N g h i § n c\3u<br />
G i a d i n h vk G i 6 i<br />
S^ 2 - 2 0 1 2<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Phu nir nong thon iao dong xuat ichau<br />
Of nir6G ngodi: iVIot so dac diem vd he qua xa hoi<br />
<br />
Nguyen Thj Thanh Tarn<br />
Vien Gia dinh vd Gidi<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Tom tat: Tren cd sd cac ket qua thu dUdc trong qua trinh tong<br />
quan tai lieu va khao sat thUc dia thuoc de tai "NhiJng van de<br />
xa hoi cua phu niJ nong thon Viet Nam la'y chong va lao dong cl<br />
nUdc ngoai" ciia Vien Gia dinh va Gidi nam 2009-2010, bai vie't<br />
neu len nhflng dac diem cd ban cua nfl lao dong xuat khau va<br />
mot so'he qua tich cUc ciing nhU tieu cUc ciia viec xua't khau lao<br />
dong nfl. Ke't qua cho tha'y, doi v6i nhieu vflng nong thon Viet<br />
Nam, xud't khdu lao dong nfl la chien lUde xoa doi giam ngheo co<br />
hieu qua va phan nao dong gop cho sU thay doi quan he phan<br />
cong lao dong theo gidi theo chieu hudng tien bo hdn. Cac he qua<br />
tieu cUc ciia xud't khau lao dong nfl tren pham vi quoc gia dUdc<br />
nh6m gop theo ba vdn de, do la vdn de tuyen dung, va'n de bao<br />
ve quyen ldi eiia phii nfl khi lao dong b nUdc ngoai va va'n de xa<br />
hoi sau khi ho het han hdp dong ti-cl ve.<br />
<br />
Tii khoa: Phu nfl; Lao dong nfl; Xud't khau lao dong nfl.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Dat van de<br />
Sau nhung ndm ddu cua thdp ky 90 cua the' ky XX, su chuyin hudng<br />
nin kinh te'va chie'n luge xud't khdu lao ddng theo nhu cdu thi trudng cua<br />
Viet Nam da tao ra cdc thj trudng lao ddng rdng ldn, thuc ddy sd lugng<br />
di ddn qud'c te' ngdy eang eao nhdm tim kie'm cac ea hdi vide lam c d H<br />
Nguyin Thi Thanh Tam 85<br />
<br />
nhdp eao va eac vdn hdi mdi. Tfnh de'n ndm 2010, da cd hon 500.000 lao<br />
ddng Viet Nam di lao ddng xud't khdu d nude ngoai, eu tru tren 40 qud'c<br />
gia va vung lanh thd. Lao ddng nfl chie'm mdt phdn ba sd lao ddng xud't<br />
khdu, phan Idn Id lao ddng phd thdng de'n tfl vung ndng thdn, ed ky ndng<br />
thd'p, ft duge ddo tao trude khi di, vi the', chu ye'u lam trong cdc nganh<br />
nghi cd thu nhdp thd'p nhu giup viee gia dinh, nhdn vien y tl, khan hd<br />
edng hay lao ddng ndng nghiep trong ede vflng trang trai, edng nhdn mdt<br />
sd nhd may ldp rdp dien tfl. det may. Nhdm danh gia thue trang vd nhflng<br />
he qua eua \ iec dua lao ddng nfl di lao ddng xuat khdu nude ngoai, thdng<br />
3, ndm 2009, phdng nghien eflu Phu nfl thudc Vien Gia dinh va Gidi da<br />
dugc Vien Khoa hge xa hdi Viet Nam giao nhicm via tie'n hdnh dl tdi ed'p<br />
bd trong hai ndm mang ten "Nhung vd'n dl xa hdi eua phu nfl ndng thdn<br />
Viet Nam Id'y ehdng va lao ddng d nude ngoai" Bai vie't dudi ddy trinh<br />
bay mdt sd ede ke't qua duge rut ra trong qua trinh tdng quan eac tai lieu<br />
lien quan va tfl khao sat thue dja nhung gia dinh ed phu nfl da hodc dang<br />
di lao ddng ngoai nude tai xa Ddng Tdn'", huyen Ddng Hung, tinh Thai<br />
Binh trong nam 2010.<br />
<br />
2. Nhumg dac diem cua lao dong nCrViet Nam tham gia lao dong xuift<br />
khau nudc ngoai<br />
<br />
Lao dpng ndhien chiem khodng mpt phdn ba tong sdlao dpng Viet<br />
Nam a nudc ngodi (LDXKNN), dieu ndy phdn dnh xu hu&ng lao dpng<br />
dpc lap cua lao dpng nd<br />
Bao cdo cua Cue Quan Iy lao ddng nude ngoai (QLLDNN) eho thd'y,<br />
trong vdng 10 ndm, kl tfl ndm 2000 de'n ndm 2010 trong long sd han<br />
600.000 ngan LDXKNN, ed 224.785 lao ddng nfl, chie'm khoang 32,6%<br />
lue lugng lao ddng di tru qude td. Ty le phu nfl LDXKNN da dat den<br />
37,86% vdo nam 2003 va dat dinh Id 52,43% trong 8 thang ddu nam 2004<br />
do thdi ky nay, thj trudng Dai Loan ed nhu cdu tuyin dung lao ddng nfl<br />
dot bie'n'^'.<br />
Tai Thdi Binh ndi ehung va d dilm nghien eun Ddng Tan, lue lugng lao<br />
ddng nfl tham gia vdo thj trudng lao ddng qude te dp dao nam gidi. Trong<br />
giai doan 2002 - 2005, ty le nfl LDXKNN chiem de'n 81,5% tdng sd ngudi<br />
di xud't khau lao ddng hdng ndm ciia tinh (tfl 2500-3000 ngudi/tinh)'^'. 6<br />
xa Ddng Tdn, hidn dang ed khoang 186 lao ddng nfl (70%) trong tdng sd<br />
gdn 300 LDXKNN. Ddng gdp eua cdc LDXKNN ngudi Thai Binh, trong<br />
dd ehu yeu Id lao ddng nfl da dem vl khoang 45 trieu dd la eho tinh Uong<br />
ba ndm va UBND tinh ghi nhdn ddy Id ngudn thu kha ldn eua mdt tinh<br />
86 Nghidn eflu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyd'n 22, so 2, tr.84-96<br />
<br />
thudn ndng nhu Thai Binh.<br />
Thi tru&ng lao ddng cda phit nd: Viet Nam chu yiu vdn Id cdc nu&c<br />
chdu A cd thu nhdp thd'p<br />
Prong eae qud'c gia tie'p nhdn ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam, theo thdng tin<br />
tfl Cue QLLDNN, rieng trong nam 2008, thi Idn nhdt vdn la Ddi Loan<br />
(36.4^f), Han Qud'c (20,1 %) va Malaysia 9,0%. Trung Ddng va Nhdt Ban<br />
eung ed de'n lO'^f va 7.1% sd lao ddng Viet Nam xud't khdu. Mdt sd eae<br />
qudc gia/vflng lanh thd khdc eung ed lao ddng Viet Nam nhung ty le edn<br />
thd'p nhu Ma Cao (3,5%) vd eae nude chdu Phi (2,9%) (Ld Nggc Hung,<br />
2010). Tuy nhien, niu xe'p hang ehung vl sd lugng ngudi lao ddng Viet<br />
Nam duge tie'p nhdn de'n eae nudc eho de'n thdi dilm eud'i ndm 2009, thi<br />
Malaysia hi thj trudng tie'p nhdn lao ddng Viet Nam Idn nhd't (tren 100.000<br />
ngudi). Ke'tie'p la Ddi Loan (tren 90.000 ngudi), Han Qud'c va Nhdt Ban.<br />
'Hiu nhdp cua ngudi lao ddng tai ede thj trudng tren thudng khdng eao neu<br />
so vdi ede thj trudng Tdy Au, nhung mang tfnh dn djnh.<br />
Bdn qude gia vd vflng lanh thd tie'p nhan nhilu lad ddng nfl Viet Nam<br />
trong khoang thdi gian tfl 2003-2005 Id Dai Loan, Malaysia, Han Qud'c va<br />
Nhdt Ban. Dai Loan (Trung Qud'c) dung ddu vl lugng tie'p nhdn lao ddng<br />
nfl (chie'm hon 70%), sau dd la Malaysia (20,9%), Han Qud'c, Nhat Ban,<br />
Macao (Phan Luang Cfl, 2010)...<br />
Da so phu nit lao dpng di cu den tit cdc viing ndng thdn Viet Nam,<br />
cdn cu lao ddng, nhung phdn l&n khong c6 ky ndng, khdng duac ddo<br />
tgo Cff bdn tru&c khi di lao dpng<br />
Nhung ngudi lao ddng dugc trai qua mgt sd khda dao tao thudng tham<br />
gia mdt sd Ilnh vue eua nganh edng nghiep nhe nhu may mde, ldp rap dien<br />
tfl,... Tuy nhien, phdn Idn cdc nfl lao ddng xud't khdu, ddc biet la nhung phu<br />
nfl ndng thdn khdng ed trinh dd hge vd'n eao vd khdng tham gia cdc ldp<br />
ddo tao vl ky ndng nghi nghiep, da ehd'p nhdn ud thanh nhflng "d-sin" d<br />
xfl ngudi thdng qua tuyin dung eua nhung cdng ty mdi gidi hodc thdng<br />
qua ede quan he xa hdi ca nhdn cua hg (dd'i vdi ngudi ra di ddc idp, lue<br />
ddu bdng vi sa du Ijch, .sau dd di lam bd't hgp phdp).<br />
Trong tuong Iai, ty le lao ddng khdng dugc dao tao se anh hudng true<br />
tie'p de'n chdt lugng lao ddng, ngudn thu cho ngdn sdch va cho chfnh ban<br />
thdn ngudi lao ddng. Nd'u ehi quan tdm de'n sd lugng va chi tieu xudt khdu<br />
thi trong tuong lai gdn, Viet Nam se khd eanh tranh dugc vdi ede qude gia<br />
Idng giing khi phai dd'i mdt vdi tinh Uang ngudn nhdn luc lao ddng cd chdt<br />
lugng thd'p (Kannika, 2008).<br />
Nguyen Thi Thanh Tam 87<br />
<br />
Tudi, hpc vdn vd tinh trgng hon nhdn cda lao dpng nd di cu Viet Nam<br />
Tdi lieu tdm tdt eiia UNIFEM (2010) vl quyin eua eon ngudi eua phu<br />
nfl trong khu vue ASEAN eho bie't "da sd lao ddng nfl di eu thudng edn tre<br />
vd ngheo, tudi tfl 20-39 khi di eu" Nghien eun "Do ludng vd td'i uu hda<br />
cae anh hudng kinh te'va xa hdi eua di eu" eung eho bill tudi di euldn ddu<br />
eua da sd phu nfl Viet Nam Id tfl 17-30.<br />
Vl trinh dd van hda, nhu da dl edp d phdn uen, hdu he't eae phu nfl<br />
ndng thdn di cu dugc phdng vd'n d dilm nghien eun da hge he't tilu hge<br />
(81,8%); 18,2% da hge he't phd thdng co sd. VI hdn nhdn, nghien eun eiia<br />
Vien Nghien eflu Phdt triln Xd hdi (ISDS, 2011) eho thd'y edmdt ty le kha<br />
Idn phu nfl di eu da ed gia dinh \'a de'n tfl eae vung ndng thdn Viet Nam.<br />
Nghien cfln tai Ddng Tan (Thai Binh) eung eho thd'y 93,6% sd phu nfl di<br />
cu thudc mdu nghien cfln (160 ngudi) dang ed gia dinh; 4,7% da gda<br />
ehdng (8 ngudi); 1,2% da ly hdn (2 ngudi) va 0,6 % Id dde thdn (1 ngudi).<br />
Di cu cua lao dpng nit ra nu&c ngodi Id di cu tam th&i, ngu&i di cu<br />
trff ve nu&c sau khi het hpp dong<br />
Cdc nudc chdu A ma lao ddng Viet Nam de'n thudng eho rdng su tdn<br />
tai eua nhung ngudi nhdp eu khdng ed trinh do eao thudng keo theo nhilu<br />
he qua xa hdi khdng mong mud'n. Vi the', viee di eu eua nfl lao ddng Viet<br />
Nam de'n ede qudc gia chdu A khae chi la di eu tam thdi. Sau khi kit thue<br />
hgfp ddng lao ddng, ne'u khdng mud'n gia han hodc khdng duge ehd'p nhan,<br />
hg thudng phai trd ve que huang eua minh.<br />
3. NhOhg he qua cua viec dua phu nCrndng thon di lao dong d nudc ngoai<br />
<br />
Viec tham gia vdo ddng chay di eu lao ddng qude te' eua phu nfl Viet<br />
Nam d kha nhilu nude da vd dang dem Iai co hdi thoat ngheo cho nhilu<br />
hd gia dinh. Tuy nhidn, ben eanh nhung he qua tfch cue, viee di eu eung<br />
dl lai mdt sd anh hudng tieu cue eho chfnh ban thdn ngudi nfl lao ddng<br />
eung nhu eho ede thdnh vien khae trong gia dinh.<br />
3.L Nhumg he qua tich cue<br />
O cap qudc gia va cgng dong<br />
Tren CO sd eac sd lieu cung ed'p eua Bd Tai chfnh va mdt sd ngudn khae,<br />
Ddng vd eac cdng su (2010) da tfnh todn lugng kilu hdi gfli vl Viet Nam<br />
cua nhung ngudi di ddn (bao gdm ca ngudi lao ddng ed ky nang eao va<br />
cdng ddng gia dinh ngudi Viet Nam d cae nude chdu My, chdu Au...) da<br />
tdng tfl 0,5% eua GDP nam 1991 ien hon 5% ndm 2000 va khoang 9%<br />
88 Nghidn eflu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyd'n 22, so 2, tr.84-96<br />
<br />
ndm 2008. Ngudn tiln gfli vl ndy tfnh tfl ndm 2000 da eao han ea ngudn<br />
\'on eiia eae du an ODA dugc thue hiln va vugt ea ngudn tiln tfl ddng vd'n<br />
FDI ddu tu Viio ViCi Nam trong mdt vdi ndm gdn ddy.<br />
Chi tfnh rieng tiln gfli eua nhdm nhflng ngudi di lao ddng xud't khdu, d<br />
ed'p dd qud'c gia, da dem vl cho Viet Nam mdt khoan ngoai te dang kl,<br />
binh qudn dat khoang 1,7 ty USD (Ll Nggc Hung, 2010). Theo thd'ng ke<br />
eua Bd Ke' hoaeh vd Ddu tu, ndm 2007, lugng ngoai te chuyin vl Viet<br />
Nam tfl eae LDXKNN dat khoang 1,8 ty USD, tuong duong khoang 3%<br />
GDP (ddn theo Nggc Anh va edng su, 2008).<br />
Xudt khdu lao ddng ndi ehung hdng ndm cung giai quyet duge khoang<br />
70.000 edng dn vice lam eho ngudi ddn. Trong dilu kien kinh te'ddt nudc<br />
dang trong giai doan khd khdn, ty le ngudi trong dd tudi lao ddng ehua cd<br />
vice Iam cao thi con sd tren la minh ehflng eho thd'y ddng gdp quan trgng<br />
eua xudt khdu lao ddng trong viec cai thien nin kinh t^vd giam thilu tinh<br />
trang thd't nghiep.<br />
O cap hg gia dinh<br />
Xudt khdu lao ddng mi gdp phdn ndng cao thu nhdp vu tich lily cho<br />
ho gia dinh. Cd hon mdt phdn ba sd ngudi trong 171 phdng vd'n trong<br />
nghien cfln eua ehflng tdi (2010) khdng djnh rdng hang nam da gui vl nhd<br />
khoan tiln tfl 41-60 trieu ddng vd hon mdt phdn tu sd nfl da gfli tfl 61-132<br />
trieu ddng. Ddy Id nhung khoan tiln rd't Idn ne'u so sanh vdi thu nhdp trung<br />
binh Clia mdt hd gia dinh ndng thdn vflng ddng bdng sdng Hdng. Thu nhdp<br />
cua mdt nfl LDXKNN ed thi eao gd'p 3-5 lan thu nhdp trung binh eua ca<br />
mdt hd lam ndng nghiep trong xa. ne'u ehflng ta bie't rdng trude khi ed<br />
ngudi nhd di LDXKNN, thu nhdp eua 55,6% hd ddn trong mdu khao sat<br />
duge hdi ehi dat dudi 10 trieu ddng/ndm; 34,5% ed thu nhdp trung binh<br />
11-12 trieu ddng/ndm vd ehi ed 9,9':r cd thu nhdp tfl 20-70 uieu ddng/ndm.<br />
Thu nhdp trung binh cua mdt hd ddn vao loai trung binh d vung ddng bdng<br />
sdng Hdng khoang 24-30 trieu ddng/ndm (gia dinh cd 4 khdu)'".<br />
Cdi thien mdc sd'ng, .uiy sita nhd vd mua sdm tien nghi. Trong nghien<br />
cun d Ddng Tdn, khi dugc hdi vl mfle sd'ng gia dinh thay ddi nhu the' ndo<br />
sau khi ngudi vg hodc eon gdi di xud't khdu, ed 77,8% hd gia dinh thfla<br />
nhdn ed mfle sd'ng khd han sau khi cd vg hodc con gai di cu nhd tiln gfli<br />
vl, trong dd 31,6% hd khdng djnh mfle sd'ng dugc cai thidn hon nhilu ldn<br />
so vdi trude.<br />
Cd tren 97%) sd ngudi trong dien khao sat ddng y cho rdng nhd xud't khdu<br />
lao ddng nfl d dja phuang md kinh te' cua nhilu hd gia dinh kha ldn Udng<br />
Nguyin Thi Thanh Tam 89<br />
<br />
thd'y. Cdc tai san ed gid trj phuc vu cude sd'ng nhu xe mdy, ti vi, tu lanh, mdy<br />
gidt, dilu hod, dien thoai cung dugc ddu tu mua sdm hodc ndng ed'p.<br />
Ddu tu phdt trien sdn xud't hodc md ngdnh nghe mdi. Tiln gfli eua nfl<br />
LDXKNN ngoai viee dl tra ng, ehi tieu eho gia dinh edn duge sfl dung dl<br />
ddu tu cho san xud't kinh doanh (chilm 18%). Cae ddu tu nay ed thi la ddu<br />
tu eho ehdn nudi, md rdng dien tfch trdng cdy hay ddu tu eho kinh doanh nhd.<br />
Tdng calipi hpc hdnh vd mua sdm thie't hi hpc tap cho con cdi. Sd lieu<br />
eho thd'y ed de'n 66,5% ngudi tra Idi eho rdng hg da dung sd tiln gfli vl tfl<br />
LDXKNN dl ddu tu eho con dn hge. Nhilu gia dinh edn ddu tu mua may<br />
vi tfnh dl ddu tu cho viee hge tdp eua eon em minh duge thudn lgi hon.<br />
Thiic ddy trdch nhiem tu lap cho tie' em vd ndng dd cdc gid tri tinh<br />
thdn khdc. Thdi gian xa each khdng phai luc ndo eung ed tdc ddng xd'u den<br />
tinh cam vg ehdng, eon eai. Mdt sd ngudi duge hdi eho rdng su xa each<br />
khie'n vg chdng thuang yeu nhau hon (15,8%) vd eon edi ngoan, tu Idp hon<br />
(12,4%). Mdt gia trj tinh thdn dd'i vdi nhung ngudi Idm cha lam me Id su<br />
tu hdo, su hanh dien cua hg vdi Idng xdm lang giing khi eon gdi gfli tiln<br />
vl giflp dd cha me.<br />
- Ldm thay ddi suphdn cdng lao dpng theo gidi theo liudng tie'n bp han.<br />
Su di eu cua phu nfl da lam dao Idn su phdn edng lao ddng truyin thd'ng<br />
trong cdc gia dinh vd dua phu nfl, tfl chd ehi la ngudi phu them vdo kinh<br />
te', trd thdnh ngudi lam chfnh. Trong nhilu gia dinh ed vg di Dai Loan,<br />
sinh hoat gia dinh vdn dugc duy tri nhd bdn tay kheo leo cua ngudi nam<br />
gidi. Nhiing dilu ma ngudi dan dng trude day thudng khodn trdng eho vg<br />
nhu cdng viee chdm con, nudi dudng eon, giup eon hge, com nude gid da<br />
trd thanh nhiem vu bdt bude, rdi Idu dan thanh tu nguyen.<br />
O cap do ca nhan<br />
Mdt trong nhiing vd'n dl Idm nay sinh su tranh eai uong nhilu nha<br />
nghidn cfln qud'c te' ve di ddn ndi ehung vd di ddn eua phu nfl ndi rieng Id<br />
di eu - hay tien gfli cua phu nfl di ddn ddng gdp cho kinh tl" hd cd ddn<br />
de'n viec tdng quyin quye't djnh eua ban thdn hg trong gia dinh, tdng kha<br />
ndng ddc ldp cua hg hay khdng. Ne'u nhu vai trd kie'm tiln eua nam gidi<br />
da dua hg de'n dia vj thd'ng tri trong hd gia dinh thi dilu nay ed lap Iai vdi<br />
nu gidi, nhung ngudi da trd thanh ngudi tao ra thu nhdp eao nhd't eho eae<br />
hd gia dinh?<br />
Thdng qua nhung cam nhdn cua ngudi chdng, chung ta cd thi thd'y<br />
dugc nhung thay ddi trong nhdn thflc cua ngudi ehdng vd edng ddng ddn<br />
90 Nghidn eflu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyd'n 22, so 2, tr.84-96<br />
<br />
CU ve vj the'eua ngudi vgdi LDXKNN. Dfl khdng phai Id cao, nhung cung<br />
ed 24' f sd ngudi tra ldi nhdn djnh rdng, sau khi di lao ddng xud't khdu trd<br />
vl, ngudi phu nfl ed tie'ng ndi hon trong hg hdng vd edng ddng eua hg. Suy<br />
rgng ra, ed thi hilu Id vai trd va vj thd cua phu nfl dugc cai thiin thdng qua<br />
nhung ddng gdp tfch cue eua hg cho gia dinh, qua nhflng trai nghiem, hilu<br />
bie't eua hg khi "di mdt ngay dang, hgc mdt .sang khdn"<br />
Cd nhilu vf du tfl eac phdng vd'n sdu cho thdy su hda nhdp trong mdi<br />
trudng lao ddng mdi vdi nhung hoat ddng mdi, nhung co hdi kinh tl^ mdi,<br />
nhung quan he xa hdi mdi da phdn nao lam thay ddi nhdn thflc va thai dd<br />
Clia phu nfl LDXKNN vl hodn eanh ciia chfnh hg, vl co may, vl nhung khd<br />
khdn, nhung Igi the' "gidi" va kha ndng duong ddu ma khdng bj tdn thuang<br />
hay bj thiet hai ft nhd't.<br />
Khdng kl de'n qud trinh tie'p thu vl ngoai ngfl thi qua nhung cdu<br />
ehuyin ma ehj em kl Iai, don gian nhd't vdn la kha ndng ndu dn va sudung<br />
thanh thao ede dung eu mdy mdc gia dinh. Ke' dd la each ung xfl dl lam<br />
vfla ldng cae ehu nha khd tfnh hay ky ndng dd'i phd vdi nhung ehu nha cd<br />
y djnh lgi dung chj em. Da ed nhung phu nfl thi hi|n kha ndng thuong<br />
thuye't thanh thao vl hgp ddng lao ddng vdi eae edng ty tuyin dung hay<br />
ede gia dinh thue mudn khi hg tai ky ke't hgp ddng.<br />
Sd lieu khao sdt eung eho bie't nhung thay ddi cua phu nu di cu tren mdt<br />
sd khfa eanh, trong dd, 45% nhdn thd'y khi vl phu nfl da bidt tfnh toan Idm<br />
dn td't hon. Ngudi ehdng ndng ddn la nhflng ngudi ddu tien nhdn thay su<br />
thay ddi eua vg minh trong cdch eu xfl khi vl tham nha hay khi vl hdn.<br />
Gdn mdt phdn tu sd ngudi duge hdi cam thd'y vg hodc eon gai eua minh<br />
bdt ddu sd'ng ed trdch nhiem hon vd mdt phdn tu thi eho rdng vg hg eu xfl<br />
vdi chdng con td't hon, khIo leo hon. Tuy nhien, nhflng lgi feh ma phu nfl<br />
di eu ed duge trong qua trinh di eu cflng thudng phai di kem vdi nhung edi<br />
gid ma hg phai tra.<br />
3.2. Nhumg he qua tieu cure<br />
d cap qudc gia<br />
LDXK tu nd khdng phai la mdt vd'n dl tieu cue ma la mdt chie'n luge<br />
sd'ng tfch cue eua mdi mdt cd nhdn khi phai dd'i phd vdi cae tinh the' khd<br />
khdn trong cudc sd'ng. Tuy nhien, LDXK ed thi de Iai nhung anh hudng<br />
lieu cue khi nd vdn hdnh trong mdt thi che' chua hoan hao va cdng tdc t6<br />
chfle ed nhilu vd'n dl. Tren binh dien qud'c gia, cd ba nhdm vd'n dl cd phat<br />
sinh tieu cue, dd Id vd'n dl tuyin dung, vd'n dl bao vd quyin lgi cua phia<br />
nfl khi lao ddng d nudc ngoai va vd'n dl sau khi he't han LDXK trd vl.<br />
Nguyin Thi Thanh Tam 91<br />
<br />
Nhieu bdt edp trong cong tdc ddo tgo vd tuyen dung ngu&i di LDXK<br />
Viet Nam cd the bi dnh hudng de'n uy tin vd mat ddn the'canh tranh<br />
tren thi tru&ng lao dpng qud'c tevi chdt lupng lao dpng thd'p. Vi khdng ed<br />
ky nang, lao ddng nfl Viet Nam khd ed ca hdi dugc tuyin dung trong<br />
nhung nganh ed thu nhdp eao md thudng ehi trdng vao eae nganh ed thu<br />
nhdp thd'p. Hg khdng dugc ddo tao nhilu trude khi di Iam viee. Vi trinh dd<br />
thd'p, ngdn ngfl han ehe', hg eung thudng e de, nhflt nhat, khd hod nhdp<br />
thfch nghi vdi cdc dilu kien van hda - xa hdi eua nude de'n. The'manh eanh<br />
Uanh cua Viet Nam tren thj trudng lao ddng qud'c te', theo nhilu nha<br />
nghien cfln, se ddn md't di ndu ehi dua vao ngudn lao ddng gia re ma,khdng<br />
ed su thay ddi co ban trong chie'n luge XKLD mdt chiln luge da qua<br />
"chu ugng de'n sd lugng ngudi di" ma ft ehu trgng din viee td chfle Iai<br />
cdng tae td chfle, edng tde dao tao eho ngudi lao ddng mdt each bdi ban.<br />
Phi tuyen dung lao ddng hi ddy len qud cao khie'n cho nhieu lao dpng<br />
ml vd gia dinh phdi ldm vdo tinli trgng vay np. Di di eu tim viec Idm d<br />
nudc ngoai, nhilu lao ddng ndi ehung vd phu nfl ndi rieng thudng phai tra<br />
mdt khoan tiln eao gd'p nhilu Idn so vdi quy djnh tuyin dung eho eae edng<br />
ty mdi gidi viee Iam trong va ngoai nude. Ke't qua khao sat 171 phu nfl<br />
LDXKNN d Ddng Tdn eho thd'y 18,4% sd phu nfl di LDXKNN phai ddng<br />
sd tiln dudi 10 trieu; 42,3% phai ddng tfl 11-20 trieu; 25,2% phai ddng tfl<br />
21-30 trieu; 4,l%o phai ddng tfl 31-40 trieu va 9,4% da ddng tfl 41-140<br />
trieu. Hdu he't lao ddng nfl bj trfl them vdi ba thdng luong ddu sau khi sang<br />
lam viee.<br />
Vay ng de ddng phf mdi gidi dang tao ra eae nguy ea bd't dn eho phu<br />
nfl vd gia dinh. Phdn ldn ede hd gia dinh phai di vay the ehd'p d ngdn hdng<br />
(50,3%) vd vay lai tfl nhung ngudi quen bie't di lao ddng nfl ed thi di<br />
LDXKNN (48%>)'". Cd de'n 65% sd gia dinh duge hdi eung diu phai sfl<br />
dung tiln gfli vl dl tra ng tiln vay mugn trude khi di.<br />
Quyen lpi cda nhieu ngudi lao dpng ndi chung vd nit lao dpng ndi<br />
rieng trong thai gian di lao dpng & nU&c ngodi chua dUffc ddm bdo, lao<br />
dpng nit de bi thuong tdn vi khd ndng hda nhgp kem, di bi lira gat.<br />
- Lao dpng nit Viet Nam debi thuang ton do ye'u trong ndng liic ddi phd<br />
vd hda nhgp. Nhilu lao ddng nfl da gdp mudn van bd't trdc khd khan khi<br />
phai mdt minh duong ddu vdi nhilu trd ngai noi dd't khdeh que ngudi. Ket<br />
qua khao sat tai Ddng Tdn (2010) cho thd'y ehi ed 7,6% sd ngudi tra ldi<br />
eho rdng ban thdn lao ddng nfl khdng hi gap nhung khd khan gi vd dilu<br />
nay cung ddng nghia vdi viee ed tdi 92;4% sd lao ddng nfl da gap nhilu<br />
92 Nghidn eflu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyd'n 22, sd' 2, tr.84-96<br />
<br />
trd ngcii khd khdc phuc. Ddy cung Id chi bdo cho thd'y kha ndng hda nhdp<br />
vdi mdi trudng sd'ng mdi cua lao ddng nu Viet Nam la rdt thd'p.<br />
Diet! kien lao ddng vd dien kien sdng ldi tdn, died nguy cc/bi Igm dung.<br />
D\ xudt khdu lao ddng, ngudi phu nfl phai dd'i mat vdi nhilu nguy hilm rinh<br />
rdp, dd Id nguy co bi ngugc dai, bj lam dung, hodc phai sd'ng trong nhung<br />
dilu kien lao ddng tdi tan, bi Iam dung sfle lao ddng vd thdn thi...<br />
Gia tdng gdnh ngng tdm ly vd dp lUc cdng viec ndng nhpc cho lao<br />
dpng nit. Lao ddng xud't khdu nfl gdp phai vd sd nhung khd khdn vl tdm<br />
sinh Iy nhu cam giae ed don, cdng thdng, bd't an... do dp lire phai thfch<br />
nghi vdi edng viee mdi, cude sdng mdi, do sfle ep eua viec kidm tiln trong<br />
mdi trucmg hoan todn xa la. lao ddng vdt va, khd khdn vl ngdn ngfl... Phdn<br />
tfch .sd lieu eho thd'y khd khdn ma ngudi tra ldi dl edp de'n nhilu nhdt Id<br />
ndi ed don, nhd nha (67.3%); ke'tie'p Id vd'n dl luang thdp, khdng dflng vdi<br />
hgp ddng (29,2%) vd lao ddng tdng ea, bi keo dai (25,7%).<br />
Vi phgm ludt phdp ciia nUdc sd tgi, trdn ra ngodi lao dpng. Trong sd<br />
nhung phu nfl sang Dai Loan hay Malaysia XKLD, mdt sd ngudi khdng<br />
ehju ndi cudc sd'ng d nhd chu, sd'ng trong tdm trang sdt rudt mong mud'n<br />
cd mdt sd tiln dl nhanh chdng gfli \ l tra ng vd nudi eon edi hge hanh da<br />
bd't ehd'p nguy hilm trdn ra ngoai tim viee. Mdt sd thdm chf kie'm sd'ng<br />
bdng edeh ban ddm.<br />
Cflng dl edp de'n ye'u id' dl thuang tdn vd nhflng ud ngai ndi ehung,<br />
Trdn Van Thg (2006), Dai hge Waseda, Tokyo khi di cap de'n van di<br />
XKLD cua Viet Nam da nhd'n manh de'n mdt sd \'an dl ma lao ddng Viet<br />
Nam, bao gdm ea lao ddng nfl di xud't khdu. da gdp phai nhu: /) lao dpng<br />
gidn dem, thu&ng ldm viec trong cdc mdi trU&ng khd khdn, quyen lpi ngU&i<br />
lao ddng ihu&ng hi xdm phgm, lao ddng cd the bi hoc Idt; ii) tao ddng Viet<br />
Nam khd thich nghi v&i dieu kien sdng vd mdi trU&ng vdn hod m&i.<br />
Cdc Cff quan nhd nu&c khong qudn ly, ldng phi kinh nghiem vd tien<br />
vd'n thu dUffc tit lao ddng ngodi nu&c.<br />
Lao ddng nfl ndng thdn theo hgp ddng trd vl sau khi LDXKNN ed 2<br />
loai, vl sau khi hoan thdnh hgp ddng vd vl trude khi hoan thanh hgp ddng.<br />
Theo eon sd cdng bd eua Cue QLLDNN, trung binh mdi ndm Viet Nam<br />
ed 8.508 ngudi lao ddng trd vl nude, trong dd cd 6.860 ngudi vl nudc sau<br />
khi hodn thdnh hgp ddng vd 1.648 ngudi vl trudc han hgp ddng. Gidm sat<br />
vd'n dl nay, Chu nhiem Uy ban cdc vd'n dl xa hdi Truang Thj Mai cho hay<br />
ed tdi 50/63 tinh, thdnh phd khdng hi ndm duge sd lao ddng vl nudc, chua<br />
ed chfnh sdch khuydn khfch ngudi lao ddng trd vl ddu tu san xud't, kinh<br />
Nguyin Thi Thanh Tam 93<br />
<br />
doanh, sfl dung hieu qua thu nhdp tfl di ldm viec d nudc ngodi.<br />
Phdn Idn ngudi lao ddng nam hay nfl vl nude phai tu tim vice lam, tu<br />
buon chai. Cdc kie'n thfle thu thdp thdng qua lao ddng eua hg tai xfl ngudi<br />
ft khi dugc sfl dung vi phdn ddng lao ddng khdng Iam viec Uong cdc nhd<br />
mdy. Trong mdt khao sdt nhd dd'i vdi ngudi lao ddng trd vl d thdnh phd<br />
Hd Chf Minh vd cae tinh ldn edn, ehi ed 20% Id ed viee Iam nhung Id tu<br />
md CO sd san xud't kinh doanh theo kilu gia dinh, edn 80% lao ddng trd vl<br />
cd viee Iam bd'p benh hodc thd't nghiep,<br />
Tiln gfli vl thudng dugc su dung qud nhilu vdo viec xdy dung nha eua<br />
nen eud'i cung, ngudi ddn eung chdng cdn bao nhieu vd'n lie'ng dl Idm dn<br />
san xud't. Trong sd ede hd gia dinh nhdn tiln gfli, eung ehi ed 18,1% sd hd<br />
cd sfl dung mdt phdn tiln giri ddu tu vdo san xud't. Ngay ea chfnh quyin<br />
ca sd eung edn Iflng tflng trong viec lam the' nao dl hudng ddn ngudi ddn<br />
sfl dung ngudn tiln gfli vl sao eho ed hieu qua. Khdng phat huy duge<br />
nhflng Id the' khi ed tiln vdn eho san xud't, ehan lao ddng ndng nghiep,<br />
niu khdng ed duge nhflng td chfle quan tdm, hudng ddn se lam giam thilu<br />
y nghia va gia Ui xa hdi eua XKLD.<br />
O cap hg gia dinh<br />
Cae ke't qua khao sat eung eho thd'y, d ed'p dd hd gia dinh, ed ede vd'n<br />
dl sau dang tdn tai:<br />
- Sir vdng mat cda phu nit tgo ra nguy cff gia dinh "khong ben vitng"<br />
Cd gdn 50% ede hd gia dinh duge phdng van cho rdng khi di di eu mdt<br />
minh khdng eung gia dinh, quan he gia dinh trd nen Idng leo hon. So lieu<br />
dinh lugng eho thd'y da xud't hien ede te nan nhu ed bae, rugu ehe, quan he<br />
ngodi hdn nhdn (27,1% nam gidi duge hdi eho bie't da di ud'ng rugu giai<br />
sdu khi xa vg... 62,9% sd nam gidi duge hdi eho bie't da cd quan he vdi gdi<br />
mai ddm khi vg vdng nhd).<br />
Mdt nghien cfln cua Hdi Lien hiep Phu nu Viet Nam va td chfle qude<br />
te' Health Bridge d Thai Binh eung eho rdng khi phu nfl di eu, nhilu chfle<br />
ndng gia dinh bj bie'n ddi, vai trd gidi truyin thd'ng bj xao trdn va mdi quan<br />
he gia dinh trd nen Idng leo da ddn de'n nhilu vd'n dl xa hdi nhu: tha hda<br />
vl dao dflc, ldi sd'ng; mde eae te nan xa hdi; quan he tinh due ngodi hdn<br />
nhdn; gia dinh lue due, tan vd; thieu quan ly, gido due eon edi; ng ndn...<br />
(Health Bridge Canada, 2008).<br />
Mdt sd ke't qua nghien cun vl lao ddng xud't khdu trong thdi gian gdn<br />
ddy da chi ra rdng phdn Idn ngudi Viet Nam di cu (trong dd cd LDXKNN)<br />
94 Nghidn eflu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 22, so 2, tr.84-96<br />
<br />
<br />
khdng di cflng vdi gia dinh, vl the'thdi gian xa edeh vdi vg/ehdng qud Idu<br />
eung ldm cho ,sd lugng eae cudc Iy hdn tdng cao. Qud trinh sd'ng d nude<br />
ngodi ed thi da Idm thay ddi edeh nhin cua ngudi di cu vl cudc sd'ng gia<br />
dinh nen su thay ddi tinh cam Id hodn loan cd thi xay ra.<br />
Ngu&i chdng gdp nhiiu khd khdn trong chdm sdc, gido due con cdi<br />
vd qudn ly gia dinh<br />
Khao sdt 171 hd gia dinh d Ddng Tdn cho thd'y nam gidi gdp khd nhilu<br />
khd khdn trong viee chdm .sdc nudi day eon edi vd quan ly cdng viee gia dinh.<br />
Co 74% sd ngudi (125 ngudi) eho bie't hg la nhflng ngudi ddng vai trd<br />
chfnh trong chdm sde eon nhd khi me vdng nha. 70,7% ngudi tra Idi eho<br />
thd'y hg gdp khd khdn trong chdm sde eon edi vd 37,4% ngudi eho rdng<br />
eon eai khd bao hon, nghjch nggm hon khi me chung di vdng, 17,7% y<br />
kie'n eho bie't tre nhd thudng dm dau vi khdng ed me chdm sde. 83,5% y<br />
kie'n bdy td vice tre em budn nhd me vd ddy Id mdt khd khdn ma ngudi bd<br />
khd ed thi Iam eho eac em yen ldng.<br />
"Noi chung la cdc chau bu6n. No khSng tdm su bdng ldi nhung no bdng hanh<br />
ddng, cu the nhir nhd em c6 chau nh6 mdi 3 tudi, thudng khi me d nha thi nam<br />
ngu no 6m me, me di thi no 6m b l nhirng n6 cam thay bu6n, tu nhien no chay<br />
ni/dc mat thi minh cung chay nude mat theo. Cdi day la thuc te ma minh khong<br />
the khac phuc" (trich thao luan nhom nam co vg di LDXKNN).<br />
<br />
Khdng ehi tae ddng de'n tdm ly tinh cam eua eon Ue, XKLD cung cd<br />
nhung mdt tde ddng ehua td't de'n viee hgc hdnh eua eon do ngudi me Id<br />
ngudi thudng nhdc nhd eon edi hge hdnh. Ke't qua nghien cun dinh lugng<br />
eho thd'y ed 16,4% ngudi duge hdi ndi rdng eon edi hg hgc kem hon khi<br />
me di LDXKNN va 18,7% cho rdng hg thue su gdp phai khd khdn trong<br />
viee giao due, ddn dd'e eon hge hdnh; cd 10.4^r sd nam gidi gdp lung tung<br />
trong quan Iy chi tidu va 43,4% sd ngudi cho rdng hg gdp phai nhung khd<br />
khdn trong cdng viec ndi trg.<br />
Mdu thudn gia dinh gia tdng trong viec qudn ly vd chi tieu tien gdi<br />
Mdu thudn gia dinh gia tdng eung la mdt hien tugng da tflng nay sinh<br />
trong mdt sd gia dinh. Ke't qua ddnh gid cua Health Brigde cho thd'y ed<br />
42,7% sd ngudi dugc hdi da ndi vl mdu thudn gia dinh khi gfli tiln vl. 6<br />
Ddng Tdn, mdt sd gia dinh cung da nay sinh cae mdu thudn do vide sfl<br />
dung tiln gfli. Tiln gui vl, d mdt sd hd, da bj ngudi chdng "nudng" vao cd<br />
bae, dn ehoi ma khdng dugc dflng vdo ehi tidu cho gia dinh va chdn nudi<br />
san xud't. Thdng qua mdt sd y kie'n trao ddi trong thao ludn nhdm va phdng<br />
Nguyin Thi Thanh Tam 95<br />
<br />
vd'n sdu, cung ed nhung phu nfl, do Io sg ehdng tieu pha bai bae, ehi gfli<br />
tiln vl ben ngoai eat gifl va dilu nay da gdy nen mdu thudn trong gia dinh.<br />
Mdt sd phu nfl Iai md't quyin kiim soat tiln nong eua hg vi ngudi ehdng<br />
quan Iy va quye't djnh mgi chi tieu trong gia dinh.<br />
Noi tdm lai, ke't qua thu thdp tfl nghien cfln tai Ddng Tdn va nhilu<br />
nghien cfln khde da eho thd'y, ddi vdi nhilu vflng ndng thdn Viet Nam, di<br />
cu lao ddng nude ngodi Id chie'n luge xda ddi giam nghio ed hieu qua nhd't.<br />
0 quy md qud'c gia, khoan tiln gfli hang ndm dem Iai eho dd't nude ngudn<br />
ngoai te quy gid, gdp phdn lam giam ty le hd ngheo vd thue ddy kinh te<br />
tang trudng. 6 quy md hd gia dinh, tiln gfli da gdp phdn lam tang thu<br />
nhdp, ndng cao tfch luy eho hd gia dinh. Tiln gfli eiia lao ddng nfl da giflp<br />
eho hd gia dinh eai thien mfle sd'ng, cai thien dilu kien sfle khde, mua sdm<br />
tien nghi vd xdy sfla nha efla, ddu tu vao san xud't, eai thien dilu kien hge<br />
hanh eua eon edi Uong gia dinh. Xud't khdu lao ddng, d mdt mfle dd nhd't<br />
djnh, da gdp phdn vdo viee thay ddi quan he phdn edng lao ddng theo gidi<br />
truyin thd'ng theo chilu hudng tie'n bd va tae ddng tdi su thay ddi trong<br />
nhdn thfle eua ngudi ehdng vd cdng ddng vl dja vj eua ngudi phu nfl.<br />
Bdn canh nhiing tac ddng tfch cue, lao ddng xud't khdu nfl eung ed<br />
nhung tde ddng tieu cue, do nd duge vdn hdnh trong mdt mdi trudng chua<br />
hodn hao va cdn cd nhflng khoang trdng vl ludt phdp. Cae trung tdm, eae<br />
cdng ty td chfle dua ngudi di LDXKNN cdn Idm eho ngudi lao ddng nfl<br />
hilu duge nghia vu va quyen Igi hg khi di XKLD qua viee ndm vung duge<br />
ede dilu khoan trong hgp ddng lao ddng. Cdn ed su hd trg tu van phdp ludt<br />
cho ngudi lao ddng ndi chung vd lao ddng nfl ndi rieng vd cdng viee nay<br />
can dugc su hd trg cua sd lao ddng eung nhu ede trung tdm tu van phdp ly<br />
dia phuang.<br />
Nhung khoang trdng ludt phdp va mdi trudng thue thi edn khie'm khuye't<br />
ddi hdi edn hodn thien co che quan ly eua nhd nude vl Ilnh vue XKLD. Cdc<br />
CO quan quan ly lien quan edn ed ede hoat ddng gidm sat, khao sat vd than^<br />
khao ede tai lieu dilu tra, thdng tin du ludn xa hdi dl thd'y duge nhung han<br />
che', ye'u kem vdi ede nguydn nhdn khach quan, ehu quan.B<br />
<br />
<br />
Chu thich<br />
'" Xa Dong Tan, huyen Dong Hung, tinh Thai Binh la mot dja phuang dien hinh<br />
cho phong trao phu nfl di lao dong a nudc ngoai. Hien nay D6ng Tan co 186 nfl/<br />
300 lao ddng hien dang lam viec d nudc ngoai. Sd phu nfl xudt khau lao dong<br />
chie'm khoang 70% tdng sd lao dong cua loan xa dang d nudc ngoai. Thdi gian<br />
ky hgp ddng cua ngudi lao dong chii yeu la tfl 2-3 nam (chiem 57,6%) hoac tfl 1-<br />
96 Nghidn eflu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quydn 22, so 2, tr.84-96<br />
<br />
2 nam (chilm .33.6%).<br />
Trong so cac h6 gia dinh c6 lao ddng xudt khdu nfl thi phdn ldn di xudt khdu lao<br />
ddng sang Dai Loan ldm giup vice gia dinh vk cham sdc ngudi gia trong bfinh<br />
vien hoac nha dudng lao (chilm hdn 80%). NO LDXKNN, theo cac can b6 lanh<br />
dao xa cho bill, da vd dang dem lai nhilu lgi ich kinh ticho dia phuong va cho<br />
cac gia dinh.<br />
"" Theo cdng bd cua Cue QLLDNN.<br />
'" Bao cao Cdng tac xudt khdu lao ddng tinh Thai Binh. 2006. (Ddn theo bao cao<br />
nghien eflu cua Health Brigde v;i Trudng Phu nfl Trung Udng. 2008).<br />
'*' Sd lieu khiio sat tai Ddng Tan (4/2010) vd so lieu thdng kc vl mfle thu nhap ciia<br />
c^c hd dan ndng thdn vung ddng bdng sdng Hdng. du an edp nudc ndng thdn<br />
vting ddng bang sdng H6ng (Tai lieu bdo cdo liru trfl. Trung tam nudc sach va vt<br />
sinh mdi irudng NT TW).<br />
"' Sd lieu khao sat tai Ddng TAn (4/2010).<br />
<br />
Tai lieu tham khdo<br />
Le Ngpc Hiing. 2010. Lao ddng Viet Nam di lam viec d nudc ngoai Tac ddng<br />
kinh te xa hdi va mdt sd vdn dl dat ra. Toa dam chuyen gia. Van phdng qudc<br />
hdi. 25/8/2010.<br />
Phan Luong Cfl. 2010. Luat vl ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam di lam viec a nudc ngoai<br />
va nhflng vdn dl dat ra trong viec thuc hien LuSt. Toa dam chuyen gia. Uy<br />
ban cac vdn de xa hdi ciia Qudc hdi, 8/2010.<br />
Kannika. 2008. Situation and Trends of \'iet nam Labour.<br />
UNIFEM. 2010. Quyen con ngucri ciia phu nfl trong khu vuc ASEAN. Tai lieu<br />
tdm tdt cLia dng Vu Ngoc Binh - can bd quy UNIFEM Ha Ndi.<br />
Vien Nghien eflu Phat trien Xa hdi. 2007-2011.<br />
Dang va cdng su. 2010. Development on Move. Global Development Network.<br />
Trdn Van Tho. 2006. "Nhflng vdn de ciia xudt khiiu lao ddng a Viet Nam" (ua<br />
eflu ngay 18/8/2008).<br />