Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 8: Joints (part b)

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Chapter 8 - Joints (part b) provides knowledge of synovial joints, homeostatic imbalances of joints and developmental aspects of joints. After completing this unit, you should be able to: Describe the structural characteristics of synovial joints, compare the structures and functions of bursae and tendon sheaths, list three natural factors that stabilize synovial joints, name the most common joint injuries and discuss the symptoms and problems associated with each,...and other contents.

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Nội dung Text: Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 8: Joints (part b)

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College CHAPTER 8 Joints: Part B Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Synovial Joints • Six types, based on shape of articular surfaces: • Plane • Hinge • Pivot • Condyloid • Saddle • Ball and socket Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Plane Joints • Nonaxial joints • Flat articular surfaces • Short gliding movements Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c b a Plane joint (intercarpal joint) a e d Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7a
Hinge Joints • Uniaxial joints • Motion along a single plane • Flexion and extension only Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c b b Hinge joint (elbow joint) a e d Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7b
Pivot Joints • Rounded end of one bone conforms to a “sleeve,” or ring of another bone • Uniaxial movement only Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c b c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) a e d Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7c
Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joints • Biaxial joints • Both articular surfaces are oval • Permit all angular movements Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c b d Condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal joint) a e d Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7d
Saddle Joints • Biaxial • Allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints • Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c b e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint of thumb) a e d Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7e
Ball-and-Socket Joints • Multiaxial joints • The most freely moving synovial joints Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c b f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint) a e d Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7f
Knee Joint • Largest, most complex joint of body • Three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity: • Femoropatellar joint: • Plane joint • Allows gliding motion during knee flexion • Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the tibia • Allow flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee is partly flexed PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement at the knee joint Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tendon of quadriceps femoris Femur Articular Suprapatellar capsule bursa Patella Posterior Subcutaneous cruciate prepatellar bursa ligament Synovial cavity Lateral Lateral meniscus meniscus Infrapatellar Anterior fat pad cruciate Deep infrapatellar ligament bursa Tibia Patellar ligament (a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.8a
Anterior Anterior cruciate ligament Articular Articular cartilage on cartilage lateral tibial on medial condyle tibial condyle Medial Lateral meniscus meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament (b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.8b
Knee Joint • At least 12 associated bursae • Capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons: • E.g., quadriceps and semimembranosus tendons • Joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly • Anteriorly, the quadriceps tendon gives rise to: • Lateral and medial patellar retinacula • Patellar ligament Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Quadriceps femoris muscle Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Patella Medial patellar Lateral patellar retinaculum retinaculum Tibial collateral Fibular ligament collateral ligament Patellar ligament Fibula Tibia (c) Anterior view of right knee Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.8c
Knee Joint • Capsular and extracapsular ligaments • Help prevent hyperextension • Intracapsular ligaments: • Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments • Prevent anterior-posterior displacement • Reside outside the synovial cavity Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.