Nghiên cứu các hình thức hợp tác trong chăn nuôi lợn ở miền Bắc Việt Nam

Nghien cCifu cac hinh thCfc hop tac trong<br /> chan nuoi Ion 6 mien Bac Viet Nam<br /> NGUYEN TUAN SCiN<br /> <br /> <br /> T) di vie't gidi thieu khdi qudt cdc hinh thiic sdn .xudt nong nghiep theo hap ddng dnifdc ta vd cdc nudc nen<br /> LJ the gidi, cdc hinh thiic 16 chuc sdn .xudt va hop tdc trong chdn nudi Idn, dnh hinh to chiic sdn .xudt va lieu<br /> thu sdn phdm tqi mot sd tinh dieu tra, phdn tich chi phi vd thu nhdp tii chdn nudi lan, ddnh gid ini nhuqc diem, ca<br /> hoi vd thdch thifc ddi vdi cdc hinh thifc td chifc vd hap tdc trong chdn nudi km d mien Bdc nifdc ta hien nay. qua<br /> do dua ra nhiing gqi y ve id chifc chdn nudi Ion qid mo ho gia dinh dat kit qud vd hieu qud cao trong thai gian tdi.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Dat van de ve cac noi dung cd lien quan va nhflng chinh<br /> sach da ban hanh cd anh hfldng triic tiep hoac<br /> Tren the gidi, phUdng thflc chan nuoi gia<br /> gian tiep den nganh chdn nudi Idn. So' lieu sd<br /> cong hdp ddng (contract farming) da dfldc<br /> cap tfl cac hp chan nudi (hp chan nuoi gia<br /> nghien eflu d nhieu nUdc, ket qua cho tha'y<br /> cong cho cac cdng ty thflc an gia sue. hp xa<br /> chan nuoi gia cong hdp ddng mang lai ket qua<br /> vien hdp tae xa chan nudi Idn va hp chan nuoi<br /> va hieu qua cao hdn nhieu so vdi chdn nuoi doe doc lap) bang phdng van trfle tiep sif dung bp<br /> liip qui mo hp ndng dan. 0 Viet Nam, trong cau hdi da chuan hi trflde. Tdng sd man dieu<br /> nhflng nam gan day mot so' cong ty san xua't tra d 4 tinh la 400 hp, trong dd ed: 34 bp chan<br /> thflc an chan nudi Idn lien doanh vdi nfldc nudi gia cdng cho cac cdng ty CP va Japffa,<br /> ngoai da tien hanh ap dung mo hinh chan nuoi 166 hp xa vien hdp tac xa chan nudi Idn va<br /> gia cong cho cdc hp ndng dan, dac biet trong lien ket vdi tU thifdng, va 200 hp chan nuoi<br /> chan nuoi gia cam va gan day la trong chan doc lap. Ngoai ra, cac hp lam dich vu phuc vu<br /> nudi Idn, ngoai ra cdn mot so'hinh thflc hdp tae chan nuoi Idn (bdn thflc an gia sue, vac xin va<br /> khac gifla ngifdi chan nudi va cac tac nhan thuoc thu y, can bp thii y cd sd) va cae hp tU<br /> trong nganh chan nuoi Idn. thUdng thu mua, giet md cflng difde phdng<br /> Nghien eflu nay nham phan tich cac hinh van; cac hdp tac xa dich vu chan nudi cflng<br /> thflc td ehflc Siin xua't va hdp tae trong chan dfldc phdng vd'n de danh gia mo hinh chan<br /> nuoi Idn d mien Bdc Viet Nam hien nay va dfla nudi Idn theo hdp tac xa.<br /> ra cac khuyen nghi ve mat chinh sdch giup cac De tai sii dung phfldng phap thong ke mo ta<br /> hp chan nudi dat hieu quii cao hdn trong thdi vdi cac chi tieu so' binh qudn. td'c dp tang<br /> gian tdi. De tai nay nghien eflu 3 hinh thflc td trUdng, td'c dp phat trien nham mo ta tinh hinh<br /> ehflc chan nudi Idn ehu yeu d mien Bac nfldc ta phat trien chan nuoi Idn eua Viet Nam trong<br /> gdm chan nudi gia cdng hdp ddng, chan nuoi thdi gian qua. De so sanh ket qua va hieu qua<br /> theo hinh thflc hdp tac xa va hp chan nuoi doc cua cac hinh thflc chan nudi Idn khac nhau, de<br /> lap tiii 4 tinh Bac Giang, Ha Tay (cu), Thai tai dung phifdng phap phan td tho'ng ke theo<br /> Binh va Thanh Hda. cac tieu chi hinh thflc td ehflc hdp tac trong<br /> Sdlieu tbfl cap. ve tinh binh chan nudi Idn, chan nudi va cac phfldng thflc chan nudi.<br /> cung Ciiu thit Idn, sd lUdng cac trang trai chan Phfldng phap phan tich chi phi - ket qua dfldc<br /> nudi... dUdc thu thap tfl Tdng cue Thdng ke,<br /> trang web cua td ehflc Ndng lUdng the gidi Nguyfin Tuiin Scm, TS., Tn/dng Dili hoc N6ng nghiep<br /> (FAQ), cac bao eao, dii dn, de tai da xuat ban Ha Ndi.<br /> <br /> <br /> 64<br />  Ngliien cuu cac iiinii thiic<br /> <br /> <br /> sfl dung de danh gia so sanh ket qua va hieu thit. Trong san xuat sfla, Birthal et al.. (2006)<br /> qua ciia cac hinh thflc chan nudi Idn khac chflng minh rkng cac hp tham gia san xua't<br /> nhau. theo hdp ddng lien ket thu dfldc ldi nhuan cao<br /> 2, Ket qua nghien ciiu va thao luan hdn cac hp san xuat tfl do, vdi cac ldi ich chu<br /> 2.1. Tdng quan tdi lieu nghien cdu yeu la giam chi phi giao dich. cac ho trd dich<br /> vu va ky thuat tfl cac ben tham gia lien ket.<br /> Kinh nghiem tai nhieu nflde Dong Nam A<br /> Chinh phu Viet Nam da c6 quyet dinh<br /> da chflng to rdng, chan nudi hdp ddng la hinh<br /> 80/2002/TTg ve thflc hien lien ket 4 nha nham<br /> thflc to ehflc thich hdp nham giup cac hp chan<br /> hd trd nong dan san xua't va tieu thu nong san.<br /> nuoi qui mo nhd vifdt qua dUde cac rao can ve<br /> Chinh phu cung khuyen khich thdnh lap va ho<br /> chi phi giao dich (Tiongco and Delgado, 2007). trd boat dpng cua cae hdp tac xa theo Luat Hdp<br /> Ngfldi.chan nudi tham gia cac hdp ddng nham: tae xa ban hanh nam 1997. Bp mon He tho'ng<br /> (1) tiep can thuan ldi vdi thi trUdng tieu thu nong nghiep (Vien Khoa hpe ky thuat nong<br /> san pham; (2) giam vd'n ddu tU ban dau; (3) nghiep Viet Nam) da co dfl an hd trd thanh lap<br /> tiep can dfldc cac thong tin ve gia ca thi cac hdp tdc xa chan nudi Idn d tinh Hai Dudng.<br /> trUdng, ky thuat, ky nang quan ly, vo'n dau tU, Trong trUdng hdp khong co cac hdp dong nong<br /> dich vu thu y va khuyen ndng. Ta't ea cdc yeu nghiep chinh thflc, cac hdp ddng lien ket qua<br /> td tren ddn den ehi phi san xua't vd giao dich cac hdp tac xa c6 ve thich hdp nha't v6i cac nong<br /> trong viec mua dUdc cac loai thflc an va con dan nhd d mien Bdc Viet Nam (vi du nhfl<br /> gio'ng cd cha't Ifldng td't, giam thieu rui ro ve trUdng hdp Nbd may dfldng Lam Sdn tai Thanh<br /> gia ca, nang eao ket quii va hieu qua chan nuoi Hoa). Tai An Giang, mo binh lien ket trong san<br /> (Pasour, 1998; Delgado et ai, 2003; Glover, xua't ndng nghiep da xuat hien tfl nam 2001.<br /> 1984; Delgado, 1999; Simmons, 2000; Tiongco Tdng siin Ifldng nong nghiep sfl dung hdp dong<br /> and Delgado, 2007). nam 2004 tang dang ke so vdi nam 2003, gan<br /> Ngfldi cung cap hdp ddng (chu hdp ddng) gap doi vdi san xua't lua gao va tang 30% trong<br /> dtit dfldc muc tieu Id cd ngudn cung hang dn nuoi trdng thuy san.<br /> dinh, dam bao chat Ifldng. Theo Glover (1987) Co ba van de can chu y trong viec thflc hien<br /> thdng qua san xua't theo hdp ddng, chit hdp cac hdp ddng nong san d Viet Nam. Thii nhdt,<br /> ddng se kiem soat dfldc toan bp qua trinh san nong dan dfldc cho la ngifdi khdng thflc hien<br /> xua't va yen tam ve chat lifdng dau ra cua san dung cac cam ket khi cd cae thfldng nhan khac<br /> pham cung nhfl thdi gian cung flng hang boa. mua siin phdm vdi mflc gia cao hdn (vi du nhfl<br /> Mat khac, thdng qua san xua't theo hdp ddng, trong trfldng hdp cua cae hp trdng sdn). Thd<br /> hp cdn tranh dfldc viec ddi mat vdi giai quyet 6 hai, khi co mflc cung ddi dao tfl ngifdi san<br /> nhilm moi trfldng gay ra tfl chan nudi, vi xua't, cac thfldng nhan thfldng dfla ra cac<br /> ngfldi nhan hdp ddng se chiu trach nhiem chuan ve chat Ifldng chat che hdn va nha che<br /> trong viec xfl ly chat thai va d nhiem moi bien cd the tfl chdi cac siin phdm ho khong<br /> trifdng do qud trinh chan nudi tao ra (Tiongco mud'n mua cua ndng dan. Thd ba, kien thflc ve<br /> and Delgado, 2007). Tai Philippin, cac chu cac nghia vu trong hdp ddng thfldng thieu nen<br /> hdp ddng thifdng thich ky hdp ddng vdi cac hp viec vi pham hdp ddng ra't hay xiiy ra.<br /> chan nudi Idn qui md Idn (tfl 200 con trd len)<br /> 2.2. Cdc hinh thdc td chdc sdn xudt vd<br /> hdn la ky vdi cdc hp chan nudi qui md nbd<br /> hdp tdc trong chdn nudi Idn<br /> (Costales et ai. 2007).<br /> 2.2.1. Chdn nuoi hdp ddng chinh thdng<br /> Trong nghien eflu eua Fairoze et ai, (2006),<br /> Chan nuoi theo hdp ddng chinh thdng (chiin<br /> cac tac giii da chi ra rdng cac ldi ich chu yeu<br /> nuoi gia cong) xuat hien d mien Bdc tfl nam<br /> cua viec chan nudi theo hdp ddng lien ket chu<br /> 2000, cd hai phifdng thflc chan nuoi dang difdc<br /> yeu tfl giiim chi phi giao dich va ddm bao thu<br /> sif dung la nuoi Idn nai cung cap con gidng cho<br /> nhap thifdng xuyen cho cac hp chan nuoi ga<br /> 66<br /> Nghi4n cM Kmh 14 so 373 - Thing 6.2009<br />  — Ngliien cuu cac hinh thuc<br /> <br /> <br /> cdc trai nudi Idn thit (nudi Idn nai ban Idn 2.2.2. Chdn nudi theo hdp ddng khdng chinh<br /> gid'ng) va nuoi Idn thit tfl Idn con cai sfla den thd'ng<br /> khi xua't chudng. (a) Hdp ddng khdng chinh thd'ng vdi HTX<br /> Doi vdi phfldng thflc nuoi Idn nai gid'ng, cdng Cac HTX la tac nhan cung ca'p cac dich vu ve<br /> ty chu hdp ddng cung ca'p con gio'ng (Idn nai va con gid'ng, thud'c thu y va thflc an chan nuoi cho<br /> due gid'ng) dudi dang Idn hau bi cho ngUdi nhan nong dan, cac vat tfl nay la'y tfl cac nha may san<br /> hdp ddng, toan bp thflc an, thuoc va dich vu thu xua't thflc an, cac cdng ty thud'c thu y va cac trai<br /> y, cd can bp ky thuat cua cdng ty ndm ngay tai Idn gid'ng. HTX cung ddng vai trd la ngfldi giup<br /> trai de theo ddi va hfldng ddn ky thuat dam bao hp chan nudi tieu thu san pham. Thdng thfldng,<br /> theo dflng tieu chuan cua chu hdp ddng de ra hdp ddng gifla hp ndng dan vdi HTX khong phai<br /> nham dam bao chd't lUdng san pham. la hdp ddng chinh thd'ng nghia Id ehi tbda thuan<br /> Doi vdi phudng thflc nudi Idn thit, cong ty chu ehfl khong bang van ban, do vay cac hdp ddng<br /> hdp ddng cung cap Idn con gid'ng (21 ngay tudi) nay khdng rang bupe ve mat phap ly.<br /> cho ngfldi nhan hdp ddng, ngoai ra cdn cung ca'p (b) Hdp ddng khong chinh thdng vdi tU thUdng<br /> todn bp thflc an, thuoc va dich vu thu y, cdng ty Do'i vdi hinh thflc hdp tdc qua hdp ddng<br /> cdn cd cdn bp ky thuat ndm ngay tai trai de theo khdng chinh thd'ng vdi tfl thfldng, chu hdp ddng<br /> ddi hfldng dan ky thuat theo dflng tieu chuan cung cap thfle dn chan nudi cho hp thong qua dai<br /> cua chu hdp ddng. Theo so' lieu cua Cue Chan ly phan phdi thflc an. Cac dai ly nay ddng thdi eo<br /> nuoi, den cudi nam 2005 ca mien Bdc chi cd 34 the cung cap con gid'ng. Song cdc tac nhan tren<br /> trai hdp ddng gia cdng cho CP vd Japffa comfeed khdng tham gia vao qua trinh tieu thu san<br /> tap trung d hai tinh Ha Tay va Bdc Giang. Trong pham. Hp chan nudi tfl ra quyet dinh trong tieu<br /> 34 trai nay cd 6 trai nudi Idn ndi cung ca'p con thu san pham euol cflng; hp chan nudi doc lap.<br /> gid'ng va 28 trai nudi Idn thit. 2.3. Td chuc sdn xudt vd tieu thu sdn<br /> Trong trfldng hdp ngfldi nhan hdp ddng thieu phdm tqi cdc hd dieu tra<br /> lao dpng hoac dien tich chudng trai ban hep hp 2.3.1. Thdng tin ve cdc hd dieu tra<br /> cd the hdp ddng vdi cdc trang trai ve tinh de Cdc hp chan nudi tham gia hdp ddng chinh<br /> cflng san xuat ra san pham cflng chat Ifldng. Cac thdng cd dp tuoi trung binh eao hdn va cd trinh<br /> Hdp ddng gifla cdng ty vdi hp chdn nudi la cac dp hpe van eao hdn cac hp tham gia hdp ddng<br /> hdp ddng kinh te dfldi dang van ban va dfldc ky khong chinh tho'ng va cac hp chan nudi tfl do<br /> ket cd xdc nhan cua chinh quyen dia phfldng, cd (bang 1). Chan nudi Idn la boat dpng san xua't<br /> gia tn phap ly. Ben nao vi pham hdp ddng se hi chu yeu cua hau bet cdc nam gidi tham gia<br /> xif ly theo phap luat Viet Nam nham dam bao phdng va'n. Dfldi 50% nfl gidi tham gia phdng<br /> quyen ldi hdp phap cho ca ben chit hdp ddng va van (thupc cae hp chan nudi tfl do) cho rang chan<br /> ngfldi ky hdp ddng. nuoi Idn Id nghe nghiep chinh cita hp.<br /> BANG 1. Dac trifng cua chu ho chan nuoi Itfn b dia ban nghien cufu<br /> Hgfp dong chinh thong Hop dong phi chinh Hp chan nudi doc lap<br /> (n = 34) thong (n = 166) (n:.200)<br /> Chi tieu<br /> Nam NDf Nam NCr Nam Niir<br /> Ty le chu ho 82,4 17,6 74,7 25,3 64,0 36.0<br /> Tudi chii hd 45,6 43,2 45,3 42,9 44,1 41,9<br /> Trinh do van hda chii ho 11,2 11,1 10,0 10,1 9,4 9.1<br /> Nghd chinh chii hd (%)<br /> - Ndng nghiep 85,7 83,3 95,1 90,9 93.0 68,4<br /> - Phi ndng nghiep 14,3 16,7 4,9 9,1 7,0 31.6<br /> Nhiin khiiu 4,3 4.1 4,2 4,3 4,1 4,2<br /> */( thu nhiip tu chan nudi Idn 83.63 21,33 13.38<br /> <br /> Ngudn: .Sd lieu dieu tra ciia ILRI-HAU-IFPRI-FAO, 2006.<br /> <br /> <br /> 66 Nghi4n cuv Kmh 14 so 373 - Thing 6/2009<br />  Nghlgn cuu cdc hinh thuc ...<br /> <br /> <br /> 2.3.2. Cdc hinh thdc td chdc sdn xudt tqi hd deu tfl cung tfl cap gidng. Toan bd cac hp chan<br /> chdn nuoi nuoi Idn thit thuan tuy theo hdp ddng chinh<br /> Trong mlu dieu tra cd 4 loai hinh (LH) thong phu thupc vao cac ngudn cung cap<br /> chan nuoi chinh phan theo loai san pham cudi thfldng xuyen ben ngoai, va 100% trong sdnay<br /> cung, dd la: la cac chit hdp ddng. Cac hp chan nuoi theo<br /> hdp ddng phi chinh thd'ng va chan nuoi tfl do<br /> 1. Nuoi Idn nai ban Idn gidng (chi ban Idn<br /> CO xu hfl6ng mua Idn gidng tfl cac ngudn khac<br /> con khdng gifl ]&[ nuoi thit) (LHl)<br /> nhau va khdng thfldng xuyen. Ly do chu yeu<br /> 2. Nudi Idn nai ban Idn thit (toan bp Idn con la: (i) cac hp chan nuoi kho tim ngudn gidng dn<br /> de ra nuoi Idn den ban Idn thit, khong ban Idn dinh va thfldng xuyen do cac ehu ky khdc<br /> con cho gia dinh khac) (LH2); nhau; (ii) hp chan nudi thich ehu dpng trong<br /> 3. Thuan tuy nudi Idn thjt (mua con gio'ng viec chpn gio'ng to't khi cac ngudn cung thifdng<br /> ben ngoai ve nudi va xua't ban Idn thit) (LH3); xuyen khdng dap flng dfldc nhu eau cua hp.<br /> 4. Nudi hdn hdp (ed Idn nai, Idn con vfla • Ngudn cdm cong nghiep<br /> ban gidng ra ngoai vfla gifl lai nuoi thit va<br /> Cac hp chan nuoi theo hdp ddng chinh<br /> mua them Idn gidng ve nudi thit khi thieu)<br /> thong deu la'y cam cong nghiep tfl cac cong ty<br /> (LH4)<br /> hp lien ket, cac cong ty nay cung co the la cac<br /> Theo hinh thfle td ehflc chan nuoi, eo 3 hinh nha san xua't thflc an cong nghiep. Cac hp<br /> thflc: chan nudi theo hdp ddng khdng chinh thflc chu<br /> 1. Hinh thflc chan nudi co hdp ddng chinh yeu la'y cam cdng nghiep tfl cac HTX. Dac biet<br /> tho'ng vdi cac chit hdp ddng Id cac cdng ty CP so vdi cac hp chan nuoi theo hdp dong khong<br /> va Japffa comfeed (HTl); chinh thfle, phan ddng cac hp chan nuoi tfl do<br /> 2. Hinh thflc chan nuoi cd Hdp ddng khong cung lay cam cong nghiep tfl cac HTX. Hau het<br /> chinh tho'ng gifla ngfldi chdn nuoi vdi cae hdp cae hp chan nudi theo hdp dong khong chinh<br /> tho'ng mua cam dam diic tfl HTX, trong khi do<br /> tac xa hoac cac tfl thfldng cung cap dich vu dau<br /> hau het cac hp chan nuoi tfl do mua tfl ciic nha<br /> vao/tieu thu san pham cho ngfldi chan nudi<br /> phan phd'i hay cac dai ly.<br /> (HT2); va<br /> 3. Cac hp chan nudi doc lap (HT3). • Ngudn thudc thu y<br /> Tren 80% cac hp chan nudi theo hdp ddng Trong so'cac dau vao cho san xuiVt thi thuoc<br /> chinh tho'ng nudi thuan tuy Idn thit. Trong cae thu y dfldc mua nhieu nhat tfl ngifdi ban quen<br /> hp CO hdp ddng khdng chinh thd'ng vdi HTX thupc, dac biet vdi cac hp chan nuoi tfl do va<br /> chan nuoi, cd khoang 40% so' hp Idn nai ban theo hdp ddng khong chinh thdng vdi hdn 2/3<br /> Idn thjt va khoiing 33% sdbp nuoi hdn hdp vfla trong sd cac hp nay mua thuoc thu y tfl nha<br /> Idn nai vfla Idn thit. Phan Idn cac hp hdp ddng cung ca'p thfldng xuyen. Toan bp cae hp chan<br /> khong chinh thdng vdi thfldng nhan ap dung nuoi theo hdp ddng chinh thdng mua thudc thu<br /> hinh thflc nuoi Idn nai ban Idn con gidng. Cac y tfl nha cung ca'p thfldng xuyen Cac hp chan<br /> hp chan nudi doc lap tham gia kha ddng deu d nuoi tfl do vd theo hdp ddng khong chinh thong<br /> Cii 4 LH chan nudi vdi ty le xa'p xi 25% cho moi hau bet mua thuo'c thu y tfl cac nhan vien thu<br /> LH. y, cdc nhan vien nay cung cung ciVp ea dich vu<br /> 2.3.3. Ngudn ddu vdo cho chdn nuoi tqi cdc kham chfla benh cho Idn va tfl van ky thuat<br /> chan nuoi.<br /> ho dieu tra<br /> • Ngudn Idn gidng • Ldi ich khi mua ddu vdo tii ngiidi cung cap<br /> Gidng va chat lifdng gio'ng gifl vai trd diic thiidng xuyen<br /> biet quan trpng trong chan nudi Idn. Cac hp Viec mua cac dau vao tfl nhflng ngifdi cung<br /> nudi Idn nai ban Idn gidng hoftc ban Idn thit ca'p thfldng xuyen co the mang lai nhflng ldi<br /> <br /> Nghi4n cuv Kmh 14 s6 373 • Thing 6/2009<br /> 67<br />  Nghien cuu cac hinh thuc<br /> <br /> <br /> ich kinh te cho ngfldi chan nuoi. Dang ke nha't Trong chan nudi Idn nai ban Idn con, chi phi<br /> la cac ldi ich nhfl dfldc van chuyen ddu vao tdi thflc an chiem phan Idn nha't trong tdng chi<br /> cdng trai ma khdng ma't chi phi van chuyen phi (tren 74%). Dd'i vdi cac hp chan nuoi theo<br /> (tren 80% so' hp), dam bao ngudn dau vao dn hdp ddng khdng chinh thflc, gia thanh san<br /> dinh, dfldc mua chiu cdc dau vao va dfldc tfl xua't cita mot ddn vi san pham cao hdn do'i vdi<br /> van ky thuat (tren 2/3 sd'hp). Ngoai ra cac nha nhom sfl dung gid'ng ngoai so vdi gid'ng hon<br /> cung cap nay cdn la ngudn thdng tin gia san hdp (15.670 ddng vd 14.300 ddng tfldng flng).<br /> pham cho hp va dam bao cha't Ifldng san pham Gia thanh trung binh cho 1 ddn vi san pham<br /> cho ngfldi mua. Dieu nay cho tha'y cac hp chan eua cac hp chan nudi tfl do thfldng cao hdn cac<br /> nudi nhan thflc ro rang ve cac ldi ich khi hdp hp chdn nudi theo hdp ddng khoang 8-10%<br /> tac. (15.690 ddng va 14.300 ddng tfldng flng vdi<br /> • Tieu thu sdn phdm gio'ng hon hdp), chu yeu do cbi phi thflc an cao<br /> Cac hp chan nuoi theo hdp ddng cung ca'p hdn.<br /> todn bp san pham chan nudi cho chu hdp ddng, Nhdm 2: Chdn nudi Idn ndi, bdn Idn thit<br /> trong trfldng hdp cac hdp ddng chinh thdng, hp So vdi LH nuoi Idn ndi ban Idn eon, chan<br /> khong thflc sfl "ban" md dfldc hodn tra mot nuoi Idn nai ban Idn thit sfl dung nhieu thflc an<br /> khoan tien cong cho viec san xua't ra cac san hdn vdi ty trpng chi phi thflc dn chiem khoang<br /> pham nay. Khoang 40% cac hp chan nudi theo 86-94% trong tdng chi phi. Khac biet chi phi<br /> hdp ddng khdng chinb tho'ng va cac hp tfl do gifla gio'ng hdn hdp va gid'ng ngoai (khoang<br /> ban san pham cho ngfldi mua cd' dinh/thfldng 20%) do chi phi thflc dn va kha'u bao eho Idn nai<br /> xuyen. cao hdn. Cac hp chan nudi tfl do cd gia thanh<br /> 2.4. Chi phi vd thu nhap trong chdn nudi san xua't/ddn vi san pham cao hdn cdc hp chan<br /> Idn nudi theo Hdp ddng khdng chinh thflc khoang<br /> 2.4.1. Chi phi trong chdn nudi Idn phdn theo 6% (11.870 ddng vd 11.060 ddng tfldng flng eho<br /> loqi hinh chdn nudi vd loqi hinh lien kit gid'ng hdn hdp, 14.280 ddng va 13.320 ddng<br /> Nhdm 1: Chdn nuoi Idn ndi bdn Idn gid'ng tfldng flng vdi gio'ng ngoai - bang 2).<br /> BANG 2. Chi phi t r o n g chan nuoi Idn thit cua cac loai hinh, h i n h thifc hdp tac va<br /> gio'ng nuoi (Ddn vi: 1.000 ddng/kg thit hdi)<br /> Khoan muc Gio'ng hon hcfp' Lon ngoai<br /> <br /> Hop dong khong chinh<br /> Hctp dong khong chinh thilt C h i n nudi tiT do Chan nudi tu do<br /> thirc<br /> <br /> LH1 LH2 LH3 LH4 LH1 LH2 LH3 LH4 LH1 LH2 LH3 LH4 LH1 LH2 LH3 LH4<br /> <br /> IGlfing 0 0 3,5 3,54 0 0,1 5,28 4,18 0 0 0 4,49 0 0,56 3,44<br /> <br /> 2. Thifc §n 10,49 10,43 6,24 8,14 12,28 10,96 10,91 10,55 12,34 11,89 15 8,50 11,96 12,34 13,20<br /> <br /> 3.Thueicthuy 0,31 0,07 0,07 0,18 0,28 0,08 0,08 0,14 0,21 0,13 0,2 0,25 0,19 0,09 0,21<br /> <br /> 4. PM)i grang 0,22 0,04 0 0,08 0,2 0,04 0 0,08 0,16 0,06 0 0,08 0,10 0,04 0,05<br /> <br /> 5. Bi6n, ninJc 1 0,16 0,55 0,64 0,95 0,16 0,36 0,42 1,01 0,35 0,32 0,55 0,27 0,2 0,49<br /> <br /> 6. Khau hao, dung<br /> 0,96 0,11 0,19 0,43 0,93 0,31 0,21 0,31 0,26 0,19 0 0,56 0,48 0,27 0,31<br /> cunho<br /> <br /> 7. Kha'u haotonnSi 1,15 0,25 0,49 1,05 0,22 0,41 1,69 0,68 0,99 1,25 0,68 0,68<br /> <br /> 8, Thu6 lao ddng 0 0 0 0,00 0 0 0,03 0,02 0 0,02 0 0,05 0,10 0,1 0,00<br /> <br /> Tdng 14,13 11,06 10,55 13,55 15,69 11,87 16,87 16,11 15,67 13,32 15,52 15,47 14,35 14,28 18,38<br /> <br /> <br /> Chii ihieh: ' Gidng hdn hdp: gidng dia phudng x gid'ng lai, gid'ng dia phudng x gid'ng ngoai, gidng lai x gidng ngoiii.<br /> Ngudn: Sd lifiu dieu tra ciia ILRI-HAU-IFPRI-FAO, 2006<br /> <br /> <br /> 68 Nghien ci/v Kinh 14 s6 373 - Thing 6/2009<br />  — Nghien cijfu cdc hinh thiirc<br /> <br /> <br /> Nhdm 3: Chdn nudi Idn thit thuan tuy nhom hp sau cao hdn (16.110 ddng va 13.550<br /> Trong chan nudi Idn thit thuan tuy, viec sfl ddng tfldng flng vdi gidng hdn hdp, 18.380 ddng<br /> dung cac gid'ng Idn ngoai it phd bien nha't va 15.470 ddng vdi gio'ng Idn ngoai).<br /> (cflng vdi nudi Ipn nai, ban Idn con). Chi con 2.4.2. Thu nhap tii chdn nuoi Idn cua cdc hd<br /> gid'ng va chi thflc an chiem khoang 92-97% dieu tra<br /> tdng chi phi. Chi phi san xuat 1 kg Idn giet md<br /> Nhdm 1: chdn nudi Idn ndi bdn Idn gid'ng<br /> eao hdn ddi vdi cac hp sfl dung gidng Idn ngoai<br /> Trung binh thu nhap tren 1kg san pham<br /> so vdi cdc hp sfl dung gidng hdn hdp (15.520<br /> eua cac hp chan nuoi hen ket vdi HTX la 1.960<br /> ddng vd 10.550 ddng vdi cdc hp theo hdp ddng<br /> ddng, con so' nay lan Ifldt la 4.440 ddng va<br /> khdng chinh thflc), chu yeu do chi phi thflc an 1.480 ddng cho cac hp hdp tac vdi tfl thfldng va<br /> cao hdn. Cac hp chan nudi tfl do cd chi phi cac hp chan nudi doc lap vdi gio'ng hon hdp<br /> 16.870 ddng/kg cao hdn nhieu so vdi cac hp (bang 3). Do'i vdi cac gio'ng Idn ngoai, sfl khac<br /> theo hdp ddng khdng chinh thflc (bang 2). biet thu nhap cho lao dpng cung khong dang<br /> Nhdm 4: Loqi hinh chdn nuoi hdn hdp ke gifla cac hp chan nuoi tii do va cac hp chan<br /> Gia thdnh san xua't cua cac hp chan nuoi nuoi lien ket vdi cac HTX. Thu nhap tao ra tfl<br /> theo hdp ddng khdng chinh thdng tha'p hdn chan nuoi Idn gio'ng ngoai cao hdn giong hon<br /> khoang 16% so vdi cac hp chan nuoi doc lap, hdp do gia ban cao hdn, bu dap phan chi phi<br /> chu yeu do ehi phi thflc an va eon gid'ng cua thfle an va gid'ng.<br /> BANG 3. Thu nhap tif chan nuoi Idn theo cac loai hinh, phfldng thiJfc chan nuoi va<br /> giong (Ddn vi: l.OOOdong/kg thit hdi)<br /> (iidng hon hop Lgn ngoiii<br /> Chi tieu Tham gia Hop tac vdi tu Hp nuoi due Tham gia Hop tac vdi tu Hd nuoi ddc<br /> HTX thuong lap HTX Ihuung lap<br /> (n=13) (n=23) (n=29) (n=3) (n=0) (ni:3)<br /> <br /> Nhdm 1<br /> Giii biin 18,1 17,43 17,17 23,26 24.27<br /> Chi phi 16,14 12,99 15.69 15.66 14.35<br /> TTiu nhap 1,96 4,44 1,48 7,6 9,92<br /> Nhdm 2<br /> Giii biin 14i8 13,05 13.96 17,8 16,83 17.65<br /> Chi phi 11 11,23 11,86 13,25 14,09 14.29<br /> Tliu nhiip 3,8 1,82 2,1 • 4,55 2,74 3.36<br /> Nhdm J<br /> Giii biin 14,2 11,5 13,62 11,04 tf<br /> <br /> <br /> Chi phi 10,51 10,72 16,87 15,52<br /> Tliu nhiip 3,69 0,78 -3,25 - 4,48<br /> Nhdm 4<br /> Giii biin 14,98 14,62 14,91 19,42 17,67 17,5<br /> 13,84 12,1 16,11 15,67 12.88 18,38<br /> Chi phi<br /> 1.14 2.52 - 1.2 3,75 4.79 - O.HS<br /> Tliu nhiip<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Dieu tra ciia ILRI-IFPRl-HAU-FAO. 2006.<br /> '"Chi phi .Siin xuit khdng bao gdm chi phi lao ddng gia dinh.<br /> '-' Thu nhiip lao ddng gia dinh = Giii .siin phim - Chi phi trung gian.<br /> <br /> Nghi4n cM Kinh 14 so 373 - Thing 6/2009 69<br />  Nghien cuu cac hinh thuc ..<br /> <br /> <br /> Nhdm 2: chdn nudi Idn ndi, bdn Idn thit nhap/lao ddng gia dinh cao hdn (cd y nghia<br /> Ddi vdi cac hp chan nudi Idn nai, ban Idn thit thdng ke d mflc 1%) so vdi cac hp chdn nudi tfl<br /> sfl dung gio'ng hdn hdp, thu nhap eho lao dpng dd lan Ifldt la 2.520 ddng va - 1.200 ddng/kg<br /> gia dinh cua cac hp chan nudi hdp tae vdi HTX, san pham, chu yeu do chi phi san xuat cua cac<br /> eao hdn cdc hp chan nudi tfl do vd cac hp chan hp hdp tac tha'p hdn. Thu nhap/lao dpng gia<br /> nuoi hdp tac vdi thfldng lai, vdi thu nhap/lkg dinh cua nhdm hp hdp tac vdi tfl thifdng cung<br /> Idn thit lan Ifldt la 3.800 ddng, 1.800 ddng, vd cao hdn nhdm hp hdp tac vdi HTX, cu the la<br /> 2.100 ddng (bang 3). Sd di thu nhap cua hp eao 2.520 ddng va 1.140 ddng/kg san pham.<br /> hdn la do gia bdn san pham vdi gid cao hdn (hdn Trong nhdm cac hp chan nudi dflng gio'ng<br /> 12%) nhflng chi san xua't lai tha'p hdn. Idn ngoai cung cd xu hfldng tfldng tfl. Nhdm hp<br /> hdp tdc vdi tfl thfldng cd thu nhap eho lao dpng<br /> Trong chan nudi Idn nai, ban Idn thit sfl<br /> gia dinh cao hdn so vdi nhdm hp chan nuoi tfl<br /> dung gidng Idn ngoai, 3 nhdm hp chdn nuoi cd<br /> do vd cae hp hdp tac vdi HTX, lan Ifldt Id 4.790<br /> gia ban gan nhfl nhau. Cac hp hdp tac vdi HTX<br /> ddng, - 880 ddng va 3.750 ddng/kg san pham.<br /> cd ve CO thu nhap/lao dpng gia dinh cao hdn 2<br /> Mac dfl cdc hp hdp tac vdi HTX ed the ban san<br /> nhom hp cdn lai, song khdng ddng ke. So sdnh<br /> phdm vdi mflc gia cao hdn (khoang 9%) song<br /> gifla cac gidng, gia trung binh nhan dfldc cua<br /> chi phi san xua't cua cac hp nay cung cao hdn<br /> cac hp chan nudi Idn gid'ng ngoai cao hdn eae<br /> (khoang 18%) cac hp chan nudi tfl do.<br /> hp sfl dung gio'ng hdn hdp. Dfldng nhfl thi<br /> thifdng thit Idn da cd sfl phan biet ve cha't So sanh chi phi vd thu nhap gifla cae hp sii<br /> Ifldng san pham ciia cdc gio'ng Idn khac nhau. dung gid'ng Idn ngoai vd gid'ng hon hdp cho<br /> tha'y, ta't ca cac hp sii dung gid'ng Idn ngoai<br /> Nhdm 3: chdn nudi Idn thit thuan tuy<br /> nhan difdc mflc gia ban cao hdn cac hp sfl dung<br /> Ddi vdi hinh thflc chan nudi Idn nai ban Idn gid'ng hdn hdp. Dieu nay cd the cho tha'y rang<br /> thit. chi CO cac hp hdp tac vdi HTX la sfl dung thi trfldng tieu thu san pha!m da cd sfl phan<br /> gio'ng ngoai. Bang 3 trinh bay so sanh chi phi biet mot each dinh tinh cac san pham bdn ra.<br /> va thu nhap cua cac hp chan nuoi. Trong cae Tuy nhien ve mat chi phi thi chan nuoi Idn<br /> hp sfl dung gidng hdn hdp, thu nhap cho lao gio'ng ngoai doi hdi cbi phi cao hdn, trfl cac hp<br /> dpng gia dinh cho 1 ddn vi siin pham cua cac hdp tae vdi tfl thifdng. Tom lai, chan nuoi Idn<br /> hp hdp tac vdi thfldng lai va HTX cao hdn gid'ng ngoai mang lai thu nhap eho lao dpng<br /> nhieu so vdi cac ho tfl do, lan lifdt la 3.690, gia dinh (tren 1 ddn vi san pham) cao hdn so<br /> 780 vd - 3.250 ddng (Id). Thu nhap cua nhdm vdi chan nuoi gio'ng hdn hdp d tat ca cac dang<br /> hp chan nudi hdp tac cao hdn mot each dang ke hdp dong, mac dfl thua Id dd'i vdi cae hp chan<br /> so vdi nhdm hp chdn nudi tfl do. Ldi the cua nudi tfl do.<br /> nhdm hp hdp tdc khdng chinb thdng vdi HTX 2.5. Lfu nhudc diem, cd hoi vd thdch<br /> la do chi phi tha'p hdn tren 1 ddn vi san pham thiic ddi vdi cdc hinh thdc td chUc vd<br /> (tha'p hdn 38%). Nhfl vay, ldi ich trong hdp tac hdp tdc trong chdn nudi Idn d mien Bdc<br /> vdi cae HTX la gian tiep thdng qua viec eat nudc ta hien nay<br /> giiim chi phi mua cac dau vao chat Ifldng to't,<br /> Chan nudi Idn Id bp phan ehii yeu dong vai<br /> va do do san pham cung cd chat Ifldng cad.<br /> tro quan trpng trong nganh chan nuoi nifdc ta.<br /> Nhdm 4: chdn nudi hdn hdp Nganh chan nuoi Idn dap flng khoang 80''o nhu<br /> Trong LH san xua't nay, viec diin giai cac cau ve thit cho ngfldi tieu dflng Viet Nam.<br /> chi phi va thu nhap khd khdn hdn do nhieu Thflc tien san xuat da chflng td ngimh chan<br /> loiii Siin pham. Bang 3 trinh bay chi phi va thu nuoi Idn nfldc ta ngdy cang phat trien vdi tdc<br /> nhap mang liii cua LH san xua't nay. dp cao va dn dinh.<br /> Trong sd cac hp chdn nudi sii dung gidng • Ngdnh chdn nudi Idn nUdc ta cd mot sd<br /> hdn hdp, nhdm hp hdp tae vdi thifdng lai cd thu diem mqnh chu yeu nhU sau:<br /> <br /> 70 Nghien CM Kinh 14 so 373 - Thing 6/2009<br />  Nghien ciiu cac hinh thuc ...<br /> <br /> <br /> Thd nhdt, nhan ddn cd truyen thdng va Thd tu, trinh dp ky thuat cua ngfldi chan<br /> kinh nghiem chan nudi Idn tfl lau ddi; nuoi cdn tha'p va chfla ddng deu, y thflc cua<br /> Thii hai, he thdng dich vu phuc vu cho chan ngfldi dan chfla cao, nen khi co dich benh chan<br /> nudi Idn (gidng, thflc an. ky thuat chan nudi, nuoi xay ra rat de lay lan, anh hfldng den<br /> dich vu thu y, thudc chfla benh) tfldng ddi phat nganh chan nudi cflng nhfl sflc khde cong ddng.<br /> trien vdi mang Ifldi rpng khap d tat ca cac • Trong bdi cdnh hdi nhap kinh te qudc te,<br /> vung mien trong ca nfldc; ngdnh chdn nuoi Idn nUdc ta co nhieu thdi cd<br /> Thii ba, cd nhieu gidng Idn dia phfldng cha't vd van hdi mdi:<br /> Ifldng td't dfldc ngfldi tieu dflng fla chupng eo Thd nhdt, thue nhiip khau nguyen lieu che<br /> the dung lam nen de lai tao vdi cdc gidng Idn bien thfle an chan nuoi giam, nen chi phi dau<br /> ngoai cao san cho ra cac gidng lai thich flng vdi vao cho chan nuoi Idn se giam. tao thuiin ldi<br /> dieu kien khi hau thdi tiet, dieu kien chan cho nganh chan nudi Idn phat trien:<br /> nudi eua cae dia phfldng nhflng van dap flng Thd hai, chung ta co dieu kien de nhap<br /> dfldc thi hieu tieu dung cua ngfldi ddn. dfldc cae gidng Idn ngoai nang sua't cao. cha't<br /> Thd tu, da xud't hien cac md hinh chan nuoi, Ifldng td't de tang nang sua't chan nudi ha gia<br /> cac hinh thflc lien ket trong trong chan nuoi Idn thanh san pham;<br /> td ra CO hieu qua, cd tac dung thuc day chan Thd ba, thi trfldng xua't khdu md rpng,<br /> nuoi Idn phat trien, nhd't la hinh thflc chan nuoi chung ta eo dieu kien de xuat khau san pham<br /> gia cong/hdp ddng cho cdng ty CP cua Thai Lan sang nhieu nfldc tren the gidi;<br /> d cac tinh Ha Tay (cu), Bac Giang va cac tinh Thd tii, nhieu cong ty nifdc ngoiM se diiu tu<br /> vung Ddng Nam Bp. Cac hinh thflc td ehflc chan vao Viet Nam ca trong hnh vflc chan nuoi va<br /> nuoi hdp tac xa, nhdm hp cung da phat huy tac che bien thflc pham, vi vay se eo nhieu cd hpi<br /> dung trong viec cflng td ehflc thu mua dau vao cho nong dan Viet Nam co dfldc hdp ddng vdi<br /> de tiet kiem chi phi va cflng ban siin pham de cac cong ty nifdc ngoai;<br /> CO sflc manh trong viec dam phan/mac cii gia<br /> Thd ndm, do kinh te phat trien, thu nhap<br /> vdi tif thifdng. ngfldi dan ngay cang tang, lam cho cau ve thflc<br /> • Tuy nhien, cd the thdy ngdnh chdn nuoi pham ma dac biet la thit Idn ngay cang tang<br /> Idn niidc ta con bdc Id nhieu diem yeu kem: len, tao cd hpi thuan ldi cho nganh chan nuoi<br /> Thd nhdt, chan nudi Idn van phd bien la Idn phat trien manh trong thdi gian tdi.<br /> chan nuoi qui mo nhd, tan dung trong cac hp • Mac du tqo ra nhieu cd hdi nhiing chinh<br /> gia dinh, gio'ng Idn dfldc sfl dung ehu yeu la Idn qud trinh hdi nhdp qudc te cung tqo ra nhieu<br /> lai CO ty le nae tbd'p. Chan nudi qui mo Idn thdch thdc ddi vdi ngdnh chdn nuoi Idn niidc ta:<br /> theo hfldng cong nghiep (chan nuoi trang trai) Mot Id, do qua trinh cong nghiep hda va do<br /> con chiem ty le nhd ea ve so' diiu con cung nhfl thi boa nen dien tich dii't danh cho chan nuoi<br /> tdng trpng lifdng xua't chudng: Idn thu hep, chan nudi tap trung lam cho moi<br /> Thd hai, do chdn nudi qui md nhd nen viec trifdng d nhiem va dich benh de lay lan biing<br /> kiem soat djch benh, kiem soat ve sinh an toan phqit thanh dich;<br /> thflc pham rat khd khan, lam eho chat Ifldng Hai Id, do ldi nhuan tfl san xua't cong<br /> thjt cdn tha'p chfla dat tieu chuan xua't khiiu: nghiep tang nhanh nen cdc nha dau tu se<br /> Thd ba, do gia thflc an chan nudi cao hdn khong man ma dau tfl vao nganh chan nuoi<br /> rat nhieu so vdi cac nfldc trong khu vflc va do Idn, lam cho cd hpi dfldc hdp tac vdi ciic nha<br /> gid'ng Idn chfla tot, nen tdc dp tang trpng tha'p, dau tfl Idn giam xudng;<br /> lam cho gia thanh chan nudi eao, nen chan Ba Id, do thue nhiip khiiu giiim nen nguy cd<br /> nuoi Idn chifa the hien ldi the so sanh va ldi thit Idn gia re tfl cac nifdc cd nen chan nuoi<br /> the ciinh tranh, khd khan cho xuat khau ra thi tien tien se canh tranh gay gat vdi thit Idn siin<br /> trfldng the gidi: xuii't trong nfldc.<br /> <br /> Nghi6n CM Kinh t4 so 373 - Thang 6.2009 71<br />  Nghien cuu cac hinh thuc ...<br /> <br /> <br /> 3. Ket l u a n va k i e n n g h i m a n g Ifldi lien hodn (HTX, nhdm nong dan<br /> 0 mien Bac Viet Nam da va dang tdn tai 3 cung sd thich) neu chdn nudi d qui mo nhd (3-5<br /> hinh thflc hdp tac chan nudi Idn chu yeu. Thd nai ngoai/hp nhfl d Thai Binh) thi hieu qua<br /> nhdt, hinh thflc chan nuoi cd hdp ddng chinh tha'p./.<br /> tho'ng vdi chu hdp ddng Id cac cdng ty CP (Thai<br /> Lan) va Japffa comfeed (Inddnexia). Thd hai,<br /> hinh thflc chdn nuoi cd hdp ddng khdng chinh<br /> thdng gifla ngfldi chan nuoi vdi cac hdp tac xa<br /> TAI LIEU THAM KHAO<br /> hoac cac tfl thfldng cung ca'p dich vu dau<br /> 1. Cheung, S. 1969. "Transaction Cost. Risk A\'ersion.<br /> vao/tieu thu san pham cho ngfldi chdn nudi.<br /> and the Choice of Contractual Arrangements." Journal of<br /> Thd ba, cac hp chan nuoi doc lap vdi nhieu qui Law and Economics, 12: 564-591.<br /> mo khac n h a u tfl chan nuoi t a n dung (1-2 2. Coulter. J. A. Goodland. and A. Tallomire. 1999.<br /> eon/chu ky); den chdn nudi b a n t a n dung 3-10 Marrying Farmer Cooperation and Contract Farming:<br /> Provision in a Liberalizing Sub-Saharan Africa. Overseas<br /> con/ehu ky, chan nuoi theo xu hfldng thi<br /> Development Institute, ISSN 1356-9338.<br /> trfldng (tfl 10 den dfldi 100 con/chu ky) va chan<br /> 3. Giao. H.K. 2004. "Situation of Livestock<br /> nuoi t r a n g trai (tfl 100 con/chu ky trd len). Development in Vietnam: Policies and Solutions in the<br /> c a c hp t h a m gia lien ket vdi tfl thfldng cd Future". Presentation at the MARD Department of<br /> Agriculture - ILRI Workshop on Enhancing Small-Scale<br /> thu n h a p cao hdn b a n cac hp lien ket vdi HTX Livestock Development. 13-14 July 2004, Hanoi, Vietnam.<br /> va chan nuoi doc lap trong phfldng thflc nuoi 4. Hudson. D. and J. Lusk. 2004. "Risk and<br /> Idn nai, ban Idn gio'ng va nuoi Idn ket hdp. Lien Transactions Costs in Contracting: Results from a Choice-<br /> ket vdi HTX ed flu the hdn bdn lien ket vdi tfl Ba.sed Experiment," Journal of Agricultural and Food<br /> Industrial Organization, 2 (Article 2).<br /> thfldng vd vdi cac hp chan nudi doc lap d<br /> 5. Huong, Nguyen Thi. 2005. Vietnam Livestock and<br /> phfldng thflc nuoi Idn nai ban Idn thit va nuoi<br /> Products Update 2005. USDA-Foreign Agricultural Service<br /> Idn thit t h u a n tuy. Ngoai ra, hdp tac lien ket (FAS) Global Agriculture Information Network (GAIN)<br /> eon chia se rui ro gifla cac ben t h a m gia lien Report No. VM5056.<br /> ket va dam bao ldi ich eho ngfldi chan nuoi. 6. Huong. Nguyen Thi. 2006. Vietnam Livestock and<br /> Products Annual 2006. USDA-FAS GAIN Report No.<br /> Trong 3 hinh thflc td ehflc chan nudi, hinh VM6054.<br /> thflc chan nuoi gia cdng cho cac cdng ty lien 7. IFPRI. 2001. 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