Sat writting essentials 7

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– THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE SECTION – You’ll probably ﬁnd at least one multiple-choice Idiom question that tests your ability to differentiate between Idioms are expressions peculiar to a particular lan- who and whom. Who is the subjective form, and whom guage, whose meanings cannot be discerned by deﬁn- is the objective. If you’re unclear about which to use, ing them word for word. What downward movement, substitute the words he and him for who or whom. If he for example, happens when one “falls in love”? On is correct, you need who (both subjective case) and if what is one perched on when “sitting pretty”? There are him is correct, you need whom (both objective case). thousands of English idioms, most of which are very Here’s an example: familiar to you, even though you may not have known they were idioms. The two most common errors you’re The physical and psychological unrest of the working likely to encounter are those involving prepositional a pairs (e.g., take care of, according to) and the use of class was explored often in the plays of Arthur Miller, inﬁnitives and gerunds (e.g., want to meet, practice b swimming). for who the subject of the American Dream, and its Since idioms are typically learned through con- c versation, you’ll probably be able to hear idiom errors achievability for ordinary Americans, never got stale. in the Identifying Sentence Errors multiple-choice d questions. Listen carefully to each sentence as you read No error. it, and identify the error. e 1. This year’s model is different than last year’s. Who is the object of the preposition for, but it is 2. She has difﬁculty in the Advanced Placement in the subjective case. Correct it by changing it to the History class. objective form whom. If you were unclear about 3. The color choices are typical for that artist. whether this was the error, you could have recast the sentence to try he or him in place of who: These errors should have sounded wrong to you: (1) different than should be different from, (2) difﬁculty The subject of the American Dream never got in should be difﬁculty with, (3) typical for should be stale for (he/him). typical of. If the subject of prepositions is confusing, you’ll need to do some memorizing. Idioms are Obviously, him is correct. idiosyncratic—there are no easy rules for remembering them! Following is a list of idiomatic preposition uses that often appear on the SAT. 20
– THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE SECTION – agree on an amendment correspond with a person (meaning to agree to do something communicate) agree with someone differ from something argue about or for a proposal independent of someone or something argue with a person interested in a subject apologize for an error interfere in someone’s business approve of a change interfere with an activity bored with small talk similar to something compare to (when you are showing the likes of stand by or with someone two things or putting them in same cate- stand for a cause gory) stand on an issue compare with (when highlighting similarities or succeed in an endeavor differences) wait at a place concerned about or with an issue wait by the phone contrast with (when noting differences) wait for someone correspond to or with something (meaning to wait in the snowstorm relate) wait on a customer work with me The other type of idiom error you’re likely to see Here are the errors you should have heard: (1) is the improper use of inﬁnitives (to + verb: to water) practicing to swim should be practicing swimming, (2) and gerunds (verb + ing: watering). Some verbs must pretending being should be pretending to be, and (3) take one or the other, and a small handful take both. resents to be should be resents being. As with preposi- Your ear will probably hear this type of error. Listen for tions, if you’re confused about when to use gerunds and the non-idiomatic usages in the following sentences: inﬁnitives, you’ll need to do some memorizing. 1. I spend two hours each day practicing to swim. 2. We had fun pretending being rock stars. 3. My father resents to be asked for money all the time. VERBS THAT TAKE VERBS THAT VERBS THAT EITHER INFINITIVES TAKE INFINITIVES TAKE GERUNDS OR GERUNDS afford admit attempt agree adore begin aim appreciate bother ask avoid cannot bear appear consider cannot stand 21
– THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE SECTION – VERBS THAT TAKE VERBS THAT VERBS THAT EITHER INFINITIVES TAKE INFINITIVES TAKE GERUNDS OR GERUNDS be determined deny cease beg detest continue care discuss hate claim dislike hesitate decide enjoy intend expect escape like have ﬁnish love hope imagine prefer learn keep start manage mind mean miss need postpone offer practice plan put off pretend quit promise recall refuse recollect say resent tend resist try risk wait suggest want tolerate wish understand 22
– THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE SECTION – Word Choice There are two categories of words that are most problematic: confused words (homonyms that sound Many students breathed a sigh of relief when the Col- the same but have different meanings and spellings) lege Board announced that it was dropping Analogy and misused words (pairs so often used incorrectly questions from the SAT. These questions appraised the errors sound acceptable to most people). Read vocabulary, and were thought to be among the hardest through the lists of some of the most frequently tested on the test. However, they’ve been replaced by a hand- words, noting any you’re not sure of. ful of Identifying Sentence Errors questions involving word choice. Here’s where you’ll need to show you know the difference between affect and effect, whether or weather, and fewer and less. CONFUSED WORDS WORD DEFINITION a lot (noun) many allot (verb) to give or share in arbitrary amounts accept (verb) to recognize except (prep.) excluding access (noun, verb) means of approaching; to approach excess (noun, adj.) extra addition (noun) increase edition (noun) an issue of a book or newspaper advice (noun) a recommended opinion advise (verb) to give advice; inform affect (verb) to inﬂuence effect (noun) result effect (verb) to bring about all ready (adj.) completely prepared already (adv.) by or before a speciﬁed or implied time all together (adj.) in a group; in unison altogether (adv.) completely or thoroughly 23
– THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE SECTION – C ONFUSED WORDS WORD DEFINITION allude (verb) to refer to something not speciﬁcally mentioned elude (verb) to escape notice or detection ascent (noun) the act of climbing or rising assent (verb) to agree or accept a proposal or opinion assure (verb) to make certain (assure someone) ensure (verb) to make certain insure (verb) to secure from harm; to secure life or property in case of loss beside (adj.) next to besides (adv.) in addition to bibliography (noun) list of writings biography (noun) a life story capital (noun) money invested; a town or city where the government sits capitol (noun) a government building choose (verb) to select chose (verb) the past tense of choose cite (verb) to acknowledge; to quote as a reference sight (noun) the ability to see; vision site (noun) a place or location complement (noun) match compliment (noun, verb) praise; to give praise consul (noun) an ofﬁcial appointed by the government to live in a foreign city and attend to the interests of the ofﬁcial’s country council (noun) a group of people called together to provide advice counsel (noun, verb) advice; to give advice continual (adj.) taking place in close succession continuous (adj.) without break or let up 24
– THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE SECTION – C ONFUSED WORDS WORD DEFINITION cooperation (noun) assistance; help corporation (noun) type of business organization decent (adj.) well mannered descent (noun) decline; fall dissent (noun) disagreement desert (noun) arid, sandy region dessert (noun) sweet served after a meal disburse (verb) to pay disperse (verb) to spread out disinterested (adj.) impartial; no strong opinion either way uninterested (adj.) don’t care elicit (verb) to stir up illicit (adj.) illegal envelop (verb) to surround; to cover completely envelope (noun) ﬂat paper container for letters or other documents farther (adv.) beyond further (adj.) additional ﬂack (noun, verb) press agent (noun); to act as a press agent (verb) ﬂak (noun) criticism forth (adv.) forward; onward fourth (adj.) next in number after the third hear (verb) to perceive by the ear here (adv.) in this or at this place hoard (verb) to collect and keep horde (noun) a huge crowd imply (verb) to hint or suggest infer (verb) to assume; to deduce 25