Dạy học từ ngoại ngữ theo tiếp cận tâm lý học - GS.TS. Trần Hữu Luyến

DAY HOC TD N G O A I N G Q<br /> THEO TIER CAN TAM LY HOC<br /> <br /> GSTS Tran Hffu Luy^n<br /> Trudng Dai hoc Ngoai ngil Ihii hoc QIU'H gia lid Ndi<br /> <br /> <br /> • loM r \ i<br /> l)ii\ hoc u'( ui^oai ngif cd nhieu binh dirn ti^'p < dn. trong dd. tie'p can tU binh<br /> dien tarn iv hoe Id i at < dn ban. song nhieu khi trong dux hoc tif ngoai ngilkhon^ duac<br /> de cdp dcii h('d< de nip mm cd(h klimig ddv die l I'l tie'p can tarn ly lux hogi dong,<br /> ddc biet. tif quan hat tncn nang luc ttr vung<br /> phuc \'ii eho giao licp ngOn ngii.<br /> <br /> Ttr cd nhieu nghia, nen hie'u ra y ttr nghTa cua ttr va sir dung nghTa ciia ttr dc<br /> the' hien y la va'n de lua chpn duoc nghTa giin nhat ihi'eh hpp trong giao licp. Cho<br /> nen, hieu \a sir dgng tir Irong giao Iiep ngOn ngii la lira chon dupe nghTa gan nhai<br /> thi'ch hap vdi tinh hudng Idi noi va ngfr ciinh. Day la mOt ky nang rat can ban ciia<br /> nam viing Itr,<br /> Ve mat phat sinh loai. ttr diroc b.ii diu hinh thanh trong tinh hudng lao<br /> dong. Ve mat phai sinh ca the. nam \'rrng ttr cung dupe b.il dau tCr tinh hudng.<br /> nhung la tinh hudng Idi ndi trong gi.io tie'p \oi ngirdi Idn. d ca hai binh dien, nam<br /> vting ttr deu la mOt qua trinh, bat tiaii bang hiCii tir trong tinh hudng Idi ndi \'a sau<br /> dd mdi sir dung dupe tir tlo trong nhirng tinh hudng Idi ndi tuong tu. Vice nam<br /> vihfig ttr d giai doan khdi dau nay. cd hai dieu kien quan trong<br /> - Phai hie'u ttr, hieu nghia cila tir; hieu ttr, hiC-u nghi.i ciia tir la viec trudc<br /> nen. sir dung ttr. sir dung nghia eiia tir la vice licp iheo. Logit n.iy khOng Ihe dao<br /> nguoc.<br /> - Tinh hudng loi ndi eiia ttr. Khtri dau, ph.ii d i i n ra Irong linh huong Idi ndi<br /> cu the, tire hi phu Ihutic vim himg loat yen lo cu.i tinh hudng Idi ndi cu the- '<br /> Vice nam vfrng tir, nam \iriig nghia eiia ttr Irong Idi ndi thu dting (nghe)<br /> dien ra cung giong vice nam vung tir. nilm vung nghia eii.i ttr trong Idi noi chit<br /> dpng (mil) Deu bat thiu bang hic-ii tir. hiC-u nghia ciia Itr. sau do mdi su dung dupe<br /> lir. sir thing dirpc nghia cii.i lir,<br /> Sau nay. khi co kicn Ihi'rc \ e ttr \irng. nam x-Ung Itr, n.lm vfrng nghia cua ttr<br /> mdi ehuycn sang true licp liong nguciinh<br /> Viec niim vfrng ttr, nam \'frng nghTa cila tir mang r5 dae d i i m phat tncn tam<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 24 TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012<br /> ly ngdn ngir liia ludi ciia con ngudi. 6 giai doan ddu ddi cua ire. viee nam viing<br /> dupe nghTa ey the ciia ttr nhin chung khdng viing chac; nghTa nay thudng chi gdn<br /> vdi nhimg bieu hien de tha'y ciia vat, chir khdng phai bi^u hien ban cha't cua vat va<br /> 0 cac giai doan sau, khi nghTa eu the' dupe nam viing gan vdi bi^u hien ban ehai<br /> eiia vat, thi nd eiing khdng bat bien, ma licp luc dupe phat iiicn khdng ngtrng. Thi<br /> du, nghTa va y trong ten ngudi me chang han. luc d-lu ddi vdi dira ire chi la nghTa<br /> ngudi phu nir cu the chain sdc nd, mang dam m-lu sac linh cam va tinh hudng; khi<br /> Idn hon den trudng. nghTa v;i y irong ten ngudi me khdng chi la ngudi phu ntr sinh<br /> ra nd. ma cdn la ngudi phu nU da hei Idng cham sdc. chiu dung khd khan, lo toan<br /> mpi thir de nd dupe trudng thanh va den khi nhieu ludi hon niia, trong cai ten<br /> ngudi me la ca mdt lieu sir dai lau v^ ngudi me gan vdi nhirng khiic quanh thay<br /> ddi, nhung bien cd. sir kien khdng the' quen vii nhiing tinh cam sau dam trong<br /> nhiing linh hudng. hoan canh sinh ddng ciia Uiuc lien da trai qua. Mdi ngudi deu<br /> cd mot von tir x.ic dinh. irong dd. mdi lir di^u ehira dung nhu'ng ndi dung nghia va y<br /> phong phu nhu \ay. chiing phat tri^n theo thdi gian, phu (liiioc v.io irai nghiem,<br /> kinh nghiem. trinh do, van lida va hit:u biei ciia mdi ngudi.<br /> <br /> 8. Veu cau tiim l> ddi M»i day tir ngoai ngfr<br /> Nhiing dieu da irinh bay d tren ve cac noi dung tam ly cua lir cd ra't nhieu y<br /> nghia ddi vdi day hpc tir ngoai ngir. D:iy la co sd khoa hpc de dua ra cac yeu c^u<br /> lam ly lam sang td wi \a\' dung cac nguycn tac giao hpc phap. ndi dung va phUPng<br /> phap da\' hoe ttr ngoai ngir ttr binh dien tam ly hoc. Can cii vao cac ndi dung tam<br /> ly ciia tir da trinh bay, dudi day xin dua ra moi so cac yeu can tam ly nhu vay.<br /> Trudc he't, dc day hpc lir ngoai ngiT hay day ttr ndi chung, can khai thae eae<br /> chiic nang tam ly ciia ttr. Nhu da trinh bay, lir cd riii nhieu chiic nang tam ly. Trudc<br /> hel la chirc nang xac dinh vai. chinh xac. ehire nang xac dinh vat, tfnh chat, hanh<br /> dpng hoac quan he. Da\ la chiic nang rat cP ban ciia ttr. Trong thuc te day hpc tir d<br /> nha trudng. chirc nang nay da dupe dat ra ngay ttr dau, dupe quan tam dae biet, rat<br /> Idn va nhieu khi la quan tam duy nhat. Viec quan tam sdm, dac biet, ra't Idn la<br /> hoan loan can ihiel, vi day la chirc nang thay the ciia ngdn ngii ndi chung, ciia tii<br /> ndi rieng. nhung la duy nha't, thi ndi dung day hoe lir lii ehira dii. vi iCr eon nhCrng<br /> ehire nang khae va rat quan trong.<br /> Mdt irong nhirng chirc nang quan trong khae dd la chue nang phan tfch vat.<br /> di sau vao dac diem ciia nhirng trtru lUpng hoa va khai quat hoa nhirng da'u hieu<br /> ciia chung, tim ra nhung dac diem ban chai chung ciia nhung vat va dua chiing vao<br /> he thdng nhirng lien he, quan he phi'rc lap vao nhung Idp, nhung loai, nhung pham<br /> irti xac dinh. Day hpc tir khdng the khong quan liim khai thae ehire nang nay. Nam<br /> duoc chirc nang nay ciia tir mdi cd the dirng lir lam cdng cu ciia lu duy, ciia y thirc,<br /> ciia luu giir, truydn dal kinh nghiem, eiia giao tie'p ngdn ngir vii eiia cdng eu xir ly<br /> thdng tin. Khi ehiic nang nay dupe chii y trong day hoc tir, thi thudng lai chi chii y<br /> khai ihac tir lam cdng cu ciia giao tiep vii xir ly ihdng lin. ma ft hoac khdng quan<br /> tam diing mire de'n tir lam cdng eu ciia lu duy. ciia y thirc, ciia hai giir. truydn dat<br /> kinh nghiem. Thanh la. nhieu khi sau khi da hoc tir. nguoi hoc cd the van dung<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHi TAM Lt HOC, Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012 25<br /> duoc lot tir vao giao licp. nhimg v5n khOng sao trii Idi dupe nhQng cau hdi lien<br /> quan de'n chiic nang nay eiia tir nhu "ci hi gi'.'". "chim li gi?". "ngudi la gi?" v.v...<br /> tiic la v5n khOng niim dutie chic nang tam 1^ phan ti'ch vat, chua thSy dupe ban<br /> chai eiia vat do Itr the hien. Dc Ira Idi dutrc nhiing cau hdi nhu vay, cSn khai thae<br /> sau chirc nang phan tich niy ciia ttr Iiong diiy hpc ttr.<br /> Ngoai la. ttr ciin co chi'rc nang quan Irpng khac niia la chiic nang tir vung.<br /> tiic lii tham gia vim nhirng nhdm quan he ngii nghTa, niim Irong nhihig trudng ngii<br /> nghTa. Tir nao cung ct'i ehiic nang ngfr nghTa niiy. cDng tham gia ciing nhihig ttr<br /> khiic. Cling CO chung nhfrng Iruitng ngfr nghTa. 6 mire thap nhai la nhdm tir hay<br /> trudng ngu nghTa theo am thanh. d miic kha hon la nhdm ttr hay trudng ngii nghia<br /> theo hoan canh. 6 miic cao nhai la nhtim ttr hay Irudng ngfr nghTa theo ngu nghTa<br /> thuSn thuy. Chinh nhd chi're nang nay, tir tao ra eo che' iicm iin cSn Ihiei ciia mdi<br /> lien he gitr.i tir niiy v(ii nhfrng Itr khac lam thu.1n Ipi cho vice tim ra nghia gan phti<br /> help nhat irong tinh hudng hii ndi hay Irong ngtr canh. Do la co chf tam ly ngOn<br /> ngu rai quan trong dot wii vice hicu ttr va sir tlung ttr de nhan thiic va giao Hep ngon<br /> ngfr 1 ).i\ hpc tir ciin hudng vao luyen tap eo che niiy d mire cao nhat.<br /> Thu hai, day hpc ttr ndi chung va Itr ngoai ngii ndi licng thuOng chi chii y<br /> den ban chSt xa hfli ciia ttr. ma i.ii ft chu y ilcii ban chit tam ly ciia tir. Day tir ehi<br /> chU y de'n ban chat \.i hoi ciia ttr. cua nghia ciia ttr la chi tinh den phan nOi dung<br /> khach quan ciia ttr. ciia nghia ciia ttr duoc sO dong thdng nhat thtra nhan. tire thdng<br /> nhai hieu va thdng nhai sir dung trong nhiin thiic va trong giao iicp Dieu nay rai<br /> cSn, nhung mdi la phan ndi, lOp ngoai cua ttr. Dang sau ttr, sau nclii.i khach quan<br /> dd cua ttr cdn mot phan hei sire quan Irpng cua ttr; dd la nt>i dung tam ly cua ttr,<br /> nhting qua trinh tam ly nhan thirc, cam .xiic, thai dp, hanh vi va ca nhiing d^u hieu<br /> cua tinh hudng, hoan canh thuc lien sinh dOng dicm ra ddng thiri \t'ri phan nghia<br /> khach quan kia cila ttr. Day lit phiin hen trong, phan chim, be s.iu ciia ttr. D.iy ttr,<br /> phai khai Ihac dupe phSn uim ly nay. phan him nen ban chat tam ly hoat diMig ctia<br /> ttr. (J ca the, ttr khong cd ban chai tam ly Inxii dOng thi khong the' cd dupe phSn<br /> ban chai xa hc)i ciia ttr. Chinh phan ban th.it tam ly ho.ii dfing ciia tir lam cho chii<br /> the eti dutre phan ban chai xii hfu cii.i ttr, Ttr khong eo ban chat tam ly, thi chi la ttr<br /> ciui ni.iy,<br /> Dtra tie va ngir(;(i hoc nam \'fnig (hicu \.i su dung) Itr. nghia ciia tir bao gid<br /> cting lien ctr sir ciiii nhirng qu.i liinli liim ly x.ic ilinh. Cho nen. day hpc ttr can td<br /> chiic eho dirtrc nhfrng qua trinh tam ly n.iy. id chuc c.ic qua trinh tam ly nhan thirc<br /> (quii Iiinh In gi.ic. qua tilnh tu tiny) nghia eiia lir. dic'u khidn cam ,\uc, thai do,<br /> hanh vi ciia chii llic linh hoi h.iy sir dung Itr v.i chii dong tao ra eae diic diem ciia<br /> tinh huong loi noi, ngfr eiinh Ihuc Ic sinh tlong lam etr sd eho niim virng noi dung,<br /> nam vfrng nghia khiieh t]iian ciia itr Noi eiieh khac, ban chai tam i\' ciia ttr. cua<br /> nghi.i khiieh quan ciia ttr l.i ho.tl tlong Va\. ti.iy hoc ttr l.i day hpc etc boat ddng,<br /> khai Ihiie siiu sac ban chat l.im ly hoat dong eiia ttr. I'hiii lam cho ngudi hpc hoat<br /> dpng thuc su, khong chi l.i hoat diing nhan thi're t.ii tao lai Itr, boat dpng sit dung ttr,<br /> ma ca nhfrng cam xiic, th.ii dt\ h.inh vi diCn ra trong eae boat dpng nay. cting vdi<br /> <br /> <br /> 26 TAP CHITAM If HOC. Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012<br /> nhimg dac die'm eua tinh hudng Idi noi hay ngti canh hpc tap cu the'. Day cung la<br /> CO sd tam ly hpc d^ dua ra nguyen tac day hpc tir ngoai ngii va cfing lii nguyen tie<br /> day hoc ngoai ngO la nguyen tde boat dOng, ndi day dii bon la nguyen tac hoat<br /> dong - giao tiep,<br /> Thd ba, trong day hpc ttr ndi chung va day Iir ngoai ngii ndi rieng, nhi^u khi<br /> chi quan tam de'n nghia ciia ttr mt'ii each chung chung: iir cd nghia va can day hpc<br /> nghTa ctia ttr, Dieu dd khOng sai, Ttr eti nghTa Ihi phai day nghTa, nhung nhu the' se<br /> de thieu nhihig nOi dung can day hpc ttr, Nhir tren da trinh bay, lit khOng chi cd<br /> mot loai nghTa, 6 day ndi de'n loai nghlii. chii khOng phai ndi de'n sd lucmg nghia<br /> trong tir. TCr cd nhieu loai nghia. CSn nam that ro cac loai nghia nay ciia tit de dua<br /> ra noi dung va phuong phap day hpc ttr cho phti hop.<br /> Loai nghia dupe noi den dau lien cOa ttr la nghia bicu v.it. phan anh nhChig<br /> thupc tinh be ngoai cua v,at. Loai nghia niiy Ihutlng dupe quan tam Uong day tit.<br /> Nhimg neu day ttr chi dirng lai d nghia nay. thi ngirdi hpc mtit cd dirpc nhting tri<br /> thi're ben ngoai eiiii vat. tiic mdi cd kha nang thay the phSn ben ngoai ciia vai trong<br /> nhan thuc va giao tidp ngon ngfr, Phan ben Irong. ban chai va nhting dac ti'nh ban<br /> chai \ii cac mdi lien he. quan he cila vat mdi cho phep xir ly thOng tin mOt each<br /> chinh xac, tin ciiy, Phan nay thuOc loai nghia pham trti ciia ttr, Ro rang, thieu loai<br /> nghia nay. con nguoi chua the' vupt qua dupe con vai. Con nguoi vuot qua va hon<br /> han con vat la nho cd duoc loai nghia nay Nhu vay. vi mat ly luiin day hpc, day tur<br /> khong chu y de'n loai nghia nay la cdn thieu ve noi dung day ttr, Ve mat tam ly<br /> hpc, day hpc ttr thie'u loai nghia nay la chua tao ra dupe cong cii lam phat trie'n con<br /> ngudi, Ro rang, day tir rat can chu y day loai nghia nay mot each thi'ch dang. Nam<br /> duoc loai nghia nay, ngudi hpc mdi xir ly dupe thong tin Uong nhan thiic va giao tie'p<br /> ngon ngu khach quan, hieu qua.<br /> Day nghia pham trti cua tir la td chi'rc cac qua trinh nhan thuc ciia ngudi hpc<br /> hudng vao tim ra ban chai, dac die'm va cac mdt quan he, lien he tang bac eiia vat<br /> dupe ttr the hien, nham dua dupe vat dd vao mot pham trti xac dinh, ddng thdi<br /> luyen tap cac ky nang sir dung nghia pham Irii nay ciia ttr trong nhting tinh hudng<br /> Idi noi hay trong cac ngti canh xac dinh, Phuong phap quan trong thich hpp nhat<br /> de.day hoc loai nghia nay ciia ttr la phuong phap day hpc duoc xay dirng tren co sd<br /> khai thae eae diic diem ciia nhan thuc ly tinh. dac biet, cua tu duy trtru tuong vOi<br /> cac thao tac nhu phan lich, long hop, khai quat hoa, he thdng hoii. eu the hoa, phan<br /> loai, ma bat cii ai cd kie'n Ihiic tam ly hoc dai eirong cung ro,<br /> Thu tu, day hoc ttr thucrng ehi chti y den ciic ca'u thiinh trong can iriic ngti<br /> nghia cua ttr, ma ft quan tam den eae ca'u thanh ciia eau true lam ly ciui Itr, Cu the,<br /> trong day hpc ttr thudng quan tam khai thae cac ciiu thanh ngir nghia ctia ttr nhu<br /> nghia bieu viit, nghia pham trti, Cac ttr ddng nghia hay nhieu nghia. eae Itr trai<br /> nghia va ca truOng nghia cua cac ttr do (thupc ciiu thiinh nghia bieu vat), cling mot<br /> so cac khai niem, cac thuat ngii (thupc cau thiinh nghia pham trti) duoc dua vao<br /> noi dung day hoc tir Nhirng nhting ca'u Ihanh ti'ong ciiu tnic tam ly lam co sd cho<br /> nhiing nghia dd lai hiem khi duoc ti'nh den Ironit noi dung dav hoc ttr nhu nhu cau.<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI' TAM Lt HOC, Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012 27<br /> dang CO, y dinh, y mudn, eiich thiic, chicii lupc, bilJn phip thuc hien trong tri nhan<br /> va sii dung tit lii giao tie'p. Chi gan day. nhting ca'u Ihanh nay ciia ciiii true tam ly<br /> ciia tir mtii dupe noi den va dir.i viio day hoe itr,<br /> Thu nam. day hpc lir Ilnritng coi nghia ciia Itr ba't hicn, khOng thay ddi va<br /> chi cSn dirng lai mOI liln, I )o hi mftt nhiin Ihi'rc khOng cd co sd khoa hpc.<br /> NghTa cua ttr khOng dirot hinh Ihanh chinh x^c ngay mdt liic, ma dupe hinh<br /> Ihanh thin ilan va khi nghia cii Ihc da Ird nen vttng chac d cd the Ihi nd vSn Iicp luc<br /> dupe phat tncn. Qua trinh phin irie'n dii. ttr cd nhting nghia mat di, co nhirng nghia<br /> mdi xuat hien va nd tao ra mOI gia dinh, hi.i hang nha ttr, theo hudng phan anh vat<br /> ngay cang chi'nh xac, in d.1m nhiing dac dicm ciia thuc Hen. cda thdi d.ii, Cho nen,<br /> tliiy hoc ttr, day hpc nghia ciia ttr can tinh de'n sir phat trie'n nghia nhu vay cua lir,<br /> TbuiTng ttr co ba muc phai ti leii trong qua trinh nam vfrng d ngudi hpc: miic<br /> ngtr nghia Ihap nhai la Iheo am thanh (cac Itr tlong am, cac tir eo am thanh gin<br /> nhau), miic ngti nghia khii htm la Iheo hoiin canh (tiit iir ihuting xu.ii hien Irong<br /> cting hoan canh) va mttc ngfr nghia tao nhiit la ngii nghia Ihuan thuy (dting nghia<br /> cLia tir). I).i\ hpc itr cm dal dupe muc cao nhai nay.<br /> / liirsdu. ti.iy hpc ttr khOng chi chii y de'n nghia, ma t.in quan tam de'n y ciia<br /> ttr niia. Trong nhan thirc va giao Hep. Itr bao gid cung gdm ca nghia \'a y. trie<br /> "nghia ben ngoai" ciia ttr (ycii Id co siV ciia ngOn ngti) va "nghia gi.io Hep - xa hoi"<br /> (yen id co ban ciia giao tiep) Nghia ciui Itr mang tinh kh,ith quan, tinh xii hoi la de<br /> chd y ciia ca nhan, de giao Iicp xa hoi Y eiia Itr mang tinh chii quan. tinh tam ly<br /> cila ca nhan khong tu ton tai dupc. mil phai nuong nhO nghia ciia tir, nhd nghia cua<br /> tit de the' hien cho ngutJi khae va cho ca chinh minh. Cho nen day ttr, day nghia<br /> cua ttr la day each the hien y cii nhan nay. each the" hien nghia giao tiep - x,! hoi<br /> nay trong nhan thire va Irong giao Iicp. Ngudi ta ntii c.ic phucmg thiic ngOn ngtt<br /> truyen dat Ihong tin, truyen dat y la ntii den moi quan he nay. (j ttr la cac phuong<br /> Ihii-c ciia nghia de Iruyen dat y. Day ttr chi to kcl qua khi tinh den mOi quan he ciia<br /> nghia vtri y trong itr.<br /> 7'/i/r bdv. nam xung Itr la mot qua trinh, Dii day hpc tit theo phuong thiic<br /> nam Ming nha Irutrng diroe soi s.ing irong irirtmg y Ihi'rc thi van can phai cd Ihdi<br /> gian dc Ih.'iii hitii O moi gi.ii doan niim vfrng ttr. ehi ef) the' Ihau hieu den mOi mii:c<br /> nhai tlinh. eho nen can co moi ke ho.ith ti.iv hoe ttr Ihich http va khoa hpc.<br /> B.in chin tiia nam vfnig ngt'ai ngtr la n.im vfrng k\' nang sir dung ngon ngtr<br /> dc gi.io Hep vii nhan thi're, lire la nam \ung e.ie ky n.ing ho.it dong liii ndi de nhan<br /> Ihi'rc vii giao licp ngon ngfr Nhir \iiy. Ixln dial eini nam xung Itr eung la ndm vihig<br /> ky nang sir dung ttr phuc vu cho nh.in Ihuc v.i gi.io tiep ngon ngfr. Ttr thu thay hien<br /> nhien rang, day hoc nam \'i"rng ttr, nam vfrng nghia eua itr la mtit qua Irinh linh hoi<br /> va luyen lap de clioi eting phiii d.it throe e.ie ky nang sir dung ttr dc' nhan Ihiic va<br /> giao tiep ngon ngfr Ciao htK' phiip d.iy ngoai ngfr noi chung va day hpc ttr cua ngon<br /> ngfr duoc tlay hoe ndi ncng d.ing pli.it tncn theo hirt'mg niiy<br /> <br /> <br /> 28 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC. Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2012<br />  Ngudi hpc ngoai ngir thudng da nam vihig tie'ng me de, nen viec nam vihig<br /> lii ngoai ngir cdn ehiu anh hudng sau sac eiia quy luat chuye'n di va can thiep ciia<br /> ky nang hidu va .sir dung nghia va y ciia ttr tie'ng me de. Day cting la mdt ndi dung<br /> tam ly, nhung khdng la ddi tupng quan tam ciia bai vie't nay.<br /> Tren ddy la mot sd van 66 tam ly ve day hpc tir ngoai ngtr ndi rieng va day<br /> hoc tir ndi chung. Ve mat tam ly hpc, cd th^ cdn nhting ndi dung lam ly khae eua<br /> ttr, nhung day la nhting ndi dung tam ly ciia ttr rai can ban. Hy vpng, nhiing dieu<br /> da trinh bay gdp dupc phSn nao dd v^o lam sang id va xay dung cac nguyen tac<br /> giao hoc phap. ndi dung va phuong phap day hpc ttr ngoai ngii ttr binh dien tam ly<br /> hoc Hoat ddng.<br /> <br /> <br /> Tai lieu tham khao<br /> [1] BbiroTeKHii Jl.C nciixonnins Jl.C. Bi.iroicKoro, B cepnn: Mnp ricHxojiorHH,<br /> H3/1. Onpcnb flpecc ')kc-ro - 1 Ipccc. MocKna, 2000.<br /> [2]. Jlypufl A.P.. 5l3biK 11 comamie, \hn. MV. MocKBa, 1998<br /> [3]. Tran HCru Lu\cn, Ca sa tdm !v hoc day hoc ngoai ngu, KXB DI I QGHN, 2008<br /> [4]. JleoHTbeB .'\ H., J^eaTejibiiocrb, Cosnaime, Jln'inocTb Msa 2, MocKBa, 1977.<br /> [5]. JleoHTbCB .'X.A.. CJIOBO B peMeBoii aeflTcibHOCTH, H-iR. lla\Ka. MocKaa, 1969.<br /> [6]. BbiroTCKHH J l . C . Mbiiujieniic H penb, B KU: MsdpauHbie ncnxoirorHMecKHe<br /> HccjienoBaHHa. MocKBa. 1977.<br /> [7] JleoHTbee A.H.. ripoo-ieNn.i paaenTHa UCHXHKH, HI;I M F V , \IocKBa.l981<br /> [8]. JleoHTbee A. A.. HcKOTopbie npo6-ic\ibi odyHennH p\ccKOMy a3biK>' KaK<br /> HHocTpaHHOMy, H3;i. M P y , \1ocKBa, 1970.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd 8 (161), 8 - 2 0 1 2 29<br />