Phi-líp-pin và toàn cầu hoá lần đầu tiên

PHI Lip PIN VA TOAN CAU HOA LAN DAU TIEN<br /> <br /> ARTURO GIRALDEZ'<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Trudc the ky XVI, vao thdi Trung cd -<br /> N am 1615 Cervantes cho xua't ban<br /> phan II cud'n Don Ki-ho-te De La<br /> Mancha va trong Idi tQa danh tang cho Ba<br /> khi ngUdi ta cdn chUa biet de'n viec budn<br /> ban ciia De qud'c La-ma vdi An Do thi<br /> tudc Le-md't dng da viet: Trung hoa va chau A ndi chung da hien<br /> dien d chau Au khi de che Mdng Co thie't<br /> "NgUdi da the hien sQ mong moi Ngai lap quyen kiem soat Con dUdng td lua. Vi<br /> nhat chinh la vi hoang de vi dai cua Trung du, nam 1246, sQ gia cua Giao hoang Juan<br /> Hoa, bdi vi each day mdt thang, dng ta da de Piano Carpini da tdi trieu dinh Mdng cd<br /> viet cho tdi mgt bQc thu b i n g tieng Trung va nam 1253, cha William de Rubruck da<br /> Hoa va phai mgt ngUdi dUa thU mang tdi dudc cii lam Dai sQ ciia vua Phap trUdc<br /> yeu cau tdi, ndi dung hdn la cau khan tdi chau ciia Thanh Cat Tu Han de thanh lap<br /> gUi cho Ngai vi dng ta muo'n thanh lap mdt mdt lien minh cho'ng lai ke thu chung Hdi<br /> trUdng hgc ma d dd ngUdi ta dgc bang tie'ng giao. Tuy nhien, IQ khach dUdc biet den<br /> Tay Ban Nha va mud'n rang cudn sach ma nhieu nha't thdi Trung cd chinh la Marco<br /> ngUdi ta dgc se la cud'n truygn ve Ddn Ki- Polo, ngQdi ma cau chuyen ve chuyen di<br /> hd-te. vdng quanh Trai dat ciia ong vao cud'i the<br /> Y tudng cua Cervantes sii dung cud'n Ki- ky XIII theo cac tuyen thUdng mai Au-A da<br /> hd-te lam sach giao khoa da dUdc thiic hien trd thanh ngudn cam hQng cho khat vgng<br /> tai cac trUdng ndi tieng Tay Ban Nha. Cac cua Cristobal Coldn.<br /> giao vien chau Au da cd cud'n Lich sit Cac tuyen dUdng bg va dUdng thiiy cua<br /> nhdng dieu ddng lUu y nhdt, cac nghi le va chau Phi, chau A va chau Au la ndi lUu<br /> tap quan ciia Dai Vudng qud'c Trung hoa thdng hang hda, kie'n thQc va y tUdng.<br /> cua Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza xuat ban Ngoai ra, chung cdn la con dudng quan<br /> nam 1585 va cho tdi cud'i the ky dd da dUdc trgng de trao ddi thUc vat, dgng vat va<br /> dich ra ba mUdi ngdn ngQ chau Au. NhQng m I m benh. Cac mdi quan he qua lai nay<br /> sach tham khao nay va van hgc da chi ra sau hang the ky da tao ra mot thUc the vi<br /> r i n g vao the ky XVI nhQng ngUdi chau Au khuan lam cho cU dan cl ca ba chau luc cd<br /> da y thQc mgt each rat nhay ben tam quan dUdc sQc de khang miln dich vdi mgt sd<br /> trgng cua Trung Hoa trong dia kinh te ciia, benh. Tren thiic te, vao cuo'i thdi Trung cd,<br /> thdi ky dd. d chau Au da xay ra "tran dich Den", hSu<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> • GS. TrUdng Qud'c te hgc - Dai hgc Thai Binh Dudng (California-Hoa Ky)<br /> Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hoa lan dau tien 55<br /> <br /> <br /> qua cua sU lan truyen vi khuan theo cac dan da dd chet sau dd la hau qua cua mdi<br /> con dudng Au-A. Sd ngUdi chet qua nhieu quan he qua lai giQa cac benh tat mdi va cu<br /> vao the ky XIV da gay ra nhQng hau qua sdc do sU pha huy cua nen kinh te va cac td<br /> dia chfnh tri rat quan trgng bdi vi ngUdi ta chQc xa hgi ciia thd dan.<br /> chd la nd danh da'u cham het cho De qud'c Ngoai benh tat, nhQng ngudi di chinh<br /> Mdng Cd, thiet lap trieu nha Minh d Trung phuc cdn mang den chau My cac loai dgng<br /> Hoa va la cd hdi dia chfnh tri de cung cd'cac vat va thilc vat mdi. Se khdng the hieu ndi<br /> nha nUdc ma cac de qud'c chau Au da thanh sii tie'n hda cua lich sQ chau My neu nhU<br /> lap. Rd rang r i n g viec nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao khdng cd ngUa, bd, cQu, mia dudng, bdng<br /> Nha den An Do Dudng va Thai Binh DUdng vai, lua my, cay cd mui va rat nhieu cac<br /> lap nen cen dUdng Mui Hao Vgng va dat loai khac. Su "trao ddi cua Cd-ldng" da cd<br /> nen tang cho cac de qudc tUdng lai la Bd the thUc hien vi tQ nam 711, ban dao Iberia<br /> Dao Nha, Ha Lan va Ajih. NhUng nhQng da dUdc phUdng Tay ggi la sU "trao ddi ciia<br /> ngUdi mdi den da gap nhQng nen kinh te cdc Abasidas" (vUdng trieu Hdi giao) ma<br /> cdn hung manh hdn ca cac nen kinh te nhieu the ky sau dd da tie'p tuc xuyen qua<br /> chau Au va hg da tham gia vao mang lUdi Dai Tay Dudng va chuyen di dau tien vdng<br /> trao ddi thudng mai dUdc thiet lap trong quanh the gidi xuyen qua Thai Binh Dudng<br /> nhieu the ky ma trong dd hg da khdng thUc vdi sU "trao ddi ciia Magallanes". Ddng thdi<br /> hien dudc vai trd ba chu cho den tan the ky vdi cac loai dgng, thUc vat va vi sinh vat<br /> XIX. mdi den chau My, cac gid'ng cua chau My<br /> nhu khoai lang, ngd, lac, khoai tay, ca cao,<br /> Mgt bien ddi Idn trong lich sQ nhan loai<br /> dt cay, thud'c la va rat nhieu san pham<br /> (Citar Crosby va. Pleistocene) la viec Coldn<br /> khac da anh hudng mdt each cd ban den<br /> den dUdc chau My va nhanh chdng chinh<br /> dan cU cua chau Phi, chau A va chau Au.<br /> phuc Me-hi-cd va de che Inca. Vice chinh<br /> phuc chau My la ket qua cua hai yeu td cd Tiep theo sU chinh phuc chau My, the<br /> ban: thQ nhat la cudc each mang quan sU gidi tiep tuc thay ddi thdng qua viec budn<br /> dUdc b i t d i u tQ cudc chien tranh Granada ban cac kim loai quy cua chau My. Cu the<br /> chd'ng lai nhQng ngQdi Hdi giao va quan la, bac cua Me-hi-cd va Pe-ru: trong nhQng<br /> trgng hdn nQa la cai ggi la "sU trao ddi cua nam tQ 1500 den 1800, chau My san xuat<br /> Co-long". NhQng can benh ma nhQng ngUdi khoang 80% bac cua the gidi. Cung nhU Co-<br /> Tay Ban Nha va chau Phi mang tdi The long va cac nha di bien sau nay, hg da sii<br /> gidi Mdi (chau My) da gay ra nhQng hau dung cac kien thQc cdng nghe va dia ly<br /> qua vd cung tan khd'c cho cac de che At-te- dUdc tich luy trong nghe danh ca va di bien<br /> ca (]VIe-hi-cd) va Inca (Pe-ru). TrUdng hdp cua vung Dia Trung Hai va Dai Tay DUdng.<br /> cua Me-hi-cd, benh dau mua da lan rdng Tay Ban Nha cQng da tiep thu dUdc cdng<br /> trong quan linh bad ve Tenochtitlan va da nghe tu cac me bac ciia DQc va cac vung md<br /> lam tan tanh sU chd'ng cU cua quan At-te- khac cua Trung Au, cu the la khai thae kim<br /> ca trudc cac ddi quan cua Hernan Cortes. loai quy thdng qua viec pha trdn vdi thuy<br /> Khi Francisco Pizarro b i t sd'ng Hoang de ngan. Rat may cho de che Tay Ban Nha la<br /> cua Inca la Atahualpa thi Pe-ru da chiu cac md'thuy ngan cd trQ lUdng Idn nhat the<br /> nhQng tran dich b i t ngudn tQ sQ hien dien gidi lai n i m d Huancavehca (Pe-ru) va<br /> cua nhQng ngUdi di chinh phuc. Mdt sd Idn Almaden (Tay Ban Nha). Ngeai ra cac vua<br /> 56 Rghien cmi Lich sit. s612.2009<br /> <br /> Tay Ban Nha cdn dudc khai thae md Idria viet vao giQa the ky XVII rang: "Trung<br /> n i m tren vung dat thugc Ao (nay thudc Hoa, ndi ngUdi ta xudt bgc sang nhieu nhdt<br /> Slovenia). Trong cac the ky XVI, XVII va vi bgc d day cao gid nhdt, bgc chay ve dd<br /> XVIII, de che Tay Ban Nha da tQng la nha nhu ve trung tdm cua minh bdi vi tdt cd bgc<br /> san xuat bac Idn tren the gidi. Theo nha sii tren trdi dd't deu hdnh hUctng ve day". Sii<br /> hgc Carlo Cipolla: chenh lech ve gia tri ciia bac tai chau Au va<br /> Trung Hoa da k h i n g dinh dieu dd. TQ nam<br /> TrQ cac trao ddi giQa Me-hi-cd va Phi-<br /> 1592 den giQa the ky XVII vang da dUdc<br /> lip-pin, thUdng mai the gidi trong the ky<br /> trao ddi b i n g bac d Quang Ddng theo ty le<br /> XVI va XVII cd the ta mgt each tdm tat nhu<br /> 1/5,5, trong khi dd tai Tay Ban Nha ty le la<br /> sau: mgt lUdng bac Idn dUdc due thanh tien<br /> 1/12,5-hoac 1/14 "dieu dd chQng minh ring<br /> xu hoac thdi dUdc chuyen tQ Me-hi-cd va<br /> gia tri cua bac d Trung Hoa cao gap ddi so<br /> Pe-ru ve Tay Ban Nha va tQ dd tda di cac<br /> vdi d Tay Ban Nha".<br /> nUdc chau Au. TQ chau Au, phan Idn so'bac<br /> nay lai dich chuyen sang phUdng Ddng de Trdng mang ludi trao ddi toan cau nay,<br /> rdi n i m lai d An Do va Trung Hoa. Theo Phi-lip-pin da trd thanh ciu nd'i triic tiep<br /> chieu ngUdc lai, mdt lUdng cac san pham giQa nha Minh va cac nUdc thugc dia ciia<br /> ciia chau Au dUdc chuyen sang chau My. Tay Ban Nha d chau My. Viec thanh lap<br /> Manila nam 1571 la sii khdi dau ciia giai<br /> Su xua't hien tQ the ky XVI ciia mgt thi<br /> trUdng toan cau ve hang hda tien te (vang, doan dau tien cua nen kinh te toan cau,<br /> bac, ddng va cauri (nhQng manh vd dc dung dieu ma ngay nay chung ta ggi la toan cau<br /> lam tien te)) da ve nen mgt tUdng lai day y hda. Phi-lip-pin da tham gia mgt each tfch<br /> nghia ve sii trdi day ciia xa hgi toan cau. cUc vao dudng day kinh te chau A khi<br /> Trong khi cac cauri ciia Maldivas dUdc chd nhQng ngQdi Tay Ban Nha dat chan den.<br /> tdi Lisbon va Luan Ddn, ddng ciia Nhat Hang xuat khau cua hg chii yeu la cac san<br /> Ban lai canh tranh vdi ddng Thuy Dien tai pham tQ rQng va dai dUdng. Ddi lai, nhQng<br /> Am-xtec-dam. NhUng kim loai chii chdt ngudi Phi-lfp-pin nhap cac san pham cua<br /> trong cac he thd'ng tien te thdi hien dai lai Nhat Ban va Trung Hoa. Thdng qua nhQng<br /> la bac. Nha Minh la de che can nhieu bac ngUdi Bd Dao Nha, hg nhan dUdc cac san<br /> nha't tren thi trUdng the gidi. Ly do Trung pham ciia An-Dg va budn ban vdi Molucas<br /> Hoa phai dat he thd'ng tien te cua minh (Indonesia), nhQng hdn dao ndi tie'ng ve<br /> tren cd sd la bac la %•! sU sup dd ddng tien san xua't gia vi. TQ the ky XV da tdn tai<br /> giay ciia nha Minh vao giQa the ky XV, tiep mdt quan he mau dich cdn vUdt ra ngoai<br /> theo viec ap dung kieu thud dUdc ggi la gidi han dia ly cua cac q u i n dao dang ngay<br /> "nhat roi duy nhat", trong dd thue dUdc cang phu thugc vao eac thang t r i m cua thi<br /> Cling cd' b i n g each ddng mgt l i n duy nhat trUdng the gidi va la ket qua cua cac moi<br /> va phai nop b i n g bac tring. CQ cho r i n g quan he vdi cac cdng ddng Trung Hoa va<br /> Trung Hoa chiem 1/4 dan so' the gidi vao Hdi giao nhap cQ tai cac vung ven bien.<br /> the ky XVI (hdn 100.000.000 ngUdi) thi cai Viec dua Phi-lip-pin vao trong he thdng<br /> ggi la "the'ky cda bgc" theo Idi cua Richard thue thUdng mai Trung Hoa, nghia la trong<br /> Von Glahn, da cd nhQng anh hudng Idn cac quan he ngoai giao va thUdng mai doi<br /> tren pham vi tean cau. Duarte Gomes de vdi nha Minh, da dien ra ngay sau cac eugc<br /> Solis, mgt thudng gia ngUdi Bd Dao Nha da tham hiem ciia dd dd'c Zheng-He ndi tie'ng<br /> Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hoa lan dau tien 57<br /> <br /> vao d i u the ky XV. Chuyen di cud'i cung viec budn ban cac gia vi va cac san phim cd<br /> cua cac sQ gia Phi-lip-pin tdi Bac Kinh la d i u thdm cua Ddng Nam A. Hang hda<br /> vao nS.m 1424, theo cac tai lieu cua Trung tUdng tu cung dUdc ngudi ta tap trung tai<br /> Hoa. Nam 1565, Miguel Ldpez de Legazpi cac cang Malaca va Atjeh de tQ dd chuyen<br /> da khdng phdng dai khi trong ban tdu thii tdi cac bd bien chau Phi, Bien Dd va Vinh<br /> nhat giii vua Felipe II da khing dinh rang: Pec-sich de rdi sau dd lai dUdc cac doan xe<br /> "chung tdi da den sat cUa va lan can vdi cac chd di Alexandria, Beirut, Cairo va<br /> vUdng qud'c may man nhat tren the gidi Damasco, ndi ma chung se gia nhap vao<br /> nay". thUdng mai cua Dia Trung Hai. Tai cac<br /> tuyen dUdng nay cd sU tham gia cua ca<br /> Cac thudng gia Hdi giao, dUdc ngUdi Tay nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha Hdi giao da tQ<br /> Ban Nha ggi la Moras, da ddng vai trd bd ban dao Iberia sau cac xung dot tai Al-<br /> chinh yeu cho nen kinh te cua q u i n did Andalus va cac cudc chien tranh vdi cac<br /> Phi-lip-pin. Cung theo ban tdu nay, thdng vua Thien Chua giao. NhQng dien hinh cua<br /> tin thudng mai cd dUdc la tQ nhQng thUdng sQ "phat tan thQdng mai" chinh la nhQng<br /> gia nay. Thee hg, nhQng ngQdi Trung Hoa ngQdi biet tieng Tay Ban Nha ma nhQng<br /> va ngUdi Nhat Ban da mang hang hda tdi ngUdi Iberia da gap trong nhQng chuyen di<br /> cac dao Luzdn va Vindoro va nhQng ngQdi d i u tien den chau A. NgUdi dau tien ma<br /> Hdi giao da phan phd'i chung di k h i p quin Vasco da Gama da gap khi tdi An Do da ndi<br /> dao. Mgt ngUdi Tay Ban Nha da ke mdt vdi dng ta b i n g tieng Tay Ban Nha; sau<br /> each ti mi ve mgt lai tau ngUdi Hdi giao, tran phao kich vao Ormuz, nhQng ngUdi Bd<br /> "mgt ngUdi rat kinh nghiem va co nhieu Dao Nha da ke ten mgt ngudi sinh ra tai<br /> kien thQc khdng chi ve cac van de lien quan Granada va nam 1515 da di tren mdt ham<br /> den quan dao Phi-lip-pin ma cdn ca vdi cac ddi tan cdng nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao Nha d<br /> dao Molucas, Borneo, Malaca, Java, An Do Calcuta, hg da gap nhQng ngUdi Hdi giao<br /> va Trung Hoa". Su giau cd cua cac thUdng ndi tie'ng cua Granada va Tuy-ni-di. Nam<br /> gia nay va uy tin ngay cang tang cua cac 1521, chuyen tham hiem cua Magallanes<br /> nghi li Hdi giao da thuc day qua trinh Hdi da cd the giao luu b i n g tie'ng Tay Ban Nha<br /> giao hda q u i n dao. Francisco de Sande da vdi hai ngUdi, mdt d Bdrneo va ngUdi kia d<br /> viet nam 1576 rang nhQng ngUdi Phi-Hp- Tidore, mgt trong cac hdn dao ciia Molucas.<br /> pin "cho r i n g thien dUdng va thanh cdng<br /> trong cdng viec dUdc danh cho nhQng ngUdi Cac cdng ddng ngUdi Dc Thai gdc Iberia<br /> theo tin ngUdng cua nhQng ngQdi Hdi giao ma dan sd da tang dang ke sau cudc true<br /> vung Borneo". xua't nam 1492 cung da ddng mdt vai trd<br /> Phi-hp-pin da tham gia vao mdt trong quan trgng. Cac bQc thQ ciia Ignacio de<br /> cac dUdng day kinh te quan trgng nhat ciia Loyola viet tQ Cairo da den tay nhQng tu si<br /> Thdi Hien dai, cd nhieu thuan Idi nhd mdt ddng Ten d An Do trong mgt thang va vao<br /> ngudi Hdi giad da cung cd cac mang ludi diu the ky XVII, Antonio de Morga da<br /> thUdng mai va cac nha san xuat thdng qua quan sat nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao Nha gUi cac<br /> cac md'i quan he van hda va tin ngUdng trai thong tin tQ An Do ve chfnh qud'c vdi sU<br /> rgng tQ Ma-rd'c den Trung Hoa. William trdng coi cua cac thUdng gia Dd Thai. Trong<br /> Henry Scott da ggi mang quan he nay la cac the ky XVI va XVII, cung nhU hien nay,<br /> "siJ ke't ndi Dia Trung Hdi", cd sd cua nd la thdng tin va canh tranh ngdn ngQ da la<br /> 58 Rghien ciru Lich sii, sd 12.2009<br /> <br /> dieu khdng the thieu trong cac quan he dugc thanh lap, da chQng minh mdt each rd<br /> thudng mai va ddi vdi nhQng ngudi thudc rang b i n chat cua tUdng lai thUdng mai<br /> ban dao Iberia nhQng "phat tan thUdng xuyen Thai Binh Dudng.<br /> mai" cd ngudn gdc ban dao Iberia nam dgc<br /> LUdng vai vdc the hien gia quan lo chau<br /> theo cac tuyen thUdng mai da la mgt sU trd<br /> A de vdi tdi hdn nhieu so vdi hang mang<br /> giup quyet dinh cho giao tiep va nhan den chau My cua cac ham tau Dai Tay<br /> thdng tin. Dudng. Dd sQ Trung Hoa dUdc danh gia r i t<br /> Viec dinh cU cua nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban cao vao the ky XVI tdi mQc Vua Felipe II<br /> Nha da lam ngat quang qua trinh bien ddi da sUu tap den 3000 hien vat b i n g sQ, ke<br /> Manila thanh mgt thanh phd'-nha nirdc Hdi cl tich thu, thdng qua Manila, mdt so'chiec<br /> giao ma, chac chan se banh trUdng tdi p h i n cdc mang mau truyen thd'ng trang va xanh<br /> cdn lai cua Luzdn va cua q u i n dao. Cebu la Id dUdc lam d Jingdezhen, Trung Hoa,<br /> hdn dao d i u tien ndi nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban mang qud'c huy cua Leon va Castilla (cd the<br /> Nha dinh cU va chiem mdt vi tri chien lUdc dUdc sad chep tQ mgt ddng tien xu 1 pe-sd).<br /> tron tuyen dUdng gia vi tdi cac dao Chi trong thdi gian ngan, nhQng ngUdi<br /> Molucas. Tuy nhien, quyet dinh ciia thd Tay Ban Nha da thie't lap dUdc nhQng thay<br /> dan dio Cebu khdng cung cap thUc pham ddi cd b i n trong cac trao ddi thQdng mai<br /> cho hg va bd rugng khdng cay trdng trong cua q u i n did Phi-lip-pin. TrUdc tien, hg da<br /> sudt hai nam da de doa mdt each nghiem cat dQt cac quan he td't dep vdi nhQng<br /> trgng sU sd'ng cdn cua hg. Cong ddng nay da ngUdi Hdi giao d Manila, thay the hg trong<br /> dUdc nhUng ngUdi Hdi giao d Manila cQu va bg may quan ly thanh phd'va lay di vai trd<br /> ban cho hg cac nhu yeu phim. Theo Scott: cac nha phan phd'i hang hda Trung Hoa tai<br /> "bat ky thanh cdng nao ma nhQng ngUdi q u i n dio ciia hg. Su thay ddi nay da khdi<br /> Tay Ban Nha dUdc thu hUdng trong 50 nam d i u cho cuge chien vdi cac thu Iinh Hdi giao<br /> d i u d Phi-lip-pin deu la nhd cd cdng cua phia Nam, nhQng ngUdi tie'p tuc cudc chien<br /> ngudi Hdi giao". Quyet dinh thanh lap Thu cho tdi sau 1898. ThQ hai la hg da dUa vao<br /> dd ciia cdng ddng tai Manila d dao Luzdn cac mang ludi thUdng mai dang tdn tai luc<br /> cung cd nghia la huy bd ke hoach ban d i u dd nhQng so' lugng Idn kim loai quy. Nam<br /> kiem soat viec budn ban gia vi cua cac dio 1573, quan Toan quyen d Me-hi-cd da viet<br /> Molucas vii tiep tuc cac quan he thUdng cho Vua Felipe II thdng bao ve sQ tdn tai<br /> mai da cd trUdc day cua Luzdn vdi Trung ctia cac md vang tren cac hdn dao nhUng<br /> Hca. Cac san pham xuat khau cua hai chi ra rang de budn ban vdi Trung Hoa thi<br /> chuyen tau hang d i u tien trd ve dat chau chu yeu can cd bac: "thQ dUdc d i n h gia cao<br /> My nam 1573, hai nam sau khi Manila hdn bat cQ thQ gi khac". Mgt tu sy ngUdi Bd<br /> <br /> <br /> 448 Ddn g mac vang<br /> 712 Manh lua<br /> 312 Quintal (= 46kg) que<br /> 22 300 Viit dung bing sQ<br /> 11 300 Manh vai bdng vdi gia 2 pe-sd vang mdt manh<br /> 930 A-rd-ba (- 11,5kg) sap vdi gia 15 pe-sd vang/a-rd-ba<br /> 334 A-rd-ba chi bang sdi bong vdi gia tQ 17 den 20 pe-sd vang/ A-rd-ba<br /> Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hoa lan dau tien 59<br /> <br /> <br /> Dao N h a ddng Agustfn t e n la S e b a s t i a n nhQng k h o a n Idi n h u a n thUdng mai len den<br /> M a n r i q u e vdi sU n h a y cam cao do dd'i vdi 100% va 300%, dieu da lam cho Charles R.<br /> cac sU k i e n k i n h te da mieu ta thi trUdng Boxer k h i n g d i n h r i n g : "cd le day la tuye'n<br /> M a n i l a t r o n g nhQng n a m 1637 va 1638: dudng m a n g lai Idi n h u a n cad n h a t trong<br /> ...viee d tren nhUng hdn ddo ndy, rdt gdn thUdng mai qud'c te vdi p h u d n g Ddng".<br /> Trung Hoa, khdng ed mgt mdi dd't ndo tU V i i vdc chfnh la h a n g hda chii yeu dUdc<br /> chd ng den chd kia, hdn mgt tram legua (1 trao ddi vdi bac cua c h a u My. N h u c i u<br /> legua = 5 572m) , cd rdt nhieu td't cd nhiing t h u d n g xuyen cac m a t h a n g nay da kich<br /> gi md Udc mud'n cua con ngUdi md tdi thich nhQng k h o a n d a u t u cua cac thUdng<br /> nhitng diiu td't dep, gidu ed vd chUa tdng gia Me-hi-cd va P e - r u . Tuyen dudng cua<br /> thdy; nhUng niem hanh phiic ndy khdng the t a u chd h a n g hQa h e n nhQng k h o a n d i u tQ<br /> ndi Id nhd vdo cdc dgc tinh cua hdn ddo mdi do chi phi van tai re hdn va ngQdi ta cd<br /> Luzdn, hdn ddo hdm dn nhUng cudc sinh the trd'n dQdc t h u e va cac vu tich t h u nhU<br /> nd, md cdc md d chdu My dd Idm nen vd giti ddi khi da x i y ra vdi bac den tQ Sevilla.<br /> chung den Manila dUdi dgng nhUng ddng N h u n g n h a t la vai vdc c h a u A lai cUc ky<br /> re-an, mui cua nd Idm cho nhdng ngUdi c a n h t r a n h . T r o n g mgt bQc t h u giii cho Vua<br /> Sangleys (nhdng ngUdi Trung Hoa lai Md- Felipe II, mgt vien chQc Tay Ban N h a da<br /> lai hoac Indonesia) hoac ngUdi Trung Hoa giai thfch cac ly do budn ban: "mgt ngudi<br /> phdi them khdt tim de'n, md neu nhU cd the vdi 200 ddng r e - a n co t h e s i m cho vd minh<br /> hg sdn sdng xud'ng dia nguc de kiem ke so du thQ q u i n ao b i n g lua T r u n g hoa nhUng<br /> hdng mdi dUdc mang de'n, de lay di sd bgc vdi 200 pe-sd thi k h d n g t h e lam nhU vay<br /> mong ddi vd de phdi long nhUng ddng re- vdi lua Tay B a n N h a dUdc". Vi vay ma cac<br /> an; vd ne'u nhU vdy, hg hay ndi mdt cdu t i n g Idp giau hdn cung nhQ thd dan (bat<br /> chdm ngdn bdng tie'ng Tay Ban Nha phdt budc p h a i mac q u i n ao) deu d u n g "vii vdc<br /> dm nggng nghiu: Bgc la mdu. cua V i l n Ddng, bdng cua Luzdn hay cua An<br /> Bac t r i n g ciia Tay B a n N h a da trd Do va lua T r u n g Hoa".<br /> t h a n h ddng tien cho ca vung. Vai trd chu<br /> NhQng rao can p h a p ly ap dat cho cac<br /> yeu cua bac, theo nhU Idi cua M a g a l h a e s<br /> chuyen t a u h a n g di Phi-lip-pin, ngUdc ddi<br /> Godinho thi T r u n g Hoa d a n h a n cac ddng<br /> thay, lai gdp p h i n cho nhQng Idi n h u a n phi<br /> pe-sd va bac thdi tQ Me-hi-cd va Potosi.<br /> t h u d n g cua chung. NhQng Idi n h u a n p h a t<br /> N h u n g dieu dd c u n g xay r a vdi p h a n cdn lai<br /> sinh tQ c h e n h lech gia cua bac va ban h a n g<br /> cua Ddng A, vdi nhQng n h a b a n h a t tieu tai<br /> Indonesia, vf du, hg thUdng ddi nhQng hda cdn dUdc cdng t h e m cac Uu the ddc<br /> ngudi H a lan, P h a p va A n h t h a n h toan quyen, do t i n h c h a t h a n che ciia thi trUdng.<br /> b i n g cac ddng r e - a n b i n g bac. Theo Reid: Cac chi phi v a n tai, trUc tie'p cung nhU gian<br /> "nhQng ddng tien T a y B a n N h a nay t r e n tiep, cung dUdc trd gia mdt each chinh thQc.<br /> thiic te da trd t h a n h ddng tien qudc te cua Ngoai ra, cac c h u y e n t a u h a n g h i u nhU deu<br /> khu vuc D d n g N a m A t r o n g nUa d i u cua d u n g n h a n cdng t h d d a n , d u n g gd va sdi<br /> the ky XVII". Viec tiep can t r u e tiep vdi bac cua P h i - h p - p i n . Ngoai ra, ddi vdi nhQng<br /> Me-hi-cd va P e - r u d a dUdc ngUdi t a cho ngudi Me-hi-cd va P e - r u , chuyen t a u h a n g<br /> r i n g n h Q n g ngQdi T a y B a n N h a da kiem da bd s u n g chd m a u dich Dai Tay Dudng<br /> dQdc q u a cac c h u y e n t a u h a n g ciia M a n i l a mdt cd hdi nQa de iQu t h d n g tien te cua<br /> 60 Rghien curu Lich six, sd 12.2009<br /> <br /> minh: "\1 hg cin tai dau tU nhanh chdng de cua cac tau chd hang va ciia cac thuyen be<br /> cd nhQng Idi nhuan mdi, kha nang nhan khac, trong luc dd hg van bi lam dung phai<br /> dudc hang cung cap tQ phQdng Ddng ddi vdi lam cac cdng viec cUc nhgc va bat budc phai<br /> hg la mgt cd hdi tuyet vdi". MQc thue ap ban ndng san. Tuy nhien nhQng ngQdi Phi-<br /> dung thap vi viec gian lan dien ra tren tat lip-pin cung da tham gia vao thQdng<br /> cl ciic hoat dgng ctia day chuyen. NhQng trudng nhd nhQng kien thQc ve thi trUdng<br /> ngudi Trung Hoa ddng gdi lua vdi sd'lUdng ciia hg va da lam cho nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban<br /> Idn hdn rat nhieu so vdi quy dinh cho mdi Nha p h i i than phuc. Nam 1567, Miguel<br /> "thung hang", nghia la ddn vi khd'i lUdng Ldpez de Legazpi da gui cho Vua Felipe II<br /> tai cua tau. Ve phan minh, cac sy quan va mdt cai can nhu mdt minh chQng cho sU lo<br /> thuy thu cung phan khdi cdng tac: hg chat lang ve mQc do chinh xac trong cac trao ddi<br /> day hang len tau tdi mQc cd the gay nguy vdi cac t h i n dan tQdng lai: "de DQc Vua cd<br /> hiem cho sU an toan, hg thao cac khau dai the thay r i n g nhQng ngUdi nay cUc ky ky<br /> bac, mang theo it nudc nhat, hg tinh den ludng can than trong cac quan he ciia<br /> lay them nudc mUa trong sudt hanh trinh, minh". Theo Pedro Chirino d ban Tau nam<br /> hg cdn keo theo nhQng chiec xudng chd day 1600: "hg da va dang la nhQng ngUdi rat<br /> hang hda va chat them hang dgc theo hanh thdng minh va khee leo trong ddi xQ, hdp<br /> trinh tQ Manila den Embocadero, cQa bien. ddng, mua va ban, thuc dung cho bat ky<br /> mgt trang trai nao, cho ddng rugng va chan<br /> Cung nhu cac xa hgi khac cua Dong nudi ciia cac trang trai dd va ngUdi ta phai<br /> Nam A, Phi-lip-pin da duy tri dUdc so' dan ngac nhien ve do chfnh xac ciia hg trong<br /> ddng dao tap trung d thanh thi do cd thQa cac giao dich budn ban ke ca vao ban dem<br /> lua gao va nhd vao van tai bien va sdng, re va ngay sau khi vQa ud'ng rUdu: "neu nhU<br /> hdn nhieu so vdi van tai dudng bg, dUdc sQ de nghi hg mua hay ban thQ gi dd, hg<br /> dung cho thUdng mai dia phUdng cQng nhu khdng chi khdng lung tung trong giai quye't<br /> thUdng mai vdi nUdc ngoai. Ddng bang ma cdn p h i i can vang hay bac de tfnh tien<br /> trung tam cua dao dudc ddng Sdng Ldn tUdi (rat phd bien d cac nUdc nay va \n vay mdi<br /> mat cho hai vu lua mgt nam, cung cap ngUdi deu mang theo qua can trong tui) va<br /> lUdng thQc cho Manila tQ Lloco, cho hg can het sQc can than, tay khdng he run<br /> Molucas va Mindanao tu dao Panay tai va cung he sai lech chut nao".<br /> xTing Visayas. Ngoai ra, trong trUdng hdp<br /> thieu gad, cac vu thu hdach khoai lang cho NhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha tap trung d<br /> phep ngan nan ddi lan rgng trong khi ca vi trf chien lUdc chd thudng mai. NTiQng<br /> rat nhieu se bd sung dam cho bua an. Theo \'iang dat rgng cua q u i n dao n i m ngoai tam<br /> Idi ctia Morga: "... cd rat nhieu ca d bien va kiem soat cua cac vien chQc va cac nha<br /> sdng, bad gdm dii loai ca nudc nggt va nUdc truyen dao Tay Ban Nha, dac biet la vung<br /> man ma ngUdi ta an hang ngay". Mindanao va cac \Ting nui. TQ Mindanao<br /> Phi-lip-pm cung la mdt su trd giup va Zulu, cac thu linh Hdi giao gay rdi cac<br /> quyet dinh cho thUdng mai thugc dia ve tai vung lanh thd n i m dudi quyen cai tri ciia<br /> nguyen va nhan lUc. Luzdn da cung cap go ngudi Tay Ban Nha. Cung nhU vay nhQng<br /> chat lUdng cao cho cac xQdng ddng tau, sdi ngUdi dUdc ggi la "Igorrotes" thugc day nui<br /> va vai lam budm va cac loai day cua tau. phia bic cua Luzdn, Phi-lip-pin, da chan<br /> Cu dan ctia hg la mgt p h i n thuy thii doan dQng dudc nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban NTia, du<br /> Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hda lan dau tien 61<br /> <br /> <br /> r i n g hg da biet ve nhQng md v a n g d dd: "... chac c h i n hdn la d n h a cua hg". Hg chi lay<br /> t a u h a n g r a t khd k h a n mdi den dUdc, lUdng viing tdi t h i e u c i n thiet de m u a h a n g<br /> k h d n g h e cd bao trUdc". Cd nhQng k h i n g hoac ddng t h u e , gay r a nhQng Idi chi trich<br /> dinh ve sU tdn t a i cua cac md d nhQng ndi cua cac vien chQc va cha dao ve "sU vd cam<br /> khac t r e n cac d i o : d a n b i n dia cd r a t nhieu tu n h i e n " cua hg, dieu mil phd vUdng d Me-<br /> vang m a theo Morga: "mdt ngudi p h a i r a t hi-cd da t h a n phien trong t h u giii cho<br /> ngheo va khd'n k h d mdi k h d n g cd day Felipe II n a m 1573 r i n g : "thd dan chi<br /> chuyen, vdng deo t a y va k h u y e n tai b i n g k h i n g d i n h r a n g k h i nao hg c i n vang thi<br /> vang". P e d r o Chirino, mgt cd dao ddng Gie- cac md d g i n thdi". Chi'nh quyen cung da<br /> su cung da de cap den dieu dd khi ndi ve lam mdt c h u t de cai t h i e n tinh t r a n g d cac<br /> nhQng ngUdi Phi-lfp-pin nhU: "NhQng md, mgt p h a n la vi t a p t r u n g vao cac md la<br /> ngQdi, mac du ndi c h u n g k h d n g p h a i giau sU bQ d i p rieng cho thUdng mai, nhU cha<br /> lam, n h u n g hg dQng q u a n ao b i n g lua va Francisco Colin hay Antonio de Morga da<br /> bdng va m a n g cac dd vat b i n g vang, khdng de xuat. N h u vay, vao giQa the ky XVII da<br /> chi cac m a n h t r a n g trf va k h u y d q u i n ao cd nhQng chinh sach kich thi'ch t h u e q u a n<br /> ma cdn cd cac day c h u y e n r a t dep, cac va "ngUdi ta da giam t h u e d a n h vao vang<br /> k h u y e n tai, n h a n , deo d i y cd, day tai, tay tdi "20 h a y 15%" n h u n g rdi da t h a t bai,<br /> va c h a n , d a n dng cung n h u dan ba". Vao theo mdt nha t r u y e n dao", "vi khdng biet<br /> cudi t h e k y XVII, t o a n q u y e n Phi-lip-pin da each liim t a n g t i n h t h a m lam cua thd dan".<br /> tinh gia tri s i n x u a t dia phUdng va, theo T r e n thUc te', khi nhQng ngQdi Tay Ban<br /> thdng t i n cua Gemelli C a r r e r i , k h o a n g gan N h a den dUdc cac md M a s b a t e d Visayas -<br /> nhQng hdn dao cd n h i e u v a n g n h a t - thi<br /> 200.000 pe-sd m a n h u n g ngUdi b a n xii da<br /> dan b a n dia da bd r a di h e t rdi.<br /> khai t h a e ma "khdng c i n den lua hoac t h u y<br /> ngan". NhQng ngUdi Phi-lfp-pin da d u n g so' Ngoai b u d n b a n b a n g bac va viing (ma<br /> vang n a y de b u d n b a n vdi nhQng ngudi p h a n r a t ldn la s a n g An Do), nhQng ngQdi<br /> ngdai qud'c. Phi-lip-pin da tiep tuc x u a t k h a u cac san<br /> p h a m t r u y e n thd'ng cua m i n h . Hg x u a t vd<br /> NhQng ngUdi d a n m i e n nui cd q u a n he<br /> dc (Cypraea moneta) s a n g cac nUdc Ddng<br /> thUdng m a i tUdng trUng vdi nhQng ngUdi<br /> N a m A n h u Xiem, C a m - p u - c h i a va Malasia<br /> Phi-lfp-pin d dudi xudi t h d n g q u a viec ban<br /> de d u n g lam tien "nhU d T a n Tay Ban N h a<br /> vang, s a p va cac s a n p h a m k h a c cua rQng.<br /> vdi cac h a t cacad" theo sU g i i i thfch cua<br /> Antdnid de M o r g a da n h a n m a n h : mac du<br /> Morga. Benito L e g a r d a da chi ra r a n g da cd<br /> hg k h d n g t i n h che v a n g mdt each hoan<br /> toan, c u n g k h d n g l a m h o a n chinh, hg da cac q u a n h e vdi C a m - p u - c h i a tQ n a m 1594,<br /> m a n g c h u n g den mdt sd ndi d Llocos de ddi vdi Ddng dUdng n a m 1596 va vdi nUdc Xiem<br /> lay gao, ldn, t r a u , c h a n va cac thQ c i n d u n g n a m 1599; "nhUng viec b u d n b a n nay chUa<br /> khac. NhQng ngudi d Llocos tinh che h o a n bao gid ldn hoac t h a t deu dan". CQng cd the<br /> toan v a n g va dUa c h u n g p h a n phdi tren ndi n h u vay vdi An Do. N a m 1644 con tau<br /> k h i p t r a i d a t . NhQng ngUdi Phi-lip-pin Seahorse da tdi M a n i l a theo lenh cua<br /> khac cQng xQ ly v a n g nhUng t r a n h dUa British East India Company (Cdng ty Ddng<br /> t h d n g tin ve n h Q n g ndi cd md v a n g vi sd An Anh) chd mdt c h u y e n bdng va da md<br /> r i n g n h Q n g ngUdi Tay B a n N h a se chiem d i u cho mgt m a u dich h a n che vii p h a n t a n<br /> het v a n g . "Hg ndi r i n g v a n g n i m d dudi d a t giQa An Do va P h i - l i p - p i n b a t d i u t a n g<br /> 62 Rghien ciru Lich sit. sd 12.2009<br /> <br /> trUdng tQ nam 1674 nhQng chUa bao gid trd Sii hien dien cua Tay Ban Nha da lam<br /> thanh quan trgng vi cac tau chau Au bi cho so' ngUdi ngoai qud'c den Phi-lfp-pin<br /> cam vao Manila va chi dUdc vao khi mang tiing them. NgUdi ta d i n thanh lap cac<br /> cd A chau nhu dii xiy ra vdi 4 con tau cua cdng ddng Ddng Nam A, den tQ Hdi An,<br /> Elihu Yale, ngUdi ma ten dii dUdc dat cho Phnom-penh va A-yut-tha-ya. NhUng cdng<br /> mdt trUdng Dai hgc cd uy tin ciia My. ddng chfnh van la ngUdi Hoa, chii yeu den<br /> tQ Fujian. Cung vdi thUdng mai dudng<br /> Vdi Nhat Ban thUdng mai cd manh me bien, hg d i n nam giQ vai trd phan phd'i<br /> hdn mac du sdm bi ngat quang. Thee Pedre ndng s i n va thiiy san tdi mQc ma tap doan<br /> Chirind, Phi-lip-pin da xuat khau da hUdu, Tiiy Ban Nha p h i i phu thugc vao cdng viec<br /> rUdu cg vii ngudi ta cdn biet de'n mgt so' vd cua hg, nhu thay ddng Domingo Salazar da<br /> cd mciu nau, khdng rd ngudn gd'c mil Nhat phai cdng nhan vao nam 1590 khi chQng<br /> ban dung de bao q u i n tra, da dUdc ban vdi minh cho Vua Felipe II rang nhQng ngQdi<br /> gia rat cao. Phi-lip-pin cQng nhap lua mi, thd thu cdng Tay Ban Nha khdng cdn lam<br /> bdt nghien, cac kim loai, ni-trat kali, vu viec nQa: "cac nghe cd khi cua nhQng ngUdi<br /> khi vii bac ma theo bao cao ciia Juan Tay Ban Nha da dQng cl rdi". Thay ddng<br /> Pacheco Maldonado vao khoang nam 1575, nay da ta chi tiet va dam bao r i n g nhQng<br /> ngitdi ta ddi b i n g viing. Gang Manila dii la ngudi Hoa dii dam nhiem viec xay dQng<br /> ndi nhQng ngudi Nhat Ban mua viing va nhii cUa, ke ea nen cdng nghiep lam ngdi va<br /> ban hiing hda, vii cung la ndi hg ddi bac lay gach; hg giQ khau nhap khau bdt my tQ<br /> lua Trung Hoa. Dieu nay da gay ra sU p h i n Trung Hoa vii liim biinh my, ngoiii ra cdn<br /> ddi tu phia Macao vi lo sd r i n g dieu dd se cung cap ban chiu: "hg vd cung phu hdp,<br /> liim ha gia lua d Nagasaki. Tong cdng, khi mdt ngUdi khdng cd tien de tra tien<br /> trong nhQng nam 1586 de'n nam 1635 da cd banh my che hg, hg cho chiu va rat nhieu<br /> khoang 95 tiiu Nhat Ban den Phi-lfp-pin, binh linh da an chiu nhu vay cl nam trdi"<br /> nhUng tQ dd viec kiem soiit thUdng mai dd Ong ta cdn ndi them: "Va dieu ldn nhat duy<br /> Tokugawa thiet liip da liim tan vd sQ trao tri cho thanh phd' niiy la ca ma nhQng<br /> ddi. ngUdi Hda nay mang den ban", dng cung<br /> dam bao, sau nay Chirine vii nhQng ngUdi<br /> Budn ban nd le lii mgt hinh thQc khac ma<br /> khac cung dii lap lai ring: "thanh phd dUdc<br /> Phi-lip-pin dii dQa viao thUdng mai the gidi.<br /> cung cap diy du nhu lii d Madrid hay<br /> NhQng ngQdi Bd Dao Nha da ban nd le chau<br /> Salamanca".<br /> Phi, nhQng ke ngoai dao cua Nam Phi va<br /> nhQng ngUdi Ghi-ne. Tai Acapulco ngUdi ta<br /> NgUdi ta da giai quyet cac xung dot<br /> cung da ban cac nd le dugc chd tren tau<br /> thudng ky vdi cdng ddng ngUdi Hoa mdt<br /> hang vdi giii ma ngUdi ta dat ra nam 1626 la<br /> each nhanh chdng nhd sU quan tam cua ca<br /> 500 pe-sd/nd le. Sd'lUdng nd le cung dang kd;<br /> hai phfa de cung quay lai mdi quan he cdng<br /> ddi vdi nhQng ngUdi da den vii da nau<br /> sinh. Mdi cudc ndi day cua nhQng ngUdi<br /> chuyen ddi, nhii thd Manila dii thanh lap<br /> Hoa nay (1603, 1639, 1662 va 1686) deu<br /> Gido xU cua nhUng ngUdi da ndu tU do vd<br /> keo theo sau dd mdt thdi ky suy thdai kinh<br /> nhUng ngUdi no le, treng khi nhQng giad dan<br /> te tUdng dd'i n g i n nhu da xay ra vao nam<br /> ddng Ten da td chQc cho hg 6 hgi ai hQu.<br /> 1603, mac du da tan sat h i u nhu hoan toan<br /> Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hda lan dau tien 63<br /> <br /> <br /> nhung chi sau dd hai nam, nam 1605 da lai diu tu va thudng gia tQ Me-hi-cd, Macao,<br /> cd 8500 ngudi Hoa d Manila va lan can. Malaca va Molucas. TQ viec kiem tra tai<br /> san cua anh ta ngUdi ta cd the suy ra<br /> ThQ da nudi nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha<br /> ngudn gd'c va t i m quan trgng cua cac hang<br /> d Phi-lip-pin chinh la viec budn ban cua<br /> hda mil cac chuyen tau hiing da van chuyen<br /> cac chuyen tiiu hang. Cac du an chinh phuc<br /> trong nhQng nam dd. Nhin vao tam quan<br /> Trung Hoa va cac chuyen tham hiem sang<br /> trgng ciia Manila, lua thd va vai vdc da<br /> Cam-pu-chia va Thai Lan da khdng dat<br /> chiem tdi 89% so' tai san, sau dd tdi vang,<br /> dUdc chut ket qua nao. Viec chiem ddng<br /> gia vi, nd le, hdng nggc va kim cUdng. Cac<br /> Formosa (Dai Loan) tQ nam 1626 den 1642<br /> vien hdng nggc va kim cUdng niiy lii mdt<br /> chi mang muc dfch bao ve cac tuye'n dudng<br /> hinh thQc chuyen vd'n di xa mdt each tUdng<br /> chd cdi den Manila, canh khu dinh cU ciia<br /> dd'i de dang va kin dao. Tuyen Thai Binh<br /> ngUdi Ha Lan mil hg da bd di.<br /> DUdng da la con dUdng du phdng cho cac<br /> Cac thUdng nhan Manila vdi sU tiii trd tau Bd Diao Nha de chd kim cUdng sang<br /> cua ngUdi Hda vii Nha thd, ddng vai trd chau Au mac du tQ giQa the ky XVII,<br /> nhu nhQng cdng ty bio hiem hang hai va nhQng ngUdi Kitd Mdi da bat diu sU dung<br /> trong nhieu trudng hdp chinh cac thUdng nhQng con tau cua British East India<br /> gia Me-hi-cd vii Pe-ru da cu ngudi ciia Company de van chuyen dii quy.<br /> minh den de true tiep mua hang tai dd.<br /> NhUng h i u nhu khdng cd tai lieu tU nhan Cac till lieu lii;n quan ddn Diogo<br /> nao ve cac thUdng gia vii sU mieu ta cua cac Fernandez Vitoria da xep Phi-lip-pin vao<br /> phdng sU chi la chung chung, vi vay mil rat mdt mang ludi trao ddi hang hda va dau tU<br /> dang neu la trudng hdp cua mgt ngUdi Kitd rac rdi bao trum mgt phan ldn cua hanh<br /> Mdi, Diogo Fernandes Vitoria d Manila tQ tinh. Cac nhdm thUdng gia va "cdng ddng<br /> nam 1580 den 1598, bi tda an di giao Me- thudng mai Do Thai" cung nhU nhQng<br /> hi-cd tuyen an vii James C. Boyajian da ngudi Kitd Mdi, da tham gia vad viec budn<br /> nghien cQu cac boat ddng cua anh ta. ban nd le, dau tU vao thUdng mai chau A va<br /> chuyen cac s i n pham sang chau Au. Cung<br /> Fernandes Vitoria da tQ Manila dau tU<br /> cdng tac vdi cac thUdng nhan cua cac hdi<br /> vao Me-hi-cd, Bra-xin va ciic nUdc chau A.<br /> qudc gia vii tdn giao khac nhau, cac td chQc<br /> Mac du ngudn Idi nhuan chu yen ciia anh<br /> cua thUdng gia nay da chgn nhQng tuyen<br /> ta la cd tQ bac cua Me-hi-cd, anh ta ddi nd<br /> dudng thUdng mai cd Idi nhat va tranh tdi<br /> lay hang Trung Hoa rdi giii sang Pe-ru,<br /> Me-hi-cd vii Ca-ri-be. NhQng nhan vien mQc tdi da cac quy dinh cua nha nUdc. TQ<br /> ngUdi Hda cua anh ta mua lai d cac hdi chd nam 1620, nhQng ngUdi Kitd Mdi vung<br /> d Quang Ddng de rdi cac thuyen Nhat Ban Sevilla bat d i u d i u tu vao tau chd hang<br /> van chuyen chung den Manila. Cac nhan chd Manila do cac trac trd vdi Carreira da<br /> vien thudng tru gUi ve cho anh ta gia vi tQ India ciia Bd Dao Nha. TrUdng hdp cua<br /> cac dao Banda va Ambon thudc Molucas va Antonio Martins d'Orta nam 1629 da nhan<br /> cac san pham cua Coromandel, Ceilan, tai Sevilla 200.000 cru-za-dd bing nggc<br /> Mien Dien, Thai Lan vii p h i n cdn lai ciia trai Trung Hoa, hd phach va xa hUdng.<br /> quin dao Indonesia tQ Malaca. NhQ vay, Ngoai ra, nhQng ngUdi Kitd Mdi d Manila<br /> khi tich thu tiii san, Tda di giao da tim cdn quan he vdi nhQng ngUdi d Macad va<br /> thay nhQng khoan tien dUdc gUi tQ cac nha An Do. Vao the ky XVII hg chua biet ke<br /> 64 Rghien cmi Lich sii, sd 12.2009<br /> <br /> toan nhu Diogo Fernandez Vitoria; tuy khdng cho hat va ludn phai mang hat gidng<br /> nhien, ngUdi ta biet rang cic thUdng gia tQ Castilla, Trung Hoa hoac Nhat Ban<br /> nay da gUi tdi chau A it nhat la 450.000 den". Ngoai ra cac cay nay da dUdc van<br /> cru-za-dd, khoing 360.000 pe-sd, Udc tfnh chuyen cung eac kien thQc sinh hgc da cd<br /> vao khoang mdt phan ba so vd'n ma Bd Dao dQdc d chau My: "nhQng loai cay den tQ Tay<br /> Nha da d i u tU trong nhQng thap ky dd. Ban Nha Mdi (chau My) dUdc giii tdi cac<br /> hdn dao vdi lai lich day du ve cdng dung,<br /> Cac chuyen tiiu hang cung da tao nen<br /> dac tfnh va cac dac diem". Vi du, cay di da<br /> nhQng thay ddi quan trgng den mdi trudng<br /> trd thanh mdt loai "cay cin thiet trong<br /> ma trong nhQng nam gin day da nhan<br /> nhQng thdi ky ddi kem". Dieu dd cQng xay<br /> dUdc su quan tam ngay cang tang cua cac<br /> ra tQdng tii vdi cac loai dgng vat. NhQng<br /> nhii sU ky. Dd'i vdi van de dd, cin phai phan<br /> ngQdi Tay Ban Nha da dQa bd tQ chau My<br /> biet hang cua cac chuyen tau dd, nhU<br /> va Trung Hoa tdi va da phat trien tai cac<br /> Benito Legarda da lam, giQa sd' hang da<br /> trang trai ldn cua cac cd' dao tai quin dao,<br /> dQdc ghi chep va cac gia vi ma gia tri tien<br /> ndi ngUdi ta cung dUa trau da dUdc thuan<br /> te cua nd gan nhu b i n g khdng. Viec du<br /> hda cua Trung Hoa vao va IQa, ngiia, la<br /> nhap cac loai thUe vat ciia Me-hi-cd va<br /> cung vay. Vao thdi ciia Morga ngUdi ta cdn<br /> Trung My vao da cd mgt tam quan trgng to<br /> du nhap ca nhQng gid'ng ddng thUc vat ciia<br /> ldn ddi vdi tUdng lai, mgt so' trong dd da<br /> Trung Hoa va Nhat Ban. Ngoai ra, viec du<br /> lam giau them bQa an cua ngUdi Phi-hp-<br /> nhap cac loai dgng thiic vat vao Phi-lfp-pin<br /> pin, trong khi nhieu loai cay khac lai cd<br /> da tao ra nhung anh hUdng quan trgng ddi<br /> t i m quan trgng trong thUdng mai va tiii<br /> chinh ctia nhii nUdc. NhQng cay quan trgng vdi lich sU cua Trung Hoa va phan cdn lai<br /> nhat la ngd, thud'c la, dQa sdi, du du, dQa, cua khu vuc. Vao the ky XVII ngUdi ta da<br /> ca tim, san, ca chua, khoai tay va ca phe xuat khau mgt khd'i lUdng dang ke thud'c la<br /> (mang den tQ chau Phi). cua Manila di Batavia va tQ cudi the ky<br /> XVIII nd da trd thanh ddc quyen tao ra<br /> Cac nha viet phdng sQ de qud'c cd ngudn nhQng khoan Idi nhuan khdng Id cho Thii<br /> gd'c tQ cac xa hdi ndng nghiep da y thQc dd. Tai Trung Hoa, cay thud'c la den Phuc<br /> dQdc tam quan trgng ve lau dai cua cac linh Kien vao khoang nhQng nam 1573 va 1569<br /> vUc nay va da dUa cac sU kien nay vae cac de rdi mau chdng lan rdng ra khap ca nQdc.<br /> bai viet cua hg. Miguel Ldpez de Legazpi<br /> da viet chd Vua Felipe II ve cac hat gid'ng Thdi quen h u t thud'c la nhanh chdng<br /> dUa tQ Castilla sang da nhanh chdng ddm gan lien vdi vdi viec tieu thu cac loai ma<br /> hoa ket triii nhanh chdng nhu the nao d tuy khac. Nam 1671 d Batavia ngUdi ta<br /> Cebu. Jose Montero va Vidal cho r i n g cd' da budn b i n cac hon hdp cua thud'c<br /> dao Chirino la ngUdi da dUa cac gid'ng cua phien, thud'c la va c i n sa de san xuat ra<br /> chau Au va chau My vao nen ndng nghiep madak.<br /> dia phUdng. Antonio Morga da neu bat Khoai lang (Ipomoea batatas) la mdt<br /> r i n g neu nhu cac cay luu phat trien td't va loai cii cd t i m quan trgng ldn tren toan<br /> nho cho ba vu thu hoach mdt nam, thi cac chau A. fChoai lang dUdc Jin Chenlung, mgt<br /> cay an qua va d-liu lai khdng phat trien thUdng nhan Trung hoa budn ban giQa<br /> may va nhan xet rang: "tat c l cac loai thUc Phi-lfp-pin va Fujian dUa vao Viet Nam.<br /> vat deu phat trien td't va rat nhieu nhUng Con cua dng ta da tang cho mdt quan chQc<br /> Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hda lan dau tien 65<br /> <br /> dia phUdng vao nam 1594, trung lap vdi tri cua vang va bac tren thi trUdng.<br /> thdi ky ddi vii vi vay nd da nhanh chdng lan Toan cau hda lan dau tien dii la mdt<br /> rdng ra cac vung khac. Khoai lang den Tan hien tUdng dien ra tren k h i p hanh tinh,<br /> Ghi-ne cd the cung tQ Phi-lip-pin vii da giiy khdng cd mdt trung tam Uu tien nao ca.<br /> ra mdt cudc 'Tiung nd dan sd" d vung cao NhQng ngudi My, nhQng ngQdi chau Au,<br /> nguyen cua dao. NhQng ngUdi Tay Ban chau Phi, chau A, khdng phan bipt tang<br /> Nha da du nhap khoai lang vao Dai loan Idp xa hgi hay dang phai chfnh tri, da<br /> vao theky XVII. thay xa hdi ciia hg bi chuyen ddi tQ gdc re<br /> Trong sU phdi hdp giQa cac true kinh te do sQc manh kinh te khdng dQa vao bat<br /> ciia the ky XVI va XVII, bac la thQ hang ky mgt hanh dgng cd y thQc cua mdt ddn<br /> hda chien lUdc ndi lien s i n xuat cua thd vi niio. Cudi cung, y nghi cua viec trao<br /> dan da dd va cac thd md vung San Luis ddi cac ddng thUc vat ve lau dai da tao ra<br /> Potosi (Me-hi-cd) va Nhat Ban vdi nhu cau nhQng ket qua xa hgi phi thudng. Cac<br /> cua Trung Hoa. Cac dudng day budn ban san pham ciia chau A nhU lua, bdng va<br /> bac xuyen qua cac luc dia va viec ban hang dd sQ, da la mdt ddi thay trong cudc sd'ng<br /> hda, tra lUdng va thu thud phu thudc vao hang ngay cua cac dan tdc bi ngan each<br /> cac dudng day dd. Tudng ddi nhanh, nhQng bdi cac dai dUdng d chau My va chiiu Au.<br /> ngUdi Incas xUa (Pe-ru), nhQng cQ dan cua Cung nhu cay thud'c la chau My, hay cay<br /> Visayas, cac ndng diin Trung hoa nha Minh khoai lang da lam thay ddi nhQng thdi<br /> hay dan mien nui cua dao Luzdn da budn quen cua nhQng ngQdi chau A. NhQng<br /> ban vii t r i tien thue cua hg bang bac hoac kien thQc mdi ve ngdn ngQ va dia ly va<br /> vang, dan xen vdi nhau nhu vay theo sil dia vi cua nhQng ngQdi chau Au tai<br /> tiing giam kinh te cua mdt thi trudng toan nhQng diem chien lUdc tai A chau trong<br /> ciu. Cac ngudn tai chinh cua cac qud'c thdi ky hien dai da la nhQng sU khdi d i u<br /> vUdng Otomanos (Thd Nhi Ky), nhQng cua cac de qud'c thUc dan sau nay. Neu<br /> ngUdi thugc gia dinh Habsburgo, cua Ha nhu bac da lii hang hda tao ra sU toan<br /> Lan va Anh qud'c, cua nhQng ngUdi Mdng cau hda l i n dau tien thi tau budm chd<br /> Cd thugc An Do vii nha Minh... deu phu hang cua Manila la, theo nhu Idi cua mgt<br /> thudc mdt each chat che vao cac ngudn thu nha sU hgc Phi-lfp-pin, "phUdng tien de<br /> cua minh b i n g cac kim lo,ai quy vii viio gia thu nhd the gidi vao mgt dan tgc".<br />