Insecticide resistant natural enemies and their role in IPM

Knowledge of the natural and potential variation in the tolerance of natural enemies to pesticides may improve the design of robust IPM strategies by extending the role of biological control in some agricultural systems and by increasing the number of available compounds to control diseases and key, secondary, and invasive pests. There are a number of excellent revisions on pesticide resistance in natural enemies. In the present review, new cases of insecticide resistance in natural enemies are discussed, as a better understanding of pesticide resistance in natural enemies will allow us to enhance the integration of chemical and biological tools in IPM programs this time period.