Lựa chọn công nghệ nhà máy điện hạt nhân thế hệ thứ III

KH&CNN-90*11/2009*2<br /> <br /> <br /> LUA CHON CONG NGHE NHA MAY DIEN HAT NHAN THE HE THUf HI<br /> • • • • • •<br /> Da CO hoi thao qudc teve dien hat nhan cua Viet Nam d Ha Noi thang 10/2008.<br /> & day CO ban bao cao Ida chgn cong nghe nha may dien hat nhan the he thffba<br /> cua TS. Dinh Due Hffu. Ong dang la cd vain cho Vien Nang luang hat nhan qudc<br /> gia Viet Nam va con lam cd van Chuang trinh dien hat nhan cho nhieu qudc gia<br /> tren the gidi. Tap chi Khoa hoc & Cong nghe Nhiet nhan thaiy day la mot ban bao<br /> cao CO nhieu thong tin tdt, dap ung nhu cau hien nay ve Ida chgn cong nghe dien<br /> hat nhan nen xin duac gidi thieu noi dung ca ban trong ban bao cao.<br /> 1. GIOI THIEU TONG QUAT nffdc vdi ap suat Idn dffgc dan thang den tuarbin<br /> de quay may phat dien.<br /> Nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi da xay dffng<br /> nha may dien hat nhan (NMDHN) san xua't Lo nffdc ap suat gdm 2 he thdng nffdc<br /> dien nang. Hien nay dien hat nhan chiem tach biet (Two separate loops) va nffdc<br /> khoang 16% tdng san Iffdng dien tren the gidi. khong pha trdn vao nhau. He thdng so cap<br /> Cac qudc gia cd be day cdng nghiep va ve (Primary loop) cd nhiem vu hap thu nhiet tff<br /> dien hat nhan tren the gidi, d i n dau la Hoa Ky cac phan ffng trong 16 dffdi ap suat rat cao<br /> tiep do la Phap, Nhat Ban,Nga, Han Qudc, va d6ng nffdc ndng nay dffgc chay qua he<br /> Canada, Trung Qudc... c6 nhieu loai Id khac thdng dng hap thu nhiet de sinh hai trong<br /> n-hau nhffng tffu chung cd hai loai 16 chinh la binh giai nhiet (Steam Gnerator tubing). Tai<br /> Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) - Id nffdc soi day nhiet dffgc he thdng nffdc thff hai<br /> (hinh 1) va Presure Water Reactor (PWR) - I d (secondary loop) nhan nhiet va bien nffdc<br /> nffdc ap suat (hinh 2). Hoa Ky la qudc gia dan thanh hai nffdc dffdi ap suat eao, dong hoi<br /> dau trong cac n6 Iffc nghien cffu, che tao va nffdc nay dffgc dSn vao tuarbin de chay may<br /> xay dffng hang loat cac NMDHN the he I va phat dien.<br /> san xua't Iffdng dien hat nhan kha Idn trong<br /> Boiling Water Reactor System<br /> cac thap nien 60 va.70 cua the ky trffdc. Tap<br /> doan General Electric (GE) tap trung che tao<br /> 16 nffdc soi va tap doan Westing House che<br /> tao 16 nffdc ap suat. Nhat Ban hop tac ca GE<br /> va Westing House de che tao ra ca 16 nffdc<br /> soi va 16 nffdc ap suat. Phap hgp tac vdi<br /> Westing House tap trung duy nhat che tao 16<br /> nffdc ap suat. Rieng Canada che tao 16 nffdc<br /> ap suat nhffng sff dung nffdc nang de giai<br /> nhiet 16, loai 16 nay c6n ggi la 16 ap suat nffdc<br /> nang. Han Qudc hgp tac vdi Westing House<br /> xay dffng 16 nffdc ap suat va nhd Canada xay Hinhl. Lo nudc soi.<br /> dffng 02 16 ap suat nffdc nang nhffng den nay<br /> Han Qudc da tap trung vao 16 nffdc ap suat.<br /> Trung Qudc da hgp tac vdi Hoa Ky va Phap<br /> xay dffng hang loat cac 16 nudc ap suat va<br /> khong phat trien 16 nudc sdi.<br /> Nhffng khac biet ve cong nghe giffa 16 nffdc<br /> soi va 16 nffdc ap suat, ffu nhffgc diem cua hai<br /> loai 16 nay la:<br /> L6 nffdc soi duy tri mot he thdng nffdc (One<br /> single loop), nffdc hap thu nhiet tff cac phan ffng<br /> Hinh 2. Lo ap suat<br /> hat nhan trong 16 de bie'n thanh hoi nffdc va hci<br />  KH&CNN - 91*01/2010*3<br /> L6 nffdc soi c6 ffu diem la khong can binh giai rat Idn cho nha dau tff. Day cung la ly do chinh<br /> nhiet, van hanh dffdi ap suat va nhiet do thap nen khien nganh dien hat nhan da phai ngffng lai<br /> nudc dan vao van hanh true tiep tuarbin ma khong trong hdn 20 nam qua tai Hoa Ky va cac nffdc<br /> can phai qua he thdng trao ddi nhiet nen thiet ke va Chau Au.<br /> xay dffng d5 tdn kem hdn. Nhffgc diem la hOi nudc Xay dffng tai hien trffdng khien keo dai thdi<br /> cd chffa chat phdng xa va c6 kha nang thoat ra gian xay dffng qua 10 nam: NMDHN the he II<br /> ngoai moi trffdng. dffgc xay dffng tai hien trffdng, cd qua nhieu<br /> Ld ap suat c6 ffu diem la hai nffdc dan vao cdng viec can tien hanh mgt liic hoac theo mgt<br /> van hanh tuarbin khdng chffa chat phdng xa do chu ky nhat dinh, cac ddi hoi ve kiem tra chat<br /> vay, tranh dffgc chat phdng xa thoat ra ngoai. Iffgng, giam sat an toan, thdi tiet khien cac hoat<br /> Nhffng c6 nhffgc diem la cac dng d i n nffdc dgng xay dffng cho hieu qua thap dan tdi thdi<br /> trong binh giai nhiet d l bi nfft, thiing dan de'n gian va khdi Iffgng cong viec vffgt dinh mffc lam<br /> nffdc CO nhiem phong xa tran sang he tuan tang gia thanh va thdi gian thi cong.<br /> hoan nffdc thff 2 va thoat ra mdi trffdng ben 3. N H A M A Y DIEN HAT N H A N THE HE THU' III<br /> ngoai. Ap suat va nhiet do van hanh Id rat eao<br /> Tai nan NMDHN Three Mile Islands tai Hoa<br /> nen van hanh khd khan han.<br /> Ky va Chernobyl tai UCraina la hai bai hgc dat<br /> 2. NHA M A Y D I E N HAT NHAN THE HE THLF II gia d6i hdi c6 bffdc dot pha ve cai tien cong<br /> L6 the he thff 2 c6 he thdng cap nffdc an nghe dan den che tao NMDHN the he thff III:<br /> toan trong trffdng hgp khan cap. He thdng an Tai nan nha may Three Mile Island tai Hoa<br /> toan giai nhiet ciia 16 qua cong kenh va phffc Ky vao nam 1979. Day la nha may sff dung Id<br /> tap, de dam bao an toan cho 16 phan ffng khong ap suat do hang Westing House che tao, cong<br /> bi mat nffdc d i n den chay 16 va dam bao nha suat 1.000MW. Khdi dau do true trac nhd va<br /> chan 16 khdng bi vd. Mgt he thdng cung cap mat nguon nffdc d he thdng thff 2 d i n den thieu<br /> nffdc lam nguoi 16 va lam mat nha' chan 16 dffgc nffdc trong binh giai nhiet khien he thdng nffdc<br /> xay dffng. He thdng nay bao gom hai nhanh trong 16 tang ap suat va nhiet do d i n den van<br /> doc lap nhau, mdi nhanh c6 cong suat 100% an toan tff dgng md ra de ha ap suat 16. Nffdc<br /> bao gom motd, bdm, van, dng d i n , nguon dien, nong chay qua van an toan va nhiet ke d dffdi<br /> day cap dien, he thdng may dieu hda khong khf, dudi van v i n chi 100°C do ap suat dffdi van<br /> cac thiet bi phu trg chdng dgng dat, thie't bi do thong vdi ap suat khdng khi. Ky sff chi huy nha<br /> chuan mffc an toan, chffdng trinh chay thff va may da lam tffdng la van an toan v i n ddng va<br /> bao dffdng dinh ky. He thdng nay can rat nhieu khong biet rang 16 dang bi mat nffdc tram trgng<br /> vat lieu xay dffng, chiem nhieu dien ti'ch, dau tff (Ky sff chua hieu thau dao nguyen ly nhiet ddng<br /> ban dau tdn kem, chi phf bao hanh va bao hgc Isentropic process). Dang le d thdi diem<br /> dffdng rat Idn. He thdng nay v i n tiem an nhieu nay van phai dffgc d6ng lai va he thdng cung<br /> nil ro vi le thugc vao cac bd phan ca dien va cap nffdc an toan cho 16 can dffgc van hanh de<br /> ngudn dien de van hanh cac ca phan ciia he cung cap day dii nffdc cho 16. Trai lai ky sff chi<br /> thdng. huy da cho ngffng bam nffdc vao 16 dan den 16<br /> Luat le CO nhieu bat cap, can 2 giay phep de cang thieu nffdc nhieu han. 8 gid trdi qua , lanh<br /> xay dffng va van hanh nha may, viec nay tao riii dao nha may mdi dieu chinh va cung cap nffdc<br /> ro cao cho nha dau tff: Trffdc day, mudn xay lai cho 16, nhffng da qua t r i va gay ra thiet hai<br /> dffng NMDHN, nha dau tff can cd giay phep xay n|ng ne. Tuy nhien, cac he thdng an toan khac<br /> dffng (Construction licence), khi nha may xay v i n hoat dgng tdt va chat phdng xa khdng thoat<br /> gan xong thi xin giay phep van hanh (Operation ra ngoai mdi trffdng. Qua tai nan nay, da rut ra<br /> licence). Hai giay phep nay tao ra ca hgi cho dffgc bai hgc quy gia; Thiet bi nha may dffng<br /> eac nhom chdng ddi dtmg luat phap de gay kho vffng trffdc mgt tai nan nghiem trgng cho thay<br /> khan cho nha dau tff xin dffgc giay phep van tieu chuan an toan ky thuat dat cac chi tieu thiet<br /> hanh NMDHN. Tai Hoa Ky, da cd nhieu nha ke. Tai nan xay ra do yeu td con ngffdi chffa<br /> may xay xong nhffng phai bd dd va trd thanh dffgc dao tao diing mffc. Sau tai nan nay chiing<br /> ddng sat vun, gay thiet hai nhieu chuc ti USD. ta da riit ra dffgc nhieu kinh nghiem de sffa<br /> Hoac cd nhieu nha may keo dai them 5 den 7 chffa ke ca phan thiet ke he thdng va phan quan<br /> nam mdi cd giay phep van hanh gay thiet hai ly van hanh nha may.<br /> 4*KH&CNN - 91*01/2010<br /> <br /> rat nhieu den ngUdi va vat chat: 02 ngUdi chet tai hanh cac he thdng an toan cua NMDHN vdn la<br /> cho va sau dd c6 56 ngUdi chet do bui phdng xa, van nan hang dau ciia cac nha van hanh vi phai<br /> c6 khoang 4.000 ngUdi mang benh do nhiem dd'i dien vdi trudng hdp mat dien din den nhieu<br /> phong xa. Day la tai nan hat nhan Idn nhat cho he thdng phdng ngU an toan bi mat dieu khien.<br /> tdi thdi diem nay. Mpt lan nffa tai nan xay ra do Sau day la bang so sanh cac chi tieu kinh te<br /> ye'u td con ngUdi bat can, vd ky luat va khdng ky thuat cac NMDHN the he III tan tien nhat dugc<br /> thuc hien cac cdng viec nhU da quy dinh, vi pham cac nudc gidi hieu va ban tren thi trUdng the gidi<br /> nghiem trong luat an toan 16 hat nhan. (Bangl).<br /> ChUdng trinh cai tien 16 tffng budc Mffc dp hoan thien ciia NMDHN the he rhff III<br /> (Evolutionary Technology) va chUdng trinh thiet dUdc the hien d hinh 3.<br /> ke Id mdi (Development Technology).<br /> Vao nhffng nam 1980, tai Hoa Ky va cac nudc 100 -r--<br /> <br /> Chau Au ngoai trff Phap da ngffng xay dgng<br /> ^^X"-"''^'<br /> NMDHN vi cac ly do chinh nhu xin giay phep qua<br /> khd khan vi ap lUc tff cac nhdm chdng ddi, thdi /L,<br /> gian xay dUng ntia may lau, anh hUdng tieu cue / 1<br /> cua tai nan Three Mile Island, cac yeu td nay day \<br /> gia thanh NMDHN len qua cao so vdi cac nha<br /> 1 y<br /> 1 f^<br /> ma/^dien sff dung than, khi ddt...chua ke nha<br /> dau tu rat lo so khoan dau tu bi mat trang do 1 /<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> .1 . 1 ,.J<br /> €Xibng 1:Mifc 36 hoan thifen<br /> <br /> khdng dugc cap phep de van hanh. Trong thdi ky j J ve ky t>«4t x ^