GlAO DUG PHAP LUAT<br />
CHO HOC SINH, SINH VIEN<br />
TRONG N H A TRUCING HIEN NAY<br />
<br />
TS, Nguyin KhSc Htjng<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
T6M TAT<br />
Giio due phap ludt cho hpc sinh. sinh vien Id mil Irong nhitng ndi dung cdy<br />
nghia ltd quan trpng trong loin hd chuang trtnh giio due. Ddy Id mdt vdn di mangy<br />
nglua khoa hpc, gdn hen vdi chiiii lupc con ngitdi cua Ddng vd Nhd nudc ta. Do vdy,<br />
giio due phdp luit cho hoc sinh, sinh vien trtnig ede trudng phd thing, dqi hpc, eao<br />
thing va Irung hpe chuyen nghiip thing qua vice dtta nil dung vao chuang trinh giio<br />
due nhi trUdng cdn phdi dupc nghien cim mil each hi thdng, tht'tng qua nhiing phua<br />
phip khoa hpc de trii'n khai gido due ed hit'ui qiid, edn phdi neii hinh ddng bp qui<br />
trinh giio due ndy vdi sir kei hop giira giio due cita gia dinh vd xd hdt<br />
Tir khoa: Phip luit; giao due phip hiil; hiin tirrmg, ky ndng.<br />
Ngiy nhin bai: 8/6/2012; Ngiy duyit ding bdi: 25/6/2012<br />
<br />
<br />
1. D$t van de<br />
Phip luat la mpt hien tuong xa hOi i.ii gan gui va rat cin thiit voi cuOe<br />
sdng cua mdi eon ngudi. Xa hOi cang hien dai thi yeu cau vi hiiu biit vi thuc<br />
hien phip luit cua con ngudi cing cao bdi phip luat kh6ng chi li phucmg tien di<br />
Nha nudc quan ly cd hieu qui cac mit diti song xa hpi ma cdn la phuong lien<br />
thuc hien, bao ve quyen vi loi fch hpp phip cua nun c6ng din. Ddi vdi cic cOng<br />
dan trc tudi, hiiu biet vi phap luat. sdng \'a Iam \icc theo phap luit la le duong<br />
nhien va li yCu ciu cip bich cua ddi sdng xa hOi ddi vdi chit lupng nhin each.<br />
Giao due phap luit eho hpe sinh, sinh vien li m6t trong nhflng nOi dung<br />
ed y nghia ri't quan trpng trong toan bO chuong trinh giao due. Cing vdi nhitag<br />
kie'n thuc vi van hda, nhung kiin thic phap luit ma cic em ITnh h6i dupc trong<br />
qui trinh hoc lip d nha trudng se la mOl trong nhflng diiu kien co ban di dam<br />
bao cho su phat triin loan dien vi nhin cich thi he cong din tucmg lai cua dit<br />
nude. Cung vdi viec tuyen truyin giao due phap luat, chuang Irinh giio due<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
44 TAP CHiTAM L? HOC, Sd 7 (160), 7 - 2012<br />
phip luit trong nhi trudng cung dupc ddi mdi vi ndi dung, chupng trinh, hinh<br />
thic va phuang phip, gdp phin tao ra chi'l lupng giip due nhin cich ccn ngudi.<br />
Tuy nhien, trpng mdt thdi gian khi dii, cdng tic tuySn truyin phap luat trong<br />
nhin din ndi chung vi giao due phip luit cho hpe sinh trong nhi trudng ndi<br />
rieng chua thit su dupc chi trpng ding mic.<br />
Giic due phap luat cho hpe sinh, sinh vien trpng eic Iruitng li qui trinh<br />
hinh thanh thdi quen, hanh vi tuin thi phip luit. Day li mdt vin di mang y<br />
nghia khoa hpc, gin liin vdi chieii lupc con ngudi cia Dang vi Nhi nude ta. Do<br />
vay, giao due phip luit cho hpc sinh, sinh vien Irong cie trucmg phd thdng, dai<br />
hpc, cao ding vi trung hpe chuyen nghiep cin phai dupc nghien ciu mdt each<br />
he thd'ng, thdng qua nhung phupng phap khpa hpc di triin khai giio due cd hieu<br />
qui. Di giio due phap luat trong cac nhi trudng dat hieu qua eao, cin phii tiin<br />
hanh ddng bd qui trinh giio due nay vdi sir kit hpp gifla giio due cia gia dinh<br />
va \a hdi.<br />
Luc luong thanh men, hpc sinh, sinh vien rit ddng dio, luc lupng nay cd<br />
vai trd quan trpng trong su nghiep cong nghiCp hda - hiSn dai hoi da't nudc. Ben<br />
canh viee trang bi cho hpc sinh, sinh vien ngay l i khi cdn ngdi d ghe nhi trudng<br />
- nhiing ngudi chi tuong lai cia dat nudc - nhflng In thic ein thiet tren cac ITnh<br />
vuc boat dpng thi viec cham lo giao due phip lual cho hp phii dupe dat ra mpt<br />
each nghiem tic. Dac biet la mdt bd phan thanh thie'u nien, hpe sinh ed Id'i sd'ng<br />
thie'u lanh manh, tinh trang vi pham phap luat cd chieu hudng tang len. Nhung<br />
kit qui nghien ciu d pham vi khao sit tai thinh phd Hd Chi Minh, Ha Npi va<br />
cac tinh thinh trpng ci nudc nhirng nam gin day da eho thay su hieu biet phip<br />
luat eua thanh thieu nien edn nhiiu han chi.<br />
Nha trudng Viet Nam ed nhiem vu hinh thanh d hoc sinh, sinh vien y<br />
thic tu giac, xu su theo nhflng chuan muc xa hdi nhit dinh, trong dd cd chuan<br />
muc phap luat. Kien thic vi phap luat li mdt bd phin khdng thi thieu duoc cua<br />
hpc vin phd thdng. 'f thic trach nhiem cung nhu hanh vi sd'ng vi lam viec theo<br />
hie'n phip va phap luit phii trd thinh Id'i sd'ng van minh cua con ngudi trong<br />
xa hdi hien dai. Do dd, di td chic tdt giao due phip luat cho hpc sinh, sinh vien<br />
d cac nha trucmg hien nay lai li mpt nhiem vu cang khd khan va phic tap.<br />
He thdng cic tieu chf de trien khai thuc hien cong tie giao due phap lual<br />
xua't phat ehi ye'u t i thue trang xa hdi, t i viec nhan thic phap luat ddi vdi hpc<br />
sinh, sinh vien tren eP sd can c i vao nhung vin de quy dinii ehung cia phip luat,<br />
nhung van ban chi dao cua Dang va Nhi nudc ve hinh thuc, phuong phap giao<br />
due phip luat. Cdng tic giao due phip luat khdng don thuan chi la giao due<br />
phap luat thdng qua bp mdn phap luat ddi vdi hpc sinh, sinh vien trong co ca'u<br />
mdn hoe, hpe trinb, hpe phan ma cdn dupc giio due qua cic hinh thie khac, cic<br />
hoat ddng ngoii gid len Idp dupe ci'u true trong chuong trinh chinh thdng, dupe<br />
dua vao ndi dung hpc vin eua giao due nha trudng vdi su tham gia khong nhung<br />
<br />
<br />
TAP CHl TAM Lf HOC, Sd 7 (160), 7 - 2012 4.')<br />
chi cua giio vien m i ci cic luc lupng cua toin xS hdi nhim gdp phin vio cdng<br />
tic giio due phip luit ndi chung.<br />
GiSa ly luin vi thuc tiin giio due vSn cdn khoing cich vi miu thuin,<br />
mic di cdng tic giio due phip luit trong cic nhi,trudng vi trong hi thdng giio<br />
due da cd dupc nhttng ki't qui nhft djnh. Tuy nhien, vin cdn nhflng khd khin co<br />
bin nhu: Ndi dung chuang trinh phip luit trong nhi trudng vin cdn nhiiu bft<br />
cip, thdng tin mdi chua cip nhit, hpc sinh chua dupc tie'p cin vdi nhflng quy<br />
djnh mdi cia phip luit (da dupc sia ddi, bd .sung); sir han chi cua nhung md<br />
hinh td chi'rc giio due phip luft (tren ldp vi ngoii gid ldn Idp) d cic trudng dai<br />
hpc, cao dang, trung hpc chuyen nghiip vi cic trudng phd thdng vdi nhttng yiu<br />
kim vi chit lupng giio vien. T i dd, da inh hudng xiu din chit lupng cdng tie<br />
giao due phip luft cho hoc sinh, sinh vien.<br />
2. Mdt sd viin de cin (|iinn tAm vi gido due ph^p luAt cho hoc sinh,<br />
sinh vien<br />
Tiep can theo quan diim he thd'ng, vin di ning cao chit lucmg giao due<br />
phap luat cho hpc sinh, sinh vien khdng phai la nhiem vu riCng biet cua nginh<br />
giio due. Tuy nhien, nginh giao due cin xic dinh rd chuc nang va nhiem vu, co<br />
chi ben irong vi ben ngoii vdi vai trd chu dao cua mpi boat ddng (giio due vi<br />
day hpc) vi ehi dap trpng nhiem vu djnh hudng mdi irudng xa hdi, kit hpp vdi<br />
cic luc lupng khic nhim giip due phip luft cho the he tre cd hieu qua. Trong<br />
diiu kien nio thi he thdng giio due. trong dd li cic dinh hudng, bien phip su<br />
pham vin gifl vai trd then chdt.<br />
Xuit phat t i dac diim ddi tupng, die diim cua cdng lac giio due phip<br />
luat d ving phat tnen. can c i diiu kiin giao due, cic bic hpc \a dac diim tSm ly<br />
hpc sinh, sinh vien cin hoan thien quy trinh giio due phip luft cho thi he thanh<br />
men bit dau t i thii dd - xic cim - gui tri ddi vdi cic vSn di phip luat di giy<br />
dung niim tin, thii dd tich cue, liin dc quan trpng di lao lip hinh vi bin vung.<br />
Viec hinh Ihanh \ an hda phip luat cho thi he tre phai duoc xac dinh la<br />
nhu ciu til yiu cia ci nhin, la dieu kien bat budc cua xa hdi ddi vdi ca thi khi<br />
eon ngudi gia nhip vio ehinh Ihi xa hdi. Theo dii. gi.io due phip luat la mdt<br />
pham tru rdng ldn. la nhiem vu cua toin x.i hdi. gia dinh va nhi trudng, trong dd<br />
vai trd dinh hudng din dil bdi cie ndi dung vi hinh thic giio due trong nha<br />
trucmg cd lim quan trpng dae biet.<br />
Giao due phap luit cho thi he Ire cin phai dupe quan tam dac biet va la<br />
nhiem vu trpng yiu cua tpin xa hdi. Ndi dung giio due phap luat phai trd thinh<br />
ndi dung hoe vin quan trpng cua giao due nha trudng trong xa hCii hien dai. Chit<br />
lupng giao due phap luit cho hoc sinh, sinh viCn se gdp phin khing dinh mic<br />
dp chic chin cua ch.il lupng nhin each - sin phim cia giao due. Pham ehft va<br />
nang lue cua ngudi duoc giio due se khdng dam bao dupc hieu qui va mic dd<br />
<br />
<br />
TAP CHl TAM LV HOC, Sd 7 (160), 7 - 2012<br />
tin ciy trudc ddi hdi khit khe cia thi trudng nhin luc niu con ngudi khdng cd<br />
nang luc am hiiu phip luat vi khdng thuc thi td't pliip luft. Trong xa hdi hien<br />
nay, ehft lupng ngudn nhan luc cua mdt qud'c gia phu thude vip su chuin bi<br />
toin dien cua nha trudng vi cic mat dao die, nhin each, trf tue, sic khoe, trong<br />
dd cd ndi dung giao due phip luft.<br />
Mic do hiiu biit, thii dd vi hinh vi chi'p hanh td't phap luft la mdt trong<br />
nhung yiu td co ban cia hpc sinh, sinh vien. Ci'u true eua nang lue chip hanh<br />
td't phap luit gdm: hiiu biit vi phip luft vi giao due phap luat trong he thdng<br />
cac hoat ddng xa hdi; thii dd cia con ngudi ddi vdi cac vin di phap luit va hinh<br />
vi vi pham phap luit; hinh vi va thdi quen thuc hien tdt cic quy djnh cia phip<br />
luft. Su phat triin cua cic mic dd nay phu thudc chu yiu vao ndi dung va<br />
phuong phip giip due nhi trudng, trong dd vai trd tu giao due cia ea nhan li<br />
quyit dinh.<br />
Nguyen nhin eo ban din din nhung hanh vi vi pham phap luat eua thanh<br />
nien va hpe sinh, sinh vien nhttng nam gin day phin ldn li do thie'u hiiu biit<br />
kiin thie phap luft t i trong nhi trudng. Phuang phap giao due phap luat trong<br />
nhi trudng cdn cing nhic va giio diiu, xa rdi cudc sd'ng trong khi mdi trudng<br />
xa hpi vdi nhung anh hudng xa'u da tie ddng manh hon so vdi tie dpng giio due<br />
nhi trudng dd'i vdi hpe sinh. Hanh vi chap phap tfch cue hay khdng tfch cue cia<br />
nhing ngudi tre tudi khdng phu thupc hoan toin vao mic dp hiiu biit cao hay<br />
tha'p ve kie'n thie phap luat eung nhu hoc van chung ma cdn phu thudc chi ye'u<br />
vao cic ye'u td mdi trudng thuc thi phap luit.<br />
He thdng cie bien phap giio due phap luat eho hpc sinh, sinh vien can<br />
tap trung vao cac van di: i) Thay dot tu duy ve giao due phap luat theo hudng<br />
mdi, trong dd gin chat giao due phap luat vdi giao due dao die, giao due tri tue<br />
trong qui trinh giao due nhan each, ii) Gdn gido due phdp ludt trong vd bdng<br />
gido due vdn hod (dd la thdng qua mdn hpe, thdng qua eae hoat ddng giao due,<br />
ddi mdi phucmg phap, coi trong dao tao va bdi dudng giao vien); iii) Gidi quyet<br />
vdn di gido due phdp ludt cho hpc sinh, sinh vien mpt cdch ddng bp, trong md<br />
hinh td chic va quan ly vdi sir phdi hpp chat che giua dia phuong vdi nha trudng,<br />
gitta nha trudng vdi gia dinh, giua gia dinh vdi dia phuang, giua thue tiin giao<br />
due vdi ehinh sich giao due. De triin khai eae bien phip giao due phap lual cd<br />
hieu qua eho hpc sinh trong nha trucfng, cin cd cac dieu kiin co bin sau day:<br />
Cic giao vien phai thd'ng nha't quan diem chung vi giao due phap luat<br />
khdng phai chi la nhiem vu chuyen biet cia giao vien bd mdn giao due cdng dan<br />
ma la nhiem vu eua cac luc lupng giao due.<br />
Tfnh ke hoach va kha nang hoach dinh cac chien lupc giao due cap<br />
trudng cd tam quan trpng dae biet trong viec trien khai cac ke hoach giao due.<br />
Ddng thdi, kha nang phdi hpp giua nha trudng vdi eic thanh phin xa hpi khac se<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd 7 (160), 7-2012<br />
tao diiu kien thuin lpi di triin khai cdng tic giio due phip luit cd hieu qui.<br />
Nhiim vu cua cic lire lupng giio diic mi trong dd, nhin td cO bin li luc<br />
lupng giio vien td chic thuc hiin giio due thdng qua cic mdn khoa hpc, thdng<br />
qua cic hoat ddng giio due nhim hinh thinh ning lire vi phim ehft nhin cich<br />
hpc sinh. Djnh hudng co bin li giio due phip luit cho thi he tri phii dim bao<br />
nguyen tic vdng trdn ddng tim, ngiy cing md rdng pham vi vi dd'i tuong, phdi<br />
hpp chit che gitta cic luc lupng giio due vi tin dung triet di moi pham vi mdi<br />
trudng di giao due hpc sinh.<br />
Di giip due phip luft cd hidu qui cho hpc sinh bic phd thdng cung nhu<br />
6 cac bic hpc khic, chie'n lupc giii quyit vin di niy li xiy dung, phit triin<br />
chuong trinh giio due phd ihdng theo hudng mdi: kiin tao cic mdn hpc thinh<br />
cdc linh vifc gido dtic nen tdng di thdng qua dd, ngudi giio vien chi ddng vi<br />
sing tao phat triin chuong Irinh giao due nhim dat dupc cac muc tieu giio due.<br />
Chicii lupc niy se gdp phin giai quyit cic nhidm vu giio due nin tang cho hpc<br />
sinh vi cic mat dao die, tri tue, phip luft, mdi trudng, ky nang sdng cung nhu<br />
eic ITnh vuc quan Irpng khic.<br />
Giao due phap luft cho hpc sinh, sinh vidn d Ihinh phd, dd thi phit triin<br />
can tinh din cdc yen td dtic trung, dd la' kha nang nhan thic cua hpc sinh vi cic<br />
vin di xa hdi rai nhanh; kinh nghiim sd'ng cia hpc sinh phpng phi; kha ning<br />
tiip nhan thdng tin mdi ri't tdi. mdi trucmg xa hCii thuan Ipi nhung phic tap; eae<br />
tie ddng trong nudc vii ngoai nude din vdi hpc sinh t i nhiiu chiiu, vi nhihig inh<br />
hudng nay den vdi hpe sinh rai ddn ddp, da chieu vd phitc tqp. Do \'ay, cie ndi<br />
dung vi phupng phip guio due phip luft o mdi Irudng niy cin coi Irong >eu to<br />
danh gia nang lire ban diu cia ddi tuong vi danh gia hieu qui cua cdng tic giio<br />
due phap luat d ndng luc hoqt ddng thuc tiin cua hp sau khi tdt nghiep.<br />
Giao due phap luat cho Ihi he Ire d nudc ta trong dieu kiSn phat triin<br />
kinh te thi trudng. Irong bdi canh giao luu va hdi nhip qudc Ic. cin hudng din<br />
mdt muc dich ldn lao hem, dd li: hinh thanh mdt nin vdn hod phdp luqt cho Ihi<br />
he tre, dat nin ling cho cdng cudc chuin bi ngudn nhin lire tiip ing cho sU phit<br />
triin bin vttng cua di't nudc. Trien khai giio due phip luft din dd'i tupng hpe<br />
sinh, sinh viCn cing sdm cang tdt va phai bit ddu t i nhflng hanh vi cu thi trong<br />
cupc sd'ng cia chinh cie em Do dd, ndi dung chuong trinh giio due cin phai<br />
dupc bd sung eu the cac niu dung mdi \'a phuang phap giao due phi hpp vdi<br />
ting lia ludi. Nhin thic vii luinh v'\ chip hinh phap luft cia hpc smh nude ta<br />
cdn rat yiu kem, mdt trong nhflng nguyen nhin sau xa la l i phia ngudi ldn -<br />
nhflng ta'm guong cho hpe sinh ve mpi mat. Do dd, dc ning eao hieu qui Na tang<br />
cudng uy lire cua he thdng phap luft, ciin x i Iy nghiem minh cie biiu hien hanh<br />
vi vi pham phip luit vi xiy dung mdi trudng giao due trong sing, thin thien.<br />
Ben canh nhflng vin di da ndu Iren day thi ein khin truong xiy dung vi ban<br />
hanh ndi dung - chuang trinh giio due phap luft d li't ea cac bac hpc, cap hpc ttt<br />
<br />
<br />
48 TAP CHi TAM Lt HOC, Sd 7 (160), 7 - 2012<br />
mim non de'n sau dai hpc vdi ndi dung toin dien vi phuong phip giio due hien<br />
dai. Ddng thdi, cii tiin manh me hon ndi dung vi chuang Irinh mdn hoc giao<br />
due cdng dan hien nay nhim khic phuc hien tupng: phin Idn hpc sinh cd kit<br />
qui mdn hpc niy dat yeu ciu trd len, nliimg khi bude ra khdi ldp hpe lai vi pham<br />
phap luft khi nhiiu (vf du nhu vi pham luft giao thdng dudng bd, dinh nhau,!.).<br />
Ddi mdi ndi dung - chuong trinh mdn hpc hoqt ddng gido due ngodi gid<br />
len Idp theo hudng bd sung, hoin thien cic ndi dung giio due phip luit cin thiit<br />
vao eic chu di boat ddng thing, Ihay thi cic chu di qua triu tupng, khdng thiit<br />
thuc ddi vdi hpc sinh nhil la hpc sinh trung hpe phd thdng, ddi tupng di vi pham<br />
phip luft nhft Irpng cac dd'i tupng d eic cip hpc khae. Ddng Ihdi, cic van ban<br />
phip luat cd tfnh chit phd dung vdi mpi ngudi dan cin dupe xay dung ehi liit va<br />
cing It eae van bin dudi luat cing Id't nhim tao diiu kien td't hon cho cdng tic<br />
giio due phap luft, phd biin va thue thi phap luiit. Ddi tupng tham gia xay dung<br />
cic van ban luat cin hdi tu diy du yeu ciu vi ndng life chuyin gia: cd kiin thic<br />
vi phip luft, cd trinh dd tham khao cac van ban luat nudc ngoai vi am hiiu thuc<br />
tiin cac Unh vuc hen quan. Nha nude dinh hudng ddi vdi tit ca cac Unh vuc, dae<br />
biet li ITnh vuc thdng tin - truyin Ihdng cung vdi nganh giio due phii chung<br />
liing ndi trong giio due. Khdng phd biin. luyen truyin (dudi dang bao chf,<br />
phim anh, am nhac, ml thuat...) nhirng NCU id phan giao due, phin van hoi vi<br />
kfch ddng Id'i sd'ng tuy ticn trong hudng thu, Id'i sd'ng eoi thudng phap luat.<br />
"Thdng bio rdng rai vi ed di'u a'n din thi he tri vi eic vu viec vi pham phip luat<br />
di nha truiifng s i dung chinh thic cac thdng tin dd dua vao giang day di tang<br />
tfnh thue tiin.<br />
Ky nang sdng giip biin kiin thic thinh nhiing hinh ddng cu thi, nhttng<br />
thdi quen lanh manh. Nhiing ngudi cd ky nang sd'ng la nhimg ngudi biit lim eho<br />
minh vi ngudi khac cing hanh phuc. Hp thudng thinh cdng hon trong cupc<br />
sdng, ludn yeu ddi vi lam chu eude sd'ng cua chfnh hp. Ky nang sd'ng gdp phan<br />
thic day su phit triin ci nhan va xa hpi. Cac ca nhan thiiu ky nang sdng la mdt<br />
nguyen nhan lam nay sinh nhiiu vin di xa hdi. Ngudi ed ky nang sd'ng se thue<br />
hien nhung hanh vi mang tinh xa hdi Ii'eh cue, se giim bdt cac te nan xa hdi, gdp<br />
phin xay dung cic md'i quan he xa hpi td'l dep, lanh manh.<br />
Hoat dpng giio due ngoii gid len Idp la mdt bd phan eua qua Irinh giio<br />
due loan dien Irong nha Irudng va cin dua vao chuong trinh giao due, la mot eon<br />
dudng quan trpng trong hinh Ihinh, phat Iriin nhan each hpe sinh, sinh vien gdp<br />
phin nang cap cha't lupng giio due loan dien. Hoat ddng giao due ngoai gid len<br />
ldp cd uu thi vupt trdi so vdi hoat dpng giao due khac trong viec gin kit nha<br />
trudng vdi cudc sdng xa hpi, hudng eho hpc sinh tao lap nang lire thfch ing cao,<br />
biin qua trinh giao due thinh tu giio due, phat huy tinh tfch cue ehi dpng sang<br />
tao cao, hinh thinh ky nang sd'ng va la hinh trang thiet yiu di budc vao cudc<br />
sdng da dang vi ludn biin ddi. Hoat ddng giao due ngoai gid len ldp cing cd vai<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
TAP CHITAM LV HOC, Sd 7 (160), 7 - 2012 49<br />
trd die biet quan trpng trong viSc ddi mdi giio due, dio tap nen nhihig con<br />
ngudi dip ing vdi yeu ciu cua nin kinh t i tri thilc. Giio due ky ning sd'ng vi<br />
boat ddng giio due ngoii gid ISn ldp bj chi phdi bdi nhiiu yiu td chu quan vi<br />
khich quan, niu cd dupc cic bien phip td chic hpp IJ, khic phuc duoc nhthig<br />
yiu Id bft cip, phit huy cic yiu td tieu cue thi hoat ddng dat kit qua cao.<br />
Giio due ky ning sd'ng ngoii gid len ldp cflng li n