TRifiT HOC, SO 6 (277), THANG 6 - 2014<br />
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<br />
<br />
S i ; KET HOrP GIUA PHUDNG PHAP UCH SUf VA<br />
PHirONG PHAP LOGIC TRONG NGHIEN CUU UCH SUT TRIET HOC<br />
<br />
NGUYfiN DINH BAG ' ^^) ^^ ^flu Nghia. Lich sQ vd Idgic. Nxb Sach giao<br />
tinh tien, nhUng bUdc nhay vot va ca sU khoa Mac<br />
khoa MAO.- Lenin,<br />
. i/n^nHk<br />
wkNoi,<br />
^AJ 1987,<br />
I Q«7tr.60.<br />
tr fin<br />
<br />
44<br />
NGUYEN DINH B A C<br />
<br />
2. ThUc te cho thay, h i u nhU mdn quan diem, tU tudng triet hoc khac<br />
khoa hoc nao cung c i n va cd the van nhau de tU dd, khai quat va rut ra quy<br />
dung su ket hdp chat che gifla phUdng luat phat trie'n cua triet hoc va Idgic ndi<br />
phap lich sd va phUdng phap Idgic. Neu tai cua qua trinh hinh thanh, phat<br />
chi sd dung phUdng phap lich sd thi trien cua cac he thd'ng triet hoc. PhUdng<br />
khdng the tha'y dUdc can ke ban chat phap lich sd ludn thich hdp vdi viec md<br />
van de, cdn neu chi ddn t h u i n sd dung ta va trinh bay cac sii kien, ndi dung<br />
phUdng phap Idgic thi khdng du cd sd de cac he thd'ng triet hoc; trong khi dd,<br />
n i m viing logic ay, cd khi cdn lam cho phUdng phap logic lai chiem Uu the<br />
van de trd thanh tU bien, trUu tUdng, trong viec khai quat va tim ra md'i lien<br />
trdng rdng. DUdng nhien, d tUng mdn he tat ye'u gifla cac sii kien va he thd'ng<br />
khoa hoc khac nhau, viec van dung sii triet hoc.<br />
ket hdp phUdng phap lich sd vdi phUdng Mat khac, muc tieu chung cua ca<br />
phap logic cung khac nhau, cd the phUdng phap lich sd l i n phUdng phap<br />
"nghieng" ve lich sd hoac Idgic. Lich sd logic la n h i m tim ra va tai hien dUdc<br />
triet hoc la khoa hoc nghien cUu sii ra quy luat cua lich sd triet hoc. Song, mdi<br />
ddi, van ddng va phat trien cd tinh quy phUdng phap lai cd nhflng dac thu, Uu<br />
luat cua cac tU tudng triet hoc va trdi khac nhau va sU ket hdp gifla chung<br />
nghien cUu Idgic ndi tai cua cac khuynh se khic phuc dUdc nhflng khiem khuyet<br />
hudng, cac he thd'ng triet hoc tieu bieu cua hai phUdng phap. Neu phUdng phap<br />
trong lich sd; do dd, khdng the tach rdi Idgic gidp cho viec nghien cdu lich sd<br />
lich sd vdi logic va cang khdng the triet hoc khdng hi sa da vao cac sii kien<br />
khdng ket hdp gifla phUdng phap lich ngiu nhien, bam sat tinh ta't ye'u qua<br />
sd va phUdng phap logic nhU mot trong cac sii kien va diln bie'n lich sd, thi<br />
nhflng phUdng phap cd ban hang diu. phUdng phap lich sd lai giup cho viec<br />
Tuy nhien, de sU ket hdp gifla hai phan tich Idgic tranh dUdc sii tU bien,<br />
phUdng phap nay trong nghien cUu lich dam bao tinh khach quan, chan thiic cua<br />
sd triet hoc mot each linh boat, khoa viec nghien cUu va giup cho chu the<br />
hoc va dUa lai hieu qua, theo quan diem nghien cdu cd the ddi theo tUng nac<br />
macxit, c i n dam bao nhflng yeu c i u cd thang trong sii phat trien cua dd'i tUdng.<br />
tinh nguyen t i c sau day: Trong nghien cUu lich sd triet hoc,<br />
Mdt Id, nhdn thac ddy du, sU thdng neu lam dung phUdng phap lich sd thi<br />
nhdt vd khde biet giaa phUdng phdp viec nghien cUu se rdi vao tinh trang<br />
lich sa vd phUdng phdp Idgic de ket hgp liet ke cac sii kien, tU lieu va nhflng<br />
chung mdt cdch linh hogt, bien chOng nhan to tat ye'u cung hi eudn theo ddng<br />
trong nghien cUu lich sa triet hgc. sii kien dd, trd nen md nhat, khdng<br />
Vdi tu each mot khoa hoc triet hoc, dung vdi ban chat vd'n cd cua nd. Trai<br />
lich sd triet hoc thdng qua viec md ta lai, neu thien ve phUdng phap logic se<br />
cac sii kien trong sU phat trien cua triet cd nhflng ket luan khdng phu hdp vdi<br />
hoc va trinh bay ndi dung cac he thd'ng nhflng sii kien hay cac trUdng hdp cu<br />
triet hoc, cac trUdng phai, hoc thuyet, the. Ching ban, neu chung ta nhat tri<br />
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45<br />
SUKET HOP GIUA PHUDNG P H A P LICH SlTvA PHUDNG P H A P LOGIC...<br />
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cho ring, triet hoc Trung Qud'c cd dai Sau khi xac dinh dUdc quan niem<br />
khdng de cap de'n van de tii do cua mdi chu dao, sU ket hdp phUdng phap lich<br />
ca nhan eon ngUdi, ma chi chu y de'n sd va phUdng phap Idgic trong nghien<br />
con ngUdi xa hoi trong md'i quan he cUu lich sd triet hoc ddi hdi c i n tim ra<br />
t i n g bac, rang budc thi nhan dinh dd dUdc khai niem xua't phat va tai hien<br />
dudng nhu mau t h u i n vdi ly thuyet tii qua trinh lich sd cua dd'i tUdng, logic<br />
do, tu tai, "tieu dao" tuyet dd'i cua cua cac khai niem. Do dd, phai xac dinh<br />
Trang Td. trat tii Idgic cua cac khai niem, tdc la<br />
Hai la, khi ket hgp phUcfng phdp lich khai niem nao trUdc, khai niem nao<br />
sa vd phaong phdp Idgic trong nghien sau. Trong bd TU bdn, tvL khai niem<br />
ciiu lich sa triet hgc phdi xdc dinh duge xuat phat la "hang hda", C.Mac da tai<br />
yeu tddcfn gidn nhdt nhUng gia vai trb hien mot each khai quat lich sd chu<br />
quy dinh tdt cd tinh chdt, quan he nghia tU ban thdng qua trat tii Idgic cua<br />
trong todn bd tien trinh phdt trien eua cac khai niem: Hang hda tien te san<br />
ddi tugng. xuat lUu thdng qua trinh san xuat td<br />
Trong lich sd cua mdi hoc thuyet ban chu nghia. Khi nghien cdu mot hoc<br />
triet hoc, nhflng quan niem hay tU thuyet cu the trong lich sd triet hoc,<br />
tudng chu dao chinh la ye'u to' gifl vai trUde mot he thd'ng khai niem, cin xac<br />
trd chi phd'i toan bd hoc thuyet, quye't dinh dUdc trat tii logic cua cac khai<br />
dinh tinh chat dac trUng cua hoc niem va thdng qua do, tai hien "dien<br />
thuyet. De tim ra quan niem, tU tudng mao" va tim ra dUdc ban chat cua hoc<br />
chu dao cua mot hoc thuyet thi phUdng thuyet. Vi du: Khi tim hieu hoc thuyet<br />
phap Idgic chiem Uu the hdn so vdi Nho giao thdi Tien T i n , chiing ta cd the<br />
phUdng phap lich sd. Bdi le, phUdng thay trat tii Idgic cac khai niem cd ban<br />
phap Idgic giup cho chu the vUa tiep la: Nhan L l Chinh danh DUc tri.<br />
can dUdc ket cau, vUa tiep can dUdc lich Va, khi ddi theo ndi ham cua nhflng<br />
sd cua dd'i tUdng trong sii thd'ng nhat khai niem nay, chung ta se t h i y mot<br />
chat che, d cung mot thdi diem. De'n each cd ban ndi dung cua hoc thuyet.<br />
lUdt minh, viec xac dinh dUdc quan Viec xac dinh khdng dung trat tU logic<br />
niem, tU tudng chu dao cua mot hoc cua cac khai niem se gay ra sU thie'u<br />
thuyet se la mot trong nhflng dieu kien chinh xac trong viec diing lai, kien giai<br />
quan trong de dUa ra nhflng kien giai, va nhan dinh dd'i tUdng.<br />
ket luan phu hdp. Tuy nhien, cd nhflng Bdn Id, bdo ddm tinh chdn thiic<br />
trUdng hdp, vdi cung mot hoc thuyet, khdch quan cua sU kien khi ket hgp<br />
cac chu the lai cd sii liia chon quan phUcfng phdp lich sa vd phUOng phdp<br />
niem chu dao khac nhau. Sii khac nhau Idgic trong nghien cdu lich sa triet hgc.<br />
nay do binh dien, goc do, each thdc tiep T h i m dinh tinh dung sai cua sd<br />
can cua mdi chu the nghien cdu dUa lai. kien la mot khau e i n thiet, khdng the bd<br />
Ba la, cdn tim ra khdi niem xudt qua trong nghien cdu lich sd triet hoc.<br />
phdt vd tdi hien qud trinh lich sa cda PhUdng phap lich sd. cd chdc nang diing<br />
ddi tugng, Idgic cua cdc khdi niem. lai tien t n n h phat sinh, phat trien cua<br />
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46<br />
NGUYEN DINH B A C<br />
<br />
ddi tUdng thdng qua sU kien. Cdn Cd the se xay ra hai trUdng hdp: Mdt Id,<br />
phUdng phap logic cung can cU vao sii tU lieu khdng chan thiic hay sd dung<br />
kien de chUng minh va giai thich quy khdng dung chd; hai Id, quan diem dUa<br />
luat phat sinh, hinh thanh va phat trien ra khdng dung t i m , cin dUdc dieu<br />
cua dd'i tUdng cd dUdc do nhflng suy luan chinh lai.<br />
Idgic. Khi tham dinh nhflng sii kien lich Nhu vay, thUe chdt cua sU ket hgp<br />
sd va nhflng sU kien tU tudng trong lich phUdng phap lich sd va phUdng phap<br />
sd triet hoc thi phUdng tien hflu hieu Idgic trong nghien cdu lich sd triet hoc<br />
nha't la diia vao ngudn tU heu gd'c. la viec tim ra sU thd'ng nhat, nhflng ye'u<br />
De tham dinh tU heu, mot yeu ciu td phu hdp gifla hai phUdng phap de ket<br />
b i t budc vdi chu the nghien cdu la phai hdp chiing vdi nhau mot each linh hoat,<br />
sd dung dUdc ngdn ngfl cua tU heu. tren cd sd dam bao nhflng yeu ciu cd<br />
Chang ban, vdi cac hoc gia nghien cUu tinh nguyen t i c neu tren, tU dd dUa lai<br />
ve cac linh vUc cua triet hoc Trung nhflng hieu qua thiet thiic trong nghien<br />
Qudc cd, trung dai, viec sd dung dUdc cUu lich sd triet hoc.<br />
ngdn ngfl cua tU heu gd'c (tdc Han ngfl 3. Ve phUdng dien phUdng phap<br />
cd) la mot trong nhflng dieu kien quan luan, viec van dung sU ket hdp gifla<br />
trong bac nha't bao dam cho sU thanh phUdng phap lich sd va phUdng phap<br />
cdng cua viec nghien cdu. Bdi le, ne'u Idgic trong nghien cdu lich sd triet hoc,<br />
chi can cU vao tai lieu dich va nhflng trUdc bet cdn qudn triet, van dung linh<br />
ket qua nghien cUu da cd thi mac nhien, hogt cdc nguyen tdc eO bdn cua phep<br />
chiing ta da bd qua nhflng khdi ngudn bien chUng duy vdt.<br />
dot pha cho sii nghien cdu do dac thu Mot trong nhflng di san to Idn ma<br />
ngdn ngfl va van phong Han cd dem lai. cac nha kinh dien macxit de lai cho<br />
Ndm la, dam bdo sU thdng nhdt giaa nhan loai la phep bien chdng duy vat<br />
quan diem vd tU lieu khi ket hgp hat nhan cd't ldi cua triet hoc Mac<br />
phiidng phdp lich sa vd phUcfng phdp Lenin. Ban chat cua phep bien chdng<br />
Idgic trong nghien cau lich sa triet hgc. duy vat la vach ra tinh chat bien<br />
Su tho'ng nha't gifla quan diem va tU chUng cua the gidi, phat hien va khai<br />
heu la mot trong nhflng van de quan quat cac quy luat van dong, phat trien<br />
trong khi van dung sU ket hdp gifla cua tU nhien, xa hoi va tU duy; tren cd<br />
phUdng phap lich sd va phUdng phap sd dd rut ra he thd'ng cac nguyen ly,<br />
logic trong nghien cdu lich sd triet hoc. quy luat, nhflng cap pham tru dinh<br />
Su thd'ng nha't a'y dUdc the hien d chd, hudng cho boat ddng nhan thdc va cai<br />
nhflng tu heu dUdc sd dung la minh tao the gidi cua con ngUdi. Nghien cdu<br />
chiing cd tinh thuyet phuc cho quan lich sd triet hoc la mot boat ddng nhan<br />
diem da neu ra va ngUdc lai, quan diem thdc dac thu rat c i n quan triet va van<br />
dUdc dua ra la sU ket tinh cua tU heu. dung td't cac nguyen tac cd ban cua<br />
Ne'u cd bieu hien khdng an khdp gifla phep bien chdng duy vat dd la cac<br />
quan diem va tU lieu thi c i n cd sU tham nguyen t i c : Khach quan, toan dien,<br />
dinh t d hai phia tU lieu va quan diem, lich s^ cu the va phat trien.<br />
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47<br />
SUKET HDP GIUA P H U D N 6 PHAP LICH SlTVA PHUDNG P H A P LOGIC...<br />
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Nguyen tdc khdch quan \a nguyen chi rd nhflng cd'ng hien va ban che cua<br />
tic cd ban d i u tien va la dac trdng nd. Ddng thdi, phai di sau vao nhflng<br />
quan trong cua phep bien chdng duy van de ban chat, biet tim ra dau la quan<br />
vat. Trong But ky triet hgc, V.I.Lenin da diem, tU tudng chu dao, chi phd'i toan bd<br />
coi "tinh khach quan cua sii xem xet" la hoc thuyet dd, tranh thai do gian ddn<br />
yeu to d i u tien cua phep bien chdng trong viec nghien cdu, danh gia.<br />
duy vat. Bdi le, tU dac trUng nay, ngUdi Phep bien chdng duy vat cdn yeu cau<br />
ta cd the rut ra cac dac trUng khac cua xem xet sU vat, hien tUdng trong sii van<br />
tu duy bien chdng duy vat. Quan triet ddng, phat trien, mau t h u i n va gin hen<br />
va van dung nguyen t i c khach quan vdi dieu kien lich sd cu the. Vi vay, khi<br />
khi ket hdp phUdng phap lich sd va ket hdp phUdng phap lich sd va phUdng<br />
phUdng phap Idgic trong nghien cUu phap Idgic trong nghien cdu lich sd triet<br />
lich sd triet hoc ddi hdi phai xuat phat hoc, chdng ta phai ddng thdi quan triet<br />
tu chinh ban than mdi trUdng phai, hoc va van dung sang tao cac nguyen tdc<br />
thuyet, quan diem, tU tudng trong lich phdt trien, nguyen tdc lich sa eu the;<br />
sd; phai phan anh trung thiic nhflng bdi cd nhU vay, chung ta mdi thay dUdc<br />
dac diem va ndi dung cd ban cua cac qua trinh phat sinh, phat trien cua lich<br />
trudng phai nhU chung vd'n cd, tranh sii triet hoc chinh la mot ddng chay lien<br />
thien kien, chu quan. tuc trong sii phat trien cua tU duy nhan<br />
Nguyen tdc todn dien ddi hdi phai loai. Mat khac, ban than khoa hoc lich<br />
xem xet sU vat, hien tUdng mot each sd triet hoc ddi hdi chung ta khi xem<br />
toan dien, trong mot chinh the thd'ng xet cac tU tudng triet hoc hay mot hoc<br />
nha't cua tat ca cac mat, ye'u td', bd phan, thuyet triet hoc nao dd khdng phai la de<br />
thudc tinh cung cac md'i lien he phd bie'n xem nd cd gi mdi so vdi hien nay, ma la<br />
va sii rang budc l i n nhau gifla chung cd gi mdi so vdi cac hoc thuyet trUdc<br />
trong ban than sii vat va gifla cac sii vat day. Them nfla, khoa hoc lich sd triet<br />
vdi nhau. Tuy nhien, nguyen t i c toan hoc cdn ddi hdi khi xem xet moi hoc<br />
dien cua phep bien chUng duy vat khdng thuyet triet hoc vdi tU each nhflng nac<br />
ddng nghia vdi sii cao bing, dan deu thang nhat dinh trong qua trinh nhan<br />
theo kieu "binh quan chu nghia"; ngUdc thdc the gidi, chung ta khdng dUdc phep<br />
lai, nd ddi hdi phai xac dinh va lam ndi hien dai hda nd, khdng gan ghep nhflng<br />
bat cai cd ban, cai quan trong nhat cua tU tUcing, quan diem ma nd khdng cd va<br />
sii vat, hien tUdng dd. Nghia la, toan khdng the cd, ma phai tim dUdc sii lien<br />
dien nhUng phai 90 trong tam, trong he gifla qua khd va hien tai, tha'y dUdc<br />
diem. Nguyen t i c toan dien dUdc van cdi ngudn lich sd va ca xu hUdng phat<br />
dung khi ket hdp phUdng phap lich sd trien cua nd.<br />
va phUdng phap logic trong nghien cdu Hai la, khi sa dung phUcfng phdp<br />
lich sd triet hoc dat ra cho chung ta yeu lich sii vd phUOng phdp Idgic trong<br />
ciu phai xem xet mot each td'ng the dac nghien cHu lich sa triet hgc cdn ket hgp<br />
diem va ndi dung cua mdi trUdng phai, vdi sii van dung linh hogt cdc phUOng<br />
mdi hoc thuyet triet hoc trong lich sd, phdp khde.<br />
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48<br />
NGUYEN DINH B A C<br />
<br />
Cac nha nghien cUu triet hoc da chi dac thu cua minh, vi du nhU khoa hoc<br />
ra rang, ne'u chung ta xac dinh dUdc lich sd, khao cd hoc, v.v.. Do vay, khi<br />
phUdng phap nghien cdu dung d i n cho ket hdp phUdng phap lich sd va phUdng<br />
bd mdn lich sd triet hoc thi cung khdng phap Idgic trorig nghien cUu lich sd<br />
cd nghia la viec nghien cdu tren eon triet hoc, chung ta c i n phan biet tinh<br />
dudng dd da tdi dich. Bdi le, mot doe lap tUdng dd'i cua nd vdi viec sd<br />
phUdng phap tu ban than nd, du cd dung phUdng phap nay trong nghien<br />
khoa hoc the nao di chang nfla, cung cdu cac mdn khoa hoc khac.<br />
khdng the quyet dinh trUdc dUdc mot Bdn la, khi sa dung phUOng phdp<br />
each hoan toan cac ket qua nghien cdu. lich sa vd phUcfng phdp Idgic trong<br />
Do do, dieu quan trong ma chung ta c i n nghien cdu lich sa triet hgc, cdn ket hgp<br />
chu y la c i n phai cd phUdng phap dung hai phUcfng phdp ndy mdt cdch mim<br />
d i n va kinh nghiem sd dung hdp ly, deo, linh hogt, khdng xem nhe hoac<br />
uyen chuyen. tuyet ddi hda bdt ky phUcJngphdp ndo.<br />
Mac du sU ket hdp phUdng phap lich Bdi le, ne'u xem nhe phUdng phap<br />
sd va phUdng phap Idgic dUdc xac dinh Idgic, tuyet dd'i hda phUdng phap lich sd<br />
la mot phUdng phap dac trUng trong se sa vao linh viic cua bd mdn lich sd.<br />
nghien cdu lich sd triet hoc, nhUng dd NgUdc lai, ne'u tuyet dd'i hda phUdng<br />
khdng phai la phUdng phap duy nhat. phap Idgic, coi thUdng phUdng phap lich<br />
Vi vay, chung ta c i n phai biet khai thac sd d l sa vao linh vUc cua chu nghia duy<br />
va van dung sU ket hdp phUdng phap vat bien chUng va chu nghia duy vat<br />
lich sd va phUdng phap logic mot each lich sd, hoac bd mdn Idgic hoc.<br />
linh hoat, sang tao vdi cac phUdng phap Lich sd triet hoc la mot "lau dai" do<br />
nghien cdu khac. Cd nhU vay, ket qua so, an chUa nhflng gia tri quy bau cin<br />
cua sii nghien cdu mdi dat hieu qua thUdng xuyen dUdc nghien cUu, khai<br />
cao, con dudng kham pha chan ly mdi thac va ke thUa. Viec xay diing "con<br />
nhanh chdng va chinh xac hdn. dudng" de di vao kham pha nhflng bi<br />
Ba la, cdn phdn biet tinh dde lap mat cua toa lau dai ay ludn c i n thiet<br />
tuang ddi cua phUcfng phdp lich sa vd va ddi hdi phai thUdng xuyen bd sung<br />
phUcfng phdp Idgic trong nghien ciiu nhflng ye'u td mdi. Mdi budc kham pha<br />
lich sa triet hgc vdi viec sa dung phUcfng d i n de'n mot thanh tiiu mdi cung chinh<br />
phdp ndy trong nghien cUu cdc mdn la luc phUdng phap dUdc bd sung them<br />
khoa hgc khde. de con dUdng kham pha ngay cang<br />
Thuc t i l n cho thay, ket hdp phUdng khoa hoc, hoan thien va hieu qua hdn.<br />
phap lich sd va phUdng phap logic hoan Trong he thd'ng cac phUdng phap<br />
toan khdng phai la phUdng phap nghien nghien cdu lich sd triet hpc da dUdc cac<br />
cdu rieng cd cua lich sd triet hoc. Trai nha nghien cdu khai quat va vach ra<br />
lai, nhieu mdn khoa hoc khac cung sd cho de'n nay, sU ket hdp gifla phUdng<br />
dung phudng phap nghien cdu nay, phap lich sd va phUdng phap Idgic v i n<br />
tham chi cd mdn khoa hoc cdn sd dung dUdc xac dinh la mot phUdng phap<br />
nd nhu mot phUdng phap nghien cdu nghien cUu dac trUng. •<br />
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