• iCfO^c jf.'5.:fi*'.T<br />
QUAN LY XUAT NHAP KHAU d -VN<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
N A N G CAO HIEU QUA D A U T i /<br />
V A GIAM BOI CHI N G A N SACH<br />
DE GIAM THAM HUT THl/ONG MAI CUA VIET NAM<br />
PGS.TS. BUI QUANG BJNH*<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Dat vlTn di trang hieu qua d i u tU chUa eao va tham hut ngan<br />
sach tdi can can thUtfng mai eiia VN, qua dd de<br />
Khdng ai cd the phii nhan sU that rang trong<br />
xua't nhdng kie'n nghi gdp phan giai quyet tinh<br />
nhdng nam qua, nen kinh te VN dat ddpc tang<br />
trang tham hut can can thuong mai ciia VN.<br />
trudng kinh te nhanh, lien tue va ludn xep vao<br />
nhdm c^c nen kinh te tang trudng nhanh ciia chau 2. Moi quan h$ giifa cin cin thiMng m^i v6i ti^t<br />
A va the gidi, cho dii trong thdi diem kinh te' the ki$m v i dSu ttf trong nin kinh t§' md<br />
gidi roi vao suy thoai nang. Thanh tifu dd cd dUpe Trong nen kinh te md cd nhieu bien so vi mo<br />
nhd nhifng no life md cufa nen kinh te va day rat quan trpng nhU: tang trudng, tiet kiem dau tU,<br />
manh boat ddng thuong mai qud'c te, thu hut diu can can thUPng mai... Can can thUtfng mai phan<br />
tu nude ngoai, tang kim ngach xua't nhap khau. anh mdi quan he giiJa xua't khau va nhap khau<br />
Ngoai ra, Chinh phu cung rat nd life theo dudi ciia mot qud'c gia. Trong khi tiet kiem va diu tu<br />
chien lUtfe thay the nhap khau nham giam d i n phan anh quan he giifa cung va cau tren thi<br />
viec xua't khau s i n pham thd kem hieu qua va trudng vd'n. Mankiw (2003) da phan anh mdi quan<br />
lang phi tai nguyen, tang dau tu phat trien san he giiJa hai thi trudng nay bang phUtfng trinh {*)<br />
xuat trong nUde b i n g nhieu nguon khac nhau,<br />
tren ctf sd phUtfng trinh thu nhap qud'c dan trong<br />
trong dd chu trpng tiet kiem trong nen kinh te,<br />
nen kinh te md.<br />
vay td ben ngoai den keu gpi diu tU nudc ngoai.<br />
Tuy nhien, tinh trang tham hut can can thUtfng NX = S - I (*)<br />
mai eiia VN tiep tuc gia tang va chUa cd da'u hieu Trong dd, NX la can can thUOng mai, S la tiet<br />
giam. kiem trong nUdc va I la diu tU trong nUdc.<br />
Tham hut can can thUtfng mai ciia VN hien Ve p h i i la vd'n ra nUdc ngoai rdng (Net Capital<br />
nay ed nguyen nhan sau xa tif chinh nhUtfc diem Outflow) va bang chenh lech cua tiet kiem trong<br />
cua md hinh tang trudng kinh te ma VN dang ap nudc so vdi d i u tu trong nUdc; bang sd tien mpi<br />
dung. Md hinh nay van difa vao tham dung vd'n ngudi trong nifdc cho nUde ngoai vay trif sd tien<br />
chuf khdng phai cdng nghe va lao dpng, trong dd ngudi nudc ngoai cho ngifdi nUdc minh vay.<br />
lao ddng la nguon life nhieu va dU thifa eua nude PhUtfng trinh (*) ham y rang vd'n ra nUdc<br />
ta. Hien nay, nen kinh te VN dang cd xu hudng ngoai rdng phai can bang vdi can can thUtfng mai<br />
dau tu nhieu hon kha nang tiet kiem trong nUdc trong dai ban. Theo thdi gian khi nen kinh te<br />
va bii d i p bing vay np va tham hut ngan sich; dang xet tiet kiem nhieu htfn nhu ciu diu tU cho<br />
tinh trang nay cdn keo dai khdng difng d dd vdi cac dif an eiia nd thi phan tiet kiem chUa dUpc tai<br />
cac du an rat ldn ve eo sd ha tang dang thai trp cho cac dif an trong nen kinh te se dUtfc diing<br />
nghen. Chinh ddng vdn ra nUdc ngoai rdng bang cho ngUdi nUde ngoai vay. Khi cac du an ciia nUdc<br />
chenh lech giifa tiet kiem trong nude va diu tU ngoai ein khoan vay nay, cac doanh nghiep cua<br />
trong nude ludn am da tao ap life kep: phai nhap nen kinh te dd se cung cap cho tac nhan nUde<br />
khau nhieu va tang ty gia hdi doii thifc ciia VN. ngoai nhieu hang hda va dich vu htfn so vdi hp<br />
Bai viet nay se xem xet nhUng anh hudng tif tinh cung cap cho cac tac nhan ben trong nen kinh te<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
TrUdng Dai hoc Kinh te, Dai hoc Da Ning<br />
Phat trien kinh te - Thang MUdi mpt nam 2010<br />
QUAN LY XUAT NHAP KHAU d VN<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
dd, tde nen kinh te dd thang dU thuong mai. ngoai te. TUtfng tU, trUdng hpp can can thupng mai<br />
Ngupc lai, khi nen kinh te dang xet tiet kiem it thang du ham y ngUdi nudc ngoai mua hang hda<br />
hon nhu ciu diu tU ciia cac dif an trong nen kinh va dich vu eiia VN nhieu htfn va hp ein tien Viet<br />
te dd thi p h i n chenh lech it hon nay phai dUtfc de thanh toan va se dupe dap dng b i n g cung tien<br />
tai trp b i n g ngudn vd'n vay nude ngoai. Nhiing Viet luc nay S > L Tif phUPng trinh n i y cho tha'y<br />
khoan np nay d i n tdi viec nen kinh te dd phai nhu'ng ye'u to' anh hudng tdi tiet kiem, dau tU se<br />
nhap khau nhieu hang hda va dich vu so vdi xua't anh hudng tdi ty gia bd'i doai thifc te' qua dd i n h<br />
khau hang hda va dich vu ra nude ngoai, tufe hp hudng tdi can can thUtfng mai. C h i n g ban, khi<br />
tham hut can can thutfng mai. Nghia la sif dich ehinh phii tang chi tieu cdng va giam thue de kich<br />
chuyen ciia ddng vd'n tren thi trUdng vd'n trong ciu d i n tdi bdi chi ngan sach va tieu dung giam<br />
nen kinh te md se keo theo nhifng thay doi ddng lam tiet kiem qud'c dan giam, cung vdi qua trinh<br />
hang hda dich vu ra vao mdi nen kinh te. dd chinh phii lai khuyen khich diu tu trong nUde.<br />
C i hai chinh sach nay tao ra t i c dpng kep: (1)<br />
PhUtfng trinh (*) cho tha'y cac ye'u to' tiet kiem<br />
giam ddng vd'n ra nude ngoai rdng va (2) ap life<br />
S va diu tu I quy dinh can can thUtfng mai NX.<br />
tang ty gii hdi doai thifc te do dd can can thUtfng<br />
Nhung tiet kiem phu thupc vao ehinh sach tai<br />
mai cua VN tham hut.<br />
chinh nen khi chinh phii giam mua hang hoac<br />
tang thu thue nhieu htfn se lam tang tiet kiem Nhu vay, difa vao 2 phuong trinh tren se giup<br />
qudc dan. Diu tu thay doi theo lai sua't the gidi r* chung ta phan tich anh hudng tif nhifng thay doi<br />
va ty le nghich vdi lai sua't the gidi. Mankiw kinh te tdi can can thUtfng mai, cu the d day la sif<br />
(2000) khi phan tich so'lieu tiet kiem, diu tU, can thay doi tif chinh sach cua VN nhU: chinh sach tai<br />
can thuong mai va tinh trang tham hut ngan sach ehinh, diu tU va thUtfng mai...<br />
cua nudc My tif 1960 tdi 1995 eung da k h i n g dinh 3. Tmh hmh tham hgt thiAUng m^i cda VN<br />
dieu nay. Tif 1960 tdi 1980, ngan sach cua chinh<br />
phii ludn can bing, tham chi thang dU; ngUdi dan Ke td khi tie'n hanh doi mdi nam 1986, boat<br />
My tiet kiem nhieu htfn diu tU trong nUdc; va cung ddng thUtfng mai qud'c te ciia VN phat trien manh.<br />
trong thdi gian nay can can thuong mai can bing. Tdng kim ngach xua't khau tang tif 0,798 ty USD<br />
Sau nam 1980, tinh trang tham hut ngan sach ldn nam 1986 len 62,68 ty USD, tufe tang khoing 82<br />
xay ra khi chinh phu My ap dung chinh sach tai lan, giai doan tif 2005 tdi 2008 kim ngach tang<br />
chinh md rdng b i n g each cit giam dang ke thue gap ddi so vdi giai doan 1986-2004, tac ddng tif<br />
thu nhap ca nhan (1981-1984), tiet kiem qudc dan viec gia nhap td chifc thuong mai the gidi (WTO)<br />
giam dang ke va can can thUOng mai cang tham eiia VN. Thi trUdng xuat khau mtf rpng den h i u<br />
hut. he't cac qud'c gia va vung lanh thd. Co ca'u hang<br />
xuat khau da cd nhifng thay ddi nha't dinh, chuyen<br />
Khdng difng d dd neu, khi xem xet anh hudng d i n tif xua't khau thd sang xua't khau tinh. Ty le<br />
ciia ty gia hdi doai thifc te (8) tdi can can thUOng hang xua't khau thd giam tif 70% giai doan 1986-<br />
mai, Mankiw (2000) k h i n g dinh day la tUtfng quan 1990 xudng cdn 45% nam 2008, hang qua che bien<br />
nghich bien (tufc la ty gia hdi doai thifc te tang tang td 30% len 55%, tuy nhien sif thay ddi nay<br />
thi can can thUtfng mai giam). Ty gii hdi doai thife kha cham.<br />
te ty le thuan vdi ty gia bd'i doai danh nghia (e =<br />
sd ngoai te/ 1 don vi ndi te) va tUOng quan gia ca Nhap khau cung tang theo sif phat trien kinh<br />
trong va ngoai nude. Khi dd, phUtfng trinh (*) se te, tif 2,15 ty USD nam 1986 da tang len 80,7 ty<br />
dupe viet thanh: USD, tang g i n 40 lan. Ctf cau hang nhap khau<br />
ciia VN chii ye'u la tu lieu s i n xua't chiem tdi 90%,<br />
NX (s) = S - I (**)<br />
hang tieu dung chiem ty trpng nhd.<br />
PhUtfng trinh (**) nay ham y r i n g ty gia hdi<br />
Ty le xua't khau va nhap khau so vdi GDP tang<br />
doai thifc te dieu chinh can b i n g thi trudng ngoai<br />
lien tue trong sud't nhifng nam qua. Ty le cua xuat<br />
hdi vdi ve trai la ciu ngoai hdi va ve' phai la cung<br />
khau tif 10% GDP nam 1986 da tang len 70%<br />
ngoai hdi. Klii can can thuong mai tham hut, luc<br />
GDP nam 2008, nhUng nhap khau tang nhanh, tif<br />
dd cac doanh nghiep tai VN se cau ngoai te de<br />
29% len 82% trong cung ky nhu Hinh 1. Trong<br />
thanh toan, khi dd nen kinh te phai vay vd'n nude<br />
dieu kien kinh te tang trUdng lien tuc thi sU gia<br />
ngoai b i n g ngoai te do S < I, dd se la nguon cung<br />
tang nhanh ciia nhap khau khien can can thuong<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Phat trien kinh te - T h a n g Mi/di Mpt nam 2010<br />
i<br />
QUAN LY XUAT NHAP KHAU a VN<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
mai cua VN tham hut. Tuy nhien, tham hut can diu tu chi 100 ty dong thi nam 2008 l i 620.000<br />
can thuong mai diin ra trien mien tif 1986 den ty dong theo gia thifc te. Ty trpng ciia dau tU so<br />
nay, tha'p nha't 2,5% GDP cao nhat nam 2008 l i vdi GDP tang tif 9% len 42% trong ciing ky (Hinh<br />
16% GDP. Hinh 2 phan dUdi cho thay nhifng nam 2); trung binh thdi ky 1987-1990 la 11,5%', 1991-<br />
kinh te tang trUong manh thi ty le tham hut cao 1995 l i 22,3% ,va 1996-2009 la 13,27c. Dau tU tif<br />
htfn, ching ban tf thdi diem 1995-1996 hay 2004- cac t i c nhan nhu Chinh phu, tu nhan trong nudc<br />
2005 tang trUtfng GDP cao cung tham hut nhieu. va nUde ngoai deu tang, thdi ky 1995-2009, tde do<br />
Cho du tham hut can can thUOng mai ldn va nd tang trung binh diu tu cdng l i 14,1% nam va tu<br />
t i c ddng tieu cUc tdi tang trUdng nhdng tang n h a n la 12,4% nam va diu tU nUde ngoai tang<br />
trudng vin tang. NhU vay, dUdi gdc dp tdng cau 28,3%. Trong tong diu tU thi ty trpng diu tU cdng<br />
t i c ddng tieu cue nay, tham hut thuong mai dUtfe eua VN thudng chiem ldn tren 40%, dac biet giai<br />
triet tieu bdi tieu diing va diu tU d VN va nen doan 1998-2006 ludn tren 50%, sau dd cd giam<br />
kinh te van tang trUtfng lien tuc. Tuy nhien, tang nhUng nam 2009 van dat g i n 47%. Ke't qua cua<br />
trudng se eao htfn ne'u tham hut giam. Lieu tham qua trinh nay da dem tdi cho nen kinh te mgt<br />
hut nay ed quan he vdi cac boat ddng trong nen lUtfng vdn san xuat to ldn va nang cao nang life<br />
kinh te nhu chinh sach tai chinh hay dau tU hay s i n xuat thiic day tang trUdng kinh te.<br />
khdng, chung ta se xem xet dUdi day.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1 -Oi t<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
fTT] iWOTff<br />
,•^>\#.;#A*V^'P'.^f*•