Giáo trình Sửa chữa máy tính để bàn (Nghề: Kỹ thuật sửa chữa, lắp ráp máy tính) - Trường TCN Kỹ thuật công nghệ Hùng Vương

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Giáo trình Sửa chữa máy tính để bàn với mục tiêu giúp các bạn có thể xác định chính xác các linh kiện của PC; Hiểu được những hệ kiến trúc và bo mạch giao tiếp của các hệ thống PC; Xác định được hiệu năng của bộ xử lý; Giải quyết được các vấn đề về nâng cấp hệ thống như đĩa cứng, bộ nhớ, CPU...

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Nội dung Text: Giáo trình Sửa chữa máy tính để bàn (Nghề: Kỹ thuật sửa chữa, lắp ráp máy tính) - Trường TCN Kỹ thuật công nghệ Hùng Vương

UY BAN NHAN DAN QU~N 5 TRUONGTRUNGCAPNGHEKYTHU~TCONGNGH¥HUNGVUONG , ' GIAOTRINH Sfra chfra de bitn ? May tinh ' , Nghe: Ky thu~t sfra chfra, lap rap may tinh TRINH DO• TRUNG CAP TPHCM-2019
LOI GIOI THJ:¥U BS dap ung yeu c~u giang d?y chuong trinh dao t?o nghS "Ky thu~t sua chua, Hlp rap may tinh" cung nhu vi?c cung c§p tai li?u giup cho sinh vien h9c t~p, khoa Di?n tu chung toi da tiSn hanh bien SO?n giao trinh " Sua chua may tinh " Giao trinh nay giup cac b?n c6 them ky nang: - HiSu dugc nhfrng h? kiSn true va bo m?ch giao tiSp cua cac h? th6ng PC. - Xac dinh dugc hi?u nang cua b9 xu ly. - Giai quySt dugc cac vfin d@ v@ nang cfip h? th6ng nhu ma cung, b9 nh6, CPU.... Day la cong trinh dugc viSt bai d9i ngu giao vien da va dang cong tac t?i truong TCN KTCN Hung Vuong cung v6i sv g6p y va phan bi?n cua cac doanh nghi?p trong linh vvc lien quan, tuy v~y, cu6n sach chic chin v&n khong tranh khoi nhfrng khiSm khuySt Chung toi mong nh~n dugc y kiSn dong g6p cua b?n d9c dS cu6n sach dugc hoan thi?n hon trong 1~ tai ban. · Xin tran tr9ng gi6i thi?u cung b?n d9c ! QuQ,n 5, ngay thang niim 20;11 Bien SO{lll JJ6ViinHai
UY BAN NHAN DAN QU4N 5 . CONG NGHE HUNG VUONG TRUONG TCN KY THUAT . GIAOTRiNH · Sfra chfra may tinh NGHE: KY THU~T SlJA CHUA, LAP RAP MAy TiNH TRINH D() TRUNG CA.P (Ban hanh theo Quyit djnh s6: /QIJ-CIJN ngay thang nam 2012 cua Hi¢u truirng truong Trung cdp nghJ Ky thuq,t Cong ngh¢ Hung Vuong)
Ml}CLl}C BEMl}C TRANG , ,.,. :,.. ,.... GIOI THl¥,U VE MO DUN ................•...........•..•................................................... 1 ' ? ,_ BAI MO DAU ...•..•..•...................•...........•...•.•........•................................................ 3 r '\ :,.. r ? r T CAC THANH PHAN CHINH CUA MAY· TINH ................................................ 3 1. Gi6i thi~u ............................................................................................................ 3 2. Cfiu t~o va chtrc nang cua cac thi~t bimay tfnh .................................................. 3 2.1. Vo may .......................................................................................................... 3 2.2. BQ ngu6n .................................................................•................. ,................... 4 2.3. Ban.g m~ch .chinh ............................................................................................ 4 2.4. B9 xu ly (CPU - Central Processing Unit) .................................................... 6 2.5. B() nh6 ........................................................................................................... 6 2.6. Cac 6 dia ........................................................................................ :............... 7 2.7. Cacho m~ch mo r()ng ................................................................................... 7 BAI 1: QUA.TRINH KHffi DQNG MAY TiNH ....................................•......... 11 1. H~ th6ng cfip b~c trong may tinh ...................................................................... 11 1.1. Phfin ctrng .................................................................................................... 11 1.2. BIOS ............................................................................................................ 11 1.3. H~ di6u hanh .................................................................................................. 12 1.4. Cac chuong trinh ung d\lfl.g ......................................................................... 12 2. Tim hiSu cac h~ di6u hanh thong d1.1ng ............................................................. 13 3. Khao sat h~ di6u hanh MS - DOS .................................................................. 13 3.1. Dao di~n MS -DOS .................................................................................... 14 3 .2. Cfiu true l~nh cua MS - DOS ...................................................................... 16 4. Qua trinh kh&i d()ng cua may ........................................................................... 17 4.1. Dua di~n vao may ........................................................................................ 17 4.2. Qua trinh khm d()ng (bootstrap) .................................................................. 18 4.3. Nhung CUQC kiSm tra c6t loi ........................................................................ 18 4.5. Tim ki~m h~ di6u hanh ................................................................................ 20 4.6. N~p h~ di6u hanh ......................................................................................... 20 4.7. Thi@t l~p moi truong lam vi~c ..................................................................... 21 ' TT' :::i. A BAI 2: SO Lu QC VE KIEM TRA....•...•..••........•................................................ 23 , ? - , , TRUOC KHI SUA CHUA MAY TINH •.••...•..................................................... 23
1. Qm. t n'nh ch"an doan ' va' gia1 . quye:..t su. co:.. may ? • , t'nh 1 ............................................ . 23 1, 1. Xac dinh ro cac tri~u chung ......................................................................... 23 1.2. Nhcµi di~n va co l~p v:in dS .......................................................................... 24 1.3. Thay thS cac thanh phan lip ghep ............................................................... 24 1.4. Thu nghi~m l~i ............................................................................................. 25 1.5. V:ln dS phµ tung thay thS. ............................................................................ 25 2 . :ua .,d,ung h." I"-'nh gm - l'am v1~c 1~u nang .,_ cua may .................................................... . 26 ? ' 2.1. Tranh nhfmg v:in dS vS kiSm dinh ............................................................... 27 2.2. DS tim dugc cac trinh benchmark .............................................................. 27 3. Xu ly may bi nhi6m virus ................................................................................. 28 3.1. So luge vs Virus may tinh ........................................................................... 28 3 .2. Cac 1~u ch'ung to may nh·"' ' d:..au h." 1em virus ? . ..................................................... 29 ' 3 .3. Cac phfin mSm phong ch6ng virus .............................................................. 29 3.4. Vi~c kiSm tra nhanh h'ic kh&i d9ng ............................................................. 29 ' BAI 3: ROM BIOS ................................................................................................ 31 1. ThiSt l~p cac thong s6 cho BIOS .................................................................... '.. 31 1.1. STANDARD CMOS SETUP ...................................................................... 31 1.2. BIOS FEATURE SETUP (Advance Cmos Setup) ..................................... 33 1.3. CHIPSETFEATURE SETUP ..................................................................... 34 1.4. PnP/PCI CONFIGURATION ..................................................................... 35 1. 5. LOAD BIOS DEFAULT &LOAD SETUPDEFAULT ........................... 36 2. Cac tinh nang cu.a BIOS .................................................................................... 36 3. Nhfmg thiSu sot cu.a BIOS va v:in dS tuang thich ............................................ 37 3.1. Cac trinh diSu khiSn thiSt bi ........................................................................ 37 3 .2. B9 nh& Flash gay ra sg luai nhac ................................................................ 37 3.3. Sg t~o bong cho BIOS ................................................................................. 37 4. Nang c§.p BIOS ................................................................................................. 38 4.1. B9 doan trinh POST (Power On Self Test) ................................................. 38 4.2. Trinh CMOS SETUP ................................................................................... 38 4.3. Cac thu tµc dich vµ cu.ah~ th6ng ................................................................ 39 BAI 4: B(> XU LY TRUNG TAM VA cAc CHIPSET .................................... 40 1. Gi&i thi~u cac lo~i CPU ................................................................................... .40 1.1. Cac CPU cu.a Intel ....................................................................................... 40
1.2. Cac CPU cuaAMD .................................................................................. ;... 46 2. Giai quySt hong CPU ·······························································•.•·····••u••············ 48 2.1. Cac tri~u chung va giai phap t6ng thS ......................................................... 48 2.2. Cac vfin dS lien quan dSn cpu cyrix 6x86 ................................................... 48 3. Gi&i thi~u cac loai Chipset ............................. ,.................................................. 49 3.1. D~c diSm va nhi~m Vl,l .................................................................................. 49 3.2. Qua trinh phat triSn cu.a Chipset ........................................................... .-....... 49 3.3. Cfiu true Chipset ..................................................................................... :.... 49 3 .4. Cac Chipset cu.a Intel.. ................................................................................. 50 4. Giai quySt hong hoc Chipset............................................................................. 51 4.1. Chipset nong bong, khong mo duqc ngu6n ..................... ~ .......................... 51 4.2. Chip cAu Bic cac 16i thuong g~p va each XU ly ·········································· 51 4.3. Nhfrng nguyen nhan d~n dSn 16i chipset tren laptop ................................... 52 ' , . BAI 5: BO ~CH CHINH .................................................................................. 53 1. Gi&i thi ~u ......................................................................................................... 53 2. Cac thanh phAil chinh tren Mainboard .............................................................. 53 2.1. H~ vao/ra ca so(BIOS) ................................................................................ 53 2.2. K.he cim mo r9ng ........................................................................................ 54 2.3. Truy c~p trµc tiSp b9 nh& (DMA) ............................................................... 55 2.4. DS cim b9 d6ng xu ly toan ........................................................................ 55 2.5. Cac cAu n6i ·································································································· 56 3. Giai quySt sµ c6 tren Mainboard ...................................................................... 56 3.1. Nguyen tic chung ........................................................................................ 56 3.2. Cac tri~u chung hong hoc ............................................................................ 56 ' - , BAI 6: BQ NHO TRONG .........................................................•........................... 58 1. Gi&i thi~u .......................................................................................................... 58 1.1. Memory-RAM - M9t s6 thu~t ngfr va ky thu~t ........................................... 58 1.2. Cac lo~i memory ......................................................................................... 58 2. Cach t6 chuc b9 nh& trong may tinh ................................................................. 61 2.1. Cac tS bao nh& (storage cell) ....................................................................... 62 2.2. RAM va ROM ............................................................................................. 62 2.3. Cac lo~i b9 nh& ............................................................................................ 62 2.4. Thai gian truy c~p ....................................................................................... 63
2.5. T6 chuc b(> nh6' ............................................................................................ 64 3. Giai quySt S\f cf> b(> nh6' .................................................................................... 66 BAI 7: TIDET BJ L-UV TRU ............................................................................... 67 1. Nhi~m VI) va d~c di Sm cua thiSt bi luu trfr....................................................... 67 2. Bra tu ...........................................................................................................;..... 67 2.1. Nguyen tic luu trfrthong tin tren v~t li~u tu ................................................ 67 2.2. Cac phuong phap luu trfr tren rua tu ........................................................... 67 2.3. B!u tu va vi~c d9c/ghi (Read/Write Head) ................................................ 67 2.4 Cac phuong phap ma h6a s6 li~u ghi len rua ................................................ 68 3. Bra quang ........................................................................................................... 69 3.2. Cftu t~o rua quang ........................................................................................ 69 5. B(> nh6' Flash ..................................................................................................... 71 5 .1. Cac chuin giao di~n n6i 6 cung v&i may tinh ............................................. 71 5.2. Giao di~n SATA (Serial ATA) .................................................................... 73 BAI s: su Dl}NG cAc PHAN MEM cHUAN noAN .................................... 74 1. Cai d~t ph!n mSm ............................................................................................. 74 2. Sir d\lng ph!n mSm dS chin doan 16i ................................................................ 76 2.1. Qua trinh POST ........................................................................................... 76 2.3. Cac chuong trinh chuin doan da nang ........................................................ 76 2.4. Cong C\l chuin doan cua h~ diSu hanh ........................................................ 76 2.5. Nhfrng cong C\l bao duong PC ..................................................................... 76 3. Cach khic ph\lc cac 16i thuong g~p .................................................................. 77 3 .1. May vi tinh thuong hong ch6 nao ............................................................... 77 3 .2. Cac sai hong thuong g~p ............................................................................. 78 3 .3. May tinh ch~y ch~m .................................................................................... 84 3.6. Khic ph\lc sv cf> hiSn thi man hinh ............................................................. 85 ' - ? TAI Liiu THAM KHAO .................................................................................... 87
1 GIOI THI¥U VE MO BUN Vi tri, tinh chftt ciia mo dun - Vi tri m6n h9c: La m6n h9c chuyen nganh; dµac b6 tri a h9c ky III; h9c sau m6n Sua chua b◊ ngu6n. - Tinh chAt m6n h9c: Thi. M1}.C tieu ciia mo dun 1. Ki~n thtrc chuyen mon: - Xac dµih chinh xac cac linh ki?n cua PC - Hi~u duqc nhung h? ki@n true va bo m~ch giao ti@p cua cac h? th6ng PC. - Xac dinh duqc hi?u nang cua b◊ xu ly. - Giai quy@t duqc cac vAn dS vs nang cAp h? th6ng nhu ma cung, b◊ nh&, CPU .... - Bi@t duqc cac nguyen nhan gay ra va each giai quy@t duqc cac sµ c6 thuong g~p trong nhung lo~i may PC khac nhau. 2. Ky nang nghS: - Su d1_mg cac c6ng C\l chu§.n doan va khic ph\lc cac 16i cua PC 3. Thai d{> lao d{>ng: - Binh trnh, doan k@t, h6 trq I~ nhau trong h9c t~p. 4. Cac ky nang cftn thi~t khac: N{>i dung cua mo dun 1. Cac thanh phful chinh cua may tinh 2. Qua trinh khm d
2
3 BAI MO DAU cAc THANH PHAN cniNH ciJA MAY TiNH 1. Gi6i thi~u - Quan sat m9t may tinh C\l thS tho~t trong co ve r6i rim nhtmg xem ky l~i se thiy th\fc ra chi co m9t it C\lm b9 ph~n sau : ' m,.,lTid prnr Serini pm1 \fou"" (\\l)J'.!s'dO! Ks:yhoru-1 (·i1tm,,tr0r .K.-yho,irJ (\11Ul•·~t,x Power 'ii1lj'lfly Hi11hl.l: Kie~t cachs&v iliit tron.f.! m6t rnay PC Desktov tieu bidu + Vo b9c, b9 ngu6n, bo m~ch chinh, m9t 6 dia m~m, m9t 6 dia cung, m9t m~ch di~u hqp hinh anh (Card man hinh) va m()t b9 di6u khien 6 dia, b9 nh&(RAM) va b9 xu ly (CPU). 2. Ciu t~o va chrrc nang cua cac thi~t bjmay tinh 2.1. Vo may - Day la b9 ph~n dS thfiy nhfit duqc lam bing thep ho~c bing thep ho~c sit, dam trach m9t chuc nang m()t s6 chuc nang quan tr9ng : Lot;1i vo ngm5n AT Lo(Ji vo ngu6n .ATX Hinh 1.2 ~- Cac loqi VO may + Quan tr9ng nhfit la vo b9c nay lam thanh cai khung suon ca khi cho m9i may PC, m9i b9 ph~n khac d6u duqc bit vit chic chin vao khung suon.
4 + Khung suon nay duqc n6i d§.t vS m~t di~n thong qua b(mgu6n, vi~c n6i d§.t nay ngan khong cho cac hi~n tuqng tich ~ ho~c phong trnh di~n lam h~i cac C\lm b ngu6n - B
5 Logi ho AT tieu biiu Lo 1iboA1X ► BS cim CPU :thuong co cac d~ng sau socket 3, socket 4, socket 7 (273 chan), socket 370, socket 423, socket 478, Slot 1, Slot A. ► Khe cim b9 nh& :dung dS g~ b9 nh& rai ben ngoai vao bo m~ch chinh, cac . khe cim nay thuong co ten gi sau SIM (72 chan - Single In-line Memory Module),DIM (168 chan - Dual In-line Memory Module) ► BQ nh& d~m (Cache) :la m9t ky thu~t d€ cai thi~n hi~u nang ho~t d9ng cua b(>nh& bing each la giu m(>t lm;mg gi&i h~ nhitng thong tin thuong duqc dung trong m9t thCr RAM d~m tru rdt nhanh gi lµRAM cache ► Cac Chipset: la m9t t~p hqp cac IC duqc t6i uu hoa cao d9, co lien quan ch~t che v&i nhau, m6i khi ph6i hqp nhau se xfr ly hdu nhu tdt ca nhfing chuc nang y€m trq cua m(>t bo m~ch chinh.
6 - Phan lo~i chipset : Intel, Via, UMC ... se cho biSt tinh nang h6 trq cho CPU, b9 nh&, Cac Card mo r9ng, C6ng d6 ho~ gia t6c AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port), C6ng USB (Univergal Serial Bus). ► BIOS - Bios la m9t t~p hng - M6i bo m~ch chinh cung cip m9t s6 khe d\m ma r9ng nhit djnh, s6lu(Jllg khe c&m ma r9ng c6 tac dl)ng gi&i h~n s6 tinh nang va thiSt bj c6 th€ duqc b6 sung vao may. - C6 cac khe c&m ma r9ng sau: PCI, ISA, VESA, AGP. 2.4. B(> xfr Iy (CPU - Central Processing Unit) CPU la b9 xu ly chinh cua may, chl)i trach nhi~m xu ly m9i l~nh va du li~u. - Ki€u CPU quySt djnh nang lµc xuly t6ng th€ cua may. - T6c d9CPU: chinh la xung nhjp (do bAng Mhz) cfing anh hu6ng dSn hi~u nang cuamay. Vi dl): may c6 CPU Pentium 166Mhz se nhanh han so v&i may co CPU Pentium 120Mhz. 2.5. B(> nh6' .111 . - RAM lo~i b9 nh& t~ thai -C6 cac lo~i sau : SIM, DIM, EDO, SRDRAM
7 - sb chan 2.6. Cac 6 dia -Cac lo~i dia la lo~i thiStbirfit da d~g, duqc dung dS hru tru ho~c lfiy ra nhfrng luqng thong tin tuong d6i Jon. - C6 cac lo~i 6 dia: dia mSm(FDD - Floppy Disk Driver), 6 dia cung (HDD Hard Disk Driver), vµ 6 CDROM, 6 nen (Zip), 6 bang (tape driver), 6 ghi CD (CD Record), 6 PC Card (PCMCIA), 6 ghi xoa CD (RW CD), 6 DVD. FDD CTJ-R0!\,1 2. 7. Cac bo m~ch mo- rqng - Cac bo m~ch ma r9ng thuong duqc c~m tren bo m~ch chinh thong qua cac khe c~m m6i bo se thgc hi~n timg chtrc nang rieng. Ngay nay cac bo m~ch nay hfiu nhu duqc tich hqp tren bo m~ch chinh. - Khi nh~n d~ng m◊t bo m~ch chinh cfin dS y cac diSm sau : Cong d1,mg, chan c~m, c6ng xufit tin hi~u, Chipse4 nhan hi~u. - C6 cac lo~i bo m~ch ma r9ng sau : + HiSn thi hinh anh : duqc thiSt kS dS chuySn d6i du li~u df> h~o tho di qua duong Bus h~ th6ng ra thanh du li~u diSm anh (pixel) duqc hiSn thi tren man hinh. CardAGP +Amthanh Nhi~m Vl,l chuySn d6i am thanh ky thu~t sb sang tin hi~u tuong tµ va xufit ra loa hay nguqc l~i dS thu am thanh vao may, c6 hai lo~i Bus h~ th6ng cho Card am thanh la PCI vaISA.
8 + Bo me;ich di Su hgp 6 dia (Drive Adapter) : dugc thiSt kS dS gin them 6 dia, c6ng gin thiSt bi ngoe;ii vi. + Cac c6ng va Moderm : dung dS ghep n6i cac may PC, n6i dSn Internet. ► Nhfrng di~u c§n hru y khi thao lip may Thong thuong, nhung cong doe;in ca h9c cua qua trinh si'ra chua may PC thao rai may ra va lip trcrle;ii thuong b icoi nh~ ho~c dugc dS "h~u x◊t". Nhu chung ta do th§.y er phfin tren, cac b◊ ph~n dugc lip gh9p cua PC kh\lng phuc te;ip lim, song nSu chung ta b§.t cAn ho~c v◊i vang trong khi sua chua thi lgi b§.t c~p he;ii d§.y. Khi sua chua ma lam th§.t le;ic m◊t vai b◊ ph~n ho~c gay ra nhung hu he;ii l~t v~t nao do trong may, chic chin chung ta se m§.t khach hang. Nhung m\lc sau day ve;ich ra m◊t s6 diSu cfin quan tam, v6n co thS giup chung ta co dugc m9t phien si'ra chua nhanh chong va co ch§.t lugng cao. ► Gia trj cua dfr li~u chrra trong may Khi si'ra chua may, m9t S\! th~t khong thS khong xet dSn cua hoe;it d9ng di~n toan ngay nay la, du li~u trong cac 6 dia cfrng cua m◊t khach hang thuong co gia tri han ban than phfin cung cua may. NSu khach hang la chuhang ho~c khach hang cua m◊t t~p doan, chung ta co thS chic r&ng may cua h9co chua nhung thong tin gia tri vs kS toan, ky thu~t, tham khao, thiSt kS .. co y nghfa s6ng con d6i vm cong vi~c cua h9. Vi v~y tru&c tien chung ta phai t\! bao v~ dS tranh nguy C
9 ► Mcrmay Ba s6 cac may la Desktop ho~c tower thuong dung m(>t khung suon bing kim lo~i, duqc che phu bm nitp ho~c vob9c kim lo~i c6 son, v6n duqc bitt ch~t vao khung suon bing m
10 + Cftn th~n khi chc,m khung suon m&i + Nen trung thanh v&i cac vomay, cac b9 ngu6n va cac ho m~ch chinh d6 chuftn h6a + Gift cho cac 6 dia duqc gin chijt, gc_m gang khit khao + Hay gin ho m~ch chinh m9t each cftn th~n + Hay kiSm tra cac m6i n6i m9t each ky luong + Nh& kiSm tra cac ho m~ch + Nh& kiSm tra cac thi@t bi b9 nh& + Nh& kiSm tra qu~t/ giai nhi~t danh cho CPU cAu H61 v A BAI TAP Cau 1: Trinh bay cac thanh phfin va chuc nang cua tung b9 ph~n may tinh? Cau 2: Hay phan bi~t hinh thu may AT va ATX? Cau 3: Neu nhung diSu cfin luu y khi thao lip may? Cau 4: Th1.,rc hi~n thao lip va thay th@cac b9 ph~n may tinh bi hong?