24<br />
<br />
Xahpihpc.<br />
<br />
so 1(137),<br />
<br />
2017<br />
<br />
NHUKG NHAN TO QUYET DINH CHIEN LlTOC SU" DUNG DAT<br />
NONG NGHIEP CUA CAC H Q NONG DAN VUNG<br />
DONG BANG SONG HONG<br />
NGUYEN TH] D I S N '<br />
<br />
Tdm tdt; Bdi viit phdn tich nhirng nhdn td quyit djnh chiin lutyc sir dung ddt nong<br />
nghiep ciia cdc hp nong ddn vd nhiing hdm y chinh sdch gai ra trong qud trinh tdi co cdu<br />
ndng nghiip o ^'i' Nam hi$n nay. Diin Ilch ddt nho, chi phi sdn xudt cao, thu nhdp nong<br />
nghiep thdp vd co hoi cd viec lam phi ndng nghiip Id nhiing nhdn Id chinh cua viic bo<br />
hoang hope sic di^ng kem hifu qud ddt nong nghiep. Bdi viet ndy di xudt mdt chinh sdch<br />
phdt trien kinh ti ddng bp vd phii hap giua nang nghiip vd phi ndng nghiip trong tdi ca<br />
cdu ndng nghiip, dong thdi gpi ra rdng sif da dang cdc hinh thirc hpp tdc trong viic su<br />
dung ddt to ra hieu qud vd phii hop vdi thuc lien sdn xudt nong nghiip va boi cdnh nong<br />
thon Viet Nam hiin nay<br />
Tit khda: dat ndng ngiiiep, ciiien luge su dung ddt ndng nghi?p, sinh ke, kinh te hg,<br />
tai CO cau ndng nghiep.<br />
<br />
1. Gidi thifu<br />
Ddc diem noi bat nhit cda sdn xuat ndng nghiep d Viet Nam hi^n nay l i cd hon 10<br />
tri|u nong hg vdi cdc quy md khdc nhau dang sii dyng quy ddt ndng nghigp ciia ci nude.<br />
Do dd, van de sit dyng ddl ndng nghiep trong cdc ndng hg phai la trgng tim ciia vi?c thyc<br />
hien tai co cdu nganh ndng nghi?p vd id nen ting de thyc hi?n myc tieu ddm bio tinh bin<br />
viing, nang cao ddi sing ndng dan. Viing Ddng bdng sdng Hong (DBSH) cd nhihig ddc<br />
diem chung vdi nhirng viing khdc trong cd nude ve sy biln dli ndng thdn dudi tic dgng<br />
ciia qud trinh hien dai hda dat nude, Kinh tl hd trong nhiing ndm 1990 dugc cho la da<br />
phdt huy het tic dyng vi do do dugc ddy nhanh sang hudng thi trudng vd cdng nghi?p<br />
hda de dat myc tieu tdng trudng kinh tl nhanh hon. Tir nhimg ndm 2000, sy hinh thinh<br />
cic khu cdng nghi?p tap trung va cic cym cdng nghiep tren vimg dong bdng mdu md nay<br />
dan den sy chuyen ddi d ?it dit ndng nghi?p cho cdng nghigp hda. Cugc dilu tra quoc gia<br />
ve dit dai gin day cho thdy, trong mgt thap ky tir ndm 2000 din 2010, dien tich ddt phi<br />
nong nghiep tdng ISn 89 nghin hec-ta trong khi do dat trong liia dd gidm di 34 nghin hecHpc viin Nong nghiip Vifl Nan,<br />
<br />
Nguyin Thj Diin<br />
<br />
25<br />
<br />
gnam<br />
_ n f(Nguyin Nggc Cdng, 2012). Cdng nghigp hda cimg vdi dd thi hda dd cd tac<br />
dgng rat phuc tap den vi^c sii dyng dSt ndng nghigp dugc giao vi kinh tl hg gia dinh Mgt<br />
bd P M lon^ ndng dan rdi bd nghi ndng dl tim vi^c lam d cdc ITnh vyc khdc nhau trone<br />
chuoi hoi tiep ndng thdn - dd thi (Nguyin TTij Diln, 2011). Sy phan phii cdng bing vd<br />
giao dat lau ddi eho cic hg gia dinh bi cho Id nguyen nhin ciia tinh y ^ g dit dai manh<br />
mun vd kem hieu qud trong su dung dit dai (Pham Van Hung vd cgng sy, 2007). HiSn tai<br />
nha nuoc da cd nhihig no lyc rat ldn yong viee din diln dli thua vd tip tmng dit dai dl<br />
tim kiem nen tdng cho vifc gia tdng hieu qua kinh tl trong qui trinh tai co ciu nginh<br />
nong nghiep. Trong boi cdnh dd, vdn dl nong hg sit dung dit dai nhu thi ndo Id mii quan<br />
t ^ rat ldn ciia nha nude vd cac nha hoach dinh chinh saeh. Mdc dii mgt hign tugng mdi<br />
ndi len gan day dugc nhilu ngudi chii y li tinh trgng bd hoang dit dai yen hiu hll cdc<br />
thih d DBSH (Thanh_ Hdng, 2013), thuc tl chiln luge sir dyng ddt cua cic hg ndng dan<br />
cdn phuc tap hon nhidu. Nguyen nhan ciia cic quyll dinh sir dyng dit ciing khdng dl khii<br />
quat hda.<br />
Chien luge sti dyng dit ndng nghi?p dd thu hiit dugc sy chii y cua ca cac nghien cfru<br />
ly thuyet vd nghien ciiu thyc nghiem vi tinh chat phiic tap ciia cdc hinh thiic sit dyng ddt<br />
vd vai trd trung tam ciia nd trong vin dl ddt dai. Cf cdch tilp cdn sinh kl, cd hai quan dilm<br />
CO bin yong vi?c xem xet cdc ndng hg su dyng ddt dai nhu thi ndo dl tgo sinh kl. MJc dCi<br />
ca hai quan diem deu cho rdng chiln luge sii dyng dit dai ciia ndng hg lien quan chdt che<br />
vdi J nghia m i dat dai mang den trong ddi sdng ciia hg, nhung van tdn lgi tranh lufn ve<br />
qui trinh sin xuat hay qud trinh phdn phdi li ylu to quan ygng ttong vi$c nhan di?n tinh<br />
phdc tgp ciia chien luge sir dyng dit dai.<br />
Quan dilm sdn xuit d i tip trung vao khia canh ky thugt cua cic chiln luge sd dyng<br />
ddt dai, trong do gid tri sd dyng cua dit trong vi§c tgo ra hang hda ndng pham din^c nhan<br />
mgnh (Mertz va cgng su, 2005). Co cdu ciia cac hoat dgng kinh tl ma cac ndng hg thyc<br />
hi?n, sy da dang hda va phi dja phuong hda dugc nhdn manh dl chi ra cdc ylu td quylt<br />
djnh den sy chuyen doi sinh ke (Ellis, 2000; Bouahom vi cdng sy, 2004; Rigg, 2006) k^o<br />
theo dd sy bien ddi cdc hinh thiic sir dyng dai cua ngudi ddn ndng thdn (Akram-Lodhi vd<br />
cgng sy, 2006; Alberto vd cgng sy, 2009, Neves vd du Toil, 2013). Hi?u qud ciia vi?e sit<br />
dung dat {Edward Taylor vi Loper-Feldman, 2010) vdi tu cdch Id ket qud ciia vi?c di<br />
chuyen von du