng dat nUdc. Ta da thay Hung tiep dai dd. "Nhat Duat hdc qua Ngu kinh<br /> Dao Dai vUdng Tran Qudc Tuan khdng chi va Chu sd, tinh thdng ldi huyen dieu cua<br /> la thien tai quan sU, vi tudng cam quan tai Dao gia, hieu biet am nhac, ddi bay gid<br /> gidi ma kien thdc ve binh phap cua dng cdn khen la ngUdi hoc thdc rdng rai, lai hieu<br /> dUdc soan thanh t i p Van Kie'p tong bi tie'ng cac nUdc..." (21). ThUdng tudng Thai<br /> truyen thii. Nhan Hue vUdng Tran Khanh sU T r i n Quang Khai la ngUdi hdc rdng tai<br /> Du chap but Bai tUa sach nay da ngdi ca cao, van vd song toan. Ong vda la vi tudng<br /> Ong het ldi: "Pham ngUdi gidi cam quan thi cim quan gidi, vda la mdt nha ngoai giao cd<br /> khdng can bay t r i n , ngUdi gidi bay tran thi tai, vda la mdt nha van hda, nha thd ndi<br /> khdng can phai danh, ngUdi gidi danh thi tie'ng, tdng soan Lac Bao tap (nhUng nay<br /> khdng thua, ngUdi kheb thua thi khdng khdng cdn) (22). Phan Huy Chd nhan x6t<br /> chet... Qudc cdng ta ben so sanh, ke cdu ve Ong: "Cdng lao thu phuc duac nUdc, dng<br /> t r i n do va binh phap cua cac nha, tdng hdp ddng thd nhdt... Ong nghe rdng biet nhieu,<br /> lai thanh mdt bd sach... Qudc cdng lai cdn hieu cdc tieng ngiibi nUdc Phien. Mdi khi sd<br /> them bdt vdi chie'n thu&t cua thdi Tam dai sang ta, dng diiqc chon vao thii tiep. Ong<br /> (Ha, ThUdng, Chu), nhd dd tram tran tram rat cham hoc hay lam thd' (23). Vua T r i n<br /> thing. Cho nen dUdng thdi phia Bic lam Thanh Tdng da lam bai thd: Tang Tran<br /> cho Hung nd (chi quan Mong Co) phai sd, Quang Khdi, ca ngdi dng vdi hai cau thd:<br /> phia Tay lam Lam Ap phai kinh. Rdi dng<br /> dem sach nay day bao con em lam gia Nhdt dai cdng danh thien hq hitu<br /> truyen, khdng tiet Id cho ngUdi ngoai Lu'dng triiu trung hieu the gian vd.<br /> biet..." (19). T r i n Hung Dao cdn la mdt<br /> (Nghia la: Cdng danh tron mdt ddi, thien<br /> thien tai van hoc. Hich tiidng si va cac tac<br /> ha cdn cd ngUdi nhu dng.<br /> phim cua Ong la nhiing di san van hda quy<br /> gia cda dan tdc. Danh gia cdng lao cua Tam ldng trung hieu dd'i vdi hai trieu<br /> T r i n Qudc Tuan, Ngd Thi Si da viet: T d i vua thi the gian khdng ai cd).<br /> 24 Rghien ciru Lich sir, so' 12.2010<br /> <br /> TrUdng Han Sieu khong chi ndi tieng Trieu da dUdc trieu dinh phong tudc vUdng,<br /> gioi van chuong ma con gioi ca chinh sU. rdi vao lam quan trong trieu. Ong la ngUdi<br /> Su tai gioi cua ong khien cho nha vua gidi ca van l i n vd. Nam 1324, dudi thdi vua<br /> khong chi trong dung ma con ne trong. T r i n Minh Tdng, T r i n Quang Trieu dUdc<br /> "Vua chi goi la thay chii khong goi ten" phong chdc Nhap Ndi kiem hieu tU dd, mdt<br /> (24). Sii than Ngo Si Lien nhan xet: trong nhiing chdc quan d i u trieu (dudi<br /> "TrUdng Han Sieu la ke van hoc hdn trieu vua T r i n Minh Tdng). Ong cdn la Hdi<br /> ngudi..." (25). chu thi xa Bich Ddng va la thanh vien xuat<br /> sic cua ddng thien True Lam do vi vua anh<br /> Chu Van An la ngUdi uyen tham Nho<br /> hung T r i n Nhan Tdng sang l i p .<br /> hoc, thi do Thai hoc sinh nhUng khong ra<br /> lam quan, d nha day hoc. Ong thanh lap Cung cin thay them mdt dieu la, nha<br /> trUdng tU va la mot trong khong nhieu T r i n trong dung tat ca nhQng ngUdi tai<br /> trUdng tU d Kinh thanh Thang Long. Cac nen ke ca nhQng ngUdi khdng phai la ton<br /> hoc tro ciia ong nhieu ngUdi thanh tai nhu that, khdng qua thi cd nhUng van dUdc<br /> Pham Su Manh, Le Ba Quat. Vua Tran trieu dinh trong dung. Dd la nhQng dai<br /> Minh T6ng mdi ong ra lam Quoc Tii Giam, quan thdi Ly nhu Phung Ta Chu dUdc<br /> day hoc cho Thai tii. phong Dai vUdng, Pham Kinh An lam Thai<br /> uy, ban cho mu ao Dai vUdng.<br /> Mac Dinh Chi do Trang nguyen khoa<br /> Giap Thin (1304) va la Trang nguyen khoa Cac nhan tai dUdc trieu dinh trong<br /> thd 10 ke td khoa thi dau tien dudi trieu dung. Su trong dung di lien vdi dai ngd.<br /> Ly (1075), va den ong la Trang nguyen thd Trong dung la trao cho trong trach va trong<br /> 8. Mac Dinh Chi song va hoat dong dudi 4 chdc. T r i n Thu Dd dUdc phong Thai sU<br /> trieu vua ddi Trin: Tran Anh Tdng (1293- thd'ng qudc hanh quan vu chinh thao sU, la<br /> 1314), Tran Minh Tdng (1314-1329), Tran ngUdi giQ chdc thai sU d i u tien cua trieu<br /> Hien Tdng (1329-1341) va Tran Du Tdng T r i n vac nam 1226. Quyen lUc cua Thai sU<br /> (1341-1369). Pham hang cao nha't ve dUdng chi sau ThUdng hcang va la chdc quan<br /> quan tudc cua dng la Nhap ndi hanh khien ddng dau trong trieu. De'n nam 1234, dUdc<br /> Ta ty lang trung, chdc tudc cho du khdng thang chdc Thd'ng qudc thai sU t r i Thanh<br /> cao lam nhUng dng lai la vi Trang nguyen Hda phu sU, cai quan vung da't quan trong<br /> ndi tie'ng thdng minh tai gidi va dUdc cdng Thanh Hda cua Dai Viet. Nam 1290, sau<br /> nhan la Ludng qudc Trang nguyen. khang chien chdng quan xam ludc Mong -<br /> Nguyen l i n thd ba t h i n g ldi, Hung Dao<br /> Doan Nhd Hai trong mdt lan yet kien<br /> vUdng T r i n Qudc Tuan dUdc trieu dinh<br /> ThUdng hoang trong hdn mdt canh gid,<br /> tien phong la Dai vUdng. Chieu Van vUdng<br /> dUdc ThUdng hoang khen ring: "Nhd Hai T r i n Nhat Duat dUdc phong lam Ta thanh<br /> thUc la ngUdi gidi, dUdc quan gia (nha vua- Thai sU. Nam 1271, dudi trieu vua T r i n<br /> TG) sai khien la phai" (26). Thanh Tdng, T r i n Quang Khai dUdc<br /> Van Hue vUdng Tran Quang Trieu phdng TUdng qudc Thai dy, n i m giQ viec<br /> (1286-1325) (27) la ccn trai ca cua Hung nUdc nam 1271, luc 32 tudi (tinh theo tudi<br /> NhUdng vUdng Tran Qudc Tang, chau ndi Am lich) (28). Sau dd, vao nam 1282, dudi<br /> cua Hung Dao Dai vUdng Tran Qudc Tuan. trieu vua Nhan Tdng dUdc thang ThUdng<br /> Nam 1301, khi mdi 14 tudi, Tran Quang tudng Thai sU.<br /> Sao tao va trong dung. 25<br /> <br /> Tran Khanh Du dUdc vua Tran Nhan nho sinh va nhiing quan lqi cu cua triiu<br /> Ton khen la ngUdi vda tai tri lai mUu lUdc Ly.<br /> va lap lam thien td nghia nam (con nuoi Trong dung ngUdi tai vao viec nU6c dUdc<br /> cua thien td) va dUdc phong chdc Phieu ky nha Tran thiic hien nghiem tuc, cong bang<br /> ThUdng tudng quan, mot chdc chi danh nen nhdng nhan tai trieu Tran deu dUdc<br /> rieng cho hoang td. Tran Quang Trieu dUdc the hien tai nang tren cac linh viic chinh<br /> phcng chdc Nhap Noi kiem hieu tu do, mot tri, quan sU, van hea, ngoai giao. Va, ta<br /> trong nhiing chdc quan dau trieu vao nam thay rang, thiic trang dao tao, trong dung<br /> 1324, dudi thdi vua Tran Minh Tong... nhan tai ndi bat cua trieu Tran la nham<br /> NhU vdy, co the khai quat ring, nha trong dung ngiibi thiic tdi vao viec nUdc<br /> Tran trong dung tat ca nhiing ngUdi hien khong cdu ne vao mot phiicfng thdc tuyen<br /> tai, khong ke ho xuat than la quy toe hay dung nao. Dieu do phan anh each thdc<br /> binh dan va khong nhat thiet la cd phai tuyen dung nhan tai thdi Tran cot de cao<br /> qua thi cd. Nhiing nhan tai dUdc dao tao, thUc tai (29). Khong giong nhu thdi Le,<br /> tuyen chon va trong dung la: ton that, Nguyen ve sau, tuyen chon quan lai, nhan<br /> nhiing ngiibi do dat qua khoa cii, nhiing tai qua thi cd Nho hoc la chinh.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Dai Viet su ky toan thii (DVSKTT), tap II, sau: Thdi Ly Id 3 khoa - 22 ngUdi do, thdi Tran la<br /> Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1971, tr. 14, 43. 10 khoa - 273 nguoi do, biet luc vd bd' di thdi Ly 1<br /> khda - 5 ngUdi do, thdi Tran 4 khoa - 9 ngUdi do,<br /> (2). Theo Ha Van Tan - Pham Thi Tam trong:<br /> td'ng cong thdi Ly 4 khoa - 27 ngUdi do, thdi Tran<br /> Cuoc khdng chien chdng xdm lUpc Nguyen - Mong<br /> 14 khoa - 282 ngUdi do. NhUng theo thdng ke cua<br /> the ky XIII, In lan thii tU, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi,<br /> tdi trong DVSKTT thi thdi Tran cd 12 khoa thi<br /> Ha Noi, 1975, tr. 159 cho rang chi co mot nghin<br /> Thai hoc vd 01 khoa thi Dinh cac Tien si. Theo tu<br /> quan va khong phai la nam 1281 ma la 1282: "Sau<br /> lipu cho biet thi thi Dinh la de chon ra Trang<br /> viec lap An Nam tuyen uy ty va sai mot nghin<br /> nguyen, Bang nhan, Tham hoa nhu ghi chdp trong<br /> quan dua Tran Di Ai ve nUdc ndm 1282...".<br /> DVSKTT, tdp II, sdd, tr. 183 ve Khoa thi Dinh<br /> (3), (5), (7). DVSKTT, tdp II, sdd, tr. 51, 8, 147. ndm 1374: "Thi dinh cac tien si, cho Dao Su Tich<br /> (4). Phan Huy Chu: Lich trieu hien chuong loai do Trang nguyen, Le Hien Phii do Bang nhan,<br /> Tran Dinh Tham do Tham hoa, cho bon La Tu do<br /> chi, Phan Khoa muc chi, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha<br /> Hoang giap cap d$ va dong cap d$; deu cho an yen<br /> Npi, 1992, tr. 149.<br /> va ao xap, cho xuat than theo thd bac khac nhau.<br /> (6). Trong bdi: Vdi net ve giao due khoa cii thdi Dan ba ngUdi do dau di chdi phd 3 ngay. Theo 1$<br /> Ly Tran, Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sti„ so' 2-1977, cu, Thai hoc sinh 7 nam mot lan thi, lay 30 ngUdi<br /> tr. 28, tac gia Nguyen Danh Phiet cd dan lai tU do ma thdi. Thi Trang nguyen thi khong cd dinh le<br /> lieu cua Nguyen Hoan, tac gia the ky XVIII trong nhUng thuoc quan d tam quan, thai hoc sinh, thi<br /> Dai Viet lich triiu ddng khoa luc ve cac khoa thi than hoc sinh, tudng phii hoc sinh va ngUdi cd tudc<br /> Tien si vd ngUdi do Tien si thdi Ly vd Tran nhu pham deu dUdc vad thi ca". Day la khoa thi Dinh cd<br /> 26 P.ghien ciru Ljch sir, sd 12.2010<br /> <br /> nhieu doi tUdng du thi trong dd cd ca tien si (thai (15), (16), (17), (18). DVSKTT, tap II, sdd, tr.<br /> hoc sinh) nen tdi khdng xep vao khoa thi Thai hoc 14, 100, 34, 36-37.<br /> sinh.<br /> (19). DVSKTT, tap II, sdd, tr. 94-95; Tha van<br /> (8). Nguyen Trung Ngan, danh nhan thdi Tran, Ly-Trdn, tap II, quyen ThUdng, sdd, tr. 600.<br /> ngUdi mot thdi ddng dau Kinh sU Thang Long va<br /> (20). Ngd Thi Si: Viet sii tieu an, quyen 3, Ban<br /> cd nhieu ddng gdp cho Thang Long nhUng hien nay<br /> danh may cua Vien Su hoc.<br /> dudng Nguyen Trung Ngan lai chi la mot ngd nhd<br /> cua phd' Nguyin Cdng TrU, ra't ngan, khoang vai (21), (25), (26), (28). DVSKTT, tap II, sdd, tr.<br /> chuc mdt, khdng tUdng xUng vdi ddng gdp cua Ong. 139, 177, 98, 41.<br /> <br /> (9), (10). Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hien chUOng (22). Nhdng tac pham cua dng hi$n cdn Id:<br /> loai chi, Phin Khoa muc chi, sdd, tr. 154, 154. Tung gid hoan Kinh sit (Phd gia ve Kinh); Tdng<br /> Bde sii Sai Trang Khanh (Tien sd Bac Sdi Trang<br /> (11). Trong cudn: Khao lupc vi kinh nghiem<br /> Khanh); Tdng Bde su Sai Trang Khanh, Ly Chan<br /> phdt trien dao tao vd su dung nhdn tdi trong lich<br /> Van ddng (Tdng sfl Bic Sai Trang Khanh, Ly<br /> sit Viet Nam, Nxb. Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi, Ha<br /> Cha'n Van); Di Bach Md tit (De den Bach Ma); Di<br /> Noi, 2005, chUdng III: Viec dao tao vd si dung dd thit (De thd d bi^t thu dong que); Litu Gia do<br /> nhdn tdi trong buoi ddu xdy diing nhd nUdc qudn<br /> (Ben do LUu Gia); Xudn nhat hiiu cam (Cam<br /> chu doc lap tit the ky X de'n theky XTV, d trang 55,<br /> hUng ngdy xuan) va Phiic Hung vien (Vudn Phuc<br /> da viet: "... cd nhieu nhan tdi ndi bat xua't than<br /> Hung).<br /> khoa cU nhU Phung Khac Khoan, Pham Su Manh,<br /> Le Vfin Huu, Mac Dinh Chi, Doan Nhu Hai...", (23). Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hien chUOng<br /> theo tdi, Phung Khdc Khoan Id nhan tai nhUng loai chi, tap II, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Npi,<br /> khdng phai d cac the ky X-XIV. Doan Nhu Hai 1992, tr. 223.<br /> cung la nhan tai nhUng chua he do dat qua khoa (24). Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hien chitang<br /> cd. loai chi, tap 1, muc Nhdn vat chi, Nxb. Khoa hoc<br /> (12). Tha van L y- Tran, tdp II, quyen ThUdng, xa hdi, Ha Ndi, 1992, tr. 227.<br /> Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hdi, Hd Ndi, 1989, tr. 726-727. (27). Tran Quang Trieu cdn cd ten Id Nguyen<br /> (13). Binh thii yeu lUOc, Nxb. Khoa hoc xd hdi, Dao va Nguyen Thu, hi$u la Cue Dudng chu nhan<br /> Ha Ndi, 1977, tr. 86. va Vd Sdn Ong.<br /> <br /> (14). Cac ton tha't vao chinh phu deu gia them (29). Xem them: Nguyen Thj PhUdng Chi:<br /> ham kiem hieu dac tien nghi dong tam ti binh Phuong thiic tuyen dung quan lai thai Tran, Tap<br /> chUdng sU. chi Nghien ciiu Lich su, sd 7-2006, tr. 19-26.<br />