Java Programming for absolute beginner- P21

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Java Programming for absolute beginner- P21:Hello and welcome to Java Programming for the Absolute Beginner. You probably already have a good understanding of how to use your computer. These days it’s hard to find someone who doesn’t, given the importance of computers in today’s world. Learning to control your computer intimately is what will separate you from the pack! By reading this book, you learn how to accomplish just that through the magic of programming.

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JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 358 358 Implementing the Runnable Interface Java Programming for the Absolute Beginner There is another way to create a thread. Instead of extending the Thread class, you can implement the Runnable interface. The Runnable interface requires that you override one method. You guessed it: the run() method. To run a Runnable object in a thread, you pass it to the Thread(Runnable) constructor. When you invoke start() on the thread, it results in a call to the Runnable’s run() method. HIN T The Thread class, itself, implements the Runnable interface. That’s why when you extend Thread, you implement the run() method. The RunnableTest application is an example of how to implement the Runnable interface to create a thread. Its run() method is exactly the same as the Thread- Test class’s run() method. It just counts to 10. To get this thread started, you need to create a new Thread object (called t) in the main() method This Runnable object is passed into its constructor and then its start() method is invoked. Here is a listing of the source code: /* * RunnableTest * Demonstrates how to implement the Runnable interface */ public class RunnableTest implements Runnable { //must implement the run method public void run() { for (int i=1; i
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 359 359 Chapter 10 FIGURE 10.3 The output of the RunnableTest application is Animation, Sounds, and Threads exactly the same as the ThreadTest application. Problems Associated with Multithreading When two threads are running concurrently, there is no guarantee which thread will be running at any given time. The MultiThreadTest application demon- strates this. It has two threads: the original program’s execution thread and a sec- ond thread, an instance of MultiThreadTest, that the original thread starts. One of the threads lists letters in order and the other lists numbers. The output of this program is not exactly predictable and multiple runs can produce different output. Here is the source code: /* * MultiThreadTest * Demonstrates the unpredictability of multithreading */ public class MultiThreadTest extends Thread { public void run() { for (char a='A'; a
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 360 360 Java Programming for the Absolute Beginner FIGURE 10.4 The MultiThreadTest application ran twice with totally different output. This is just a simple example, but I’m sure you can imagine what kinds of disas- ters can result if you expect code to be executed in a particular order and you have multiple threads doing different things simultaneously. Your data can become corrupted! Writing Thread-Safe Code Java provides ways to write thread-safe code, that is, code that can have multiple threads executing it simultaneously, and not become unstable because of cor- ruption of some kind. You can use the synchronized keyword as a modifier for methods. This keyword makes sure that only one thread can be executing the method at a time. It works by locking this, the object that owns the code. Only one thread at a time can own a lock for an object. Entering a synchronized method ensures that while a thread is inside it, it has an exclusive lock on this. Any other thread that needs to get into this method has to wait until the lock is released. When a thread passes out of synchronized code, the lock is automati- cally released. public synchronized void mySafeMethod() { … } TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 361 361 To enter mySafeMethod(), the thread must gain a lock to the instance of the class that defines the method. When it gets into mySafeMethod(), it automatically Chapter 10 gains the lock to this and when it passes out of the method, the lock is released, allowing other threads to enter mySafeMethod(). You can use the synchronized keyword also to lock blocks of code. You can lock on any object: synchronized (myObject) { … } Animation, Sounds, and Threads myObject must not be locked by another thread to enter the block of code defined in the curly braces. Any thread that gets into the curly braces gains a lock to myObject. This second method of synchronization is much less commonly used because it can be dangerous to lock any object other than the one that owns the code. T volatile is another keyword that has use in multithreaded environments. Only HIN variables can be volatile. This keyword is not used very often. It indicates to the compiler that the variable might be modified out of synch and that multiple threads should be careful when working with it. Using wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() The wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods allow for threads to be paused and then restarted. These methods are defined in the Object class. They must be called from within synchronized code. When a thread enters the wait() method, it releases the object lock and pauses execution until another thread invokes the notify() or notifyAll() method. notify() wakes up one thread waiting on this object and notifyAll() notifies all the threads waiting on this object. The wait() method can throw an InterruptedException. A thread can be interrupted while it is waiting or asleep if you invoke the interrupt() method of the Thread class. public synchronized void getValue() { if (valueNotSetYet) { try { wait(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } } x = value; } public synchronized void setValue() { value = y; valueNotSetYet = false; notify(); } TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 362 362 In the previous snippet of code, one thread is responsible for getting a value that is set by a different thread. Because you can’t predict exactly when the value will Java Programming for the Absolute Beginner be set, you need to determine whether the value has been set before you try to get it (assume valueNotSetYet is a boolean variable that indicates whether the value has been set). If the value hasn’t been set, you wait for it. Calling wait() releases the lock and allows the second thread to synchronize on this and set the value valueNotSetYet to false, and then call notify() to allow the first thread to retrieve the value it so desperately needs to get. Putting a Thread to Sleep You can pause a thread for a set number of milliseconds by calling the static Thread.sleep(long) method. You will see the importance this feature has for ani- mation when you get to that point to pause between each frame of animation. The long parameter specifies the number of milliseconds the thread sleeps (1000 milliseconds is one second). A sleeping thread can be interrupted, so calling Thread.sleep(long) requires that you handle InterruptedExceptions. Here is an example of an application that calls Thread.sleep(long). It alternatively prints “Tic” and “Toc” to standard output, pausing one second in between each print. Here is the source code for SleepTest.java: /* * SleepTest * Demonstrates how to make a Thread sleep */ public class SleepTest extends Thread { public void run() { for (int i=0; i < 10; i++) { if (i % 2 == 0) System.out.println("Tic"); else System.out.println("Toc"); try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) {} } } public static void main(String args[]) { SleepTest t = new SleepTest(); t.start(); } } Figure 10.5 shows the output. TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 363 363 Chapter 10 FIGURE 10.5 To really benefit Animation, Sounds, and Threads from this, you kinda sorta have to run it yourself. Performing Animation Animation is basically done by showing a series of pictures that differ slightly from each other in a way that makes the image appear to be moving. If the pic- tures change fast enough, the animation looks smooth. In this section, I’ll take you through the process of using threads to animate sprites. The Sprite Class A sprite, in its simplest definition, is any graphical image that moves, especially when in relation to computer games. A sprite is typically made up of a series of images that are used to animate a motion. It also has an (x, y) position and a direction and speed of its movement. The Sprite class I defined for this chapter is a simple class that encapsulates these concepts. It has an array of images, images[], a Point location, location, and another Point, called deltaPoint, which indicates the direction and speed of the sprite. The way this works is the location point is ignored by deltaPoint. deltaPoint indicates the distance the sprite will move in both the x direction and the y direc- tion from where it currently is, wherever that might be, every time the sprite is updated. There is another member, currentImgIndex, which keeps track of the images[] Image element (the actual image) that is set as the current image to be displayed. The Sprite class has its get and set methods for modifying the pro- tected members. The constructor accepts the array of images, the starting loca- tion, and also the deltaPoint Point object. The update() method sets the current image to the next image (if it gets past the last image, it loops back to the first one), and then it moves the current location based on the value of deltaPoint by calling the translate(int, int) method. This method belongs to the Point class and moves the Point object’s location based on the change in x and the change in y that you pass in as its parameters. TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 364 364 The Sprite class doesn’t perform any animation on its own. It relies on other classes to call its update() method, which creates the illusion of motion. Here is Java Programming for the Absolute Beginner the source listing for Sprite.java: /* * Sprite * Encapsulates images for animation. */ import java.awt.*; public class Sprite { protected Image[] images; protected Point location; //indicates the change in (x, y) protected Point deltaPoint; protected int currentImgIndex; public Sprite(Image[] imgs, Point loc, Point delta) { images = imgs; currentImgIndex = 0; location = new Point(loc.x, loc.y); deltaPoint = new Point(delta.x, delta.y); } public Image getCurrentImage() { return images[currentImgIndex]; } public void setLocation(Point loc) { location = new Point(loc.x, loc.y); } public Point getLocation() { return new Point(location.x, location.y); } public void setDeltaPoint(Point dest) { deltaPoint = new Point(dest.x, dest.y); } public Point getDeltaPoint() { return new Point(deltaPoint.x, deltaPoint.y); } public void update() { currentImgIndex = (currentImgIndex + 1) % images.length; location.translate(deltaPoint.x, deltaPoint.y); } } TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 365 365 Testing the Sprite Class Chapter 10 The SpriteTest class tests the Sprite class by giving it some images, specifying its location, and delta point, and repeatedly calling its update() method from within a thread. Figure 10.6 shows the three images that make up the animation. FIGURE 10.6 Animation, Sounds, and Threads It’s BoitMan! These images are animated by the SpriteTest class. Here is the source code for SpriteTest.java: /* * SpriteTest * Tests the Sprite class */ import java.awt.*; public class SpriteTest extends GUIFrame implements Runnable { Sprite sprite; public SpriteTest(Image[] images, Point loc, Point dest) { super("Sprite Animation Test"); MediaTracker mt = new MediaTracker(this); for (int i=0; i < images.length; i++) { mt.addImage(images[i], i); } try { mt.waitForAll(); } catch (InterruptedException e) {} sprite = new Sprite(images, loc, dest); } public static void main(String args[]) { Image[] imgs = { Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("b1.gif"), Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("b2.gif"), Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("b3.gif") }; SpriteTest spriteTest = new SpriteTest(imgs, new Point(0, 0), new Point(3, 3)); spriteTest.setSize(300, 300); spriteTest.setVisible(true); Thread runner = new Thread(spriteTest); runner.start(); } TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 366 366 //assumes animation moves to the right, down, or both public void run() { Java Programming for the Absolute Beginner while (sprite.getLocation().x < getSize().width && sprite.getLocation().y < getSize().height) { repaint(); sprite.update(); try { Thread.sleep(50); } catch (InterruptedException e) {} } } public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawImage(sprite.getCurrentImage(), sprite.getLocation().x, sprite.getLocation().y, this); } } It is a GUIFrame that constructs a Sprite object by passing in an array of images consisting of b1.gif, b2.gif, and b3.gif. The second argument to the constructor is new Point(0, 0) so the sprite starts in the top-left corner of the GUIFrame. The third argument is new Point(3, 3), so every time the sprite is updated by call- ing its update() method, it will move three generic units (often pixels) to the right and three down. SpriteTest implements the Runnable interface and overrides run() to move the sprite until it is no longer in the visible GUIFrame area. It calls repaint() to dis- play the image, and then calls sprite.update() to update the sprite to its next frame, sleeps for 50 milliseconds, and then repeats this dance. The paint(Graph- ics) method paints sprite’s image at its current location, which it gets by call- ing sprite.getLocation().x and sprite.getLocation().y. Figure 10.7 hints at what this looks like; however, you have to run it for yourself to actually see the animation. FIGURE 10.7 Go BoitMan, Go! TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 367 367 Double Buffering Chapter 10 Did you notice that ugly flickering while BoitMan was running across the screen? This is because the drawing is taking place directly onto the screen. To eliminate the flickering, you need to paint the image to an off-screen buffer first, and then copy the entire off-screen image to the screen. This technique is called double buffering. Here’s how it works. Calling a component’s repaint() method results in a call to the update(Graph- Animation, Sounds, and Threads ics) method, which clears the component’s graphics with the background color. You actually see this happening on-screen, which is the main cause of the flick- ering. Then the update(Graphics) method sets the color to the foreground color and invokes paint(Graphics). You see the background color for a split second, and then you see the image again. This is where the flickering comes from. To prevent the flickering, override update(Graphics) so that it doesn’t clear the background. It just calls paint(Graphics) directly. Then from paint(), create an image buffer, which is an invisible image. You create the off-screen image buffer by invoking the createImage(int, int) method that is defined in the Component class. The arguments are its width and its height. Then draw on to the buffered image and then copy the whole thing to the screen. The SpriteNoFlickerTest application performs double-buffering: /* * SpriteTest * Tests the Sprite class */ import java.awt.*; public class SpriteNoFlickerTest extends GUIFrame implements Runnable { Sprite sprite; Image offImg; public SpriteNoFlickerTest(Image[] images, Point loc, Point dest) { super("Sprite Animation Test (No Flicker)"); MediaTracker mt = new MediaTracker(this); for (int i=0; i < images.length; i++) { mt.addImage(images[i], i); } try { mt.waitForAll(); } catch (InterruptedException e) {} sprite = new Sprite(images, loc, dest); } public static void main(String args[]) { Image[] imgs = { Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("b1.gif"), Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("b2.gif"), Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("b3.gif") }; TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 368 368 SpriteNoFlickerTest test = new SpriteNoFlickerTest(imgs, new Point(0, 0), new Point(3, 3)); Java Programming for the Absolute Beginner test.setSize(300, 300); test.setVisible(true); Thread runner = new Thread(test); runner.start(); } //assumes animation moves to the right, down, or both public void run() { while (sprite.getLocation().x < getSize().width && sprite.getLocation().y < getSize().height) { repaint(); sprite.update(); try { Thread.sleep(50); } catch (InterruptedException e) {} } } //override update() public void update(Graphics g) { paint(g); } //on-screen image buffer public void paint(Graphics g) { offImg = createImage(getSize().width, getSize().height); Graphics offg = offImg.getGraphics(); paintOffScreen(offg); g.drawImage(offImg, 0, 0, null); } //off-screen image buffer public void paintOffScreen(Graphics g) { // clear the off-screen image g.setColor(getBackground()); g.fillRect(0, 0, getSize().width, getSize().height); g.drawImage(sprite.getCurrentImage(), sprite.getLocation().x, sprite.getLocation().y, this); g.setColor(getForeground()); } } This application is the same as the SpriteTest application except for the follow- ing differences. It declares an Image object, offImg, which will hold the reference to the off-screen image buffer. It overrides the update(Graphics) method, which you learned is required for double buffering. It just calls paint(Graphics). It cre- ates the off-screen image buffer by calling the following: offImg = createImage(getSize().width, getSize().height); TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 369 369 The paintOffScreen(Graphics) method is new. It basically does the work that was originally done in the SpriteTest’s paint(Graphics) method. The Chapter 10 paint(Graphics) method passes the offImg’s graphics by invoking offImg.get- Graphics(). After offImge is all set, paint(Graphics) draws that image just like it draws any other image. The result of this effort? No annoying flickering! Playing Sound from Applications Animation, Sounds, and Threads You already learned how to play sounds in Java, but that was specific to applets. In this section, you learn how to play sounds from applications, which is actu- ally not all that different from playing sounds from applets. In fact, you can do it by invoking a static method provided in the Applet class, Applet.newAudio- Clip(URL). You pass in a URL object that tells where the audio file is and, presto, you got yourself an AudioClip instance! The SoundApplication application demonstrates how to do this: /* * SoundApplication * Demonstrates how to play sounds from an application */ import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.applet.*; import java.net.*; public class SoundApplication extends GUIFrame implements ActionListener { AudioClip taught; public SoundApplication() { super("Sound Application"); //call Applet's static method to load AudioClip try { taught = Applet.newAudioClip(new URL("file:taught.au")); } catch (MalformedURLException e) {} Button play = new Button("Play"); play.addActionListener(this); add(play, BorderLayout.CENTER); setSize(200, 200); setVisible(true); } public static void main(String args[]) { new SoundApplication(); } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { taught.play(); } } TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 370 370 The SoundApplication class imports the java.applet package so it can access the Applet class and the AudioClip class, which are both part of that package. It Java Programming for the Absolute Beginner imports the java.net package for the URL class and the MalformedURLException class. Calling Applet.getAudioClip(URL) can cause a MalformedURLException if the given URL is not valid. Notice that when this method is called, the new URL object is created with a string representation of the URL. It begins with the word "file:" and is followed by the file name, which in this case is taught.au. After you have the AudioClip reference, you are ready to play it by invoking its play() method. Here I set it up so that when you click the Play button, it will play the audio file. Figure 10.8 shows the output, but you have to run it for yourself to hear the audio. You should hear Darth Vader giving Luke Skywalker a compliment. FIGURE 10.8 Thanks, dad! Back to the ShootingRange Game Okay, now you know everything you need to know to build the ShootingRange game. Figure 10.9 shows the images of the aliens and the bullet that will be animated. FIGURE 10.9 These images are used by the ShootingRange game. Here is the source code listing for ShootingRange.java: /* * ShootingRange * Animates sprites for the user to try to shoot */ import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.applet.*; import java.net.*; TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 371 371 public class ShootingRange extends Canvas implements Runnable { protected AudioClip shoot, fly; Chapter 10 protected Sprite bullet, target; protected Point bulletStartPt; //array of point pairs: starting points & delta points protected Point[] targetStartDeltaSet; public final static int LEFT = 0, RIGHT = 1; //keeps track of whether or not the sprites are on-screen protected boolean bulletOnScreen, targetOnScreen; protected boolean gameOver; Animation, Sounds, and Threads protected Image offImg; protected int shots, hits; protected Thread runner; public ShootingRange() { try { shoot = Applet.newAudioClip(new URL("file:shoot.au")); fly = Applet.newAudioClip(new URL("file:fly.au")); } catch (MalformedURLException e) {} MediaTracker mt = new MediaTracker(this); Image[] bImg = { Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("bullet.gif") }; mt.addImage(bImg[0], 0); Image[] tImgs = { Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("s1.gif"), Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("s2.gif"), Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("s3.gif"), Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("s4.gif"), Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("s5.gif"), Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("s6.gif"), Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage("s7.gif") }; for (int i=0; i < tImgs.length; i++) { mt.addImage(tImgs[i], i + 1); } try { mt.waitForAll(); } catch (InterruptedException e) {} setSize(500, 500); bulletStartPt = new Point( (getSize().width - bImg[0].getWidth(this)) / 2, getSize().height - bImg[0].getHeight(this)); bullet = new Sprite(bImg, new Point(0, 0), new Point(0, -30)); //just initialize the target Sprite target = new Sprite(tImgs, new Point(0, 0), new Point(0, 0)); targetStartDeltaSet = new Point[] { getTargetStart(LEFT, 100), new Point(5, 0), getTargetStart(RIGHT, 100), new Point(-5, 0), getTargetStart(LEFT, 200), new Point(6, 0), getTargetStart(RIGHT, 200), new Point(-6, 0), getTargetStart(LEFT, 300), new Point(7, 0), getTargetStart(RIGHT, 300), new Point(-7, 0), getTargetStart(LEFT, 400), new Point(5, 0), getTargetStart(RIGHT, 400), new Point(-6, 0), getTargetStart(LEFT, 400), new Point(7, 2), getTargetStart(RIGHT, 400), new Point(-10, 5) }; TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 372 372 addKeyListener(new KeyAdapter() { public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) { Java Programming for the Absolute Beginner if (e.getKeyCode() == KeyEvent.VK_SPACE && !(bulletOnScreen || gameOver)) { bullet.setLocation(bulletStartPt); shots++; bulletOnScreen = true; shoot.play(); } //reset if game over else if (gameOver) { playGame(); } } }); setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 20)); } public static void main(String args[]) { GUIFrame frame = new GUIFrame("Shooting Range"); ShootingRange range = new ShootingRange(); range.setBackground(new Color(125, 100, 200)); frame.add(range, BorderLayout.CENTER); frame.pack(); frame.setResizable(false); frame.setVisible(true); //request keyboard focus for the shooting range range.requestFocus(); range.playGame(); } public void playGame() { if (runner == null || !runner.isAlive()) { runner = new Thread(this); runner.start(); } } /* returns the starting point based on the parameters * side is LEFT or RIGHT, distance is distance from gun */ private Point getTargetStart(int side, int distance) { Point p = new Point(getWidth(), getHeight()); if (side == LEFT) p.x = 0 - target.getCurrentImage().getWidth(this); p.y -= target.getCurrentImage().getHeight(this); p.y -= bullet.getCurrentImage().getHeight(this); p.y -= distance; return p; } public void run() { gameOver = false; hits = shots = 0; TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 373 373 for (int i=0; i < targetStartDeltaSet.length - 1; i += 2) { target.setLocation(targetStartDeltaSet[i]); Chapter 10 target.setDeltaPoint(targetStartDeltaSet[i + 1]); targetOnScreen = true; fly.play(); repaint(); while (targetOnScreen) { target.update(); if (bulletOnScreen) bullet.update(); try { Animation, Sounds, and Threads Thread.sleep(50); } catch (InterruptedException e) {} repaint(); checkSprites(); } } targetOnScreen = bulletOnScreen = false; gameOver = true; repaint(); } // checks sprites for collision or for going off-screen protected void checkSprites() { Rectangle r, bounds; bounds = new Rectangle(0, 0, getSize().width, getSize().height); if (collision()) { bulletOnScreen = false; targetOnScreen = false; hits++; return; } //don't fire bullet automatically if (bulletOnScreen) { r = new Rectangle(bullet.getLocation().x, bullet.getLocation().y, bullet.getCurrentImage().getWidth(this), bullet.getCurrentImage().getHeight(this)); bulletOnScreen = r.intersects(bounds); } r = new Rectangle(target.getLocation().x, target.getLocation().y, target.getCurrentImage().getWidth(this), target.getCurrentImage().getHeight(this)); targetOnScreen = r.intersects(bounds); } protected boolean collision() { Rectangle r1, r2; if (!(bulletOnScreen && targetOnScreen)) return false; //bullet bounds r1 = new Rectangle(bullet.getLocation().x, bullet.getLocation().y, bullet.getCurrentImage().getWidth(this), bullet.getCurrentImage().getHeight(this)); TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 374 374 //target bounds r2 = new Rectangle(target.getLocation().x, target.getLocation().y, Java Programming for the Absolute Beginner target.getCurrentImage().getWidth(this), target.getCurrentImage().getHeight(this)); return r1.intersects(r2); } //for keyboard focus public boolean isFocusTraversable() { return true; } //override update() public void update(Graphics g) { paint(g); } //on-screen image buffer public void paint(Graphics g) { offImg = createImage(getSize().width, getSize().height); Graphics offg = offImg.getGraphics(); paintOffScreen(offg); g.drawImage(offImg, 0, 0, null); } //off-screen image buffer public void paintOffScreen(Graphics g) { double score; // clear the off-screen image g.setColor(getBackground()); g.fillRect(0, 0, getSize().width, getSize().height); if (!gameOver) { if (targetOnScreen) { g.drawImage(target.getCurrentImage(), target.getLocation().x, target.getLocation().y, this); } if (bulletOnScreen) { g.drawImage(bullet.getCurrentImage(), bullet.getLocation().x, bullet.getLocation().y, this); } g.setColor(getForeground()); g.fillRect(bulletStartPt.x, bulletStartPt.y, bullet.getCurrentImage().getWidth(this), bullet.getCurrentImage().getHeight(this)); } else { score = (double)hits / (targetStartDeltaSet.length / 2); score += (double)hits / shots; score = Math.rint(score * 50); String s = "Your score is: " + (int)score + "%"; FontMetrics fm = g.getFontMetrics(); int w = fm.stringWidth(s); TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 375 375 int h = fm.getHeight(); g.setColor(getForeground()); Chapter 10 g.drawString(s, (getSize().width - w) / 2, (getSize().height + h) / 2 - fm.getDescent()); } } } The game uses two AudioClip objects, shoot and fly. shoot plays when you fire Animation, Sounds, and Threads the gun and fly plays when each alien enters the screen. The ShootingRange game defines two Sprite objects, bullet and target. As you’d imagine, bullet is the Sprite for animating the bullet and target is the Sprite that animates the alien. bulletStartPt is a Point; it specifies where the bullet starts, which is where it is fired (the bottom middle of the screen). The targetStartDeltaSet[] Point array needs explanation. It is one array that holds the starting points of the aliens as well as their delta points. Even num- bered indices indicate the starting points and odd numbered indices indicate the delta points that come directly after their corresponding starting points. The LEFT and RIGHT constants just make it easier later to set up which side the aliens are coming from. The bulletOnScreen and targetOnScreen boolean variables indicate whether the bullet and target Sprite object images currently appear on-screen. The gameOver member indicates whether the game is over. This information is used later to determine when it’s time to display the score. The offImg is the off-screen image buffer used for double buffering; shots and hits count the number of times the gun is fired and the number of aliens that are hit, respectively. Thread runner runs this Runnable object. The constructor loads the sounds and the images, sets up the targetStart- DeltaSet array, and calculates the bullet’s starting point by finding the bottom center of this Canvas. The constructor also adds a KeyAdapter for listening to the spacebar. To fire the gun, the player presses the spacebar. It won’t let you fire more than one bullet at a time and also won’t let you fire a bullet if the game is over. Instead, if the game is over, pressing the spacebar (or any other key) will reset the game, so you can play again. The playGame() method determines whether the runner thread is null or is not alive. In either case, it starts a new thread. The getTargetStart(int, int) method determines the starting point of the target sprite based on its parame- ters. The first parameter indicates which side the alien will come in from, either LEFT or RIGHT. Therefore, the x location of the variable is set based on placing the sprite just outside of the canvas on the side it will be introduced from. The y TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-10.qxd 2/25/03 8:56 AM Page 376 376 position is built off of the second argument, which specifies the distance between the sprite and the bullet. Java Programming for the Absolute Beginner The run() method loops on targetStartDeltaSet[]. The total number of aliens is half the length of this array. The run() method reuses the same sprite for all the aliens and just updates the point location for each new target. The run() method increments the index, i, by two because the points are stored in sets of starting points and delta points. Then it puts the target sprite on-screen and plays the fly AudioClip. While the target remains on-screen, the run() method updates the target and repaints. It also updates the bullet if there is one on the screen. The checkSprites() method called from the run() method checks for a collision between the bullet and the target. It also checks for those sprites moving out of the play area. The way it checks for collisions and for being out of the play area is by getting a Rectangle object that represents the Sprite’s bounds and also the Canvas’s bounds. If a Sprite object appears on-screen, its bounds will intersect with the Canvas’s bound. If a Sprite object collides with another Sprite object, their bounds will intersect with each other. There is a nifty method in the Rec- tangle class that is built just for doing this, intersects(Rectangle). Rectangles intersect each other if they share any pixels. Summary In this chapter you learned about using threads in general and then how to apply them to create animation effects. You also learned some safe multithreading techniques. You learned how to play sounds from applications, too. In the next chapter, you learn about custom event handling and inner classes and how to build a larger-scale game using those techniques. CHALLENGES 1. Create your own animation using the Sprite class and your own set of images. 2. Add a sound to the ShootingRange program that plays when the aliens are hit with bullets. TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
JavaProgAbsBeg-11.qxd 2/25/03 8:57 AM Page 377 11 C H A P T E R Custom Event Handling and File I/O In this chapter, you focus on building a puzzle game using custom event handling techniques. In developing this game, you will also use a great deal of what you’ve learned in previous chapters. The project in this chapter, and also the project in Chapter 12, “Creat- ing Your Own Components and Packages,” is much bigger than in the previous chapters. The goal is to reiterate much of what you have learned throughout the book, learn some new, more advanced stuff, and put it all together in a larger scale project. The Block Game programs use GUI components, threads, graph- ics, animation, and inner classes. You also learn to read and write files to save your high scores. You will use the following con- cepts to build a really fun game: • Multithreading • Animation • Collision detection • File I/O • Inner classes • Custom interfaces and event handling TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.