KHOA HOC CONG NGHE<br />
<br />
<br />
IVGHIEIXI CIJU TAIXI DIJIMG ROTVI R A V A T R A U<br />
D E SAI\I X U A T VAIM DAIVI<br />
Pham Ngpc Nara^<br />
TOMTAT<br />
Nghien ciru tan dung rom ra va trau de san xuat van dam thong qua cac dac diem cau tao va tinh chat cua<br />
rom ra va trau de tien banh san xuat van dam da dupc trien khai tai Phong thi nghiem Truong Dai hpc<br />
Nong Lam, TP. Hd Chi Minh. Sir dung phuong phap quy hoach thuc nghiem de ngbien ciru va iing dung<br />
phan mem Excel va Statgrafics 7.0 de hP trp xir ly so lieu. Muc dich nghien cim la tan dung ngudn nguyen<br />
lieu phong phu tii phe thai nong nghiep (rom ra va trau) de san xuat van dam. Ket qua ngbien ciiu cho<br />
thay, da dat dupc khdi lupng the tich ca ban cita trau la 0,202 g/cm^ rcmi la 0,11 g/cm\ Trau va rom ra la<br />
nhung loai thuc vat ngoai go co kha nang tai tao nhanh, tru lupng Icin co the cung cap cho san xuat van<br />
dam. Khi xii ly rom ra va trau vol ure co ndng dp 5% tbi van dam co tinh chat ca ly tot nhat. Do vay, dd tai<br />
tien hanh xir ly dam rom ra va dam trau bang ure co nong dp 5%. Ty le keo dung tdi uu trong san xuat van<br />
dam tir rom ra va trau la 13,7% keo dung cho Icip mat va 11,7% keo dung cho Icip loi. Cac thong sd cong<br />
nghe toi uu trong san xuat van dam tir rom ra va trau la thdi gian ep 6,83 phut va nhiet dp ep 166°C, ty le<br />
phoi iron dam trau 41%. Van dam co mau sic dep, be mat bong min, dp ben udn tinh 15,6 Mpa, dp dan nd<br />
chieu day 7,87%, van nay co the thay the cho van dam gd trong san xuat do mpc.<br />
Tir khoa: Khdi lugng rieng, nhiet dp ep, rom ra, trau, ty le phdi iron, van dam, udn tinh.<br />
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LDATVANDE 2. Phuong phap<br />
Su dung ngudn phe thai trong ndng nghiep lim a. Do dac thuc nghiem<br />
nguyen heu sin xuit ra nhung sin pham mang lai gii<br />
Cac dung cu do: Sir dung cac loai thude do<br />
tri kinh te cho xa hdi la rat can thiet, mpt trong cae<br />
chieu dai nhu thude kep, thucic panme; can dien tii<br />
bien phip dd Ii sir dung rom ra v i triu de san xuit<br />
cd dp chinh xac 0,01 g; may do van nang dd do ung<br />
van dam thay the cho van dam gd trong san xuat dd<br />
suit udn tinh ciia van dam.<br />
moc.<br />
Phuong phap do: Cac cdng thirc dung trong<br />
Muc tieu nghien ciiu: Xic dinh cac gia tri tdi uu<br />
nghien cim de xic dinh tinh chat vat Iy va tinh chat<br />
cua nhiet dp ep, thdi gian ep v i ti le phdi trdn dam cd<br />
ca hpc cua van dam theo tieu chuan van dam cap 2<br />
anh hudng den chat lucmg vin dam nhu dp dan nd<br />
loaiA-04TCN2-1999.<br />
day, ling suit udn tinh ciia van dam san xuat tir trau<br />
va rom ra. b. Quy hoach thuc nghiem<br />
<br />
Muc dich nghien ciiu: San xuat thu nghiem mpt Qua nghien ciiu tham dd cho thay, tinh chat ca<br />
ngudn nguyen Ueu mcii lim phong phu them ngudn ly eiia van dam ed mdi quan he giiia cac thdng sd dau<br />
nguyen lieu cho sin xuat vin dam. Phd bien ket qua ra nhu iing suit udn tinh, dp dan nd day cua vin vcii<br />
nghien ciiu vio thyc tidn sin xuit nhim da dang hda eic thdng sd dau vio nhu nhiet dp ep, thdi gian dp va<br />
san pham vi giam gia thanh sin xuat. ty le phdi trdn cac loai dam the hien tinh phi tuyen ro<br />
ret. Chpn phuang phap quy hoach thuc nghiem<br />
U. NDI DUNG, PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU<br />
nhim kiem tra, dinh gia mgt sd yeu td cdng ngh^<br />
1. Noi dung san xuat van dam. Dua vao ket qua nghien cuu xay<br />
Khao sat dac tinh ciia ram ra va trau. Xic dinh dyng md hinh toin hgc v i img dung Iy thuyet tdi uu<br />
miire anh hudng ciia xir Iy ure den chat lugng nguyen de giai cie bii toan tdi uu. Dimg phuong phip quy<br />
beu. Xac dinh ty le keo dimg trong sin xuat van dam hoach thyc nghiem bac 2 de phuc vu cho q u i trinh<br />
3 Idp phdi trdn. Xic dinh cac thdng sd cdng nghe tdi nghien ciru v i cd phuang trinh tuong quan dang tong<br />
uu trong sin xuat van dam 3 Icip phdi trdn. San xuat quit nhu sau:<br />
thu van dam 3 Icip phdi trdn theo cic thdng sd tdi uu.<br />
Y^ = h +S ''/•«. Z l^.jX.x,<br />
I<br />
' TS. Dai hpc Nong Lam TP. Ho Chi Minh<br />
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84 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 1 /: i<br />
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE<br />
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Trong do: Y: Ydu td diu ra; x,: Yeu td diu vao (i quanh than, thdng thudng gdm 3 Idp. Lcip io ngoii<br />
= 1,3); b„ b,„ b,j la cac he sd hdi quy cin xac dinh rit mdng, li ldp rieng biet nhu mdt io khoic ben<br />
c. Xu ly so lieu. Xir ly sd lieu tren may vi tinh, ngoai than lua, dd dang tach Icip khi eit ngang than<br />
bing phin mem Statgraphics - Vers 7.0 dd xay dyng Ida va thudng heo, khd ving; ed nhiem vu bao bgc<br />
cac phuong trinh tuong quan va ve dd thi bieu didn cic Icip ben trong than cay Ida, tranh thoit nudc cung<br />
quan he giira cac thdng sd nghien cuu. Sir dyng nhu ngan each nude vcii phin than ngap nucic ben<br />
tbudc tinh Solve cua phin mem Excel de giii bai ducii gdc lua.<br />
toin tdi uu. Dac diem cau tao thd dai cua vd trau. Vd trau<br />
3. Pham vi nghien cihi nham, cimg, ciu tao eua vd triu thanh phin ehinh<br />
cung la td bao md mem xep dpc theo chieu dge vd<br />
Ddi tugng nghien eiiu eua de tai chi gicM ban triu. Bao gdm cac td bao vach mdng, cd dang hinh<br />
trong pham vi sau: Nguyen lieu la triu va rom ra. try ngin, dudng kinh nhd, tren mat cit ngang cd<br />
Keo dan dupe sir dyng trong nghien cihi la keo hinh trdn, mat eit dge cd hinh chir nhat. Kieh thuoc<br />
Ureformaldehyt (UF) cd ham lugng khd la 48% va dd te bio md mem tuong ddi ddng ddu. Te bio md mem<br />
nhdt 65s cua Cdng ty Trich nhiem Hiiu ban Anh Anh<br />
giira cac bd sgi ed tic dyng dieu hda giup tang cudng<br />
Tp. Hd Chi Minh.<br />
tinh din hdi chdng chiu, du trii chit duih duong vi<br />
Nghien ciiu mdt sd yeu td cdng nghe sin xuit van ehuyen nhya nguyen. Dae diem ndi bat Ii ben<br />
van dam (3 Icip) phdi trdn tir dam triu vi dam rom ra, trong te bio md mem cd chira nhidu chat ket tinh,<br />
van cd khdi lugng the tich 0,7 g/cm^, be diy 18 mm. chu yeu Ii tinh the sihc tang do ciing, do mii mdn<br />
Van dam nghien eim dugc sin xuat tai Phdng thi cua vd trau.<br />
nghiem vin nhan tao cua Khoa Lam nghiep, Trudng b. Khdi lugng the tich cua nguyen lieu<br />
Dai hpc Ndng Lam TP. Hd Chi Minh. Khdi lupng the tieh cua nguyen heu ehi phdi<br />
III. KET QUAVA THAO LUAN manh me den miie dp co nit va gian nd ciia van tao<br />
1. Dac tinh ciia rom ra va trau thinh. Khdi lugng the tich nguyen lieu khac nhau<br />
a. Dac diem ciu tao cua rom ra vi trau din den sire co gian khic nhau. Vi the, dinh gia khdi<br />
Dac diem ciu tao thd dai cua rom ra: Than cay lugng the tich cua nguyen lieu li mdt chi tieu quan<br />
Ilia cd dudng kinh tir 6 - 8 mm, ngpn 3 - 4 mm, rdng trpng. Khdi lucmg the tich cua rcrm ra vi triu dugc<br />
va thinh day tcii 1 mm, gdm nhieu Idp xep cudn trdn the hien dbang 1.<br />
Bang 1. Khdi lugng the tich roro ra va trau<br />
Khoi lupng the tich kho Khdi lupng the tich<br />
Nguyen Khoi lupng the tich Khoi lupng the tich<br />
trong khong khi - D^^ kho kiet - D„<br />
lieu tuoi - D, (g/cm^ ca ban - D^^ (g/cm^<br />
is/cm') (g/cm^<br />
Ram ra 0,504 0,284 0,273 0,110<br />
Trau 0,485 0,275 0,265 0,202<br />
Cac chi tieu khdi lugng the tich cua rom ra va vdi trau, sau khi hat lua da ducjc xay xat thu dugc vd<br />
trau (bing 1) phu hgp vdi dac diem cau tao ciia triu trau, dua vd trau vio miy nghien dam nhim tao dam<br />
va rom ra; trau ed dd rdng ben trong nhd hem rom ra dung quy each. Dam ducie chia thinh hai loai dam<br />
hrong img vcii khdi lugng the tich cua rom ra nhd ldp mat vi dam Icip ldi. Qua nhieu thi nghiem tham<br />
hon ti-au. dd da chgn phuong phip xir ly ram ra va trau bing<br />
2. Xac dinh miic dimg hda chat xir Iy ram ra, trau ure. U rom ra vi triu bing ure nhim muc dich giup<br />
cho rom ra vi triu giam di tinh nham lam tang do<br />
Rom ra vi triu thude loai nguyen lieu phi gd, bim dinh keo. Khio sat inh hudng cua ndng do<br />
phim chit nguyen lieu ve ca ban li ddng nhat nhu dung dich ure den tinh chat co ly eua van dam d cac<br />
nhau. Dac biet, trong trau vi rom ra cd mdt lugng miic dung khac nhau (0%, 1%, 3%, 5% va 7%), mdi<br />
silic, lugng silic niy cd anh hucing den kha nang din nghiem thirc dugc lap lai 3 lan.<br />
dinh. Do vay, ein phii xir ly lugng sihc niy nhim<br />
tang cudng khi nang dan dinh ciia vin dam. Rom ra Tien hanh thi nghiem: Pha dung dich ure vdi cic<br />
li phan than Ida sau khi tach hat dugc phoi khd rdi ndng dp khic nhau 0%, 1%, 3%, 5% vi 7%. Phun deu<br />
dua van nay nghien de tao dam dung quy each. Ddi dung dich ure vio rom ra vi triu vcii ty le 1: 5 (1 ht<br />
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NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 1/2011 85<br />
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE<br />
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dung dich ure/5 kg rom hoac triu). Sau dd u trong 7 dung la ure-fomandeh\t cd ham lugng khd ihiet<br />
ngay; rom ra va triu sau khi u ure ducie dem di sin do ep 170°C; thai gian ep 10 phut; ap si ep 20<br />
xuit van dam. TTii nghiem sin xuit van dam phdi kG/cm^; chidu day van li 18 mm; khdi lugr_ he tieh<br />
trdn tii dam rom ra vi dam triu: Dam rom ra vi dam 0,7 g/cml<br />
triu sau xir ly ure dugc say khd den dd am cudi cung b. Ket qua nghien cuu thuc nghiem xac dinh ty<br />
5%, sau dd dem phdi trdn vdi nhau theo ti le 1:1. Ty le le keo<br />
ket ciu vin la 1:3:1; keo sir dung li ure-fomandehyt<br />
Tidn hanh tin nghieni sin xuit van theo ma tran<br />
cd ham lucmg khd 48%, ty le keo ldp mat la 15% vi ldp<br />
thi nghiem hoan toan ngiu nhien. Mdi thi nghiem<br />
giiia li 12%; nhiet dp dp 170°C; thdi gian dp 10 phut;<br />
dupe lap lai 3 lin. Vin sau khi dp duge u ti'ong 24 gid<br />
ap suit dp 20 kG/cm-; chieu day van la 18 mm; khdi<br />
nhim dn dinh tinh chit cua vin. Xiy dyng phuong<br />
lugng the tich 0,7g/cml<br />
trinh tuong quan cho dd dan nd day vi img suit udn<br />
Ket qui nghien cim cho thiy khi xu ly rom ra va tinh vdi cac thdng sd nghien cuu. Ket qui giai bai<br />
triu vcii ure 0%, 1%, 3% dam vin chua mem, dp bam toan tdi uu hda cd cac thdng sd tdi uu: Xj = 0,73 hay<br />
dinh kem khi dua vao thi nghiem cdn xiy ra hien ty le keo dung cho ldp mat 13,73% ; X, = 0,719 hay ty<br />
tugng tich Icip. Ddi vcii nhiing tam van ma dam da le keo dung cho ldp ldi la 11,72%, vin dat tri sd tdi uu<br />
qua xir ly ure 5% va 7% thi bd mat tim vin lang min, dd dan nd la 6,67%, iing suit udn tinh li 15,8 Mpa. Do<br />
khdng cd hien tugng tach ldp. Dd gian nd day va img vay, viec sin xuit van dam tir rom ra va triu ty le keo<br />
suit udn tinh dat yeu ciu theo tieu chuin van dam dung cho ldp mat la 13,7% va ty le keo dung cho ldp<br />
04TCN2-1999. Tir ket qua ed dugc, ket hgp vdi bing ldi 11,7% la hgp ly nhit.<br />
trie nghiem phan hang cho thiy chd dd xir ly dam<br />
4. Xac dinh cic thdng sd cdng nghf tdi uu trong<br />
rcrm ra vi dam triu bing ure vdi ndng dp 5% cho kdt<br />
sin xuat van 3 Icip tir rom ra va trau<br />
qua tdi uu. Do vay, can tien hanh xir ly dam rom ra<br />
va dam triu vcM ure cd ndng dp 5% la thich hgp. a. Gidi han cac thdng so nghien cdu<br />
3. Xac dinh ty le keo dimg trong san xuat vin Can cu vio dac diem cau tao, tinh chit vat ly ciia<br />
dam tir rom ra va trau rom ra va triu ket hgp vdi nhirng Id thi nghieni tham<br />
dd ban diu da tien hanh sin xuit van dam 3 ldp phdi<br />
a. Xac dinh ty le keo: Miic vi khoing bien thien<br />
trdn theo phuong phip dp bing vcii ty le ket ciu ldp<br />
ciia eac yeu td dugc chgn tren ca sd eac thdng tin<br />
mat va Icip ldi (1:3:1), dam rom ra va triu, dugc sang<br />
phan tich dya vao ly thuyet vi cic ket qua nghien<br />
de phan loai dam vi loai bd dam phi tieu chuin nhu<br />
cim thyc nghiem tham dd bing phan tich phuong sai<br />
dam qui nhd (dang hot) vi dam qui to. Kich tbudc<br />
dem ydu td. Ket qua mien nghien eim thyc nghiem<br />
xic dinh ty le keo dung trong sin xuit van dam tir dam Icip mat 0,1
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