Đường lối không liên kết của Ấn Độ nhận thức từ hiệp ước hòa bình, hữu nghị và hợp tác Ấn Độ - Liên Xô năm 1971

DUOfNG LOI KHONG LIEN KET CUA AN DO:<br /> NHAN THtrC Ttr HIEP lX6C HOA BINH, HUU NGHf<br /> VA HOP TAC AN DO - LIEN X d NAM I97I<br /> <br /> L £ T H f CUdNG*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Quan he An Dp - Lien Xd la mdt trong<br /> nhflng md'i quan he dac biet trong<br /> TrUdc het, phai nhin nh^n rd npi ham<br /> khai niem khdng lien ke't trong dudng lo'i<br /> Chie'n tranh lanh. Day la quan he gifla hai ddi ngoai cua An Dp. P h i n ldn cac hpc gia<br /> nUdc ldn khac nhau ve y thflc he, the che phUdng Tay nhin nhan ve dudng ldi khdng<br /> chinh tri nhflng lai g i n bd chat che vdi lien ket cua An Do ngay tfl khi mdi ra ddi<br /> nhau bang Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu nghi va la chu nghia trung ldp, hoac la mang tinh<br /> h(?p tac - mdt loai hinh hiep Udc ve quan he chit trung ldp, trung ldp tich cUc, trung ldp<br /> dac biet ciia Lien Xo vdi cac nUde ddng lac (heu (2). Xem xet toan bp dUdng ldi dd'i<br /> minh trong Chie'n tranh lanh. Mat khac, ngoai cua An Dp trong chien tranh lanh va<br /> An Dp la qud'c gia ludn giUdng cao ngpn cd qua cac phat bieu cua J.Nehru, LGancihi,<br /> khdng lien ke't, nhUng lai hdp tac chat che cd the t h i y ddc trUng cita chinh scich khong<br /> vdi Lien Xd tren nhieu phUdng dien, trong lien kit b An Dp la: chdng Chien tranh<br /> dd cd ca hdp tac ve chinh tri va quan sil. lanh, bao dam rdi xa cac khdi quyen lUc<br /> Trong bai nghien cflu "An Do cd phdi Id cho'ng dd'i nhau, chdng lai hen minh quan<br /> mgt cUdng qudc khong?", hpc gia H. Harpur sil trong bd'i canh xung dot gifla cic nUdc<br /> •vie't: "Chdc chdn Id viec ky mgt hiep Udc ldn; khdng phai la mpt chinh sach ngoai<br /> nhu vdy - hiep Udc ddu tien td khi ddt nUdc giao trung lap thu dpng hoac dia vi trung<br /> dugc dgc lap... dd xdc dinh the lien kit An - lap, trung lap tich ciic; la mpt chinh sach<br /> Xo... Xet vi viec An Do quyet dinh ky kit hanh dpng thilc te, ung hp dudng lo'i ddi<br /> mgt lien minh nhU thi Id vi phgm nguyen ngoai dpc lap, chung sd'ng hoa binh va<br /> tdc cua J.Nehru nen hiep Udc do da Id khdi khdng can thiep. Cd sd ra ddi chinh sdch<br /> diem khie'n cdn phdi xet lgi phUcfng hUdng khong lien ket b An Dp x u i t phat tii sd x u i t<br /> ciia An Do trong he thdng an ninh chdu A" hien trdt tU hai cUc va Chie'n tranh lanh,<br /> (1). Nhdn xdt ve md'i quan he nay, nhieu y sU hinh thanh cac lien minh quan sU song<br /> kie'n cho rang vdi Hiep Udc 1971, An Dp da phUdng va da phUdng lam x u i t hien nguy<br /> rdi xa dUdng ldi khdng lien ke't. Day la v i n cd chie'n tranh the gidi mdi; mau t h u i n sau<br /> de phflc tap bdi nd la sU danh gia toan (hen sac vdi chu nghia de qud'c va chu nghia<br /> ve dudng ldi ddi ngoai cua An Dp trong thilc dan nhUng khdng mudn di theo chu<br /> Chie'n tranh lanh. nghia cpng s i n . Vi tri nUdc ldn va nhflng<br /> <br /> <br /> * ThS. Khoa Lich sd - TrUcing Dai hgc Vinh<br /> 44 Rghien euru Lieh sii-, s6'1.2011<br /> <br /> dac trUng ve lich sU, van hda cho phep An dot leo thang b Ddng Pakistan day quan he<br /> Dp thUc hien chinh sach khdng lien ke't mpt An Dp - Pakistan dflng trUdc mpt cupc<br /> each tich ciic. Do vay, muc tieu cua khdng chie'n tranh khdng the t r i n h khdi, de dpa vi<br /> lien kit la cho'ng chie'n tranh lanh, cho'ng the cua An Dp d tieu luc dia. Trong bd'i<br /> lai cac lien minh quan sil da phUdng trong canh dd, sau qua trinh vdn dpng keo dai tfl<br /> bdi canh xung dot gifla cic nUdc ldn; chdng nam 1969, ngay 8-8-1947, An Dp va Lien<br /> chu nghia de quo'c va chu nghia thUc dan, Xd da ky Hiep (hnh Hoa binh, hflu nghi va<br /> chdng chie'n tranh; khang dinh chu nghia hdp tic. Hiep Udc gdm cd 12 (heu, cd gia tri<br /> dan tpc, ldi ich qud'c gia, sU cin thie't phai 20 nam danh dau bUdc ngoat trong quan he<br /> phat trien kinh te; yeu chupng hoa binh, hai nUdc, tfl giai doan tim tdi, nhan thflc<br /> khang dinh vai trd tich cUc cua An Dp l i n nhau sang giai doan hdp tac chie'n lUdc<br /> trong nen chinh tri the gidi. Day cung la toan dien, tin cay tren cd sd hda binh va<br /> muc tieu chinh tri xuyen sud't cua Dang hflu nghi. Ngoai cic (heu khoan ve h(3p tic<br /> Qud'c dai (3). Khong lien ke't dUdc Nehru kinh te, van hda, "hon dd tdng" cua hiep<br /> khang dinh la "khong gia nhdp lien minh dinh la cic (heu khoan ve an ninh quan sU<br /> qudn sU vdi khdi ndy de chdng lgi khdi kia, - nhflng npi dung lam diy len nhflng nghi<br /> CO the gdy nen chien tranh the gidi thd ba, ngd ve sil tan vd cua chinh sich khdng lien<br /> An Do cd gdng thiet lap quan he hOu nghi ke't. Dieu 8 cua Hiep Udc ghi rd: "Trong sU<br /> vdi tdt ca cdc nUdc, dgc biet la cdc nUdc phu. hop vdi tinh hOu nghi truyin thd'ng<br /> chdu A. Mgt nUdc An Do dgc lap se xdy dugc thiet lap giaa hai qud'c gia, moi ben<br /> diing quan he hOu nghi vdi Anh, vdi cdc tham gia hiep Udc long trgng tuyen bo' se<br /> nUdc thugc khdi Lien hiep Anh, cUng nhU khong tien hdnh hoac tham gia trong lien<br /> vdi My, Lien Xo..." (4). Nhflng luan (hem minh qudn sU nhdm chdng lgi ben kia. Hai<br /> tren hinh thanh qua met qua trinh lau dai ben tham gia hiep Udc cam kit khdng xdm<br /> trong lich sU - van hda An Dp, khai quat lUcfc ben kia vd khong cho phep sa dung<br /> h o i thanh Nam nguyen t i c chung sd'ng hda ldnh thd cua minh gdy bd't ldi cho ben kia<br /> binh, MUdi nguyen tac Bang Dung, Nam trong xung dot qudn sU giaa moi ben tham<br /> (heu kien tham gia Phong trao Khdng Lien gia hiep Udc vdi ben ngodi" (5). Dieu 9<br /> ke't. ThUc chit, chinh sach khdng lien ket khang dinh: "Moi ben ky hiep Udc cam kit<br /> la con de cua Chien tranh lanh vdi npi ham ta chdi bdt ky sU trcf giup ndo cho ben thd<br /> can ban nha't la khdng lien minh quan sU ba trong xung dot vu. trang vdi cdc ben kia.<br /> song phUdng hoac da phUdng trong xung Trong trUdng hcfp mgt trong hai ben tham<br /> dot nUdc ldn. gia hiep Udc bi tdn cdng hoac bi de doa tdn<br /> Thiet lap quan he tfl thang 3-1947, quan cdng, hai ben tham gia hiep Udc se ngay lap<br /> he An Dp - Lien Xd da trai qua nhieu bUdc tac tien hdnh cdc cugc trao doi y kien ldn<br /> thang t r i m nham nhdn thflc •vi the lan nhau de logi trd mdl de dga do vd tien<br /> nhau tren trUdng qudc te. Cupc chie'n tranh hdnh nhang bien phdp cd hieu lUc thich<br /> bien gidi Xd - Trung 1969 va sU xich lai g i n ddng nhdm ddm bdo hoa binh vd an ninh<br /> nhau trong quan he Trung - My da de dpa cua hai nUdc" (6). Tfl cac (heu khoan tren<br /> de'n vi the cua Lien Xd. Trong khi dd, quan cho thiy, day la mpt hiep Udc cd y nghia<br /> h§ ngay cang chat che gifla Trung Qud'c - phdng thu tUdng ho, khdng mang tinh t i n<br /> My - Pakistan cung dat ra cho An Dp cdng, lien minh quan sU trong xung dot<br /> nhflng thach thflc khdng nhd. Nhflng xung gifla cac nUdc ldn, ma chii ye'u la ung hp l i n<br /> Eu(tog lo'i hh6ng lien he! eiia ^ B6... 45<br /> <br /> <br /> nhau n h i m dam bao an ninh qudc phdng. quan trpng trong cudc chie'n tranh b Ddng<br /> Dieu 4 cua Hiep Udc cdn khang dinh: "Lien Pakistan nam 1972, sap nhap Sikkim vao<br /> bang Cgng hba Xd hgi chit nghla Xo viet An Dp nam 1974, chdng lai cac luan (heu<br /> cam kit ton trgng chinh sdch khong lien kit thu dich khi LGandhi ban bd' tinh trang<br /> ciia An Do vd xdc nhgn mgt ldn naa rdng k h i n cip nam 1975... Hiep Udc 1971 la mpt<br /> chinh sdch ndy la nhdn td'quan trgng trong budc lfli thflc te cua chinh sach khdng lien<br /> viec duy tri hba binh the gidi vd an ninh ke't, nhUng la bUdc lui cin thie't n h i m<br /> qud'c ti vd trong viec ldm diu tinh hinh khang dinh ldi ich dan tpc cua An Dp trong<br /> cdng thdng cua the gidi" (7). Qua dd cd the bd'i canh mdi. Hai nUdc da cd lap trUdng<br /> thiy, vi ly thuyit, Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu chung trong nhieu v i n de qud'c te quan<br /> nghi va hdp tac Lien Xd - An Dp ky ngay 9- trpng nhu giai quye't chien tranh Viet Nam<br /> 8-1971 phu hdp vdi dUdng lo'i dd'i ngoai cua (1973), v i n de Campuchia (1979-1989), sil<br /> An Dp, khdng -vi pham nguyen t i c cua ung hp lan nhau sau Tuyen bd' Delhi ve<br /> khdng lien ke't. Trong Hdi ky "Chan ly cua mpt the gidi khdng cd vu khi hat nhan<br /> tdi", LGandhi nha'n manh: (1986)... Mac dfl vay, de gifl dfldc vi tri cua<br /> minh d phong trao khdng lien ke't va dam<br /> "Mgt sd ngudi cho rdng vdi hiep Udc do,<br /> bao khdng trd thanh dd'i thu trilc tie'p tfl<br /> An Do ta bo chinh sdch ddi ngogi truyin<br /> phia My, cac nUdc chau Au, An Dp khdng<br /> thdng cua minh. Diiu dy khong dung. Hdi<br /> the budc xa hdn. Nhin nhdn quan he An Dp<br /> do, Pakistan khoe rdng hg dUdc cd the gidi<br /> - Lien Xd cd phu (iinh chinh sach khdng<br /> ung hg cbn d An Do tinh thdn sa sut khd<br /> lien ke't hay khdng chu ye'u xem xet chfnh<br /> ngng. Trong cugc xung dot dy, Lien Xo<br /> sach cua An Dp ddi vdi cac vdn de lien quan<br /> ddng vi phia chung toi nhUng trong hiep<br /> trilc tie'p de'n hai nUdc mang tinh chit<br /> Udc khong cd mgt diiu khodn ndo thay the<br /> Chie'n tranh lanh nhU: Chie'n tranh An Dp -<br /> chinh sdch khong lien kit cua chung toi.<br /> Pakistan nam 1971, sang kie'n an ninh tdp<br /> Tren thiic te, hiep Udc cbn ghi ro rdng An<br /> the chau A cua Lien Xd, Lien Xd dUa quan<br /> Do dang vd se la mgt nUdc khong lien kit.<br /> vao Afghanistan... trong sil dd'i sanh vdi<br /> Mat khdc, quan he hOu nghi giaa chung toi<br /> cac v i n de trUdc nam 1971 nhU Lien Xd<br /> vdi Lien Xo se khong gdy cdn trd quan he<br /> dUa quan vao Hunggari (1956), Tiep Khic<br /> chung toi vdi cdc nUdc khdc" (8).<br /> (1968).<br /> Tren thiic ti, anh hudng cua Hiep Udc<br /> An Dp - Lien Xd 1971 da tac dpng ldn den Ngay 3-12-1971, An Dp dUa quan vao<br /> cue dien cua Chie'n tranh lanh. Hiep Udc Ddng Pakistan vdi danh nghia la ung hp<br /> 1971 da hinh thanh nen quan he hdp tac cupc dau tranh chinh nghia ciia nhan dan<br /> chien lUdc mat thiet An Dp - Lien Xo, tao Ddng Pakistan cho'ng lai bao lUc quan sU<br /> nen the can b i n g chie'n lUdc vdi lien minh cua Tay Pakistan, ngan chan ddng ngUdi ty<br /> My - Trung Qud'c va Pakistan tren ban cd nan dd xd vao An Dp va dam bao an ninh<br /> (ha chinh tri chau A. Nd cung la nhan to' cho nudc nay. Tuy nhien, sU hinh thanh<br /> thuc day quan he My - Trung tie'n xa hdn lien minh Pakistan - Trung Qud'c - My va<br /> sau chuye'n tham Trung Qud'c cua Td'ng sU hau t h u i n cua Lien Xd cho An Dp da<br /> thd'ng My R.Nixon thang 2-1972. Sau khi lam cho cupc xung dot khu -vile nay mang<br /> hiep dinh dUdc ky ke't. An Dp cd dUdc sil tinh chat cua Chie'n tranh lanh. Hiep Udc<br /> hau t h u i n c i n thie't de gianh thang lpi Lien Xd - An Dp dU(3c ky ket vao ngay 9-8-<br /> 46 Rghien emi Lieh sJr. 561.2011<br /> <br /> 1971 trong bd'i canh mau thuan An Dp - Afghanistan thd nhdt bdi Thu tUdng Amin<br /> Pakistan dang len cao cd tac dung ran de ta 26-12-1979, vd nhiiu ldn bdi ngUdi ki<br /> thilc te dd'i vdi Pakistan va cic lilc lUdng tuc dng dy td 28-12-1979. Vd hcfn nda<br /> hau t h u i n nUdc nay. Nhflng dpng thai cua chung ta tin tudng rdng qudn dgi Lien Xd<br /> Lien Xd nhU tuyen bd' ung hp, tang cUdng se rut qudn khi cd sii di nghi eda chinh phu<br /> •vien trd quan sil trUdc va sau chie'n tranh hien thdi d Afghanistan... hi vgng cdc lUc<br /> cho An Dp, gay sflc ep vdi Pakistan, dieu lUdng cua Lien Xd se khdng duy tri d ddy<br /> lUc lUdng hai quan de'n •vinh Bengal khi My ldu hcfn cdn thiet" (9). An Do phdn ddi vdi<br /> dUa Ham dpi 7 vao khu vile nay... dfl n i m cdc liic lugng dinh liu den cugc xung dot<br /> trong khudn khd cua dieu 9 Hiep Udc 1971, gom My, Trung Qudc vd Pakistan, hg da<br /> nhUng cd anh hudng nhU la lien minh quan che chd vd ddo tgo cdc phdn tH phdn logn<br /> sil thilc te chdng lai mpt lien minh khac. Afghanistan, cdc qudc gia ldng gieng nho<br /> Day la mpt trong nhflng ly do de phUdng khdc tich cUc ung hg lUc lUdng lgt do vd cdc<br /> Tay va cac lUc lUpng do'i lap trong nUde lUc lUcMg hdi qudn dang tich cUc hogt dgng<br /> nghi ngd dUdng ldi khdng lien ket cua An d An Do DUcfng. Cdc hogt dgng cua hg dd<br /> Do. Hiep Udc 1971 va cic hanh dpng cua de dog tdi An Do (10).<br /> Lien Xd trong bd'i canh dd ve ly thuyet An Dp da bd phie'u trang Nghi quye't len<br /> khdng vi pham dUdng ldi khdng lien ket an Lien Xd cua My d Dai hpi ddng Lien hdp<br /> nhUng thilc te t i m anh hudng nd da vUdt qud'c, du nghi quye't nay cd 104 phie'u ung<br /> ra khdi khudn khd cua dUdng ldi nay. hp, trong dd cd nhieu qud'c gia khdng lien<br /> Su kien Lien Xd dUa quan vao ke't, chi cd 18 phie'u chdng va 18 phie'u<br /> Afghanistan tfl 1979 de'n 1989 la thd thach t r i n g (11). Til khi LGandhi len lam Thii<br /> khd khan dd'i vdi An Dp trong •viec vda gifl tudng, quan (hem cua An Dp la khdng cd sil<br /> vflng dudng ldi khdng lien ke't va vfla duy thay ddi nao dil cd sU tac dpng lien tuc tii<br /> t n quan he hflu nghi vdi Lien Xd. Ngay 26- phia Lien Xd qua cac chuye'n tham cua Bp<br /> 12-1979, Lien Xd dUa quan vao trUdng Ngoai giao Lien Xd A.Gromyko (12<br /> Afghanistan, Chinh phu lam thdi An Dp de'n 14-2-1980); Phd Chu tich Hpi ddng Bp<br /> C.Singh lap tflc tuyen bd' phan dd'i bat cfl trudng Arkhipov (2-1980); Thfl .trudng<br /> sii can thiep nao tfl nUdc ngoai tdi cdng viec Ngoai giao Lien Xd N.Firjoibin (4-1980); Bp<br /> ndi bd Afghanistan, trong dd cd sU can Qud'c phdng An Dp (5-1980); Tong bi thU<br /> thiep cua Lien Xd va cac dpng thai cua My Brezhnev 12-1980;... Thdm chi. An Dp cdn<br /> nhu trien khai quan dpi d An Dp DUdng, cd' ging thuyet phuc Lien Xd rut quan bd<br /> vien trd cho Pakistan, ho trd cac lilc lUdng phan hoac toan (hen trong cac cupc hpi dam<br /> doi ldp b Afghanistan cua My. Lap trUdng 4 gifla lanh dao hai nUdc suot nhflng nam 80.<br /> diem cua Dai sfl An Dp tai Lien hdp quoc<br /> Cd the thiy, quan (hem ve v i n de<br /> B.Mishra ngay 12-1-1980 chi ro: "chung toi<br /> Afghanistan cua chinh phu An Dp khdng<br /> phdn doi sU hien dien ciia qudn dgi nUdc<br /> phai la mot sU lung tung hay nhan nhUdng<br /> ngodi vd cdc cdn cd qudn sU tgi bdt ky qud'c<br /> sau Hiep Udc 1971. Quan diem nay so vdi<br /> gia ndo" nhUng dng cung khang dinh ring:<br /> v i n de Hunggari (1956), Tiep Khic (1968)<br /> 9 ' '^ 9 ' '<br /> "Chinh phu Xo viei dd ddm bdo vdi<br /> Cd ban la gidng nhau. An Dp bo phieu trang<br /> chung tdi rang lUc lUcfng qudn sU gOi tdi<br /> tat ca cac nghi quye't len an Lien Xd tfl v i n<br /> Afghanistan theo yeu cdu cua chinh phu<br /> de Hunggari, Tiep Khac, Afghanistan<br /> Budng 16'i hh6ng lien kei ciia ^ B6... VI<br /> <br /> nhUng cung bay td sU thai dp khdng ddng nUdc nay. Sang kie'n thanh ldp He thd'ng an<br /> tinh vdi Lien Xo ve hanh dpng can thiep ninh tdp the chau A dUilc Lien Xd dUa ra tfl<br /> vao cdng viec npi bp cua nUdc khac. Tuy nam 1969 nhflng chfla luc nao nhdn dUdc<br /> nhien, mflc dp phan flng qua cac sU kien thai dp nhiet tinh tfl An Dp. Tfl nam 1969<br /> nay cua An Dp cd phan khac nhau. Trong de'n 1985, Lien Xd da nhieu l i n de cdp de'n<br /> y V * ' ^ 9<br /> v i n de nay nhflng An Dp deu khdng ung<br /> vdn de Hunggari nam 1956, An Dp phan<br /> hp. Dfldi thdi R.Gandhi va M.Gorbachev, y<br /> ling khdng qua gay git, tap trung sU chu y<br /> tudng thanh ldp Hpi nghi an ninh chau A<br /> vao v i n de qud'c hflu hoa kenh dao Suez<br /> va xay dUng long tin l i n nhau theo kieu an<br /> (hen ra cung thdi ky. An Dp phan ddi nghi<br /> ninh chau Au b Hpi nghi Hensinki nam<br /> quye't b i u c^ dan chu b Hunggari dUdi sU<br /> 1975 dUdc hai nUdc thd'ng nhit, nhUng ke't<br /> bao trd cua Lien hdp qud'c -vi nd tao tien le<br /> cue van khdng thanh hien thilc. An Dp<br /> x i u vdi v i n de Kashmir. De'n nam 1968,<br /> khdng man ma vdi sang kie'n nay vi ban<br /> phan flng cua An Dp vdi v i n de Tiep Khic<br /> chit cua nd la hinh thanh nen lien minh<br /> cd p h i n quye't liet hdn do phe dd'i ldp trong<br /> nham phuc vu nhflng y dd chinh tri - quan<br /> Dang Qud'c dai dang rat manh, trong khi<br /> sil cua Lien Xd, •vi pham nguyen t i c khdng<br /> Lien Xo tie'p tuc xiic tie'n vien trd quan sU<br /> lien ke't. Mat khac, he thd'ng an ninh tdp<br /> cho Pakistan. De'n v i n de Afghanistan<br /> the cd sfl tham gia cua Lien Xd se anh<br /> nhflng nam 80, An Dp phan flng than trpng<br /> hudng de'n •vi the cua An Dp b chau A, lam<br /> va thilc hien nhieu hoat dpng ngoai giao da<br /> xdu (h quan he An - Trung dang trong qua<br /> phUdng hdn nham mpt mat chflng td ldp<br /> trinh binh thudng hoa. Ben canh dd, Lien<br /> trUdng khdng ung hp hanh dpng can thiep<br /> Xd cung khdng the thuyet phuc An Dp cho<br /> cua Lien Xd, mat khac chip nhdn cd' gang<br /> phep ho lam trung gian hoa giai "kieu<br /> phan flng cd chflng miic va hau trUdng, linh<br /> Tasken 1965" gifla An Dp va Pakistan sau<br /> hoat nham mang lai ldi thoit cho nUdc nay.<br /> cupc chie'n tranh 1971. Lien Xo cung khdng<br /> Ben canh dd, An Dp lai phan dd'i quye't liet<br /> dat dUdc ke't qua trong nd lilc thuyet phuc<br /> sil -vien trd quan sU cua My, Trung Qud'c va<br /> An Dp ky Hiep Udc khdng phd bien vu khi<br /> cac nude phUdng Tay cho Pakistan, dao tao<br /> hat nhan (NPT) hoac khdng phat trien •vu<br /> cac lUc lUdng phien loan, de doa den an<br /> khi hat nhan. Su cd' gang cua Lien Xd trong<br /> ninh nUdc nay. Tii nam 1981, Lien hdp<br /> viec tac dpng len An Dp nham ngan chan<br /> qud'c lien tuc ra cac nghi quye't yeu ciu<br /> binh thUdng hoa quan he An Dp - Trung<br /> Lien Xo rut quan, An Dp van ludn gifl ldp<br /> Qud'c sau nam 1971 ke't ciic cung chi lam<br /> trfldng khdng thay ddi: khdng ung hp sil cd<br /> chdm qua trinh iy... Day la nhflng chu<br /> mdt cua quan dpi Lien Xd d Afghanistan,<br /> trUdng ldn cua Lien Xd trong Chie'n tranh<br /> bd phie'u t r i n g cac nghi quye't chdng Lien<br /> lanh nhUng nUdc nay da khong thanh cdng<br /> Xd nhUng lai thien ve len an cac hanh dpng<br /> trong viec ldi keo An Dp phuc vu y dd chien<br /> quan sU cua My, Trung Qud'c, Pakistan.<br /> lUdc cua minh. Du vdy, nhflng b i t ddng<br /> Ldp trUdng nay gdp phan lam giam sflc ep<br /> trong moi quan he An Dp - Lien Xd it hdn<br /> cho Lien Xo, tao sU can b i n g n h i t dinh<br /> nhieu so vdi My. Dd khdng phai la do thanh<br /> tren ban cd chie'n lUdc Nam A.<br /> 9 '^<br /> An Dp thilc te da thanh cdng trong •viec<br /> qua do Lien Xd tac dpng tdi An Dp, ma<br /> duy t n chinh sach khdng lien ke't, dam bao<br /> "nhihig diem bdt ddng thUc sU gida An Do<br /> ldi ich dan tpc, han che nhflng tac dpng ma<br /> vd My chinh Id do nhdn thac qud'c tecua hg<br /> Lien Xd mong mud'n gay anh hudng len<br /> cd nhiiu diem khdc biet" (12).<br /> 48 Rghien ciJru Lich sit. 56' 1.2011<br /> <br /> Nhu vdy, xdt b gdc dp cic (hem ndng lien dfldc hpc gia Robert Wesson nhdn dinh: "Cd<br /> quan tnic tie'p de'n Lien Xd trUdc va sau sd cua quan he vd quan diem giaa<br /> hiep fldc nam 1971, An Dp van khdng thay Matxccfva vd New Delhi dUdng nhU Id sU<br /> ddi dudng ldi cua minh, nghia la khdng nhgn thdc ldn nhau ddng vai trb rdt quan<br /> hoan toan dflng ve phia Lien Xd nhU khai trgng trong mdl quan he hdn la cdc bien<br /> niem "ddng minh" ma phUdng Tay thUdng phdp triiu tUcing md hai ben dUa ra nhdm<br /> hay sd dung. An Dp khdng vi pham nhflng tdc dgng ldn nhau" (13).<br /> dudng lo'i khdng lien ke't trong each flng xd 2. Trong bo'i canh the gidi bi phan cflc<br /> vdi cic v i n de cd lien quan trflc tie'p de'n manh me, viec mpt qud'c gia ldn tham gia<br /> Lien Xd, nhUng thai dp cua nUdc nay cung vao tfch cflc vao cac hoat dpng chfnh tri<br /> cd p h i n "thie'u quye't liet", "khdng tich cUc" qudc te nhU An Dp gifl vflng dfl(3c nguyen<br /> nhu nhflng van de khic. Thdm chi, each t i c khdng lien ke't, (heu hoa nguyen t i c nay<br /> hanh xfl "cd p h i n nghieng ve phia Lien Xd" phu hdp vdi ldi fch dan tpc va quo'c te la<br /> nhu cac hpc gia phUdng Tay nhan xet cung dieu rat khd. An Dp da thanh cdng trong<br /> cd cd sd n h i t dinh. •viec (heu hoa quan he vdi ca hai khoi,<br /> Tdm lgi, nhdn thflc chfnh sach khdng khdng day quan he cua minh (h q u i xa vdi<br /> lien ke't cua An Dp sau Hiep dinh Hoa ca Lien Xd va My - du Hiep Udc 1971 cd the<br /> binh, hflu nghi va h(3p tac An Dp - Lien Xd da tao cd sd cho (heu dd xay ra trong quan<br /> 1971, cd the thiy: he An Dp - Lien Xd.<br /> 1. Quan he An Dp - Lien Xd khdng •vi 3. ThUc te, chi cd the xem xdt chfnh sach<br /> ' 9 ^<br /> pham nhflng nguyen tac can ban cua dUdng<br /> khdng lien ket tren cd sd ldi fch dan tpc An<br /> ldi khdng lien ke't xet tren phUdng (hen ly<br /> Dp dan xen vao nhau, nhieu khi chinh sach<br /> thuyet lan thUc tien. Tuy nhien, ban than<br /> khdng lien ke't la hien than cua lOi fch dan<br /> sU gan bd mdt thie't trong quan he hai nUdc<br /> tpc An Dp trong mdi quan he vdi cic nfldc<br /> da tao ra nhflng anh hudng n h i t dinh ve<br /> ldn, dac biet la vdi Lien Xd. Nhfl Bp trfldng<br /> thai dp, phUdng thflc hanh xfl cua An Dp<br /> Ngoai giao An Dp N. Rao phat bieu: "An Do<br /> ddi vdi mpt so' van de khu vile va qud'c te.<br /> khdng ung hg My cdng khdng ung ho Lien<br /> Sfl anh hudng ngam ngim hdn la hien hflu,<br /> Xd, An Do ung hg An Do. An Do ddng tren<br /> giin tie'p va lau dai hdn la tnic tie'p va<br /> ngay tflc khac, tinh t h i n va thai dp hdn la Icii ich qud'c gia ciia minh" (14). Sfl phat<br /> 9 9 «'<br /> <br /> nguyen tac phap ly qud'c te. Day khdng trien cua quan he An Dp - Lien Xd la h§<br /> phai la sil thay ddi chfnh sach, ma la bieu qua t i t ye'u cua mpt qua trinh tim hieu l i n<br /> hien sU thfla nhan vai trd, vi tri cua nhau nhau tfl nam 1947, tflng bfldc cd nhflng<br /> vi ldi ich chung cua hai nUdc. Dieu nay nhan thflc ve \6i fch chie'n Ifldc song trung<br /> trong bd'i canh Chie'n tranh lanh.<br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). H.Rapur, An Dp cd phdi Id mpt cUdng 1953 nhu I.Stalin, E.Zhukov, M.Molotov cung cho<br /> qudc'?, Thfl vien quan dgi sao luc, 1980, tr. 8. rfing dUdng loi khong lien ket cua An Dg la "xoa<br /> (2). Day la quan diem cua cac hgc gia phfldng diu mau thuSn vdi cac nfldc phfldng Tay".<br /> Tay nhu Peter Lyon, Morgenthou, H.F. B.S.Gupta, The fulcrum of Asia Relation Among<br /> Armtrong... Cac nha lanh dao Lien Xo trUdc nfim China, India, Pakixtan an the USSR, Pegasus, New<br /> Butmg 16"i Khong lien het e i a An B6. 49<br /> <br /> York, 1970, tr. 48. (8). LGandhi, Chdn ly cua toi, Nxb. P h u Nfl,<br /> (3), (14). N.Jayapalan, Foreign Policy of India, Ha Ngi, 1987, tr. 185.<br /> Publishers Atlantic& Distributors Ltd, Delhi, (9). R.C.Hom, Soviet - Indian Relation: Issues<br /> 2001, tr. 84, 101. and Influence, Praeger Publishers, New Yerk, 1982,<br /> (4). N g u y i n Canh Hue (1998), Tim hieu tU tr. 182.<br /> tudng hod binh trong chinh sdch ddi ngogi cua<br /> (10). S.R.Sharma (2003), Indo-Soviet Relations<br /> nUdc Cpng hod An Dp, Tap chi Nghiin ciu Lich si,<br /> 1972-1991, A Brief Survey - P a r t II; Disccvery<br /> so 3-1998, t r 62.<br /> Publishing House, Delhi, tr. 86.<br /> (5). Indo - Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship<br /> (11). P.J.S.Ducan (1989), The Soviet Union and<br /> and Cooperation, Shadow of the bear: The Indo -<br /> India, Council on foreign relations press, New<br /> Soviet Treaty, Published by Shri P.KDeo, South<br /> York, tr. 45.<br /> Avenue Lance, Ne^w Delhi, India, 1971, tr. 189.<br /> (6), (7). Indo - Soviet Treaty of Peace, (12). R.C.Horn, sdd, tr. 214.<br /> Friendship and Cooperation, Sdd, tr. 189, 188. (13). R.C.Horn, sdd, tr. 213.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> VUA LY ANH TONG, CHIEN LUOC BIEN<br /> (Tiip theo trang 7)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> (17). Theo sach Dgi Nam thUc luc, T.IV, B a n dinh vi t r i khong t h e t h a y t h e dUdc cua t i n h<br /> dich, Nxb. Giao due. H a Ngi, 2004, tr. 1032- t h a n h Q u a n g Yen, da k h u y e n vua M i n h Menh<br /> 1033, thi vao nfim 1836, n h a n viec Tong do'c Hai khong nen nghe theo ldi t a u t h i e n kien cua Le<br /> Yen Nguyen Cong Trfl de nghi md rgng thfinh Due Dflc va vua M i n h M e n h da y t h e e ldi ban<br /> Q u a n g Yen, Hg p h u Le Due Dflc t a u khong n e n cua Bg Cdng. Dieu n a y gop p h i n ly giai tai sao<br /> tiep t u c d lai Q u a n g Yen ma c i n phai chuyen tfl ra't sdm, cac n h a nfldc phong kien Viet N a m<br /> s a n g dia diem mdi thugc h u y e n Thiiy Dfldng deu chgn Q u a n g Yen (ma cu t h e la k h u vflc t i n h<br /> (nay la T h u y Nguyen, H a i Phdng), vua M i n h t h a n h Q u a n g Yen) iam t r u n g t a m tra'n gifl vflng<br /> M e n h giao cho Bg Cong xem x6t lai viec nay. cila song Bach Dling va md rgng r a t o a n t u y e n<br /> Sau khi t i n h t o a n ky ludng mgt each tong the, duyen hai, bien va hai dao k h u vflc Dong Bfic.<br /> Bg Cong cho rfing: "Xay dflng thfinh tri, co q u a n (18). That ra day cung chi Ifi ten ggi khac nhau<br /> he de'n sU che cho'ng d bien cUdng. Dia thi'tinh cila cung mgt dia diem. Ten 16 An Bang da co tfl<br /> thdnh Qudng Yen, trong co the khd'ng che dUgc thdi T r i n . Nfim 1466, Le T h a n h Tong dfit An Bang<br /> cd hgt, ngodi co thi trd'n dp dUdc uung hdi thfla tuyen. Den ddi vua Le Anh Tong mdi doi An<br /> cUang, t h u c la ndi h i n h t h e dep. Ldi cua do'c Bang Ifim An Quang va nfim 1822, vua Minh<br /> t h a n CO d i n h k i e n da'y". Bg Cong sau khi xac Menh doi An (Yin) Quang thfinh Quang Yen.<br />