Nghieân cöùu Y hoïc<br />
<br />
Y Hoïc TP. Hoà Chí Minh * Taäp 6 * Soá 3 * 2002<br />
<br />
KHAÛO SAÙT CHÆ SOÁ KIEÀM DÖ DÒCH NGOAÏI BAØO BEecf<br />
TRONG SUY HOÂ HAÁP CAÁP ÔÛ TREÛ EM<br />
Nguyeãn Ñình Haûi* vaø caùc Coäng Söï<br />
<br />
TOÙM TAÉT<br />
TOÙM TAÉT<br />
Muïc ñích: Duøng phöông phaùp tieàn cöùu, moâ taû ñeå: -Ñaùnh giaù söï thay ñoåi BEecf ôû treû bò suy hoâ haáp caáp<br />
(SHHC) taïi khoa nhi BV NDGÑ. - Ñieàu trò roái loaïn kieàm toan trong suy hoâ haáp caáp caên cöù vaøo kieàm dö<br />
BEecf.<br />
Ñoái töôïng – phöông phaùp: Ba nhoùm beänh nhaân bò suy hoâ haáp töø sô sinh ñeán 15 tuoåi (loaïi tröø beänh tim,<br />
thaän, huyeát hoïc) ñöôïc phaân tích khí maùu ñoäng maïch (pH, Pa02, PaC02, BEecf, HC03 – ...) töø 4 loaïi maãu:<br />
M1: luùc nhaäp vieän; M2: 1 giôø sau ñieàu trò; M3: 6 giôø sau ñieàu trò vaø M4: luùc beänh nhaân hoài phuïc hoaëc töû<br />
vong.<br />
Nhoùm 1 (Vieâm phoåi - VP): 243 beänh nhaân bò vieâm phoåi<br />
Nhoùm 2 (pheá quaûn - PQ): goàm 147 beänh nhaân bò hen PQ hoaëc vieâm tieåu pheá quaûn<br />
Nhoùm 3 (beänh ngoaøi phoåi - NP): goàm 66 beänh nhaân coù beänh ngoaøi phoåi.<br />
Nhoùm chöùng goàm 70 treû em khoûe.<br />
BEecf < - 3 mmol/L: coù toan.<br />
Taát caû beänh nhaân bò SHHC ñeàu ñöôïc cho Oxy lieäu phaùp vaø ñieàu trò thích hôïp.<br />
NaHC03 ñöôïc cho khi coù toan theo coâng thöùc<br />
NaHC03 (mmol) = BEecf (mmol/L) x Caân naëng (Kg)<br />
2<br />
<br />
Keát quaû: Trò soá BEecf cuûa loâ töû vong nhoùm 1 (-5,69 mmol/L, toan) giaûm nhieàu hôn loâ soáng (-2,86<br />
mmol/L) do suy yeáu naëng söï trao ñoåi oxy taïi phoåi. Traùi laïi, trò soá BEecf nhoùm 3 (beänh ngoaøi phoåi) taêng<br />
(4,69 mmol/L, kieàm) vì buø cho toan hoâ haáp (PaC02 = 55,73 mmHg).<br />
ÔÛ SHH ñoä 1 (nheï): toan chuyeån hoùa (BE -3 mmol/L) thì hieám vaø nheï; 25/243 BN nhoùm 1 (10,28%),<br />
15/147 BN nhoùm 2 (10,20%) vaø 5/66 BN nhoùm 3 (7,57%).<br />
ÔÛ SHH ñoä 2 (vöøa): toan nhieàu hôn vaø khaù naëng; 34/243 BN nhoùm 1 (13,99%), 46/147 BN nhoùm 2<br />
(31,29%), khoâng BN naøo ôû nhoùm 3.<br />
ÔÛ SHH ñoä 3 (naëng): toan nhieàu vaø naëng hôn; 105/243 BN nhoùm 1 (43,20%) trong ñoù 60% coù BEecf<br />
giaûm < 6mmol/L, 26/147 BN nhoùm 2 (17,68%), vaø 1/66 BN nhoùm 3(1,51%). Ña soá beänh nhaân nhoùm 3 coù<br />
kieàm chuyeån hoùa (46/66 BN = 69,69%)<br />
Ñieàu trò toan chuyeån hoùa vôùi Na.bicarbonate ñöôïc thöïc hieän vôùi keát quaû nhanh choùng, hieäu quaû khi<br />
BEecf giaûm < -3 mmoL/l ôû 164 BN nhoùm 1 (67,48%), 87 BN nhoùm 2 (59,18%), vaø 6 BN nhoùm 3 (9,1%); 35<br />
BN nhoùm 1 cheát vì thieáu oxy maùu naëng, toan chuyeån hoùa naëng vaø toan huyeát naëng.<br />
Keát luaän: Chæ soá BEecf raát coù giaù trò, höõu ích, nhanh choùng trong ñaùnh giaù vaø ñieàu trò toan chuyeån hoùa<br />
ôû caùc beänh nhaân naëng bò SHHC<br />
Töø khoùa: Kieàm dö BEecf – Toan chuyeån hoùa – Suy hoâ haáp caáp.<br />
<br />
* Khoa Nhi – BV Nhaân Daân Gia Ñònh<br />
<br />
1<br />
<br />
Y Hoïc TP. Hoà Chí Minh * Taäp 6 * Soá 3 * 2002<br />
<br />
Nghieân cöùu Y hoïc<br />
<br />
SUMMARY<br />
EVALUATION OF INDEX OF BASE EXCESS IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (BEecf)<br />
IN ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE IN CHILDREN<br />
Nguyen Dinh Hai et al.* Y Hoc TP. Ho Chi Minh * Vol. 6 - No 3 - 2002: 129 - 137<br />
<br />
1. Objective: A prospective study was carried out to: Evaluate the change of BEecf in acute respiratory<br />
failure (A.R.F). Treat the alkalo – acidosis disorder in A.R.F by evaluating the change of BEecf.<br />
2. Patients and methods: All patients with A.R.F from neonate to 15 years of age (cardiac, renal,<br />
anemic patients are excluded) had the arterial blood gas ananlysis (pH, PaC02, Pa02, BEecf, HC03, …) from<br />
4 samples: M1 at the hospital admission; M2: 1 hour after therapy; M3: 6 hour after therapy and M4: at<br />
the remission or death of 3 groups:<br />
- Group 1 (pneumonia) including 243 patients with pneumonia.<br />
- Group 2 (bronchial diseases): including 141 patients with asthma or bronchiolitis.<br />
- Group 3 (extrapulmonary diseases) including 66 patients with extrapulmonary diseases<br />
- And a witness group including 70 healthy children<br />
- BEecf < - 3 mmol/L was acidosic, BEecf < + 3 mmol/L was alkalotic.<br />
- All patients with A.R.F received an adequate management.<br />
- Na.bicarbonate was perfused in the case of acidosis:<br />
Bicarbonate (mmol/L) =BEecf (mmol/L) x Bodyweight (Kg)<br />
2<br />
<br />
Results:- -Value<br />
<br />
of BEecf of fatal group 1 (-5.69 mmol/L) decreased more greatly than that of alive group<br />
1 (-2.86 mmol/L) because of severe pulmonary oxygen transfer defect. On the contrary, value of BEecf of<br />
group 3 (extrapulmonary diseases) increased (4.69 mmol/L) because of compensation for markedly<br />
respiratory acidosis (PaC02 = 55.73 mmHg).<br />
- In mild ARF, the acidosis (BEecf -3 mmol/L) was rarely and mildly; 25/243 patients of group 1<br />
(10.28%), 15/147 patients of group 2 (10.20%) and 5/66 patients of group 3 (7.57%).<br />
- In moderate ARF: acidosis was more often and markedly: 34/243 patients of group 1 (13.99%),<br />
46/147 patients of group 2 (31.29%), no patients of group 3.<br />
- In severe ARF: acidosis was commonly and severely: 105/243 patients of group 1 (43.20%) with 60%<br />
of them had BEecf < 6mmol/L, 26/147 patients of group 2 (17.68%), and 1/66 patients of group 3 (1.51%).<br />
Most of patients of group 3 had alkalosis (46/66 = 69.69%)<br />
- Treatment of metabolic acidosis with Na. bicarbonate was carried out when BEecf < -3 mmoL/l for<br />
164 patients of group 1 (67.48%), 87 patients of group 2 (59.18%), and 6 patients of group 3 (9.1%); 35<br />
patients of group 1 were dead (14.40%) because of hypoxemia and severe acidosis and acidemia. The<br />
promptly, efficient results were observed.<br />
- All of alive patients of 3 group had value of BEecf returning promptly to normal range in samples M2,<br />
M3, M4 except the value of fetal group 1 that increased continually very much in the samples M2, M3 and<br />
M4.<br />
Conclusion: BEecf was valuable, helpful, efficient index in evaluation and treatment of acidosis in<br />
severely ill patients with acute respiratoy failure. Its value only decreased commonly and markedly in<br />
severe acute respiratory failure in patients with pneumonia.<br />
oxy vaø CO2. Haäu quaû cuûa söï thieáu Oxy maùu seõ<br />
MÔÛ ÑAÀU<br />
ñöa ñeán chuyeån hoùa yeám khí, toan hoùa do lactic<br />
Suy hoâ haáp caáp laø tình traïng phoåi bò suy yeáu<br />
acid vaø toån thöông teá baøo, ñaëc bieät toån thöông teá<br />
dieãn tieán caáp, khoâng coøn khaû naêng ñaùp öùng nhu<br />
baøo naõo vónh vieãn(2,3,4,8,9,10,12). Muïc ñích cuûa<br />
caàu chuyeån hoùa cô theå vaø duy trì söï trao ñoåi khí<br />
nghieân cöùu naøy laø duøng chæ soá BEecf ñeå ñaùnh giaù,<br />
<br />
2<br />
<br />
Nghieân cöùu Y hoïc<br />
<br />
Y Hoïc TP. Hoà Chí Minh * Taäp 6 * Soá 3 * 2002<br />
<br />
chaån ñoaùn tình traïng toan chuyeån hoùa sôùm ñeå can<br />
thieäp ñieàu trò nhaèm tranh caùc bieán chöùng neâu<br />
treân(1,5,6,7,10,13,17).<br />
<br />
hoâ haáp treân keøm ran ngaùy, ran rít trong thì thôû vaøo<br />
vaø thôû ra; keøm trieäu chöùng khaùc.<br />
<br />
ÑOÁI TÖÔÏNG – PHÖÔNG PHAÙP NGHIEÂN<br />
CÖÙU:<br />
<br />
Khoù thôû ra, nhòp thôû taêng, loõm söôøn, ran rít luùc<br />
thôû ra, pheá aâm coù theå giaûm<br />
<br />
Ñoái töôïng nghieân cöùu:<br />
<br />
Tieâu chuaån laâm saøng cuûa beänh vieâm phoåi<br />
<br />
Nhöõng beänh nhaân bò suy hoâ haáp caáp ôû khoa<br />
nhi BV NDGÑ trong 4 naêm töø 1996 ñeán 1999, töø<br />
sô sinh ñeán 15 tuoåi ôû 3 nhoùm: Nhoùm vieâm phoåi<br />
(VP), nhoùm pheá quaûn (PQ) vaø nhoùm ngoaøi phoåi,<br />
ngoaøi ra coøn coù nhoùm chöùng.<br />
<br />
- Coù theå soát, ho khan hoaëc coù ñaøm, thôû nhanh,<br />
loõm söôøn<br />
<br />
Phöông phaùp nghieân cöùu:<br />
Loaïi hình nghieân cöùu<br />
Moâ taû, tieàn cöùu; caét ngang, nhöõng döõ kieän töø<br />
caùc beänh nhaân bò suy hoâ haáp caáp theo tieâu chuaån<br />
quy ñònh.<br />
Thieát keá nghieân cöùu<br />
4 nhoùm<br />
- Nhoùm 1: goàm beänh vieâm phoåi (VP).<br />
- Nhoùm 2: goàm beänh pheá quaûn (PQ) = hen<br />
pheá quaûn, vieâm tieåu pheá quaûn.<br />
- Nhoùm 3: goàm beänh ngoaøi phoåi (NP) = xuaát<br />
huyeát naûo maøng naõo, vieâm naõo maøng naõo, ñoäng<br />
kinh, ngoä ñoäc thuoác, haï canxi.<br />
Tieâu chuaån choïn maãu<br />
Ñoä suy hoâ haáp<br />
ñoä(3,4,8,9,10,13,14,18,19)<br />
<br />
(SHH)<br />
<br />
chia<br />
<br />
thaønh<br />
<br />
3<br />
<br />
Suy hoâ haáp ñoä Suy hoâ haáp ñoä Suy hoâ haáp<br />
1<br />
2<br />
ñoä 3<br />
Tím, RL tri<br />
Khi gaéng söùc<br />
Khi naèm yeân<br />
Thöôøng<br />
giaùc, aên keùm Nheï <br />
loõm söôøn<br />
50%<br />
PaO2 mmHg<br />
* Treû em<br />
90–70mmHg 70,1-50mmHg 50mmHg<br />
* Sô sinh<br />
70–60,1mmHg 60- 50,1mmHg 50mmHg<br />
PaCO2<br />
BT hoaëc <br />
> 40 mmHg > 45mmHg<br />
(TE + SS)<br />
<br />
Tieâu chuaån laâm saøng cuûa hen pheá quaûn<br />
<br />
- Ran aåm, ran noå, daáu hieäu ñoâng ñaëc nhu moâ<br />
phoåi hoaëc xeïp phoåi<br />
- X Q phoåi: coù toån thöông nhu moâ phoåi, vi<br />
sinh: coù vi khuaån khi caáy hoaëc nhuoäm gram ñaøm.<br />
- Coâng thöùc maùu: Baïch caàu taêng, baïch caàu ña<br />
nhaân taêng.<br />
Kyõ thuaät thu thaäp soá lieäu – Xöû lyù phaân tích soá<br />
lieäu:<br />
- Laáy 4 maãu maùu ñoäng maïch ôû moãi BN ñeå<br />
phaân tích khí maùu (pH, Pa02, PaC02, BEecf,<br />
HC03– vaø caùc chæ soá khí maùu khaùc).<br />
- Xöû lyù soá lieäu theo chöông trình SPSS 3.0 for<br />
windows vôùi p<br />
0,05<br />
96,65<br />
><br />
0,05<br />
6,72<br />
><br />
0,05<br />
2,55<br />
0,05<br />
23,81<br />
0,05<br />
- 0,69<br />
0,05<br />
97,54<br />
0,05<br />
<br />
><br />
><br />
><br />
><br />
<br />
Nhaän xeùt: Caùc chæ soá ôû nhoùm chuaån CH ñaït<br />
tieâu chuaån bình thöôøng, pH khoâng thay ñoåi nhieàu<br />
ôû 2 nhoùm VP, PQ, toan nheï ôû nhoùm NP, PaCO2<br />
taêng nhieàu ôû nhoùm ngoaøi phoåi NP. PaO2 giaûm<br />
nhieàu ôû nhoùm VP, PQ. AaDO2 khoâng taêng ôû nhoùm<br />
NP, taêng nhieàu ôû nhoùm VP vaø taêng khaù ôû nhoùm<br />
PQ. Shunt taêng nhieàu ôû nhoùm VP, taêng vöøa ôû<br />
nhoùm hen, taêng ít ôû nhoùm NP. HCO3 giaûm nheï ôû<br />
nhoùm VP, PQ, taêng nhieàu ôû nhoùm NP. BEecf<br />
giaûm nheï ôû nhoùm VP, PQ, taêng nhieàu ôû nhoùm NP.<br />
SaO2 giaûm nhieàu ôû nhoùm VP, PQ, giaûm nheï ôû<br />
nhoùm NP.<br />
So saùnh caùc chæ soá khí maùu ÑM / maãu 1 / nhoùm<br />
vieâm phoåi (VP) vôùi caùc nhoùm khaùc<br />
Baûng 5: So saùnh nhoùm vieâm phoåi (VP) vôùi caùc<br />
nhoùm khaùc<br />
Chæ soá cuûa nhoùm<br />
VP<br />
pH = 7,364<br />
PaCO2 = 36,52<br />
mmHg<br />
<br />
PaO2 = 46,56 mmHg<br />
AaDO2 = 54,90<br />
mmHg<br />
<br />
Ander Shunt<br />
= 41,97%<br />
HCO3 = 21,33<br />
<br />
Nhoùm so<br />
saùnh<br />
<br />
t Test<br />
<br />
PQ = 7,383<br />
NP = 7,344<br />
PQ = 36,54<br />
NP = 55,73<br />
PQ = 57,37<br />
NP = 68,70<br />
PQ = 46,85<br />
NP = 10,99<br />
<br />
1,91<br />
1,63<br />
-0,27<br />
-18,26<br />
6,67<br />
-13,93<br />
-5,82<br />
45,53<br />
<br />
p.<br />
Value<br />
<br />
Keát<br />
luaän<br />
<br />
0,057 Gioáng<br />
0,104 Gioáng<br />
0,78<br />
Gioáng<br />
< 0,001 Khaùc<br />
< 0,001 Khaùc<br />
< 0,001 Khaùc<br />
< 0,001 Khaùc<br />
< 0,001 Khaùc<br />
<br />
PQ = 33,38 -5,75 < 0,001 Khaùc<br />
NP = 13,12 18,19 < 0,001 Khaùc<br />
PQ = 21,58 +0,59 0,555 Gioáng<br />
<br />
Nghieân cöùu Y hoïc<br />
mMol/L<br />
<br />
BEecf = - 3,27<br />
mMol/L<br />
<br />
SaO2 = 76,79%<br />
<br />
Y Hoïc TP. Hoà Chí Minh * Taäp 6 * Soá 3 * 2002<br />
<br />
NP = 30,17 -13,23 < 0,001<br />
PQ = -3,99 -0,59 0,553<br />
NP = 4,69 -10,87 < 0,001<br />
PQ = 82,74 5,15 < 0,001<br />
NP = 89,38 -8,6 < 0,001<br />
<br />
0mmol/L).<br />
<br />
Khaùc<br />
Gioáng<br />
Khaùc<br />
Khaùc<br />
Khaùc<br />
<br />
Baûng 7: Trò soá cuûa BEecf ôû caùc nhoùm.<br />
VP/BEecfmmol<br />
/L<br />
<br />
SHH1<br />
<br />
Nhaän xeùt: Chæ soá pH giöõa 3 nhoùm VP, PQ vaø<br />
NP gioáng nhau<br />
<br />
SHH2<br />
<br />
PaCO2: HCO3: BE; nhoùm VP vaø PQ gioáng<br />
nhau<br />
<br />
SHH 3 C:<br />
<br />
So saùnh caùc chæ soá giöõa loâ soáng vaø cheát /nhoùm<br />
vieâm phoåi (VP) / maãu 1<br />
Baûng 6: Chæ soá ôû 2 loâ soáng vaø cheát nhoùm vieâm phoåi BN<br />
(Beänh nhaân).<br />
Chæ soá nhoùm<br />
VP<br />
(243) BN<br />
<br />
Loâ<br />
Loâ<br />
p.<br />
cheát<br />
soáng<br />
t. test<br />
value<br />
35 BN 208 BN<br />
+4.02<br />
<<br />
7,217 7,389<br />
3<br />
0,001<br />
<br />
pH<br />
PaCO2 mmHg<br />
<br />
42,71<br />
<br />
35,48<br />
<br />
PaO2 mmHg<br />
<br />
33,11<br />
<br />
51,16<br />
<br />
AaDO2 mmHg<br />
<br />
63,82<br />
<br />
53,40<br />
<br />
S:<br />
Chung<br />
Toång coäng<br />
<br />
Keát<br />
luaän<br />
<br />
VPQ/BEecfmm<br />
ol/L<br />
<br />
SHH1<br />
<br />
Khaùc<br />
<br />
0,028<br />
<br />
Khaùc<br />
<br />
SHH2<br />
<br />
<<br />
8,089 0,001<br />
<br />
Khaùc<br />
<br />
SHH3<br />
<br />
2,28<br />
<br />
+3 3,1 - 6<br />
<br />
32<br />
100%<br />
70<br />
100%<br />
35.<br />
<br />
4<br />
11<br />
19%<br />
52,4%<br />
10<br />
36<br />
11,5% 41,4%<br />
4<br />
22<br />
10,2% 56,4%<br />
18<br />
69<br />
12,2% 46,9%<br />
< - 6 - 6 -> -3,1<br />
<br />
6<br />
0.<br />
28,6%<br />
31<br />
10<br />
35,6% 11,5%<br />
12<br />
1<br />
30,8%<br />
2,6%<br />
49<br />
11<br />
33,3%<br />
7,6%<br />
- 3 -> +3 3,1 - 6<br />
<br />
21<br />
100%<br />
87<br />
100%<br />
39<br />
100%<br />
147<br />
100%<br />
Coäng<br />
<br />
0,001<br />
<br />
Khaùc<br />
<br />
4,85<br />
<br />
<<br />
0,001<br />
<br />
Khaùc<br />
<br />
-5,19 0,034<br />
<br />
Khaùc<br />
<br />
20,23<br />
<br />
21,51 -1,51 0,136<br />
<br />
Gioáng<br />
<br />
SHH1<br />
<br />
0.<br />
<br />
59,00<br />
<br />
79,78 -6,17<br />
<br />
<<br />
0,001<br />
<br />
Khaùc<br />
<br />
SHH2<br />
<br />
0.<br />
<br />
SHH3<br />
<br />
1<br />
100%<br />
1<br />
1,5%<br />
<br />
55,11<br />
<br />
39,74<br />
<br />
BEecf mmol/l<br />
<br />
– 5,69<br />
<br />
-2,86<br />
<br />
HCO3 mmol/l<br />
SaO2%<br />
<br />
Toång coäng<br />
NP/BEecfmmol/<br />
L<br />
<br />
Nhaän xeùt: Caùc chæ soá khí maùu ÑM ôû hai loâ<br />
ñeàu khaùc nhau tröø chæ soá HCO3 gioáng nhau.<br />
<br />
Toång coäng<br />
<br />
Phaân boá trò soá caùc chæ soá theo ñoä suy hoâ haáp ôû<br />
Maãu 1 / ba nhoùm<br />
BEecf /M1 (Kieàm Dö Dòch Ngoaïi Baøo) (BT =<br />
Bieåu ñoà 7: BEecf- / Maãu 1<br />
BEecf<br />
<br />
PNc<br />
<br />
Coäng<br />
<br />
9<br />
16<br />
28,1%<br />
50%<br />
10<br />
24<br />
14,3% 34,3%<br />
18<br />
12<br />
51.4% 34.3%<br />
20<br />
55<br />
18.9% 51.9%<br />
38<br />
67<br />
27%<br />
47,5%<br />
57<br />
107<br />
23,5%<br />
44%<br />
< - 6 - 6 -> -3,1<br />
<br />
3,43<br />
<br />
Ande-Shunt (A<br />
S)%<br />
<br />
-6 -> -3,1 -3 -> +3 3,1 - 6<br />
<br />
5<br />
19,2%<br />
0.<br />
0.<br />
<br />
7<br />
26,9%<br />
7<br />
17,9%<br />
0.<br />
<br />
14<br />
53,9%<br />
32<br />
82,1%<br />
0.<br />
<br />
5<br />
7.6%<br />
<br />
14<br />
21.2%<br />
<br />
46<br />
69.7%<br />
<br />
106.<br />
141<br />
100%<br />
243<br />
100%<br />
Coäng<br />
<br />
26<br />
100%<br />
39<br />
100%<br />
1<br />
100%<br />
66<br />
100%<br />
<br />
Vieát taét: SHH: suy hoâ haáp: S: soáng: C: cheát.<br />
<br />
PNs<br />
<br />
PQ<br />
<br />
NP<br />
<br />
100<br />
<br />
SHH 1<br />
<br />
50<br />
28.1<br />
19<br />
<br />
52.4<br />
<br />
53.9<br />
28.6<br />
26.9<br />
<br />
19.2<br />
<br />
21.9<br />
<br />
0<br />
0<br />
<br />
0<br />
<br />
1000<br />
<br />
82.1<br />
<br />
14.3<br />
11.5<br />
0<br />
<br />
41.4<br />
<br />
42.9<br />
<br />
34.3<br />
<br />
35.6<br />
17.9<br />
<br />
0<br />
<br />
0<br />
<br />
11.5<br />
8.5<br />
<br />
5<br />
<br />