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D1€U CHINH CHINH SdCH THUONG MRI CUR €U<br />
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SnU KHUNG HORNG Vl^ SUV THORI KINH TCTORN CRUNHO'NG TRC DONG T 6 | H R N G XURT KHRU CUR V I I T N R M V R O €U<br />
T h s . H o a H i h i Cu*cmg<br />
Vien Nghien<br />
<br />
ciru Chau Au<br />
<br />
Tom tat: Cudc khung hodng tdi chinh vd suy thodi kinh ti todn cdu ndm 2008 da tgo ra<br />
nhieng bien ddng lan tren todn thi gi&i trong nhung ndm gdn ddy nhu: chu nghia bdo hg<br />
thuang mgi gia tdng, xu thi hinh thdnh vd gia tdng cdc khu vuc mgu dich tif do (FTA), su chi<br />
phdi ngdy cdng lan cua nhdm nu&c mai ndi (BRICS) ddi v&i kinh ti the gi&i... Liin minh<br />
Chdu Au (EU) Id khu vifc chiu dnh hu&ng ndng ni cua cugc khung hodng tdi chinh vd suy<br />
thodi kinh te ndm 2008, vdphdi cd nhiing diiu chinh cdn thiit trong chinh sdeh thuang mgi<br />
cda minh nhdm thich icng han vai bdi cdnh hi?n nay. Vi^c EU dieu chinh chinh sdeh thuang<br />
mgi cua minh dd cd nhirng tdc dgng ddng ke den hdng xudt khdu cua Viet Nam.<br />
Tfr khda: diiu chinh, hgp tdc. chinh sdeh thuang mgi. xudt khdu, EU. Vi$t Nam.<br />
<br />
Trong quan hf kinh tfi qudc tfi, thuang<br />
<br />
mdt lufln di dau trong vific ddi hdi dam<br />
<br />
mgi luon la ITnh vgc chifim vj tri uu tifin hang<br />
<br />
phan de md rgng thj trudng va thiie day tg<br />
<br />
diu, duge tat ea cac ben quan tam tham gia<br />
<br />
do hda thuong mgi, mat khac Igi ludn dua<br />
<br />
vdi nhieu hipn phap thuc day phdt trifin khae<br />
<br />
ra cac bifn phap tinh vi ban va cac rao can<br />
<br />
nhau. Vifc thgc thi edc ehfnh saeh thucmg<br />
<br />
phijc tap ban de bao hg san xuat trong<br />
<br />
mgi tao dieu kien eho sg phat trifin fln dinh<br />
<br />
nudc cua hp, nhat la sau khiing hoang tai<br />
<br />
eiia boat dgng thuang mai ludn dugc cac nha<br />
<br />
chfnh nam 2008. Difiu dd doi hdi cac nudc<br />
<br />
lgp chinh sach quan tam, ddc bift la nhiing<br />
<br />
theo dudi chien luge phat trifin dya vao<br />
<br />
nudc ldn nhu EU. Vdi xu hudng tg do hda<br />
<br />
xuit khau, trong dd cd Viet Nam, vua phai<br />
<br />
dang dien ra tien toan can vd do tde dfng tii<br />
<br />
cd sg hifiu biet vfi cac dieu ehinh chinh<br />
<br />
sau cufc khiing hodng tdi chfnh, vipc EU<br />
<br />
saeh thuang mgi ciia cac nudc phat trifin<br />
<br />
dilu chinh cac chinh sdeh thuong mgi tfieo<br />
<br />
va nhiing quy dinh cua WTO, vira phdi<br />
<br />
hudng cdi md hon dang trd thdnh dieu tat<br />
<br />
vugt qua dugc nhung rao can thuang mai<br />
<br />
ylu. Tuy nhien cd mft thgc te rang, cac nudc<br />
<br />
ngdy cang tinh vi vd phirc tgp ciia oac<br />
<br />
cdng nghipp phdt triln trong dd cd EU, mft<br />
<br />
nudc nay.<br />
<br />
46<br />
<br />
NGHIEN ClJrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 (159).2013<br />
<br />
L Nhirng dieu chinh trong chinh sach<br />
thtrong mai cua EU sau khiing hodng va<br />
suy thoai kinh te toan cau<br />
1.1. Boi canh dnh hu&ng din vifc dieu<br />
chinh chinh sach thirong mai cUa EU sau<br />
khung hodng tdi chinh vd suy thodi kinh te<br />
todn cdu<br />
1.1.1. Chil nghia bdo hg thuang mgi gia<br />
tdng sau khung hodng tdi chinh<br />
Do khung hoang kinh tfi, rao can thuang<br />
mai dudng nhu dang dugc dgng Ifin d khap<br />
mpi nen kinh te. Nam 2009, thfi gidi da cd tu<br />
230 dfin 250 vy dieu tra chong ban pha gia,<br />
tang khoang 20% so vdi nam 2008. Tir thang<br />
9-2008 din thang 3-2009, cac nude thanh<br />
vien WTO da dua ra tdi 211 bipn phap bao<br />
hp, bat chap nhirng cam kfit tai hfi nghj G.20<br />
ciing nhu cac diln dan chong bao hp thuang<br />
mai (BHTM). Tir thang 9 den thang 11-2009,<br />
trong sfl 10 nudc thugc G.20, mdi nudc dd<br />
phai chiu khflng dudi 20 bifin phap bao hp tu<br />
cac nudc khac (nhieu nhat la Trung Quflc vdi<br />
47 bifin phap. My la 32, Dirc la 21)'. Dilu<br />
dang chii y la BHTM dang biln hda khdng<br />
ngung va cd xu hudng "dfli dau".<br />
<br />
thuong mai tiding thang 9/2008 eua 15 quoc<br />
gia trong khu vgc Eurozone vdi cac thj<br />
trudng khac da gidm manh, tu 9,4 ti Euro<br />
(11,9 ti USD) trong tiiang 8/2008 xuflng 5,6<br />
ti Euro (7,1 ti USD), song van cao ban muc<br />
dy doan 5 ti Euro cua edc nlid phan tich.<br />
Tinh den thang 8/2009, theo sd lieu ciia<br />
Eurostat, trong 7 thang dau nam 2009, EU<br />
tiep tyc nhgp sieu vdi kim ngach xudt khdu<br />
dat 620,8 ti Euro, giam 20% so vdi ciing ky<br />
nam ngoai va kim nggch nhap khiu dat 689,8<br />
ti Euro, giam 25%^<br />
1.1.3. Gia tdng cdc hiep dinh thucmg<br />
mgi tu do<br />
Trudc cudc khung hoang, ta thudng<br />
nghe dfin vdng dam phan da bien Doha de<br />
thiic day tg do hda thuong mai theo cac tifiu<br />
chuan cua Td chuc thuang mgi thfi gidi<br />
(WTO). Nay cd the ndi vdng Dam phan<br />
Doha da chet hay chi "sflng thuc vgt" raa<br />
thay vao do la cdc cugc ddm phan dfi hinh<br />
thanh cac khu vgc mau djch tu do tren khip<br />
thfi gidi. Hifn nay ed 3 vdng eung ldn mau<br />
dieh tiJ do dang hinh thanh la TPP (giiia My,<br />
cae nudc Nam My, Ddng A trong dd cd Vipt<br />
Nam, Nhgt va ed thi Trung Qudc ciing se<br />
<br />
1.L2. Suy gidm mgnh thuang mgi cua<br />
<br />
tham gia); My vd EU ggi la FTA xuyfin Dai<br />
<br />
EU sau khung hodng tdi chinh<br />
<br />
Tdy Duong (TTIP) va RCEP (Ca chfi hgp tac<br />
<br />
Khung hoang tai chfnh va suy thoai kinh<br />
te xay ra lam eho thuang mgi todn elu suy<br />
giam. Dieu nay gay anh hudng nghifim trpng<br />
dfin thuang mai cua toan EU. Tham hut<br />
<br />
toan dien Ddng A).<br />
<br />
Ding Linh, Bdo hg mgu dich gia tang: Van ngn ldnh<br />
^^<br />
""«.<br />
http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/kvnhte/vef/76829/bao-ho-mau-dich-eia-tanp;.himl<br />
Tii<br />
ngiy 25/11/2013.<br />
<br />
1.1.4. Su trdi day mgnh me cua nhom<br />
BRICS sau khiing hodng tdi chinh vd si^<br />
thodi kinh ti todn cdu<br />
<br />
^ Thucmg vy Vi?t Nam tai EU v i Bi - Luxembourg,<br />
Tinh hinh kinh ti-thuong mgi EU nam 2009,<br />
www.euvietnam.com/vi/news/detail/0/16631?catei(t=<br />
1782, tai ngay 25/11/2013.<br />
<br />
47<br />
<br />
fj}ieu ehinh ehinh laeh IhiUfng mui...<br />
Trong thdi gian gdn ddy, vi thfi cua<br />
BRICS trong nen kinh te the gidi da tifip tye<br />
<br />
trung vao vific xdy dgng vd van hanh thi<br />
trudng chung chau Au vdi cac ndi dung;<br />
<br />
tang mgnh do dnh huong ciia cugc khung<br />
<br />
+ Tu do liru chuyin hdng hod: quy<br />
<br />
hoang tdi chinh toan cau nam 2008 vd eufle<br />
<br />
dinh: (I) Xod bd hoan todn mpi logi thufi<br />
<br />
khiing hoang ng cflng hipn nay d chau Au.<br />
<br />
quan danh vdo hang hoa xuat nhap khau giiia<br />
<br />
C^uf c khung hodng tai chinh toan cdu nam<br />
<br />
cac nudc thanh vien; (2) Xoa bd ban nggch<br />
<br />
2008 da lam suy sup nfin tdi chinh cua cac<br />
<br />
(quota) dp dung trong thuang mgi nfi khdi;<br />
<br />
nudc phat tiiln nhung lgi khdng tde dpng gi<br />
<br />
(3) Xoa bo tdt cd cac bifin phap tuong tg hgn<br />
<br />
nhilu tdi nen tdi chfnh cua cac nudc thanh<br />
<br />
ehl vfi so lugng; va (4) Xoa bd tat ca eac rao<br />
<br />
vien BRICS. Khfli BRICS (hifin chilm tdi<br />
<br />
can ve thufi giua eac nudc thanh vien.<br />
<br />
40% dan sd the gidi, ndm giii gan 20% GDP<br />
thi gidi va 50% du trii ngoai te vd vang cua<br />
<br />
+ Tu do di lgi vd cu tru trin todn ldnh<br />
<br />
thi gidi va khoang 20% thuang mgi cua nin<br />
<br />
thd Lien minh: quy dinh: (1) Tu do di lai ve<br />
<br />
kinh tfi todn d u ) trong nhung nam trd lgi day<br />
<br />
mat dia ly; (2) Tg do di chuyen de tim viec<br />
<br />
thuong xuyfin dua ra cae yeu cau phdi thay<br />
<br />
Iam d lanh thd cac nude thanh vifin khac; (3)<br />
<br />
doi mfl hinh cdu tnic tai chfnh thi gidi hifin<br />
<br />
Quyfin duge Iam viee tren Ianh thfl EU; (4)<br />
<br />
nay\ Chinh dilu nay bufc EU phdi cd nhung<br />
<br />
Quyln sinh sdng d nude thanh vien khae.<br />
<br />
dilu chinh trong chinh sdeh thucmg mgi cua<br />
minh vdi BRICS.<br />
1.2. Nhirng ngi dung chu yeu trong<br />
chinh sach thuong<br />
<br />
+ Tu do luu chuyin dich vu: Vific luu<br />
chuyin tg do cua djch vy cd thfi dugc thgc<br />
<br />
mgi cda EU trir&c<br />
<br />
khung hodng<br />
v l ban ehdt, chinh sach thuang mgi eua<br />
Lifin minh Chau Au cd thi chia thanh hai<br />
logi chfnh sach rieng bipt bao gdm: Chinh<br />
sdeh Thuang mgi Ngi khdi va Chinh sach<br />
Thuang mgi Chung EU tiic la ehinh sach<br />
thuong mgi ciia EU.<br />
1.2.1. Chinh sach thtrong mgi ngi Khdi<br />
Trong qud trinh binh thanh va phdt trien,<br />
chfnh saeh thuang mgi nfi Khoi cua EU tgp<br />
<br />
hipn theo nhirng each sau: (I) Tg do cung<br />
d p djch vy; (2) Ty do hudng eac djch vu;<br />
(3) Ty do chuyen tifin bing dien tin; va (4)<br />
Cdng nhgn lan nhau cac van bang.<br />
+ Tu do luu chuyen vdn: Trong mgt thdi<br />
gian ddi, thucmg mai ty do ve hang hoa va<br />
dich vg se khdng thi duy tri duge neu vfln<br />
khdng dugc luu chuyfin tg do va dugc<br />
chuyen tdi noi nd dugc sir dyng mdt each cd<br />
hipu qua kinh te nhdt.<br />
1.2.2. Chinh sdeh thuang mai chung<br />
Chinh sach thuang mgi ehung cua EU<br />
dugc xdy dgng qua mgt qua trinh phat trien<br />
lau ddi dl ddm bao tdng cudng tinh lien kfit<br />
<br />
^ Pepe Escobar, The Rise of the BRJC Countries. giira cdc thanh vifin EU. Cho den nay, ehinh<br />
www.mothegones.com/politics/..yrise-of-bricsach thuang mgi ndy dd dugc hoan thipn va<br />
countries, tii ngiy 25/11/2013.<br />
<br />
NGHIEN CCU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 (159}.2013<br />
<br />
ca sd phdp ly cho Chfnh sach Thuang mgi<br />
<br />
cao. Bieu thue quan chung cua EU cd cac<br />
<br />
Chung EU la Difiu 133 cua Hifip ude vl<br />
<br />
muc thufi khac nhau: Nhdm thii nhat ap<br />
<br />
Cpng dflng Chau Au"^.<br />
<br />
dgng dfli vdi nhgp khdu tir ede nude cd thgc<br />
<br />
Nguyfin tdc hogt dfng cua chfnh sach<br />
<br />
hien quy che tdi hue qude (MFN); Nhdm<br />
thii hai la thue quan uu dai, dp dyng doi vdi<br />
<br />
thirong mai chung<br />
<br />
hang nhgp khau tir cdc nudc dang phdt trien,<br />
(1) Thyc hifin chfi do quan ly nhgp khdu<br />
<br />
dugc hudng dan thuan uu dai GSP cua EU;<br />
<br />
dga tren nguyen tac eua WTO; (2) EU vua<br />
<br />
Nhdm thu ba, dugc ggi la thue quan dac<br />
<br />
chii dpng thgc hifin tu do hoa thuang mai,<br />
vira bao hg mau djch trong nham bao ve cac<br />
nganh cong nghifip cua minh trudc cac dfli<br />
thu canh tranh; (3) EU ap dung chinh sach<br />
nflng nghiep chung CAP va chinh sach thuy<br />
<br />
biet, thuc hifin ddi vdi hang nhgp khau tit<br />
cac nudc dang phat trifin dugc hudng uu dai<br />
GSP kem vdi nhung uu dai theo edc hiep<br />
djnh song phuong.<br />
<br />
san chung CFP nham bao hg san xuit nong<br />
<br />
Chinh .sach chong hdn phd gid<br />
<br />
nghipp; (4) EU ket hgp nhiing chinh sach da<br />
<br />
Quy chfi chdng phd gia quy dinh viec ap<br />
<br />
phuang khu vgc va song phuang trong cac<br />
<br />
dgng thufi chflng ban pha gia va ehi duge ap<br />
<br />
moi quan he kinh te thuang mgi; (5) Ap<br />
<br />
dyng thufi nay trong cac dieu kien:<br />
<br />
dyng he thflng thue quan phfl cap danh cho<br />
cac nudc dang phat trien.<br />
<br />
- Cd phat hien bdn pha gia: gia xuat<br />
khau cua sdn pham tren thi trudng EU thap<br />
<br />
Cdc cong cu trong chfnh sach thuong<br />
mai chung<br />
<br />
hon gia ban tai thj trudng cua nha xuat khau.<br />
- Cd tdn bai vat chdt cho doanh nghiep<br />
<br />
Bieu thui quan chung (CCT)<br />
<br />
cua EU: hang nhap khau gay ra hoac de<br />
<br />
Bieu thufi quan chung duge ap dyng cho<br />
tat ca cac nudc thanh vien EU. Thue suit phy<br />
<br />
doa gay tdn that cho phan ldn nganh kinh<br />
doanh EU.<br />
<br />
thuflc vao loai hang va xuat xu cua hang boa<br />
<br />
- Lgi ich cua EU: chi phi ma EU bd ra<br />
<br />
nhap khau, dugc xay dgng tren nguyfin tie;<br />
<br />
dfi thgc hifin cac bien phap khdng dugc li le<br />
<br />
Nhiing mat hang trong nudc chua san xuit<br />
<br />
ngich vdi lgi ich thu dugc.<br />
<br />
dugc, hoac san xuat khdng du, hoge can thilt<br />
de phat tiien nhirng nganh san xudt trong<br />
nudc se dugc mifin thufi hoae hudng thul<br />
suat thdp; Ngugc lai, nhiing mat hang tiong<br />
nudc da san xuat du hay de khuyin khich<br />
hong nudc tg san xuat se phai chju thul suit<br />
<br />
Sau khi cac muc gia xudt khau va gia<br />
thflng thudng da dugc xac dinh tiii chiing<br />
duge so sanh vdi nhau Ah xac djnh mirc pha<br />
gid. Ludt phap ciia EU eho phep tiigc hien<br />
dieu ehinh dfli vdi cdc miie chfinh Ifch lien<br />
quan den cdng dgng ciia cac san phim, thue<br />
nhfp khau, cac loai thul gian tilp, cac chi<br />
<br />
Article 133, The European Community<br />
(ECT).<br />
<br />
Treaty<br />
<br />
phf ban hang nhu van chuyen vd tiln tra hoa<br />
<br />
Thêm vào BST
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