Liên bang Xô - Viết và chiến tranh Triều Tiên (1950-1953)

LIEN BANG XO-VIET v A CHIEN TRANH<br /> TRIEU TIEN (1950-1953)<br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYfiN THI MAI HOA'<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ^ f \ nfim da troi qua, nhUng cho d i n tri Qufic t l (An International Trusteeship).<br /> O vJhfim nay, Chifi'n tranh Trilu Tifin Theo F.D. Roosevelt, "trong nhQng nfim 1^<br /> (1950-1953) vfin dang lfi sU kien ljch sQ thupc dia cua Nhfit Ban, nhQng nhfi lanh<br /> chQa dyng rfi't nhilu dilu bf ^n,- chUa dUpe dgo Trifi'u Tien da qufln mfi't cfich thQc dieu<br /> giai ma. Mot thdi gian dfii, nhQng tU liflu hfinh dfi't nQde. Do vfiy, sau khi dupc giai<br /> da dupe cflng bo ve sQ kien lich sQ nfiy hofie phdng, cfin mot thdi gian nhfi't dinh dl co<br /> cdn sd lupc, hofie cdn mfiu thufin, thfim chf the dfio tgo nhQng nhfi ehinh tri du kha<br /> lfi trfii ngUde nhau. Dfi lfi mfit trong nhQng nfing diflV hfinh dfi't nUdc mot cfich vfin<br /> nguyen nhan khiln cho viflc nghien cQu v l minh" (1). Dupc t h u y i t phue la Hoa Kf<br /> cupe ehien tranh trd nen khd khan, it tien khflng cfi y dinh bo tri qufin My trfln ban<br /> triin. Thdi gian qua, Cpng hda Lien bang dao Trilu Tien, I.V. Stalin da ngay Ifip tUc<br /> (CHLB) Nga vfi cae nUde lien quan da giai dong y vdi de nghi nay mfi khflng he yeu<br /> mfit mpt si lupng ldn cfic tfii liflu v l cupe cfiu F.D. Roosevelt giai thich thfim vl quan<br /> chien tranh nfiy (trong dfl cd 215 bp ho sd diem cua phia My v l vfi'n de tren. Dieu d6<br /> gifi tri do Bd Tfing tham mUu quan dpi phan nao cho thfi'y d i n trUde nfim 1945,<br /> CHLB Nga cung cfi'p), nhd thfi, gidi nghien trong chifi'n lUpc doi ngoai cua minh, Lifin<br /> cQu cd them cd sd vfi dieu kifln nhin nhfin, Xfl chUa ed no lyc nfio nhfim gay anh hudng<br /> danh gia, lufin giai nhQng chieu cgnh khac vfi thiet Ifip sQ kiem sofit tren bfin dao<br /> nhau eua cuflc ehie'n tranh mpt each thfi'u Trilu Tien. Thuc ra, cho den thdi dilm hCy<br /> dao hdn, bao gom vai trd vfi qua trinh can gid, sy quan tam cQa gidi lanh dao Xfl-viet<br /> du cua Lifln Xd vfio cupe chien. chu yiu hudng tdi viflc can b i n g lUc lUdng<br /> 1. B a n d a o T r i e u T i e n va Itfi ich eung nhu ngfin chfin sy tranh gifinh quyen<br /> c h i e n iQtfc c u a Lien X6 hofin toan kiem soat ban dao nfiy cua cac<br /> CUdng quoc khfic.<br /> Tai Hpi nghi lanta (2-1945), Tfl'ng thfl'ng<br /> My F.D. Roosevelt da d l nghi I.V. Stalin The nhUng tQ sau Chifl'n tranh t h i gi3i<br /> dat Trilu Tien dudi sQ dong bao trp eua My thQ Hai, quan he quoc te' dien ra nhflng<br /> vfi Lien Xfl bfing each thie't Ifip ehe dp Uy thay dfi'i nhanh chdng mang tinh bUdc<br /> <br /> * TS. Trung tam Dfio tgo, Boi dufing giang vien Iy lufin chinh tri, DHQG HN<br /> Li6n bang Xdviet..,<br /> <br /> ngofit. Quan h§ ding minh - "mflt cufic hdn Tuy vQng anh hudng trpng yiu dUdc dfit<br /> phoi khflng cd tu^n trang mfit" (2) giQa vfio vdng cung Dfing Au, song dw vdi Lien<br /> Lien Xd vfi My nhanh chdng chuyin sang Xfi, bfin dao Trilu Tifin lgi cfi gifi tri nhu<br /> trang thfii dfli dfiu quyet liet. The gidi bj mpt vfl tinh quan trpng trong chiin lUpe md<br /> bao phu bdi hfiu khfing khi u fim cua chiin rfing quy dgo, cung co vfinh dai an ninh<br /> tranh Lgnh. Trfit ty the gidi hai cQc vdi cue vdng ngofii. Dfic bifit, trong t h i doi dfiu Xfi -<br /> difin dfii d i u Dfing - Tfiy dupe t h i i t Ifip vfi Mf vfi trUdc cfic budc triin khai chiin lUpc<br /> trd thfinh nguyfin nhfin sfiu xa lfim bQng tofin cfiu cua MJ, thi vific dfit Trifiu Tien<br /> phfit hfing logt xung dfit cue bfi d khfip cfic trong tfim kiim sofit cua minh dupe Lien<br /> chfiu lyc. Trong bfii canh dd, ban dao Trifi^u Xfi coi trpng. Trong tfnh tofin cua cfic nhfi<br /> Tifln vdi vj tri dia chien lUpc eua nd dUpc ea lanh dao Xfl-vilt, bfin dao Trilu Tien vQa<br /> hai chu the chu chot cua trfit ty t h i gidi mdi phai trd thfinh tfi'm lfi chfin ching lgi sU<br /> lfi Lien Xfi vfi My dfit vfio tfim ngfim. "nhdm ngfl" tQ phia My, vQa phai trd thfinh<br /> Dya tren v} tri khdng ngQng dUpe nfing vQng dem giQp Lien Xfi kiem sofit, kiim c h l<br /> eao tren trUdng quic t l vfi vai tro cudng Nhfit Ban - dong minh quan trpng eua My.<br /> quic d chfiu Au tQ sau Chien tranh t h i gidi Vi trf lfi chfin cua Trilu Tifln cfing trd nen<br /> thQ Hai, Lifln Xfi trien khai chfnh sfich doi quan trpng vdi bfii hpe lich sQ nfim 1930,<br /> ngoai dfit trpng tfim vfio viflc bao dam mfii khi Nhfit Ban dQng Trilu Tien lfim ban<br /> trQdng quoc te thufin Ipi de xay dyng dfi't dgp de danh chiem Trung Quic, ddng thdi<br /> nUdc tQ d l nfit cua Chifl'n tranh Vfl quoc, tifl'n sfiu vfio lanh tho Lien Xfi.<br /> rdt ngfin khoang each vdi cac nUdc phfit Bfin canh dfi, Bfic Trilu Tien cdn quan<br /> trien, giQ the cfin bfing chien lUpc vdi My, trpng vdi" Lien X6 bdi day lfi manh dfi't rfi't<br /> duoi kip My trong Knh vQc kinh t l vfi khoa gifiu khofing san vfi cfic kim logi quy, trong<br /> hpc - cflng nghfl, md rpng vung anh hQdng; dd cd qufing Monazite - mfit logi qufing cfl<br /> dong thdi, "phat trien tinh dofin k i t anh em chQa phdng xa, dung d l c h l tao bom<br /> vdi cac nQde dan chu nhan dan, cung co* nguyen tQ. Theo nha sQ hpc A.C. Orlov, thi<br /> tofin difln hfi thong xa hpi chu nghia t h i "ngay tQ nhQng ngfiy d^u nfim 1945, khi dfit<br /> gidi, ung hd phong trfio giai phflng dan chan den ban dao Trilu Tifln trong sQ mflnh<br /> tpc... hpp tfic hQu nghi vdi cfic quo'c gia dflc cua nhQng ngUdi giai phong, cfic quan chQc<br /> Ifip tre tufl'i, bao ve hofi binh" (3). Nhfim dgt Lien X6 da phat hien ra qufing Monazite vfi<br /> dUdc nhQng muc tifiu tren dfiy, Lifin Xfi nhQng mfiu khoang san diiu tien da dUde<br /> thyc hi^n mfit ehinh sach doi ngogi khon chuye'n v l Lien Xfi de phan tieh" (4). Vfio<br /> ngoan, tranh dinh liu trUc tilp vao cfic cupc thang 3-1949, Dai sQ Lifln Xfi tai Binh<br /> tranh chfi'p, doi dfiu, xung dot. Tuy nhien, NbQQng T.F.Shtyukov dfi hfii thuc<br /> dl bao dam bao tfli da Ipi ich qufl'c gia, dfin I.V.Stalin "nhanh chflng dUa ra nhQng bien<br /> tpc, Lifin Xfl lufin can nhfic ky mpi hfinh phfip de tfing toi da so lupng khai thfic eac<br /> dflng trfin bfin cd chinh tri quoc tl. NgUdi ta khoang san quy d Trifiu Tien, nhfi't lfi<br /> thfi'y ding sau khfing it eupe xung dot quan Tantalum, Niobium vfi dfic biet la<br /> sy mang tinh khu vQe d nhieu ndi tren the Monazite" (5). Ngay Ifip tQc, tuyen dudng<br /> gidi sau nfim 1945 de'u ed bong dang eUdng sfit tQ thfinh phfi' Primorye den ga Honio,<br /> quoc diu dan cua phe XHCN. Bac Trie'u Tien, dUdi sU giup dfi cua Lien Xo<br />  Rghian cQu Ljch afl-. stf 1.2013<br /> <br /> (thyc ehfi't lfi Lifln Xfi d i u tU) da nhanh Thfinh n h i l u l i n t h a m vfi'n, nhSm tranh<br /> ehdng dupc khdi cdng vfi hofin thfinh trong thu sy ddng tinh, ung hfi cua LV. StaUn<br /> mfit thdi gian ngfin, tgo dilu kifin thuftn Ipi nhUng khdng cd k i t qua. Cufli thfing 5-<br /> cho nhQng chuyin tfiu hfing tQ CHDCND 1950, vdi sy giup dd cua Trung tUdng<br /> Trilu Tifln v l tdi Lifin Xfi. Mfit dfi't nUdc X8- Vaailiev • TrUdng dofin cd'vtfn qufin sQ Lifin<br /> vilt dang khfii phyc kinh tl' sau chiin Xfl, CHDCND Trilu Tifln da hofin chinh k l<br /> tranh, dfit myc tifiu duli kip vfi vQpt My hogch tfi'n edng Nam Trilu Tifin, theo d6<br /> trfln hfing logt cfic chi s i kinh t l , vific cd CHDCND Trilu Tifin sfl btft ngd "thyc hifin<br /> mflt nguin tfii nguyen vdi nhQng dilu kifin ddn tfi'n cflng b i n g hai cfinh qufin bd binh<br /> khai thfic cd Ipi lfi mfit Ipi t h i so sfinh bao gdm 9 sQ dofin, trfin hai hudng Seoul vfi<br /> Hunchhon, k i t hpp vdi cfic cufic t i n cflng<br /> khfing the bd qua. Khflng chi cd vfiy, trong<br /> cua lyc lupng du kfch vfi cfic cufic nii dfiy<br /> cupc chgy dua chilm Uu t h i v l vu khf hat<br /> cua q u i n chQng nhfin dfin, dy djnh sau ba<br /> nhfin, Bfic Trilu Tien vdi qufing Monazite<br /> ngfiy sfi tifin vfio vfi chilm giQ Seoul" (6).<br /> lfi mpt cd hfii mfi Lien Xfl nhfi't djnh phai<br /> Ngfiy 30-5-1950, Dai sQ Lifln Xo<br /> nfim Ifi'y.<br /> T.F.Shtyucov tai CHDCND Trilu Tifin gQi<br /> Dudi tfic dpng cua My, thfing 8-1948, Bdo cdo tdi LV. Stalin, k h i n g dinh "kl<br /> Nam Trilu Tien tuyfln bo thfinh Ifip Dgi hogch cua CHDCND Trilu Tien cd t h i tiin<br /> Hdn Ddn qud'c. Dudi anh hudng cua Lien hfinh dQng nhU dU kiln" (7); chuyin yflu<br /> Xd, thfing 9-1948, B4C Trilu Tifin tuyen b l ciu vipn trp d i u md, thufic men cua<br /> thfinh Ifip Cgng hda ddn chu nhdn ddn CHDCND Trilu Tifln tdi LV. Stalm vfi de<br /> Triiu Tien (CHDCND Trilu Tifln), chinh nghi Moscow nhanh chong dUa ra quyit<br /> thQc hinh thfinh cue difin chia cfit bfin dao dinh. LV. Stalin Ifip tQc h i i dfip, bQa ring,<br /> Trieu Tifln. Trilu Tien trd thfinh dilm hfii trong dilu kifln nhanh nhlCt cd t h i , se vifln<br /> tu nhQng mfiu thufin ldn eua thdi dgi, ndi trp du nhQng gi mfi CHDCND Trilu Tien<br /> chQa dyng vfi bdc 15 nhQng toan tinh cua d l nghj. Hdi dfip dd cua phfa Lifln Xfl "dong<br /> cfic cudng quoc dfit trong khflng gian chung nghia vdi vific Moscow bfit dfin xanh cho<br /> lfi cupe Chiin tranh Lanh. Ngay ea vific Kim Nhfit Thfinh tien hfinh chiin tranh"<br /> hai miin Nam, Bfic Trilu Tien deu rfio riit (8). Ciing cfin luu f them r i n g , thdi dilm<br /> ehu^n hi cho cfing cupc thfing nhfi't dfit nUde mfi Moscow lya chpn ung hd quyit dinh<br /> b i n g vu iQc cung khdng nfim ngofii nhQng phfit dfing chiin tranh cua CHDCND Trilu<br /> dpng cd, nhQng dy lipu, cQng nhQ nhQng k l Tien dUpc tfnh toan h i t sQc "khdn ngoan",<br /> hogch ngdm dinh cua cfic nQde ldn. ft nhfi't bdi hai 1^ do: 1) T h i cfin bfing vu<br /> 2. Lifin Xo va nhCCng t h d i d i l m q u a n khf nguyfin tQ da dUde t h i i t Ifip (Lifin Xo<br /> trpng cua cupc chien t r a n h thd thfinh cfing bom nguyfln tQ ngfiy 29-8-<br /> Thdi diem thit nhdt: Chiin tranh bQng 1949); 2) Hifip udc hpp tfic hQu nghi X6-<br /> nl. Trung da dUpc kf k i t (14-2-1950) md ra<br /> Ngay sau khi thanh Ifip CHDCND Trilu kha nfing ung hfi true t i l p cua Lien Xfi vdi<br /> Tifln, Kim Nhfit Thfinh da nung nfi'u f dinh Trung Quoc vfi gian ti^p vdi Trilu Tifln khi<br /> thdng nhfi't Trilu Tifln bfing bifin phfip c i n t h i i t (9). Ngay sau khi Hi0p Udc dUdc<br /> qufin sU. K l hoach tfi^n cflng quan sQ cua kf k i t , Bfi trudng Quoc phdng CHDCND<br /> nude nfiy dQpc xfiy dUng tQng bQdc, b l Trilu Tifln da Ifip tQc tuyen bo: "Hifip Udc<br /> sung, hofin ehinh vfi dieh thfin Kim Nhfit Xfl - Trung ky k i t da cho chQng toi hy vpng<br /> L!6ntiangX6 vleK. 69<br /> <br /> <br /> vQng chic vfio t h i n g Ipi trong cufic dfi'u an LHQ, Y.A. Malik t i y chay eupe hpp vdi<br /> tranh dfinh d l chfnh quyin Lf ThQa Van" 1^ do Hfii dong Bao an khflng cflng nhfin<br /> (10). NhQng dieu dfi cho thfi'y: Thit nhdt, CHND Trung Hoa lfi thfinh vifln chinh<br /> Chiin tranh Trieu Tifln no ra vfio ngfiy 25- dfing, hpp phfip cua t l chQc nfiy. Vific Y.A.<br /> 6-1950 cd sy dong f ngim cua LV. Stalin; Malik rQt khdi hfii nghi d i n g nghia vdi vific<br /> ThU hai, khi khdi dfiu cufic chiin, Lien Xfl tU ddnh mdt quyin phu quyit, ty<br /> CHDCND Trilu Tifln da vQng tin vfio sU dfinh mfi't Cd hfii dQng ra bao vfi CHDCND<br /> giup dd, ung hfl cua Lifin Xfi vfi nilm tin fi'y Trilu Tien trUdc sy trQng phgt cua Lifln<br /> lfi mfit trong nhQng nhfin tfl* quan trpng qufin LHQ. Qua nhifln, trong cufic hpp ngfiy<br /> thuc d^y CHDCND Trifi'u Tien phfit dfing 27-8-1950, 53 nUdc da bd philu tfin thfinh<br /> chiin tranh, cung co quyit tfim chiin dfi'u, quyit dinh sQ dyng lUc lUpng qufin sy cua<br /> hy vpng d chiin thing. LHQ "bao vfi" Nam Trilu Tifin; qufin dfii<br /> Thdi diim thit hai: Hfii dong Bio an cua 15 nUde da ngay tQc khie dUpc tfip hpp.<br /> Lifin hifip quic (LHQ) hpp bfin v l vfi'n de CQng ngfiy, dQpc l^nh eua Tong thong My<br /> Trilu Tifin. H.S.Truman vfi dudi sQ chi huy cua Dgi<br /> Ngay khi Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln bQng tudng D. MacArthur, iQc iQpng khfing quan<br /> nfl', ngfiy 25-6 va ngfiy 27-6-1950, diln ra My dong tai Nhfit Ban da dfii nhQng tran<br /> hai eupe hpp eua Hpi dong Bao an LHQ vl mUa bom vfio nhQng khu vyc dUdc cho lfi<br /> vfi'n de Trieu Tien. Dfiy lfi thdi diem quan ndi don tru cua qufin dpi CHDCND Trilu<br /> trpng dfli vdi ca Bac vfi Nam Trilu Tifin, bdi Tifin. O day, dudng nhU sy viflc da dien ra<br /> quyit dinh cua Hfii ding Bao an se anh khong theo mdt logic binh thudng: Tgi sao<br /> hQdng trye tilp tdi viee My co dQng v l phia LV. Stalin khflng sd dyng quyin phu quyet<br /> Nam Trilu Tien can thifip vao cufic chiin tgi LHQ? Phai chfing LV. Stalin khflng<br /> tranh hay khfing? Gifio sQ sQ hpc Dai hpe muon Kim Nhfit Thfinh thong nh^t Trieu<br /> Tong hpp Columbus (My) A.V. Pansov cho Tifin? Hay ngogi giao Lifln Xfi da sai lim?<br /> rfing, "khfing cd sQ ung hp eua lyc iQpng Cho d i n nay, day v i n lfi nhQng eau hdi edn<br /> quan sQ Lifln hiep quoc, Hoa K;^ khfing bao bd ngd, gfiy nhilu tranh lufin, d i n din<br /> gid Ufl'u linh nhay vao eupe phieu lieu quan nhQng don doan, suy lufin, gia thuyit khfic<br /> sy trfln dfiit Trifi'u Tifln" (11). Theo logic nhau, thfim ehi lfi trfii ngUpe nhau. Tuy<br /> thflng thudng, k i t qua cua cupc hpp dudng nhifln, y kiln v l kha nfing n h i m Ifin cua<br /> nhu da dupe biet trUdc, vi vdi tU each lfi ngogi giao Xd-viet lfi hofin tofin khong ed cd<br /> mfit trong nfim nUdc thanh vien cua Hpi sd, thiiu chQng cQ bifin minh. Mflt n i n<br /> dong Bao an, Lifin Xfi nfim giQ quyin phu ngogi giao k^ cQu vdi thu linh I.V. Stalin<br /> quyit - trong trudng hpp nfiy, dd lfi quyin gifi dfin trfln dfi'u trUdng quic t l thi vific<br /> ngfin chfin sy can thifip quan sQ cua My ludng dinh, "dong dim" nhQng hfiu qua eua<br /> vfio ban dao Trilu Tifln. Hay ndi cfich khac, vi^c tQ bd quyin phu quyit qua thfit khong<br /> lfi philu phu quyet trong tay Lifin Xfi nhU the phgm sai lfim, sd sufi't. L;^ giai thfi'u dfio<br /> mfit diem tya vQng chai cua CHDCND nguIn cdn cin dya tren nhQng mue tieu<br /> Trieu Tifin trUdc nhQng sdng gid mfi My cd sfiu xa hdn eua Lifln Xfi vfi dfit nd trong<br /> t h i gay ra. Tuy nhien, dien tien sy viec lai quan hfi "sinh tQ" vdi My vfi Trung Quoc -<br /> lfim ca the gidi kinh ngac: LV. Stalin ra nhQng ldi ich vUdt tren nhQng tinh tofin<br /> Ifinh cho Dgi difln Lifin Xo tai Hpi dong Bao thong thQdng cd dQpc tQ vific thflng nhfi't<br />  Rghian cQu Lich si5r. s61.2013<br /> <br /> <br /> bfin dao Trilu Tien. Ndi cfich khac, viflc bifln gidi Trung Qufi'c. Ngfiy 7-10-1950, Dgi<br /> Lion Xfi "vfl tinh" tUdc bd quyin phu quyit sQ Lifin Xfl tgi T r i l u Tifin T.F.Shtyucov<br /> cua minh trong trUdng hpp nfiy ft nhfi't lfi thfing bfio cho I.V. Stalin v l tam trgng rfi't<br /> nhfim: 1) D^ty My tham gia vfi sa Uy trong bfi't I n cua lanh ty Bie T r i l u Tifln, chuyin<br /> chiin tranh, bupe Mf phai bfic lfi tinh ehfi't tdi LV. Stalin thflng di^p eua Kim Nhfit<br /> bilu chiin cua minh trUdc t h i gidi; 2) Thfinh: "Chi^n t r a n h dang phat triin theo<br /> Trung Quic "khang My, vifin Trilu" dli chilu hudng b^t Ipi, n^u CHDCND Trilu<br /> d i u vdi My vfi phu thupc vfio Lifin Xfl trUde Tifln khflng ed sU giQp dd tQ ben ngofii, thi<br /> lfi v l vu khf, khf tfii, sau lfi v l chfnh tri. vific mfi't Trilu Tifin lfi hofin tofin cd thi"<br /> Die~u dang ndi lfi n l u nhU d thdi dilm (12). Tuy nhien, "tham gia vfio cupc xung<br /> thQ nhfi't, CHDCND TriflV Tien cd sy tin dot nfiy khflng nftm trong tinh toan cua LV.<br /> tQdng chic chfin vfio Lien Xfl, thi d thdi Stalin" (13), quan dilm cua I.V. Stalin lfi<br /> diem thQ hai, hfinh dfing cua Lien Xfl khien "ein phai hSi thQc Trung Quoc vfio trfin,<br /> Bie Trie'u Tien bi hfing hyt, nhQng khflng cdn Lifln Xo chi can dU trong trUdng hpp<br /> t h i c6 phan Qng. thfit k h i n cfi'p, bfi't kha khfing" (14). Vl<br /> Thdi diem thii ba: Quan dfli Hfin Qufic phia Mao Trgch Dflng, du da phan doi<br /> va Lien qufin LHQ Ifit ngUpc t h i cd. quyit liet k l hogch tfi'n cflng Hfin Quflc cho<br /> tdi 6 t u i n trUdc khi no ra cuflc chiin, cuoi<br /> TQ thang 6 den cuoi thfing 9-1950, cue<br /> cQng cung ddng y "khfing My, vien Trifl'u"<br /> difin chien trudng nhin ehung cd ldi cho<br /> mpt p h i n "vi "chilu ldng" I.V. Stalin • lanh<br /> CHDCND Trifi'u Tien. Seoul thfi't thu chi ba<br /> tu "anh ca" cua phong trao Cflng san, cong<br /> ngay sau khi chifl'n tranh bQng no (28-6-<br /> nhfin quoc te; mflt p h i n lfi de bao dam sU<br /> 1950). Trfin da chien thang, qufin mien Bie<br /> ho trd cua Lien Xfi cho Trung Quoc vfi mot<br /> tiep tuc tien xufi'ng phfa Nam, bupc lyc<br /> p h i n lfi d l khfing dinh vi the trong phong<br /> lupng My vfi Han Qufi'c lui vfio t h i co thu.<br /> trfio each mgng tofin ciu, dfit dfi'u fi'n nUde<br /> Dfin cuoi thang 8-1950, cae ddn vi quan dpi<br /> ldn vdi the gidi" (15). Song lfi nhfi chinh trj<br /> Bie Trie^u Tien chi cdn each myc tieu kiem<br /> lao luyfln, day dgn kinh nghifim, Mao<br /> sofit tofin bfi ban dao Tnfl'u Tien mpt chfing<br /> Trgch Ddng da khfing vpi vfing quyit dinh,<br /> dudng ngfin, nhUng no lUc tfi'n cfing de k i t<br /> mfi cfin n h i c de tham gia cuflc chien tranh<br /> thuc t h i n g Ipi cupc chien cua qufin dpi<br /> vdi nhQng d i l u ki$n cd ldi nhfi't, dfic biflt lfi<br /> CHDCND Trieu Tien da vfi'p phai nhQng<br /> trong vfi'n de tranh thu vien trp tQ Lifln Xfl.<br /> ngang trd. Thfing 10-1950, dl Ifit ngUpe<br /> Ngfiy 2-10-1950, khi thflng bfio cho I.V.<br /> tinh the, trong vai trd Tong TU lenh iQc<br /> Stalin lfi Trung Qufic se dUa qufin giup dfl<br /> lupng LHQ tai Han Quo'c, Dgi tUdng D.<br /> CHDCND Trifi'u Tien vfi dy dinh se cd mfit<br /> MacArthur da sd dung chiin thufit "vfiy<br /> d Trieu Tien vao trung t u i n thang 1-1950,<br /> Nguy, cQu Trifiu" vfi bp binh Hfin Qufic da<br /> Mao Trach Dong d l nghi: "LQc dau, khoang<br /> phan cfing manh me, vQpt vi tuyfl'n 38, trfin<br /> 5-7 sQ dofin quan tinh nguyen se dUpc dUa<br /> len mie'n Bfic khien tinh hinh ehie'n sy<br /> tdi Trilu Tifin, song nhQng sQ dofin nfiy chi<br /> ngfiy cfing cfing t h i n g vfi bfi't Ipi doi vdi<br /> cd the tham gia chiin dfi'u sau khi nhfin<br /> CHDCND Trieu Tien. Quan dfli CHDCND<br /> dQdc trang bi vu khi tQ Lien Xfl" (16). Mao<br /> Trie'u Tien hi thiet hgi nfing ne, quan dpi<br /> Trach Dong dong thdi yeu cau Lien Xd vifln<br /> Hfin Quoc vfi LHQ dang tie'n d i n ve phfa<br /> Lien bang X6 viet... 61<br /> <br /> trp cho Trung Quoc, bao vfi bifln gidi, cac khflng quan nfiy " nhanh chdng dQpc gQi<br /> khu cfing nghifip va qufin dfii Trung Quic bing t i u hda din thfinh phfl* Phyng Thifln<br /> tQ trfln khflng. Ngfiy 8-10-1950, Mao Trgch (Trung Qufi'c) dQdi danh nghia thyc tfip bay<br /> Dflng d i n d i u dofin dgi bilu Trung Quic mQa hfl" (20), song trfln thQc t l , cfic sU dofin<br /> tdi thfinh phfi' Sflchi (Lifln Xfl) gfip I.V. nfiy dupc Ifip tQc tung vfio cudc chiin. Cuoi<br /> Stalin (IQc nfiy dang nghi mfit tai dd) d l thfing 11-1950, trfln dia phfin Trung Quic,<br /> thUdng thao. VI vifln trp vu khi, I.V. Stalin Qufin dofin phdng khfing Lien Xd s i 64<br /> Ifip tQc ding f vdi Dofin dgi biflu Trung dupc thfinh Ifip, cd nhifim vy bao vfi efie ed<br /> Quoc: "Lifin Xfi s i n sfing trang hi vu khf ad kinh t l , chinh trj quan trpng, cfic vj tri<br /> cho khoang 20 sQ dofin QuSn chf nguyfin chien lUpc qufin sy trpng yiu cua vQng Dong<br /> Trung Qufi'c" (17). V l yflu ciu bao vfi mfit so' Bfic Trung Qufic vfi hfiu phUdng cua qufin dpi<br /> CHDCND Trilu Tien (21).<br /> dia dilm cua Trung Qufic, I.V. Stalin tra<br /> ldi: "Lifln Xfi khflng t h i cd ngay lyc lUpng Nhu vfiy, cho dQ da co trfinh dfnh Ifu<br /> khdng qufin du d l bao vfi nhQng ndi mfi trQc tilp vfio cufic xung dot, song do diln<br /> Trung Quoc yeu eiu. Lien Xfl cd t h i bao vfl biln thyc t l cua cufic chiin vfi dl lfim an<br /> mdt s i cum cong nghiflp cua Trung Quic vfi long ngUdi bgn ldn Trung Hoa, Lifin Xfi da<br /> bao vfi vQng bien gidi Trung Quoc gifip buflc phai hfinh dpng, nhUng khfi thfin<br /> trpng, trong gidi hgn vQa du de khfing h\ coi<br /> CHDCND Trilu Tien, nhUng ein ed thdi<br /> lfi bd mfic nhQng ngUdi anh em dong minh,<br /> gian chuin bi" (18). Khdng thfit hai long vl<br /> vQa du d l CHDCND Trilu Tifln try vQng<br /> cau tra ldi eua I.V. Stalin, Mao Trgch Dfing<br /> dQdi sy giup dd cua Chi nguyfin qufin Trung<br /> tilp tuc tri hoan dQa quan vfio Trilu Tifin<br /> Qufic vdi vu khi vfi vi$n trp quan sQ Lifin Xfi,<br /> trong khi cufic chien diln biln ngfiy cfing<br /> mfi vin "khfing bi diy vfio cufic chiin tranh<br /> bfit ldi cho quan dpi CHDCND Trifi'u Tien,<br /> nfiy dl chiu sU len fin eua dU lufin the gidi"<br /> qufin dpi Hfin Quoc vfi Lifln qufin LHQ<br /> (22).<br /> ngay cfing tien g i n tdi bien gidi Trung<br /> Thdi diim thU tit. NhiJng cupc dfim phfin<br /> Quflc. Khdng the chfim chl hdn, Mao Trach<br /> kfio dai trfln t h i giing co cua cuflc chiin.<br /> Dflng Ifinh cho Chu An Lai (IQc nfiy dang d<br /> TQ thfing 7-1951 din thfing 1-1953,<br /> Lifin Xfl) chuyin tdi LV. StaUn thfing bfio:<br /> chiin sQ tren bfin dao Trilu Tien diln ra<br /> "Chl nguyfin quan Trung Quoc se tiin vfio<br /> khic liet. Sau khi Chi nguyfln qufin Trung<br /> Trieu Tien, n l u Lien Xfl trang bi ngay cho<br /> Quo'c vfi iQc iQpng phdng khflng - khfing<br /> 15 su dofin quan tinh nguyfin Trung Quoc" quan Lien Xfl nhfip cupc, cfin cfin quan sQ<br /> (19). Trong tinh t h i luc dd, I.V. StaHn tren chiin trudng trd nen cfin bfing, cuflc<br /> khfing cdn cfich nao hdn Ifi ddng f. Ngay 19- chiin diln ra trong t h i giing co, rdi vfio<br /> 10-1950, Chf nguyen quan Trung Qufic vUpt tinh trgng b l tic; vfi do vfiy, viflc k i t thuc<br /> bifln gidi, trUe tiep tham chiin tren chien chien tranh bfing giai phfip chinh tri trd<br /> trudng Trilu Tien. nfln cfi'p thiit. Khi muc tieu kiem soat<br /> VI phia Lien Xfi, thQa Ifinh I.V Stalin, tQ tofin bd ban dao dfi trd nen xa vdi dfli vdi<br /> ngfiy 20 -ID d i n ngfiy 10-11-1950, Bfl Tfing ca hai ben tham chiin, khi tfl'n thfi't,<br /> tham mQu qufin dfii Lien Xfl gfip rQt thfinh thUdng vong nfing n l da lfim quan dfii hai<br /> Ifip hai sU dofin khfing qufin (moi sU dofin bfln m^t mdi, kifit lyc, ca hai ben gid dfiy<br /> CO 30 may bay MIG- 15) vfi hai sQ dofin d i u hudng tdi ky k i t thda thufin hda binh.<br /> 62<br /> <br /> Dfip Qng nguyfin vpng dd, ngfiy 10-7-1951, My vfi cac nUdc phUdng Tfiy doi vdi chfiu<br /> tai Kaesong, dgi difin cua cfic bfin tham Au" (27) - ndi dUde mfinh danh lfi "trai tfio<br /> chien da b i t d i u cfic cupe dfim phfin bfi't hda giQa hai cUdng quic t h i gidi Hoa<br /> ngQng b i n , tuy nhifin, d i l n t i i n eiia cfic Ky vfi Lifln Xo" (28), "tgo dilu kifin de Lifln<br /> cufic dfim phfin rfi't eh^m chgp. Vfio thfing Xfi cung cfi" vQng chflc vj tri cua minh doi<br /> 5-1952, cfic bfin da dgt dUpc thda thu§n vdi cfic nUdc dfin chu nhfin dfin vQa mdi<br /> trfin h i u h i t cfic d i l u kifin, ngogi trQ al" d\S(}c thfinh Ifip d Dfing Au" (29). Bfln canh<br /> phfin cua tQ nhfin chiin t r a n h . Phai mfi't dd, theo ly t h u y i t t i i n hfinh cfich mang vfi<br /> hdn mfit nfim, dfi'n thfing 6-1953, cfic bfin san trfln phgm vi tofin t h i gidi, "ehiln<br /> mdi t h i n g nhfi't dUpc v l vific trao doi tQ tranh Trilu Tifln chfnh lfi mpt p h i n k l<br /> nhfin, d l ngfiy 27-7-1953 kf k i t thda hoach each mang t h i gidi cua LV Stalin; vi<br /> thufin ngQng b i n . Mfit trong nhQng vfiy, nhflng cufic thUdng lUpng hda binh chl lfi<br /> nguyfln nhfin ehu y i u gfiy nen sy tri hofin hinh thQc" (30). NhQng dilu nfiy diu nim<br /> trong k^' k i t hda dfim lfi nhflng tfnh tofin trong k l hogch cua Lifin Xfl vfi cd y nghia<br /> eua cfic nUdc ldn, trong dd cd Lien Xfl. quan trpng doi vdi vific eung c l vj tri sifiu<br /> Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln lfi cufic chiin cUdng, lan tda anh hudng cua Lien Xo<br /> tranh cd khoang thdi gian dfim phan tUdng khong ehi tgi thdi dilm dfi, mfi cdn v l Ifiu,<br /> doi kflo dfii (hai nfim) dfit trong so sfinh v6i vl dfii sau nfiy.<br /> tofin bfi chilu dfii cua eupe chien (ba nfim, 3. L i e n Xo v6i Chi^n tranh T r i l u<br /> hai thang). Theo lihu phan tfch eua nhfi T i e n v a h e luy<br /> nghien cQu A.V. Smorchkov thi I.V Stalin Chiin t r a n h Trilu Tien da p h i n nfio<br /> da iQdng dinh ring, "cufic ehien tranh thay dfi'i cfich nhin eua Lien Xfl doi vdi t h i<br /> giing CO se hgn che tilm lue quan sU cua gidi. Sau chien t r a n h Trilu Tien, Lifln Xo<br /> My d chau Au, tieu hao cac nguon lUc kinh CO vQ cho chinh saeh "ehung sing hda binh"<br /> t l vfi tao ra nhQng khd khan chinh tri cho gifla cfic nudc cd che dp chfnh tri - xa hpi<br /> chfnh quyen H. S. Truman" (23), lfim cho khfic nhau. Khflng phai ngfiu nhien, thang<br /> My bi sa liy, bfic Ip sQ yiu kfim vl qufin sQ. 4-1952, I.V Stalin tuyen bo: "CQng tin tai<br /> "Cufic chiin tranh kdo dfii lfim chay mfiu hda binh vfi hdp tac giQa ehu nghia cflng<br /> nUdc Mf... Ngudi My b i l u rang cupc ehien san vfi ehu nghia tQ ban lfi hofin tofin cd<br /> tranh nfiy lfi bfi't ldi dfli vdi hp... Sau ehiln the, neu nhu hai bfln d i u cd mong muon vfi<br /> tranh Trilu Tien, ngudi My se khfing edn tuan thu nguyen t i c binh dfing, khfing can<br /> kha nfing t i i n hfinh nhQng cuflc chiin thifip vfio cflng viflc npi bp" (31). Mfit khfic,<br /> tranh ldn" (24). Nhfi nghifln cQu vdi Lien Xo, "dUpe vfi mfi't", "chiin thing vfi<br /> A.V.Pansov cung cho ring, "ngay tQ d i u , ehie'n bgi" trong chien tranh Trieu Tifln lfi<br /> I.V Stalin da dy tinh sQ dung chiin tranh nhQng khai niem thfit khd dfit Ifin ban can<br /> Trieu Tifln dl lfim My yiu di bfing each d i y de so do nfing nhe: 1) V l chinh thing, Lifln<br /> My dung dp vdi CHDCND Trifl'u Tien vfi Xfl khong tham gia vfio ehiln tranh; 2) Tuy<br /> Trung Quo'c" (25), "lfim tfing len sy thu dieh Lien Xfl khflng the md rdng anh hQdng tren<br /> giQa My vfi Trung Quoc eung ding nghia toan bfi bfin dao T r i l u Tien, song v i n gifl<br /> vdi sU g i n bd ngfiy cfing chfit che giQa Bftc nguyen vung anh hudng cua minh d Bftc<br /> Kinh vfi Moscow" (26). Chiin tranh kdo dfii Trieu Tifin; 3) BQdc thay dii ehiln lUdc<br /> cdn lfim "giam dang k l sQ nhdm ngd cua trong cupe ehiln lfim eho quan hfi Xfi-Trung<br /> Luen u a n y A.U viei... 63<br /> <br /> vin tilm i n nhQng bfi^t fi'n, chuyin h i n Nam A (SEATO), Trung cfin Dflng<br /> sang trgng thfii cfing t h i n g , mfiu t h u i n r i i (SEHTO). Chiin tranh Lanh da lan ra toan<br /> di din dfii d i u - difl'u hofin tofin ngUpc lgi ciu.<br /> vdi tinh tofin khiln Trung Quflc gin kit vfi LQc khdi phfit, cufic Chiin tranh Trilu<br /> phy thufic hdn nOa vfio Lifin Xfi khi Trung Tifin mang tinh ehfi't mfit cufic nfii ehiln,<br /> Quoc h\ lfli kdo vfio cupc chiin; 4) Chiin tranh nhUng sau dd nhanh chdng biln thfinh mflt<br /> Trilu Tifln tgo ra mpt iQc cp sfit cfic mfii cufic xung dflt qufl'c tl' vdi sy can dU cua r£ft<br /> quan hfi quic t l cua Lien Xfi, khiln Lifin Xfi nhilu quoc gia, trong dd cd cfic sifiu cudng,<br /> trd nen cd nhilu doi thu hdn (quan hfi Xfi - nhUng k i t cue cua cufic ehiln lfi khdng cd<br /> My ngfiy cfing thQ dich, quan hfi Xfi-Trung ngudi ehiln t h i n g vfi eung chfing cd kd<br /> xlu di trfing thfi'y, Lifin Xfl vfi Nam Trilu ehiln bgi, chi cd nhQng mfi't mfit, ton th^t<br /> Tifln khflng t h i xich lgi g i n nhau); 5) Chiin lfi cd thye vfi khdng d l xda nhda. Cupc<br /> tranh Trilu Tifin lfi phfip thQ d i u tifln vfi ehiln tranh "da mang di sinh mgng eua<br /> dl lgi nhQng kinh nghifim quan trpng cho 9.000.000 ngQdi Trilu Tifln, gin 1.000.000<br /> Lien Xfl trong xQ ly nhQng vfi'n d l xung dflt Chi nguyfin quan, 54.246 linh My, 299 si<br /> cue bfl d Mozambique, Angola, Ethiopia, quan Lifln Xfi vfi hfing trifiu ngUdi mang<br /> Sjria, Ai Cfip, Viflt Nam... vfi sau nfiy lfi d thUdng tfit ca ddi" (33). Hdn 60 nfim da qua<br /> Afghanistan. di k l tQ ngfiy dQpc tgm coi Ifi ngiing tiing<br /> sung, bfin dao Trieu Tifin hfim nay v i n lfi<br /> Trong dfinh gifi cua phUdng Tay v l Lien<br /> mflt diflm ndng eua t h i gidi, ludn tilm fin<br /> Xfl, Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln dupc nhin nhfin<br /> nguy cd xung dfit. U"dc md ngudi thfin dupc<br /> "nhu khuc nhgc dgo diu, bfio hifu v l sQ<br /> gfip ngudi thfin, Udc md dupc sing trong<br /> bfinh trQdng anh hQdng cua Lien Xfi dfii vdi<br /> mpt dfi't nudc thfl'ng nhfi't, hda binh cua<br /> t h i gidi" (32), nhfi't lfi khi I.V Stahn lien tuc<br /> ngUdi dan Trieu Tien v i n chUa thfinh hifin<br /> canh bfio v l kha nfing ehuyen hda eua cupc<br /> thUe. Bai hpc lich sQ tQ chiin tranh Trilu<br /> chiin thfinh cufic chien tranh the gidi thQ<br /> Tifln cho thfi'y trong giai quyit nhQng vfi'n<br /> ba. Sy lo l i n g nfiy cua phUdng Tay dUdc<br /> d l trpng dgi cua dfi't nQde phai trfinh trd<br /> cung CO bdi tin tQc v l vy thQ thfinh cflng<br /> thfinh eon bfii trong tay ngQdi khfic, trfinh hi<br /> bom nguyfin tQ cua Lifin Xfi vfio nfim 1949 -<br /> tac dfing, sQc fip tQ ben ngofii, tranh dl cfic<br /> vu thQ pha vfi t h i dflc tfln nguyfln tQ cua<br /> nUdc ldn ap dfit, c h l djnh, Ifii vfio quy dgo<br /> Hoa Ky. Dinh ki^n v l "mfii de dpa Lien Xd"<br /> vfi quan sQ khfing phai lfi giai phap dl di<br /> da din din sQ gia tfing mpt cfich mgnh me<br /> d i n myc dich, c i n tinh tfio vQpt qua t h i dfii<br /> ngfin sfich quo'c phdng cua Hoa Ky di ddi<br /> diu, thfing qua dfii thogi, thUdng lUdng hda<br /> vdi vific biln NATO tQ mot lifin minh chinh<br /> binh dl tim tiing nfli chung trfin n i n tang<br /> tri - qufin sQ thfinh mpt to chQc quan sy<br /> tfln trpng Ipi ich, hgnh phue vfi khfit vpng<br /> thong nhfi't dQdi sQ chi huy eua Hoa Ky vfi<br /> cua nhfin dfin.<br /> vific thfinh Ifip nhQng khoi quan sQ d Dflng<br /> 64 i.20tS<br /> <br /> CHU THtCH<br /> (1). A.C. Orlov, B.A. Gavrilov, Bi mdt chiin tranh (20). X.LAtaevich, Con dilifng chiin diu cOa<br /> Triiu Tan, Nxb Veche, M&txcova, 2003, tr. 75 (ding Qudn dodn phbng khdng Liin Xd si 64., Cong<br /> Nga). thdng tin Hfin Qui$c thfl'ng nhfi't, ngfiy 13-3-2011,<br /> <br /> (2). Walte LaFeber, America, Russian, and the (tig'ng Nga).<br /> <br /> Cold War. 1945-1996, The McGraw-Hill Copaniea, (21). Bao gfim cfic sfin bay cua thfinh pbtf<br /> Inc, New York, 1997, tr. 6. Antung, thuy di^n Suphun, cfic n u t giao thSng<br /> (3). Lich sit chinh sdch ddi ngogi ciia LiSn XO dudng s i t , cfiy c i u bie qua sdng fip Li;ic vfi hfing loat<br /> (1945-1970), Nxb. IChoa hpc, MfitxcOvn, 1971, tr. 26 cfic v) trf kinh t^. chfnh tr}, qufin ay khfic cua vfing<br /> (tieng Nga). Dflng Bie Trung Quflc.<br /> <br /> (4), (5), (6). A.C Orlov, B A Gavrilov, Bimdt chUn (22). V.V. Yurzanov, IVong chiin tranh Triiu<br /> tranh Triiu TUn, add, tr. 65,66, 69. Tiin; Ghi chep cOa m0t nhd bdo Xd-vH't, Nxb Quftn<br /> 81^, Matxcova, 1958, tr, 96, (ti^ngNga).<br /> (7), (10). Kim Chum Kon, The Korean War,<br /> Seoul, 1973, tr. 19, 38, (23), (26). A.V. Smorchkov, Chiin tranh Triiu<br /> Tiin 1950-1953, Cheki8t.ru, ngfiy 29-11-2009,<br /> (8). (12). (14), (16), (17), (18), (19). A.C. Orlov, B A<br /> (tijfng Nga).<br /> Gavnlov, Bi mdt chiin tranh Triiu Tiin, add, tr. 71,<br /> 150,159,159,164,169,169,172, (24), (25), (30). A.V. Pansov, Stalin citinh keo<br /> ddi chiin tranh tren ban ddo Triiu Tien, tldd, tr. 5,<br /> (9). Theo c6c dieu khoan cfia Hifip U5c, thi hai<br /> 6,6.<br /> ben ky kfi't c6 the ap dung nhflng bi^n phap phong<br /> ngiia, ngu mot trong hai b§n, hofie ban bfi cua m$t (27), (29). (31), (32). Leonid Katsva, Lich si?<br /> trong hai bfin bi de doa an ninh. ntf(fc Nga ' thdi ky Xd-vUt, Nxb. Khoa hpc,<br /> <br /> (11). A.V. Pansov, Stalin ci tinh keo ddi chiin MatxctJva (tieng Nga), tr. 112, 113, 112, 113.<br /> <br /> tranh tren bdn ddo Triiu TUn. Bfio i>pc lap, ngfiy (28). A C. Orlov, B.A Gavrilov. Bi mdt chien<br /> 18-7-2008, tr.3 (tieng Nga). tranh Triiu Tien, Sdd, tr, 381.<br /> <br /> (15). R. Balandin, C, Mironov, Nhitng chuyin (33). S.S. Potocki (Chu bifin), ChUn tranh Triiu<br /> ngogi giao cua Stalin, Nxb. Khoa hoc, Matxcova. Tien. 1950-1953, Tu sfich Nghien cflu "Tu U?u<br /> 2009. tr. 219 (tigng Nga). chifi'n tranh", Nxb. Pohgol, Matxcova, 2003, tr. 2.<br />