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Nguyên tắc xử lí đối với người chưa thành niên phạm tội và sự thể hiện trong bộ Luật hình sự

Chia sẻ: Thao Uyen | Ngày: | Loại File: PDF | Số trang:10

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Bài viết đánh giá các hạn chế của nguyên tắc xử lí đối với người chưa thành niên phạm tội và đề xuất hướng khắc phục thông qua tham khảo kinh nghiệm lập pháp của một số quốc gia khác về trách nhiệm hình sự của người chưa thành niên.

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Nội dung Text: Nguyên tắc xử lí đối với người chưa thành niên phạm tội và sự thể hiện trong bộ Luật hình sự

  1. •iiei!iyjijyjiiJj.Lf^ \ HQmH ik Yiiu^i vof m^ cm mm mn PHAM ig L£ THI SON * Tdm tiit: Bg ludt hinh su (BLHS) Vi?t Nam ddnh rieng Chuang X di quy dmh vi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tgi Trong dd, cdc nguyin tdc xir li ddc biit doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi da dicgc quy dinh ro rdng lgi Diiu 69. Tuy nhiin. su thi hiin cdc nguyen tdc ndy trong cdc dieu lugt cu the cdn cd nhung hgn chi nhdt dinh nen chua tgo ca sd phdp li day du di ddm bdo thuc hi?n cdc nguyin tdc xir li ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh niin phgm tgi. Bdi viit ddnh gid cdc hgn chi ndy vd de xudt hudng khdc phuc. trong do cd ddi chieu v&i cdc vdn kien qudc ti liin quan cUng nhu tham khdo kinh nghidm lap phdp ciia mgt so qudc gia khdc ve trdch nhi^m hinh sir (TNHS) cua ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi. Tic khod: Bi^n phdp xd' li; nguyen tdc xir li; ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi; trdch nhiem hinh su. Abstract: The Criminal Code of Vietnam has reserved Chapter X for provisions on juvenile delinquents. In this Chapter, special principles for dealing with juvenile delinquents are clearly defined in Article 69. The reflections of these principles in other specific articles remain with limitations and thus do not create fully legal bases to ensure the implementation of principles for dealing with juvenile delinquents. This paper assesses those limitations and proposes directions to overcome them in which relevant international documents and some countries' experiences in law- making relating to criminal responsibilities of juvenile delinquents are consulted. Keywords: Measure for dealing with; principle for dealing with; juvenile delinquent; criminal responsibility. X uat phat tir ddc digm phdt trign chua hodn thidn vg the chat va tinh than ciia ngudi chua thdnh nidn, BLHS ddnh rieng khodn 1 Dieu 69 nhu sau: "Viec xu li ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi chu yeu nhdm gido due, giiip da hg sira chica sai ldm, phdt triin Chuong X dd quy dinh ve ngudi chua thdnh ldnh mgnh vd trd thdnh cdng ddn cd ich cho nien phgm tdi. Day la Chuang cd ndi dung xd hdi". Day la nguyen tdc thi hien rd muc thg hign true tigp chinh sach hinh sy cila Nha tigu cua viec xir ii ngudi chua thdnh nien nudc ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tdi phgm tdi la giao due vd giiip hp sira chiia sai cung nhd'de thyc hien cam kdt trong cac van ldm, phat trign ldnh mgnh ddng thdi hudng kien qudc te lign quan den ngudi chua thanh tdi mue dich phdng ngira tpi phgm d ngudi nien phgm tdi. Ndi dung ciia Didu 69 trong chua thanh nidn. Thdng qua viec xu Ii ngudi Chuang ndy cd the dugc coi la tap hop chua thanh nidn pham tdi d l giao due, giiip nguyen tdc xir li chung va cac nguyen tac xir hp sua chiia sai ldm va phat triln lanh manh, li cy thi ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn pham qua do dat dugc muc dich phdng ngira viec tpi. Nguyen tdc xu Ii chung ddi vdi ngudi * Tien sT luat hgc, phd giao su chua thdnh nidn pham tdi dugc quy dinh tgi Trudng Dai hgc Lult H i Ndi •TAP CHl LUAT HOC S O 3/2015
  2. NGHIEN cuu-TRAODOI pham tdi lgi d ngudi chua thdnh nidn. Vipc trong vipc xu li ngudi chua thanh nien pham xac dinh nguygn tdc xu Ii nay hodn todn phu tdi so vdi vide xir li ngudi thanh nidn phgm hgp vdi nhdn thiic chimg cua thi gidi vl dac tpi. Trong khi vi$c xu H ngudi chua thdnh diem phdt trien cua ngum chua thdnh nidn la nign pham tpi chii yeu nhdm gido dye, giiip thudc ddi tugng "cdn non ndt ve the chdt vd da hp sua chiJa sai ldm, phat trien ldnh manh vd tri tui,... cdn dugc bdo ve vd chdm sdc dgc thi viec xii li ngudi thanh nien pham tpi biit, ke cd S{c bdo vi thich hgp ve mat phdp duoc thyc iiien theo' nguyen tdc nghiem tri //"'" cung nhu phu hgp vdi khdng dinh trong kdt hgp vdi khoan hdng, trung tq ket hgp voi vdn kien Cdc hudng ddn ciia Lien hgp qudc giao due, cdi tgo (Dilu 3 BLHS). Nhu vdy, vd phdng ngira pham phap d ngudi chua ndu nhu nguyen tdc xu li ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien: "Cdn nhdn thirc rdng nhitng hdnh thanh nien pham tdi chii yiu mang tinh chdt vi hay xu su cua tudi tre khdng phii hgp vdi giao dye thi nguyen tdc xii li ddi vdi ngudi cdc chudn muc vd gid tri xa hdi chung thudng thdnh nien pham tdi vira mang tinh chat Id mgt phdn cua qud trinh trudng thdnh vd trimg tri, vira mang tich chat giao dye. phdt triin. chung cd xu hudng mdt di a hdu Viec xir ii ngudi chua thanh nidn pham hit mgi cd nhdn citng vdi qud trinh chuyen tdi chu ydu nhdm giao due, giiip dd hp siia sang giai dogn truang thdnh ".^^^ ebu-a sai ldm, phdt triln lanh manh la nguyen Viee thi hidn vd thyc hien nguygn tdc nay tdc chii dao, chi phdi cac nguyen tdc xii Ii cu la sy khing dinh Viet Nam thuc hign cdc i^yen thi khi truy curu TNHS, khi xet xir va khi dp tdc CO ban ve phong ngira phgm phap d ngudi dyng hinh phgt dii vdi ngudi chua thanh chua thanh nien da dugc qudc te xac dinh: nidn phgm tpi dugc quy dinh tir khoan 2 din "7. Viic phong ngica phgm phdp a ngudi khodn 6 Didu 69 BLHS. Tinh thdn chung chua thdnh nien Id mgt bg phgn chinh yeu xuygn sudt cdc nguyen tdc xir li cy thg nay Id ciia phdng ngica tgi phgm trong xa hot Bdng muc tieu giao due ngudi chua thanh nign vi$c tham gia cdc hogt dgng hgp phdp, hieu phgm tdi, giiip hp siia chiia sai ldm, phat trien ich vi mat xd hdi vd cd dinh hudng mang linh ldnh manh; uu tien dp dung bidn phdp xir li nhdn vdn ddi vdi xd hgi vd quan niem cugc phi hinh sy, bidn phap xir li hinh sy mang tinh sdng, ngudi chua thdnh nien cd the hinh thdnhchdt giao dye (bidn phap tu phap); khdng dp mgt thdi dd sdng khdng cdn den phgm tgi dung cac hinh phgt nghiem khdc nhdt (tii 2. Viec phdng ngica phgm phdp a nguai chung thdn va tit hinh) va hinh phgt bd sung; chua thdnh niin mgt cdch thdnh cdng ddi han cbl dp dung hinh phgt tii vd hinh phgt hdi phdi cd su no luc cda todn xa hgi, nhdm tidn, hgn chd hau qua mang dn tich do bi kdt bdo ddm su phdt trien hdi hod cua ngudi an ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tpi. chua thdnh nien, ton trgng vd phdt trien Cac nguyen tdc xii li cu thi ddi vdi nhdn cdch cda hg ".* ngudi chua thdnh nien pham tpi bao gdm: Vdi quy dinh nguyen tdc xir li chung tai Thie nhdt, nguyen tdc xii li ngudi chua Dilu 69, BLHS khdng dinh tinh ddc thii thanh nidn phgm tdi khi truy cihi TNHS 56 TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 3/2015
  3. dugc quy dinh tai cdc khoan 2 va 3 Dilu 69 phai dugc coi la bipn phap sau cimg trong BLHS cd npi dung: "2. Ngudi chua thanh trudng hgp cdn thilt phdi truy ciiu TNHS nien phgm tgi cd thi dugc miin TNHS, niu ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tOi. ngudi do phgm tgi it nghiem trgng, gdy hgi Thir ba, nguyen tdc ban che pham vi hinh khong ldn, cd nhiiu tinh tiit gidm nh? vd phat dugc quy dinh tai khodn 5 Didu 69 dugc gia dinh hoge ca quan. td chuc nhdn BLHS cd ndi dung: "5. Khdng xu phgt tit gidm sdt gido due. 3. Viec truy cuu TNHS chung thdn hodc tic hinh... cdn hgn che dp ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi vd dp dying dung hinh phgt lit... Khi xu phgt tu cd thdi hinh phgt doi vai hg dugc thuc hien chi hgn, tod dn cho ngudi chua thdnh niin phgm trong trudng hgp cdn thiit va phdi cdn cu tgi dugc hudng muc dn nh? han muc dn dp vdo tinh chdt cua hdnh vi phgm tgi, vdo dung ddi vdi ngudi da thdnh nien phgm tgi nhitng dgc diem vi nhdn thdn vd yeu cdu cda tuang img. viic phdng ngica tgi phgm". Theo dd, viec Khdng dp dung hinh phgt tien doi vdi can nhac mien TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi a do tudi tie thdnh nidn phgm tdi vd dp dyng bien phap dil 14 tuoi den duai 16 tudi giao due phi hinh su phai dugc uu tidn thuc Khdng dp dung hinh phgt bd sung ddi hien; vide lua chpn bien phap xir li truy ciiu vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi". TNHS ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tdi chi Thir tu, nguydn tdc ban chd hdu qua dugc thyc hipn khi khdng thoa man cac dieu mang an tich ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien kidn midn TNHS. Viec lya chpn ndy khdng phgm tdi bi ket dn dugc quy dinh tai khodn 6 chi dya vao tinh chdt cila hanh vi pham tdi Didu 69 BLHS cd ndi dung: "An da tuyen ciia ngudi chua thanh nidn ma cdn phai can doi vdi nguai chua thdnh nien phgm tgi khi cii ddc digm nhan than cua hp ciing nhu ygu chua du 16 tudi thi khdng tinh de xdc dinh cau ciia viec phdng ngira tpi pham. tdi phgm hoge tdi phgm nguy hiem. " Thie hai, nguygn tdc xir li ngudi chua thanh Cac nguygn tdc xii li cy thi neu trdn nign phgm tdi khi xet xii dugc quy dinh tai hoan toan phii hgp vdi cac nguyen tdc ca ban khoan 4 Didu 69 BLHS cd npi dung: "4. Khi cung nhu cac quy tac cila Lien hgp qudc lidn xet xii-, neu thdy khdng cdn thiet phdi dp quan den ngudi chua thanh nien. Cy the: dung hinh phgt ddi vai ngud'i chua thdnh - Cac hudng dan ciia Lien hgp qudc vl niin phgm tgi thi tod dn dp dung mgt trong phong ngira phgm phap d ngudi chua thdnh cdc bien phdp tu phdp dugc quy dinh tgi nidn nam 1990 (gpi tdt la cac Hudng dan Ri- Diiu 70 cua Bd ludt ndy". Theo nguydn tac at) quy dinh: "Cdn phdt triin cdc chuang nay, toa dn phai im tien dp dyng cdc bien trinh vd cdng viic dua vdo cgng ddng di phdp tu phdp Id cac bipn phap chu ygu mang phdng ngua tinh trgng phgm phdp a ngudi tinh chdt giao due, phdng ngira ddi ngudi chua thdnh niin... Chi nha tdi cdc ca quan chua thdnh nien phgm tpi. Viec ap dung hinh chinh thuc ldm cdng viec kiim sodt xd hgi phat ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi nhu Id biin phdp cudi ciing"•J'^^ TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 3/2015
  4. NGHIEN CC;u • TRAO DOI - Cdc quy tdc chuan tdi thigu cua Lien TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn pham hgp qudc vg hogt dgng tu phap ddi vdi ngudi tgi kha ch^t che. Ngudi chua thanh nidn chi chua thdnh nidn nam 1985 (gpi tdt la Quy tdc cd thi dugc midn TNHS khi ddng thdi thod Bdc Kinh) quy dinh: "2.3. Trong mdi h? man nhilu dilu kien: Pham tgi it nghidm thong phdp lugt qudc gia, cdn phdi c6 ging trpng ho^c tpi nghidm trpng, gay hgi khdng xdy dung mgt hi thong cdc vdn bdn phdp ldn, CO nhilu tinh tilt gidm nhe va dugc gia ludt, nhUng quy tdc, quy dinh dp dung rieng dinh hodc co quan, td chiic nhan giam sdt, ddi v&i ngudi chua thdnh nien... giao due. Dilu nay ddn din vide trdn thyc tg 11.1. Bdt cic khi ndo thich hgp, phdi xem rdt it trudng hgp ngudi chua thanh nien xet viic xie li nguai chua thdnh nien phgm phgm tpi dugc mien trdch nhiem theo quy tgi md khdng phdi dua ra xet xu chinh thicc dinh ciia khoan 2 Dilu 69*^' dl dp dyng cac bdi ca quan cd thdm quyin... bien phdp xu li hanh chinh mang tinh chdt 19. Su dung hinh phgt giam giic a muc giao dye nhu bien phap giao dye tgi xa, thdp nhdt cd the ".•'^' phudng, thi trdn hodc bien phap dua vdo - Cdc nguydn tdc cua Lign hgp qudc ve trudng gido dudng. bao ve ngudi chua thdnh nien hi tudc ty do Thic hai, cdn thilu quy dinh cy thg de nam 1990 quy dinh: "A He thdng tu phdp dam bdo thuc hipn nguygn tdc uu tien dp doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh niin cdn neu cao dyng bign phdp tu phap mang tinh chat giao cdc quyen cung su an todn cua nguai chua d\ic, phdng ngira ngudi chua thdnh nien thdnh nien, ndng cao sue khoe vi thi chdt vd pham t^i. Cu thg, thigu quy dinh vg trudng tinh thdn cua nguai chua thdnh nien. Phgt tii hgp dugc mien hinh phat dd dp dyng bign nguai chua thdnh nien dugc sic dung Id biin phap tu phap thay the ddi vdi ngudi chua phdp cudi ciing. thanh nien phgm tdi khi xet thdy khdng cdn 2. ... Viic tudc tu do cda ngudi chua thiet phai dp dung hinh phgt. Dilu nay li giai thdnh niin chi dugc su dung nhu la biin tgi sao tren thyc tl chi cd dudi 1% ngudi phdp cuoi ciing vd trong mgt thdi gian cdn chua thanh nidn bi truy ciiu TNHS dugc dp thiit tdi thiiu vd chi nen gidi hgn ddi vdi dung bien phap tu phap.'^* nhUng truang hgp ngogi /e..."' Thu ba, khdng cd quy dinh rieng ve digu Cdc nguyen tdc xu li ddi vdi ngudi chua kien, npi dung va pham vi dp dung cac hinh thdnh nien phgm tpi ngu trdn dugc thd hidn phat (canh cao, phat tiln, cai tao khdng giam trong tdt cd cac didu lugt cua Chuong X giii-, til cd thdi hgn) doi vdi ngudi chua thanh BLHS. Tuy nhien, sy the hien trong cac dilu nien phgm tdi. Tir do dan ddn cdc he qua sau: lugt ndy cdn cd nhihig han chg nhdt dinh nen Mgt Id phai dp dyng quy dinh chung vl chua tao co sd phap li day du dg dam bao hinh phgt cdnh cdo (Dilu 29 BLHS) khi thyc hien cdc nguydn tdc xir li ddi vdi ngudi quygt dinh hinh phat ddi vdi ngudi chua chua thdnh nign phgm tdi. thanh nidn. Theo dd, hinh phat cdnh cdo chi Thie nhdt. quy dinh vd dilu kien mien dugc dp dung ddi vdi ngudi phgm tdi it nghidm TAP CHl LUAT H O C S O 3/2015
  5. NGHIEN cuu-TRAO DOI trpng ma ddi vdi logi tdi phgm nay thi ngudi chua hgp li khi chi khdng chd tdi da "mire chua thdnh nidn chua dii 16 tudi khdng phai phgt tiin ddi vdi nguai chua thdnh nien chiu TNHS (Dilu 12 BLHS). Do vgy, hinh phgm tgi khong qud mgt phdn hai mice phgt phgt canh cdo chi cd the ap dung ddi vdi tien md dieu ludt quy dinh". Theo quy dinh ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi tir dii 16 tudi nay thi khung hinh phat tign cd the dp dung trd len. Ngodi ra, kha nang dp dung hinh ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nign phgm tdi Id phat cdnh cdo ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn khung hinh phat tidn giii nguydn miic thap phgm tpi cdn phy thupc vao quy dinh ve nhdt nhung giam 1/2 mile cao nhat ma didu hinh phat trong dieu lugt vl tdi pham cu thi. luat quy dinh ap dung cho ngudi da thanh Nhu vgy, digu kien vd phgm vi dp dyng hinh nien. Le ra khung hinh phat tien gidm nhp can phat canh cao - hinh phgt nhe nhdt, khdng quy dinh dp dung cho ngudi chua thanh nidn tudc ty do dugc quy dinh ddi vdi ngudi chua phgm tdi phdi Id khimg hinh phgt tien giam cd thanh nign pham tdi la rdt hep. Tdng kit thuc miic thdp nhdt va mire cao nhdt so vdi khimg tien xet xu cung cho thay, rdt it trudng hgp hinh phgt tien cd the dp dung vdi ngudi da toa an dp dung hinh phat canh cao ddi vdi thdnh nidn pham tdi tuang iing. Chi khi dugc ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tdi.'^' quy dinh nhu vgy thi viec xu li ngudi chua Hai Id kha nang dp dung cac hinh phgt thanh nign pham tdi mdi dam bao dugc khac (phat tien, cdi tgo khdng giam giii, tii cd nguydn tdc: Viec xet xii ngudi chua thdnh thdi ban) ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nign nien phgm tdi chu yeu la nhdm giao d\ic, giiip phgm tdi hoan toan phu thudc vao quy dinh hp sua chiia sai lam va phat trien lanh manh. vd hinh phat ciia digu luat vg tdi phgm cu the Bdn Id chua the hien dugc day du nguydn (ve nguyen tac day la quy dinh cho ngudi tdc cho ngudi chua thanh nign pham tdi hudng thdnh nidn pham tdi). Trong khi do, cdc didu miic an phgt tu nhp ban miic dn dp dung ddi ludt nay quy dinh hinh phat tu phd bidn hon vdi ngudi da thanh nien phgm tdi tuong iing nhieu so vdi cdc hinh phgt khdng tudc ty do. do Dieu 74 BLHS mdi chi gidi ban miic hinh Do vdy, vd hinh trung da tgo co sd phdp li phgt til cao nhdt ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh cho viec dp dung hinh phgt tii ddi vdi ngudi nidn pham tdi tir dii 16 tudi den dudi 18 tudi ehua thdnh nien pham tdi mdt each phd bidn la 18 nam hoac bang 3/4 miic cao nhdt cua trdn thyc td. Thyc tien xet xir da cho thdy khung hinh phat tii ma dieu ludt quy dinh va hinh phat cai tgo khdng giam giir dugc dp ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi tir dung ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi dil 14 tudi den dudi 16 tudi Id 12 nam hoac rdt it trong khi vide dp dung hinh phat tii cd bang 1/2 miic cao nhdt cua khung hinh phat thdi ban ddi vdi hp lai phd bien.''*** til ma didu ludt quy djnh. Theo do, miic thdp Ba Id khung hinh phgt tidn ddi vdi ngudi nhat cua khung hinh phat tii dp dung cho chua thdnh nien phgm tdi tir du 16 tudi dgn ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi van giii dudi 18 tudi ndu cd thu nhdp hoac tai san nguydn nhu ddi vdi ngudi da thdnh nidn. Quy ridng dugc quy dinh tgi Dieu 72 BLHS la dinh nhu vgy khdng thd tgo co sd phdp li ddy TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 3/2015
  6. NGHIEN cuu-TRAO DOI du cho viec xii phat tu ngudi chua thdnh nien thanh nien phgm tpi ma clii cd cac didu ludt pham tdi theo nguyen tdc nhe hon ngudi da cy thg boa cac nguygn tdc xii li ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tpi tuong iing. Dd khac thanh nien phgm tpi phu hgp vdi cac nguydn phuc han chi ndy cua Dilu 74 BLHS, Hdi tdc va quy tdc dugc ghi n h ^ trong cdc vdn ddng tham phdn Toa an nhan ddn tdi cao da kign qudc te lien quan ddn ngudi chua thanh ban hdnh Nghi quydt sd 01/2006/NQ-HDTP nien."'*' Dii dugc quy dinh trong iuat rieng ngdy 12/5/2006. Trong do, ndi dung hudng hay trong BLHS thi quy dinh cua cac nudc dan vd quydt dinh hinh phgt tii ddi vdi ngudi vl TNHS d6i vdi ngudi chua thanh nign chua thanh nien tir du 14 ddn dudi 18 tudi pham tdi deu dgc ldp vd ridng biet, chi lien phgm tdi tuy khdng diing nhu quy dinh cua quan dgn lugt hinh sy chung (ddi vdi ngudi dieu ludt nhung lai dam bao thyc hidn dugc da thanh nidn pham tdi) d phan quy dinh vl nguyen tdc cho ngudi chua thanh nidn pham cdc dau hieu cua tdi pham cu the va ve tdi hudng miic an phgt tu nhe hom miic an dp khung hinh phgt tu. Dd la each thiic dg cd dung ddi vdi ngudi dd thdnh nidn phgm tpi thd thi hidn dugc ddy du va dam bao thyc tucmg ling."" hidn dugc cac nguyen tac xir li dac bidt ddi Ndm Id chua the hien day du nguyen tac vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn phgm tpi. Vdi ban chd dp dung binh phat tii ddi vdi ngudi cdch quy dinh ridng bidt nhu vdy, quy dinh chua thanh nidn pham tdi do khdng quy dinh cua cac nudc ve TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua gidi ban pham vi loai tgi pham dugc dp dyng thanh nien pham tdi ddu thi hien ddy dii hinh phgt tii ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien nguyen tdc xu li chu yiu nhdm giao due, cai phgm tdi. Quy dinh ciia BLHS hipn hanh cho tao ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn pham tpi phep dp dung hinh phat tu d tdt cd cdc loai tdi thdng qua vide im tien dp dung cac bipn phap (tir tdi it nghidm trpng, tdi nghiem trpng dgn gido due, cdc hinh phat khdng tudc ty do tdi rat nghidm trpng vd tpi ddc biet nghiem hodc ban che ty do vd ban chi dp dyng hinh trpng) ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm phat tudc tu do. tpi ciing nhu ddi vdi ngudi da thdnh nidn Cac quy dinhridngbiet vl TNHS ddi vdi phgm tdi ndu didu lugt vd tdi pham cy the cd ngudi chua thanh nign pham tdi bao gdm quy dinh hinh phgt til la chd tdi lya chpn. chu yeu cac quy dinh vl dilu kien dp dung Tham khdo kinh nghidm lap phdp cua cac miic dp xii li khac nhau; vl he thdng cdc nhilu nudc tren thd gidi ve TNHS cua ngudi bien phap xu li va vl dilu kien, ndi dung, chua thanh nidn cho thdy cd hai xu hudng pham vi dp dung cua timg bidn phdp xir li sau: Mdt Id cd ludt rieng quy dinh ve TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn phgm tdi. Vi ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi;* * dv: BLHS Lien bang Nga cd quy djnh rieng hai Id quy dinh ve TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua vl dilu kien dp dung cac mire dp xii li khdc thanh nidn pham tgi trong BLHS."^' Tuy nhau ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn phgm tdi nhidn, d cdc nudc nay dgu khdng cd didu nhu mien TNHS dl dp dung cdc bien phdp ludt quy dinh ve nguydn tac xii li ngudi chua giao due bdt budc, midn chdp hanh hinh phat 60 TAP CHl LUAT H O C S(5 3/2015
  7. dl dua vdo trudng giao duang ridng biet, ap lenh tilp nhan mdt vi tri lam vide hodc mdt dyng hinh phat va mien chdp hanh hinh phgt CO sd dao tao; lenh mang lai hieu qua lao til cd didu kien trudc thdi han.*'^* Cac quy ddng; lenh chiu sy hudng dan va giam sat dinh ndy the hien rd nguyen tdc xii li chu ydu ciia mdt ngudi nhdt dinh; Ipnh tham gia mdt nhdm giao due, cai tgo ngudi chua thanh khda budn luydn; Ipnh cd gdng boa giai vdi nidn pham tpi thdng qua viec uu tien dp dung ngudi bi xam hai; ldnh khdng dugc giao tiep cdc bien phap giao dye. vdi mdt sd ngudi nhdt dinh hodc khdng dugc Cdc quy dinh rigng ve hp thdng bidn ddn nhung cua hang dn udng vd nhimg noi phap xu ll ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien vui choi gidi tri; lenh tham gia gid hgc ve phgm tdi cd thd bao gdm nhieu bien phdp giao thdng) va bidn phdp trg giiip giao dye. gido dye, nhieu hinh phgt khdng tudc tu do Thir hai id cac bien phdp gido due nghidm vd hinh phat tudc ty do duy nhat Id hinh phat khdc, bao gdm canh cdo; giao cac trach tu cd thdi hgn. Vi du, BLHS Lien bang Nga nhiem (bdi thudng thidt hai;ty xin Idi ngudi quy dinh cdc bidn phdp xd li ngudi chua hi xdm hgi; mang lgi hieu qua lao dgng; trd thdnh nien phgm tdi gdm b6n loai bien phdp mdt khodn tiln cho mdt co sd cdng ich) va gido due bat budc (canh cdo; chuydn cho bd giam giii ngudi chua thanh nidn (giam giir me bode nhiing ngudi thay thd bd me hodc trong thdi gian rdnh roi - cua mdt hoac hai CO quan chiic nang nhd nudc gidm sdt; giao tudn; giam gifi ngdn hgn - trong 2 ngay; giam trdch nhipm sira chiia, ddn bu thiet hai gay giiJ ddi ban - tir mdt tudn den bdn tudn). Thic ra; ban cbl thdi gian rdnh roi; ddt ra nhiing ba Id hinh phat tudc ty do cd thdi hgn (thap ydu cdu rigng ddi vdi hanh vi cua ngudi chua nhat la 6 thang va cao nhat la 5 nam hoac cd thdnh nidn pham tdi) va 6 loai hinh phgt the len tdi iO nam neu la tpi nghiem trgng trong dd cd 5 loai hinh phat khdng tudc ty ma mire cao nhat cua hinh phgt tudc ty do do vd hgn chd tu do (phat tien; tudc quydn dugc quy dinh cho tdi dd Id tren 10 nam). Idm cdng viec nhdt dinh; lao ddng bdt budc; Quy dinh ciia cac nudc vl digu kien, npi lao dOng cdi tgo; hgn che ty do va tu cd thdi dung vd phgm vi dp dung cila timg bien phdp ban). Ludt vd toa dn ngudi chua thanh nidn xii li hinh sy (bien phdp giao dye hodc hinh ciia Cpng boa Lien bang Diic quy dinh he phat) ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien pham thdng bien phap xii li ngudi chua thanh nign tdi ciing Id quy dinh ridng va mang tinh dgc pham tpi chu ygu bao gdm cac bien phdp xir thil. Chi dya vao cac quy dinh nay cd thi lya li mang tinh chat giao due vd chi cd hinh chgn vd quydt dinh bien phap xii li vdi muc phat duy nhdt Id hinh phgt tudc ty do cd thdi cu thd dp dung ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh hgn. Thudc vd he thdng nay la ba nhdm bien nign phgm tdi ma khdng can dya vao quy phdp khdc nhau.*'^* Thic nhdt la cac bien dinh cua ludt hinh sy chung vl cac bien phap phdp xir ii giao due gdm bien phap ra cdc xii li hinh sy va ve hinh phat ciia cdc tdi lenh (9 loai lenh: lenh ve noi cu tni; ldnh phgm cu thi (ddi vdi ngudi da thanh nien sdng trong gia dinh hodc trong mdt cu xa; phgm tpi). O mdt sd nudc, mpt s6 bidn phap TAP CHi LUAT H O C S6 3/2015
  8. xu li ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn phgm tdi tgi it nghiem trgng. tuy trung vdi bien phdp xu Ii ddi vdi ngudi 6-1. Khi dp dmg hinh phgt tii doi vai dd thdnh nien phgm tpi nhung dugc quy dinh ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm tgi do phgm toi rieng ve didu kidn, ndi dung, pham vi va rdt nghiem trgng vd dgc biit nghiem trgng miic dp dp dung ciia timg bien phap xu li. Vi thi muc hinh phgt thdp nhdt dugc quy dinh du, BLHS Lien bang Nga quy dinh gidi ban tgi dieu lugt tuang irng a Phdn rieng Bg ludt ciia 5 logi hinh phgt khi dp dyng cho ngudi ndy se dugc gidm di mgt nira ". *'" chua thanh nidn (phat tidn; lao dgng bat Nhu vay, BLHS Lidn bang Nga khdng budc; lao ddng cdi tao; hgn che ty do; hinh chi gidi hgn miic cao nhat cila hinh phat tii (6 phgt tu). Trong do, miic thdp nhdt ciia hinh nam hoac 10 ndm so vdi 20 nam)*'^' dupe ap phgt dugc quy dinh bang hoac thap hon miic dyng ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien md con thdp nhdt cua loai hinh phgt da dugc xdc xdc dinh logi tpi pham khdng dugc dp dung dinh, edn miic cao nhdt ciia hinh phgt dugc hinh phat tii (tpi it nghidm trpng va tdi quy dinh thdp hon nhidu so vdi miic cao nhdt nghidm trgng ddi vdi ngudi dudi 16 tudi, tdi ciia hinh phat dp dung ddi vdi ngudi da it nghiem trgng vd pham tgi ldn ddu ddi voi thanh nign pham tdi. Ddc biet vdi quy dinh ngudi tir dil 16 ddn 18 tudi). Nguyen tdc xu- rieng biet ve dieu kidn, ndi dung vd pham vi phgt til nhe hon ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh dp dung hinh phat tii ddi vdi ngudi chua nien pham tgi so vdi ngudi da thanh nien thanh nien phgm tpi, BLHS Lidn bang Nga phgm tpi tuang iing the hidn d khung hinh dd the hien rat ro rang nguygn tac hgn chg dp phgt til gidm nhp dac bipt dugc ap dung ddi dung hinh phgt tii va xii phat tii nhe hon ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi, trong' vdi ngudi chua thdnh nign pham tpi so vdi do miic thap nhat cua khung hinh phgt tii ngudi da thanh nien phgm tdi tuong ung. dugc gidm xudng mdt nira so vdi mire thap Khoan 6 Didu 88 BLHS Lien bang Nga quy nhat cua khung hinh phgt tuang iing dugc dp djnh: "6 Hinh phgt tii duge dp dung vdi dung cho ngudi dd thanh nidn phgm tdi. ngudi chua thanh nien pham tgi a do tudi Dinh hudng sira ddi nhiing quy dinh ddi dudi 16 tudi trong thdi hgn khong qud 6 vdi ngudi chua thanh nidn pham tdi phai ndm. Ddi vdi nguai chua thdnh niin thuc dugc xac dinh trdn co sd nhan thiic diing y hien tgi phgm dgc biit nghiim trgng vd doi nghTa cua cac quy dinh nay trong viec thi vdi nhitng ngudi chua thdnh nien pham tgi hien va tgo co sd phap If cho viec thyc hien cdn lgi. hinh phat se dugc dp dung trong cdc nguyen tdc xir li ngudi chua thdnh nien thdi hgn khong qud 10 ndm vd se chdp hdnh phgm tgi phii hgp vdi cde nguygn tdc, quy trong cdc trgi cdi tgo. Hinh phgt tii khdng dp tac dugc khang dinh trong cdc vdn kien qudc dmg ^di vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien phgm te lien quan den ngudi chua thanh nien. Viec cdc tgi it nghiem trgng vd nghiim trgng a do tham khao kinh nghiem lap phdp cua cac tudi dudi 16 tudi vd cd nhitng trudng hgp nudc tren t h i gidi khi siia ddi cdc quy dinh ngudi chua thdnh niin phgm tgi ldn ddu cdc vd ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi cung hit TAP CHi LUAT H O C S O 3/2015
  9. NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI sire can thidt. Theo do, nhiing quy dinh doi nien phgm tdi. Trong dd, cdn quy dinh ro vdi ngudi chua thanh nien pham tdi cua didu kien dp dung timg hinh phgt (khdng Chuong X BLHS Viet Nam nen dugc hoan nen gidi hgn d mpt sd logi tdi), ndi dung ddc thien theo hudng hinh thanh cdc quy dinh bidt vd xac dinh miic thdp nhat, cao nhat ddc lap dugc dp dung ridng biet ddi vdi cila hinh phat tidn vd cai tgo khdng giam ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi. Qua dd giu dugc dp dung ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh cung de BLHS Viet Nam thd hidn day du nidn pham tpi md khdng phu thugc vdo quy horn quy dinh cua Quy tac Bdc Kinh; "Trong dinh vd hinh phat trong Phdn chung vd Phdn mdi hi thdng phdp ludt qudc gia, cdn phdi cac tdi phgm cila BLHS. CO gdng xdy dung mgt he thong cdc vdn hdn Thu ba, cdn sira ddi quy dinh vd hinh phat phdp ludt, nhirng quy tdc, quy dinh dp dung til cd thdi hgn ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien riing doi vdi nguai chua thdnh «ie«... ".''^' pham tdi theo budng the hien ro hon nguyen Chi khi quy dinh theo cdch ndy thi mdi cd tdc ban chd dp dyng hinh phgt tu cung nhu thg thg hign dugc day du va diing ddn cac nguyen tdc xii phgt tii ngudi chua thanh nign nguygn tac xir li dac thu ddi vdi ngudi chua phgm tdi nhe hon ngudi da thanh nign pham thanh nien pham tgi. Cu the, can sira ddi: tdi tuong ling. Cy thg nen sura ddi nhu sau: Thie nhdt, nen cd dieu lugt ridng (khdng - Bd sung quy ^inh khdng dp dung hinh trong didu ludt quy dinh vd nguyen tac xir Ii) phgt til ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm quy djnh vg digu kien mign TNHS dg ap tdi it nghigm trpng va nghiem trpng. dung cac bien phap giao due, trong dd khdng - Sira ddi quy dinh ve miic cao nhat cua ndn quy djnh didu kidn miln TNHS chat che hinh phgt tu tir 18 nam xudng 15 nam ddi vdi nhu quy dinh hien hanh vd bd sung quy dinh ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tdi tir du 16 tudi ve dieu kien mien hinh phat dd dp dung bien den dudi 18 tudi vd tir 12 nam gidm xudng 9 phdp tu phap mang tinh gido due, phdng nam ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien pham tdi ngira ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nien phgm tir du 14 tudi den dudi 16 tudi. Hien nay, mdc tdi. Cdc quy djnh ndy phdi the hipn day dii cao nhdt ciia hinh phat tii dp dung ddi vdi nguygn tac xii li ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh ngudi chua thdnh nien pham tdi dugc quy nien pham tdi chii ydu nhdm giao due, giiip dinh trong BLHS la qua cao so vdi quy dinh hp siia chiia sai lam, phdt trien ldnh mgnh cua nhigu nudc trgn thg gidi (18 nam so vdi thdng qua vide uu tign dp dung cac bien phap 10 nam). Viec sira ddi nay la dg boa nhgp vdi mang tinh giao due. quy djnh cua nhigu nudc trgn the gidi vd de Thu hai, sira ddi cac didu ludt vd phgt thg hien rd rang hon Quy tac Bdc Kinh "su tidn, cai tgo khdng giam giu" vd bd sung didu dung hinh phgt giam giir a mire thdp nhdt cd ludt vd hinh phat canh cdo thanh cac didu ^^^"(20) ^0j^g j^jj nguydn tdc: "Viec luac tu ludt quy djnh ridng biet ve dieu kien, ndi do cug ngudi chua thdnh nien chi dugc su dung va pham vi dp dyng timg hinh phat dung nhu Id biin phdp cudi ciing vd trong khdng tirdc ty do ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh mgt thai gian cdn thiet toi thieu".^'^^^ TAP CHl LUAT H O C S O 3/2015
  10. NGHIEN ClJU-TRAO 001 - Quy dinh bd sung npi dimg giam mdc thap nhdt ciia khung hinh phgt xudng bdng chua thdnh nien phgm tpi cdn ihifc hien nhu sau: a Xdc dinh muc hinh phgt tuang x&ng v&i tinh chdt 3/4 muG hmh phgt thdp nhdt cua hinh phat tii vd muc dp nghiem trong cua hdnh vi phgm tpi nhu ma didu ludt quy dinh khi dp dung ddi vdi doi vai ngudi phgm lgi Id ngu&i da thanh niin: ngudi phgm tdi rdt nghidm trpng vd ddc biet b. Trudng hgp ngu&i chua thdnh nien phgm tpi la nghiem trgng tir du 16 tudi din dudi 18 tudi ngu&i lit da 16 tudi din du&i 18 tudi thi hinh phgt va gidm xudng bdng 1/2 muc hinh phat thdp dp dgng doi v&i hg Id 3/4 mice hinh phgt dp dung ddi v&i ngu&i dd thanh nien phgm tpi dugc xdc nhat ciia hinh phgt tii ma dilu ludt quy dinh dfnh hu&ng ddn tgi diem a tieu mvc II. I ndy; khi dp dung ddi vdi ngudi phgm tdi rdt c. Tru&ng hgp ngu&i chua thdnh nien phgm tpi Id nghiemti-gngva ddc biet nghidm trpng tir du ngu&i fie du 14 ludi din du&i 16 luoi ihi hinh phgt 14 tudi dgn dudi 16 tudi./. dp dgng ddi vai hg Id 1/2 muc hinh phgt ap dgng dSi v&i ngu&i dd thdnh niin phgm lgi dugc xdc djnh hu&ng ddn Igi diem a lieu muc ll.l ndy ". (l).Xem: Cdng udc cua Lifin hgp quic vl quyin tr^ em. Theo Dilu 1 ciia Cdng udc niy, bi em la mgi ngudi (12). Vi dy nhir d NhSt Ban, Hi Un, Cdng hoi Lien dudi 18 tudi. bang Due... & COng hoa Li€n bang Dure, vi^c xd li (2).Xem: Myc I.1.5.C Cic hudng dSn ciia Lien hgp ngudi chua thinh nifin ph^m tOi dugc quy djnh trong qudc vl phdng ngira pham phip d ngudi chua thinh Lu§t vl toi in ngudi chua thinh ni€n. nien nim 1990 (cic Hudng dan Ri-it). (13). VI dy: BLHS cda Lifin bang Nga cd m^t chuang (3).Xem: Myc 1.1, 1.2 Cac hudng dkn ciia Lien hgp quy dinh vl TNHS ddi vdi ngudi chua thinh ni£n. qudc vl phdng ngira pham phap d ngudi chua thinh (14). Ddlicicvinki^nqudctlsau: Cdng udc cua Li6n nien nim 1990 (cic Hudng din Ri-it). hgp qudc vl quyin tre em; Cic quy tic chuin tli thilu (4).Xem: myc 1.6 Cic hudng din cua Lien hgp quic cua LiSn hgp qudc ve ho^t d^ng tu phap doi vdi ngudi vl phdng ngira pham phip d ngudi chua thanh nifin chua thinh nian nim 1985 (Quy tic Bic Kinh); Cic nim 1990 (cic Hudng dan Ri-it). nguygn tic cua Lign hgp quoc vl bao ve ngudi chua (5).Xem:Muc2.3.. 11.1., 19. Quy tic Bic Kinh. thinh niSn bj tudc ty do nim 1990; Cac hudng din (6).Xem: Myc 1.1. vi 1.2. Cic nguyln tic cua Lifin cua Lien hgp qudc vl phdng ngira pham phip d ngudi hgp qudc vl bio v^ ngudi chua thinh nien bj tudc ty chua thinh nien nim 1990 (cac Hudng din Ri-it). do nim 1990. (15).Xem: Cac dilu 90, 92, 93 BLHS Lien bang Nga (7).Xem: Trin Quang Huy, Th\fc liin xel xic nguai Nguin: Trudng Dai hgc Luat Hi NOi, Bp ludt hinh su Lien chira ihdnh nien phgm ipi, Cdng If - Co quan cOa toi bang Nga (bdn tiing Vi^t). Nxb. C AND, Hi NOi, 2011. in nhan din tdi cao, ngiy 10/8/2014. (16).Xem: Dilu 9 din Dilu 18 Luit vl toi in ngudi (8).Xem: Vien nghien ciiu khoa hgc phap li, BO tu chua thinh nien COng hoi Lien bang Due. phip, "Ting cudng ning Iyc h? thdng tu phip ngudi (17).Xem: Khoan 6 Dilu 88 BLHS Lien bang Nga. chua thinh nien tai Vi^t Nam", Thong lin khoa hpc Nguon; Trudng D?i hgc Lusit Hi NOi, sdd. phdpli. sd 1/2000, tr. 149, 183. (18). Trong khi miic cao nhit ciia hinh ph^it tO dugc (9).Xem: Vien nghifin cdu khoa hgc phip Ii, Bg tu quy djnh ip dyng doi vdi ngudi chua thinh nien ph?im tOi d Lien bang Nga li 6 nim ho?lc 10 nim, d COng phip, tldd, tr. 149. hoi Lign bang Ddc li 5 nim hoic 10 nim, cdn d Vi^t (lO).Xem: Vi6n nghien ciiu khoa hgc phip H, BO tu Nam li 12 nim ho$c 18 nim. phip, tldd, tr. 27, 149. (19).Xem: Muc 2.3 Quy tic Bic Kinh. (1 l).Xem: Muc 11 Nghj quyit quy djnh vl vi^c quyit (20).Xem: Muc 19 Quy tic Bic Kinh. dinh hinh phat tti ddi vdi ngudi chua thinh nign ttr dii (2l).Xem: Muc 1.2 Cic nguyen tic cda Lign hgp quOc 14 tudi din dudi 18 tudi pheun tgi nhu sau: vl bio ve ngudi chua thinh nign bj tudc tu do nim 1990. "//./. Khi quyit dinh hinh phgt lii ddi vdi nguai TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 3/2015
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