Tài liệu ôn thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Lịch sử: Phần 1

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Tài liệu Hướng dẫn ôn thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Lịch sử (Theo cấu trúc đề thi của Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo) của ThS. Trương Ngọc Thơi được viết dưới dạng vừa cung cấp kiến thức cơ bản, cô đọng, dễ nhớ, dễ hiểu để các bạn có điều kiện học tập và tiếp thu nhanh kiến thức môn Lịch sử lớp 12 trong thời gian ngắn. Sau đây là phần 1 của Tài liệu, mời các bạn tham khảo.

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Nội dung Text: Tài liệu ôn thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Lịch sử: Phần 1

907 chuyifl LTKIIIIIJM f&uidti H561D kien ON THI TOT N G H I E P TRUNG HOC PHO THONG (Tai b a n , Ian thuf n h a t , theo c a u true de thi m d i
ThS. TRl/dNG NGOC THdl| HUdNG DAN ON THI TOT NGHIEP THPT MON LICH • THEO CAU TRUC DE THI CUA BO GIAO DgC VA DAO TAO (Tdi ban idn thit nhat) f —. NHA XUAT BAN THANH HOA
NHA X U A T B A N T H A N H HOA 248 TrSn Phii - P. Ba Dinh - TP. Thanh Hoa Di#n thoai: (037) 3852281 - 3722347 - 3853548 Fax:(037)3853548 E-mail; nxbthanhhoa@yahoo.com HUCfNG D A N O N T H I T N T H P T M O N L I C H SlT ThS. T R l / d N G NGQC THCfl Chiu trdch nhi^m xudt ban: N G U Y I N H C T U C H I J C Bien tap: LE D A N Trinh hay hia: T H A I V A N In 1.000 cuon, kho 16 x 24cm tai Cong ti TNHH MTV In Tin Loc - TP.Ho Chi Minh. S6' DKKHXB: 452 - 2012/CXB/63 - 20/ThaH. QOXB sa': 412/QD - ThaH, ngay 31/12/2012. In xong va nOp lifu chieu quy 1 nam 2013.
Cung cac em hoc sinh than men! De kjp th6i giup cac em nam that vQng kien thiJc, chuan bj cho ky thi tot nghiep nam hoc 2009 - 2010 va nhieu nam hoc sau nay, chung toi bien soan cuon: "HlAirNG DAN dN THi T^TT NGHl|P THPT MdN L|CH SUl^ theo chiicfng trinh on thi mdi nhat cua Bo Giao due va Dao tao vCra ban hanh. Sach viet di/di dang vC/a cung cap kien thtirc cd ban, c6 dong, de nhd, d§ hieu de cac em c6 dieu kien hoc tap va tiep thu nhanh kien thC/c mon Ljch sCf Idp 12 trong thdi gian ngan. Ngoai phan kien thCfc cd ban, chung toi con gidi thieu mot so de thi tot nghiep trong nhOng nam 2006 den nam 2008 de cac em tham khao them ve cac dang de thi tot nghiep cua Bp Giao due va Dao tao. Nam vCifng kien thufc cd ban trong sach, cac em se vOng tin bade vao cac ki thi dang chd ddi phfa trade. Day la tai lieu can thiet va bo ich cho cac em hoc sinh Idp 12 cung nhu cac ban dong nghiep. Trong qua trinh bien soan, chac khong the tranh khoi nhQng thieu sot. Rat mong nhan dUdc sU gop y \is quy thay, c6 giao day bo mon Uch sCf cung nhu cac em hoc sinh yeu quy \ii moi mien dat nude. Chung toi xin tran trong cam dn. TACGIA 3
CAU TRUC CHUfdNG TRINH THI TOT NGHl|P THPT MON LICH S6 I. PHAN CHUNG CHO TAT CA THi SINH 2} UCH sO THE GI6I HIEN DAI TCT N A M 1945 DEN N A M 2000 - Sa hinh thanh trat tii the gidi mdi sau Chien tranh the gidri thuT II (1945- 1949) - Lien X6 va cac nirdc Dong Au (1945 - 1991). Lien bang Nga (1991 - 2000) - Cac nude Dong Bac A - Cac nirdc Dong Nam A va An Do - Cac nifdc chau Phi va M i La tinh - Nude M i - Tay Au -NhatBan - Quan he quoc te trong va sau thcfi k i Chien tranh lanh - Cach mang khoa hoc - cong nghe va xu the toan cau hoa nilfa sau the kiXX - Tong ket lich suT the gidi hien dai tU nSm 1945 den nSm 2000 2 ] UCH sCr VIET N A M Ttf 1919 DEN N A M 2000 - Phong trao dan toe dan chii or Viet Nam tii nam 1919 den nam 1925 - Phong trao dan toe dan chu d Viet Nam ttf nam 1925 den nam 1930 - Phong trao each mang 1930 - 1935 - Phong trao dan chu 1936 -1939 - Phong trao giai phong dan toe va Tong khdi nghia thang Tarn (1939 - 1945). Nirdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa ra ddi - Nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa tii sau ngay 02 - 9 - 1945 den trade ngay 19 -12 - 1946 - Nhflng nam dau cua cuoc khang chien toan quoc chong thiTc dan Phap (1946 - 1950) - Budc phat trien mdi ciia cuoc khang chien toan quoc chong thuc dan Phap (1951- 1953) - Cuoc khang chien toan quoc chong thifc dan Phap ket thuc (1953-1954) - Xay dilng chu nghia xa hoi d mien Bdc, dau tranh chong de quoc M l va chinh quyen Sai Gon d mien Nam (1954 - 1965) 5
- N h a n dan h a i mien tnrc tiep chien dau cho'ng de quoc M i xam liiac. N h a n dan m i e n B^c vifa chien dau san xuat (1965 - 1973) viia - Cuoc dau t r a n h t r e n m a t t r a n ngoai giao. Hiep dinh Pari nSm 1973 ve chain dult chien t r a n h , lap lai hoa binh d Viet Nam - K h o i phuc va phat t r i e n k i n h te- xa hoi or mien Bac, giai phong hoan toan m i e n N a m (1973 - 1975) - Viet N a m trong nSm dau sau t h i n g loi cua khang chien chong M i cufu nirdc nam 1975 - Viet N a m xay di/ng chu nghia xa hoi va dau t r a n h bao ve To quoc (1976- 1986) - Dat nvldc t r e n diTcmg doi mdi di len C N X H (1986- 2000) - Tdng k e t l i c h sur Viet N a m tif nSm 1919 den nam 2000 I I . P H A N Tli C H O N Tj UCH sCr THE Gidl TCr NAM 1945 DEN NAM 2000 a.Theo chitdng trinh cd ban - Sif h i n h t h a n h t r a t tif the gi
- Ni/dc Viet N a m Dan chu Cong hoa t i f sau ngay 02-9-1945 den trifdrc ngay 19-12- 1946 - Nhang n&m dau cua cuoc khang chien toan quoc chong thifc dan Phap (1946 - 1950) - Bifdc phat t r i e n mdi cua cuoc khang chien toan quoc chong thiic dan Phap (1951- 1953) - Cuoc khang chien toan quoc chong thifc dan Phap ket thuc (1953-1954) - Xay dittig chu nghIa xa hoi d m i e n BSc, dau t r a n h chong de quoc M i va chinh quyen Sai Gon cf mien Nam (1954 - 1965) - Nhan dan hai mien tnJfc tiep chien dau chong de quoc M l xam Itfoc. Nhan dan mien Bftc vUa chien dau vUa san xuat (1965 - 1973) - Cuoc dau t r a n h t r e n mat t r a n ngoai giao. Hiep d i n h P a r i n a m 1973 ve chain dult chien t r a n h , lap l a i hoa b i n h d V i e t N a m - K h o i phuc va phat t r i e n k i n h te- xa hoi d mien BSc, giai phong hoan toan mien N a m (1973 - 1975) - Viet N a m t r o n g nam dau sau t h d n g Icfi cua k h a n g chien chong M l cijfu niidc nam 1975 - Viet N a m xay difng chu nghia xa hoi va dau t r a n h bao ve To quoc (1976- 1986) - Dat nirdc t r e n dtfcfng doi mdi d i len C N X H (1986- 2000) - Tong ket lich sijf Viet N a m tCf nam 1919 den n a m 2000 b. Theo chi/Gtng trinh Nang cao j j UCH Sljr THE IKS NAM 1945 D E N NAM 2000 - Sif h i n h t h a n h t r a t Ui the gidi m d i sau Chien t r a n h the gidri thuf I I (1945 - 1949) - l i e n X6 va cac mi&c Dong Au (1945 - 1991, l i e n bang Nga (1991 - 2000) - Trung Quoc va ban dao T r i e u T i e n - Cac ni/dc Dong N a m A - Cac nifdc chau P h i va M i L a - t i n h - Nude M i - Tay Au - N h a t Ban - Quan he quoc te t r o n g va sau thcri k i Chien t r a n h l a n h - Cach mang khoa hoc - cong n ^ e va xu the toan cau hoa nijfa sau the kiXX - Tdng ket lich suf the gidi hien dai tii nSm 1945 den n a m 2000 7
f 2 ] U C H sCr VIET NAM Tlf 1919 DEN NAM 2000 - Nhorng chuyen bien mdi ve kinh te va xa hoi d Viet Nam sau Chien t r a n h the' gidi thuT I. - Phong trao dan tpc dan chu d Viet Nam tif nam 1919 den nam 1925 - Phong trao dan tgc dan chu d \^iet Nam Ui nam 1925 den nam 1930 - Phong trao each m a n g 1930 - 1935 - Phong trao dan chu 1936 -1939 - Phong trao giai phong dan toe 1939 -1945 - Cao trao k h a n g Nhat oSa midc va Tong k h d i nghla thang Tam nSm 1945. Nude Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa r a dcfi - Nirdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa tii sau ngay 02 - 9 - 1945 den trade 19 - 12 - 1946 - NhOmg n a m dau cua cuoc khang chien toan quoc chong thifc dan Phap (1946 - 1950) - Birdc phat t r i e n mdi cua cuoc khang chien toan quoc chong thifc dan Phap (1951- 1953) - Cupe khang c h i o i toon quoc diraig thifc dan Phap ket thuc (1953-1954) - M i e n BSc thUfc hien nhODag nhiem vu k i n h te - xa hoi, mien Nam dau t r a n h chong M l - Diem, giff ^ hoa binh (1954 - 1960) - Xay difng chu nghia xa hoi d mien BSc, chien dau chong chien liidc "Chien t r a n h dae biet" cua de quoc M i d mien Nam (1961 - 1965) - Chien dau chong chien Idwc "Chien t r a n h cue bo" dr mien Nam va chien t r a n h pha hoai Ian thi? n h a t eua de quoc M i (1965 - 1968) - Chien dau chong chirai lUOC "Viet Nam hoa chien tranh" & mien Nam va chien tranh pha hoai mien Bac Ian thijf hai eua de quoc M l (1969 - 1973) - Cuoc dau t r a n h tren mat tran ngoai giao. Hiep dinh Pari nSm 1973 ve cham dult chien t r a n h , lap lai hoa b i n h cr Viet Nam - K h o i phue va phat trien kinh te - xa hoi d mien BSc, giai phong hoan toan m i e n N a m (1973 - 1975) - Viet N a m t r o n g nam dau sau t h d n g loi cua khang chien chong M l cOlU nirde n a m 1975 - Viet N a m xay du&g chii nghia xa hoi va dau t r a n h bao ve To quoc (1976- 1986) - Viet N a m t r e n di/dng doi m d i di len C N X H (1986- 2000) - Tong ket l i c h sur Viet Nam til nam 1919 den nam 2000 8
1 OPHANI I LjCH SCfTHE GIGfl HIEN D^l PWti TCT N^M 1945 9 E N NfiY (2000) Chironfi I BOI CANH QUOC T E SAU CHIEN TRANH THE G l 6 l THLfll (1945-1949) mm SI/ HINH T H A N H TRAT Tl/ T H E Gl6l M6| SAU CHIEN TRANH T H E Gl6l T H Q II ( 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 4 9 ) jj HQ! N G H j l A N T A ( 0 2 - 1945) VA N H Q N G THOA THUAN C U A BA CadNG QUOC 1. H o a n c a n h l i c h suf - Dau nam 1945, nhieu van de quan trong va cap bach dat ra inidc cac circmg quoc Dong m i n h . Do la: + Nhanh chong danh bai hoan toan cac n\i6c phat x i t ; + To chijfc l a i the gidi sau chien t r a n h ; + Phan chia t h a n h qua chien thang giOra cac niidc t h a n g t r a n . - Trong bo'i canh do, mot cuoc hoi nghi quo'c te diTcfc t r i e u tap t a i l a n t a (Lien X6) tCr ngay 04 den 11 - 02 - 1945. 2. H p i n g h i dvta r a n h i ? i ^ q u y e t d i n h q u a n t r o n g - Tieu diet t a n goc chu nghia phat x i t DuTc va chu nghia quan phiet Nhat Ban. Sau k h i danh bai nifdrc Dufc phat x i t . L i e n X6 se t h a m chien chdng N h a t d chau A. - Thanh lap to chuTc L i e n hop quoc nham duy t r i hoa b i n h va an n i n h the gidi. - Thoa thuan ve viec dong quan t a i cac midc nham giai giap quan dpi phat x i t va phan chia pham v i anh hLfomg a chau Au va chau A. Toan bo nhuTng quyet dinh cua hoi nghi l a n t a cung nhOTng thoa thuan sau do cua ba ci/cmg quoc da t r d thanh khuon kho ciia t r a t t i i the gidi m6i, thtfcfng di/oc goi la "Trat tif hai ciTc lanta". 9
jFj Sli T H A N H LAP LIEN HOP QUOC 1. H o a n c a n h l i c h svC - Tii ngay 25 - 4 den ngay 26 - 6 - 1945, mot hoi nghi quoc te Idn da hop t a i Xan Phranxixco (Mi) de thong qua ban Hien chifcfng va tuyen bo t h a n h lap L i e n hop quoc. - Ngay 24 - 10 - 1945, ban Hien chiAfng L i e n hiep quoc c6 hieu life. 2. M u c d i c h Duy t r i hoa b i n h v^ an n i n h the gidi, phat t r i e n cac moi quan he hCili nghi giuTa ede dan toe va t i e n hanh sif hap tac quoc te giQ& cac ni/dc t r e n ca sd ton t r p n g nguyen tac binh d i n g va quyen tiJ quyet cua cac dan toe. 3. N g u y e n iAc hoat d p n g - Binh dang chu quyen giiJa cac quoc gia va quyen tif quyet ciia cac dan toe. - Ton t r o n g toan ven lanh tho va doc lap chinh t r i cua tat ca cac ni/dc. - I 3 i 6 n g can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cua bat k i nifdc nao. - Giai quyet cac t r a n h chap quoc te bSng bien phap hoa b i n h . - Chung song hoa b i n h va sii nhat t r i giflra 5 nUde Idn. 4. C a c ccf q u a n j * D a i hoi dong: Gom t a t ca cac nifdc t h a n h vien, c6 quyen hanh rpng r a i . M 6 i nam Dai hoi dong hop mot k i de thao luan tat ca cac van de hoac cong viec thupe pham v i H i e n chtfcfng quy dinh. * H o i dong Bao an: La ca quan gicr vai tro t r o n g yeu hang dau trong viec duy t r i hoa b i n h an n i n h the gidi. * Ban Thtf k i : Crf quan hanh chinh - to chuTc cua Lien hop quoc, dilng dau la Tong t h u k i vdi nhiem k i 5 nam. Ngoai ra con c6 H o i dong K i n h te - Xa hoi. H o i dong Quan thac, Toa an Quoc te... Den nSm 2006, L i e n hop quoc c6 192 quoc gia t h a n h vien. Tif t h a n g 9 -1977, Viet Nam t r d t h a n h t h a n h vien thiJ 149 cua Lien hcfp quoic. ml Sli H I N H T H A N H H A I H E T H O N G X A HOI C H U NGHIA VA Tl/ BAN CHU NGHIA V a n de ni^oTc Diic + Sau Chien t r a n h the gidi thuT H , quan dpi L i e n X6 chiem dong vCing l a n h tho phia Dong ni/dc DuTc, A n h chiem vCing Tay BSc, M i chiem vimg phia Nam, Phap chiem mot phan l a n h tho phia Tay. 10
+ Thang 12 - 1946, M i va A n h da tien hanh rieng re viec hcfp nhat hai khu vUc chiem dong cua m i n h n h k m chia cat lau dai niidc DiJc. Cuo'i cung, thang 6 - 1949, M l - A n h - Phap da hcfp nhat cac vung chiem dong va lap ra Nha niidc Cong hoa Lien bang (CHLB) Dufc. + Vdri str giup dd cua L i e n X6, cac life lifgng dan chu or Dong Dufc da thanh lap Nha ntfdc Cong hoa Dan chu (CHDC) Dure vao thang 10 - 1949. N h u the, t r e n lanh tho Dure da xuat hien hai nha nxidc DJJTC vdri che do chlnh t r i va con di/dng phat t r i e n khac nhau. V a n de D o n g A u v a T a y A u + Trong nhflng nam 1945 - 1947, cac ntfdc Dong A u da xay diing bo may Nha ntfdc dan chu nhan dan va tien hanh xay diing chu nghia xa hoi, tifng hxidc hinh thanh he thong cac niiac dan chu nhan dan - xa. hoi chu nghia. + d Tay A u , hau het cac ni/dc bi chien t r a n h t a n pha nang ne. Vao luc do. M l de ra "Ke hoach phuc hiftig chau A u " (con goi la "Ke hoach Macsan") nhSm vien trcf cac niidc Tay Au khoi phuc k i n h te, dong thori tang cifcfng anh hudng va sir khdng che ciia M l ddi vdi cac niidc nay. He thong tU ban chu nghia cung hinh thanh theo sU dinh hitang cua Ml. Chtfonfill LIEN X6 VA CAC n\S6C DONG AU (1945 -1991) LIEN BANG NGA (1991 - 2000) BAI 2 LIEN X 6 V A C A C HKSdC DONG A U (1945 - 1991) LIEN BANG N G A (1991 - 2000) 7j L I E N X6 VA C A C N J d C D O N G A U TLf N A M 1945 DEN GlCfA NHCTNG NAM 70 1. L i e n X d a) Cong cuoc k h o i phuc k i n h te or L i e n X6 (1945 - 1950) Hodn canh lich sit Lien X6 la niTdc chiu t o n t h a t nang ne nhat t r o n g cuoc Chien t r a n h the gidri thuT I I : Hcfn 27 trieu ngifcfi chet; 1710 t h a n h phd, hcfn 70.000 lang mac, gan 32.000 nha may, x i nghiep b i t a n pha. 11
NhUng thanh tUii dot duac - Hoan thanh thSng Icri ke hoach 5 nam (1946 - 1950) tnJ&c thcfi han 9 thang. - Nen san xuat cong nghiep dtfgc phuc hoi nam 1947. Den nSm 1950 san lifcrng cong nghiep tang 73% so vdi tnrdrc chien t r a n h . - San xua't nong nghiep nam 1950 dat muTc trUdrc chieh t r a n h . - Khoa hoc - k i thuat phat trien nhanh chong. Nam 1949, Lien X6 che tao t h a n h cong bom nguyen tuf, pha v5 the doc quyen vu k h i nguyen tOr ciia M l . b) L i e n X6 tiep tuc xay diftig co sd vat chat - k i thuat cua CNXH (tCr nam 1950 den nijfa dau nhomg nam 70) 1\i nam 1950 den nam 1975. Lien X6 da thiTc hien nhieu ke hoach dai han n h a m tiep tuc xay dOng ccf sd vat chat - k i thuat ciia C N X H . - Ve cong nghiep, t r d thanh cifcmg quoc cong nghiep diing thijf hai tren the gidri (sau M i ) , chiem khoang 20% tong san li/cfng cong nghiep toan the gicd. - Ve nong nghiep, san Itfcfng nong pham trong nhflng nam 60 tang t r u n g b i n h khoang 16%/nam. - Ve khoa hoc - k i thuat, nam 1957, Lien X6 la niidc dau tien phong thanh cong ve t i n h nhan tao ciia Trai Dat. Nam 1961, phong con tau vu t r u Phiiong Dong dtfa nha du hanh vu t r u Gagarin bay vong quanh Trai Dat. - Ve mat xa hoi, c6 nhOng thay doi ro ret. T i le cong nhan chiem hon 55% sd ngadi lao dong trong ca nUdc. T r i n h do hoc van cua ngifdi dan di/Oc nang cao, gan 3/4 so dan dat t r i n h do trung hoc va dai hoc. L i e n X6 t r d t h a n h t r u cot cua he thong xa hoi chii nghia, la cho diia cho hoa b i n h va phong trao each mang the gi(Ji. 2. C a c n i i d c D o n g A u a) Sir ra dcfi cua cac ntftJc dan chu nhan dan Dong Au - Trong nhCfng nam 1944 - 1945, k h i Hong quan Lien X6 truy kich quan doi phat x i t qua vung Dong Au, nhan dan Dong Au ndi day gianh chinh quyen va thanh lap Nha ntfdc dan chu nhan dan. + Cong hoa N h a n dan Ba L a n (1944), Cong hoa Nhan dan Rumani (1944), Cong hoa N h a n dan Hunggari (1945), Cong hoa Tiep Khac (1945), Cong hoa N h a n dan L i e n Bang Nam TiT (1945), Cong hoa Nhan dan Anbani (1945), Cong hoa N h a n dan Bungari (1946). + Rieng Dong Dure, vdri sir giiip dd cua Lien X6, thang 10 - 1949 nirdc Cong hoa Dan chu Dure diTcfc thanh lap. b) Cong cuoc xay diTng chu nghia xa hoi d cac nifdc Dong Au - Trong nhorng nam 50 - 1975, cac niTdc Dong Au thiic hien ke hoach 5 nam nham xay diTng ca sd vat chat - k i thuat ciia chu nghia xa hoi trong dieu kien kho k h a n . 12
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- Sau 6 nam t i e n hanh cai to, do pham nhieu sai lam n e n tinh hinh khong dtroc cai t h i e n , dat niidc X6 viet lam vac t i n h t r a n g khung hoang toan dien. c) Su sup do cua Lien bang X6 viet - Ngay 19 - 8 - 1991, mot cuoc chinh bien n h k m l a t do Goocbachop no ra nhimg t h a t bai. Sau do, Goocbachop tuyen bo' tii chuTc Tong B i thif Dang Cong s a n L i e n X6, yeu cau giai t a n Uy ban T r u n g Utfng Dang. Dang Cong s a n L i e n X6 b i d i n h chi boat dong, Chinh phu L i e n bang bi te liet. - Ngay 21 - 12 - 1991, 11 ni/dc cong hoa trong L i e n bang k i hiep dinh t h a n h lap cong dong cac quoc gia doc lap (SNG). - Ngay 25 - 12 - 1991, sup do che do xa hoi chu nghia d Lien X6 sau 74 nSm ton t a i . 2. S\i k h u n g hoang c u a che dp x a hpi c h u nghia it c a c midc Dong A u - Vao nhCmg nam cudi ciia thap k i 70 - dau thap k i 80, n e n kinh te Dong Au l a m vao t i n h t r a n g t r i t r e . - N h a n dan cac ntfdc Dong Au giam sut long t i n vao Dang v a Nha ntrdrc. Sii bat b i n h cua ho ngay cang tang len. - Ban l a n h dao Dang v a Nha midc d cac ntfdc Dong Au c6 nhfifng cd gang de dieu chinh sif phat t r i e n k i n h te. Nhitog cudi cimg h i be tSc, lam cho khung hoang ngay them gay gat. - Cac niTdrc Dong Au chap nhan t i n h t r a n g da nguyen, da dang v a tien hanh tdng tuyen cuf, chaitn diJt che do x a hoi chu nghia. Cac ntfdc Dong Au Ian lifgrt tii bo chu nghia x a hoi, tuyen bd^ la ntfdc cong hoa. 3. N g u y e n n h a n s u p do c h e dp x a h p i c h u n g h i a it L i e n X d v a cac midc D o n g A u - Xay diftig chu nghia x a hoi mang t i n h chii quan, duy y chi, ccf che tap t r u n g quan lieu bao cap. Sii thieu dan chu v a cong bang trong x a hoi. - Khong bat k i p biidc phat t r i e n cua cudc each mang khoa hoc - k i thuat t i e n t i e n . - K h i t i e n hanh cai to l a i pham sai l a m t r e n nhieu mat. - Sii chdng pha cua cac the liic t h d dich trong va ngoai nifdc. ml LIEN BANG NGA Tlf NAM 1991 DEN NAM 2000 Sau k h i L i e n X6 t a n r a . L i e n bang Nga la "qudc gia ke tuc Lien Xo". - Ve k i n h te, trong nhuTng nam 1990 - 1995, tdc do tang tn/dng binh quan hang nam cua GDP luon la sd am. Tif nam 1997 t r d d i , k i n h te difoc phuc hoi v a phat t r i e n . 14
- Ve chinh t r i , thang 12 - 1993 ban Hien phap L i e n bang Nga ducfc ban hanh, quy d i n h the che Tong thong Lien bang. - Ve do'i noi, Nga phai do'i mat vdri hai thach thufc 1dm la t i n h t r a n g khong on dinh do sif t r a n h chap giila cac dang phai va nhCTng vu xung dot sSc toe. - Ve mat do'i ngoai, mot mat Nga nga ve phtftmg Tay vdi h i vong nhan difcJc sii ling ho ve chinh t r i va sir vien t r o ve k i n h te; mat khac, khoi phuc va phat t r i e n moi quan he vdi cac Tuidc chau A. - TCr dau nam 2000, chinh phu ciia Tong thong Putin co gSng phat trien k i n h te, cung co nha niftJc phap quyen, on d i n h t i n h h i n h xa hoi va nang cao v i the quoc te cua luldc Nga. ClKWnfi (II C A C N U d C A, PHI VA Ml LATINH (1945 - 2000) BAI 3 C A C NlTdC DONG B A C A T ] N E T C H U N G V E K H U V J C E>6NG B A C A - TrtftJc Chien t r a n h the gidi thuf I I , cac nifdc Dong B&c A (trCr Nhat Ban) deu b i chu nghia thiic dan no dich. TU sau nam 1945, t i n h l i i n h khu vUc CO nhieu bie'n chuyen. - Tif nijfa sau the k i XX, k h u vvfc Dong B&c A da dat di/crc sif trudng thanh nhanh chong ve k i n h te. H a n Quoc, Hong Cong, Dai Loem t r d thanh nhorng "con rong" k i n h te d chau A. N h a t Ban trof t h a n h nen k i n h te Idn thi'f hai the gidi. TRUNG Q U O C 1. Sii thanh lap mitfc C p n g hoa N h a n d a n T r u n g H o a v a thanh tiAi 10 nam d a u xay dUng che dp mdi (1949 -1959) a. Cuoc noi chien: - Cupc noi chien keo dai hem 3 nam (1946 - 1949). - Ngay 20 - 7 - 1946, Ti/dng Gidi Thach phat dong cuoc chien t r a n h chong Dang Cong san. - Ti^ thang 7 - 1946 den thang 6 - 1947, Quan giai phong Trung Quoc thiic hien chien lilOc phong ngif tich cifc. Sau giai doan nay, Quan giai phong chuyen sang phan cong, tien quan vao cac vung do Dang Quoc dan kiem soat. 15
- Cuoi nam 1949, cupc noi chien ket thuc, toan bo luc dia Trung Quoc diipc giai phong. Tap doan Tii&ng Giori Thach that bai, phai thao chay ra Dai Loan. - Ngay 01 - 10 - 1949, nudc Cong hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa chinh thiJc thanh lap, dumg dau la Chu t i c h Mao Trach Dong. b. Y nghia: - Cham duft hcfn 100 nSm no dich cua de quoc, xoa bo tan dil phong kien. - Dua nude Trung Hoa biTdc vao k i nguyen doc lap, t u do va tien len chu nghIa xa hoi. - A n h hifdng sau sac tori phong trao giai phong dan toe the gidri. c. Cong cuoc k h o i phuc k i n h te va eai each - N h i e m vu hang dau cua nhan dan Trung Quoc la dUa da't nUdc thoat khoi ngheo nan, lac hau, phat t r i e n k i n h te, xa hoi, van hoa va giao due. - Tii nam 1953, Trung Qude thue hien ke hoach 5 nam dau tien (1953 - 1957). Nhcf no liic lao dong cua toan dan va sif giup dd cua Lien X6, ke hoaeh 5 nSm hoan t h a n h thSng loi. Bo mat dat nUdc Trung Quoc c6 nhieu thay doi ro ret. - Ve doi ngoai, t h i hanh chinh sach ngoai giao tich ciTc nhSm cung co hoa b i n h va thiic day sU phat trien cua phong trao each mang the giori. Ngay 18 - 01 - 1950, Trung Quoc thiet lap quan he ngoai giao v6i Viet Nam. 2. T r u n g Q u o c trong nhuTng j i a m k h o n g o n d i n h (1959 - 1978) - Ve doi npi, tii nSm 1959 den nam 1978, Trung Hoa lam vao t i n h t r a n g khong on d i n h ve k i n h te, chinh t r i , xa hoi. Vdi viee de ra va thife hien du&ng 161 "Ba ngon ecr hong" vdi mong muon nhanh chong xay difng t h a n h cong chu nghIa xa hoi. Hau qua la tif n&m 1959, trong ca nifdc nan doi dien ra t r a m trpng, dcfi song nhan dan kho khSn, san xuat ngifng t r e , dat nifdc khong on dinh. NhOng kh6 khan ve k i n h te da dan tori hien dong ve chinh t r i . Bieu hien: + Trong npi bp ban lanh dao Trung Quoc xay ra sir bat dong gay gat ve dudng lo'i, dan tori sir t r a n h gianh quyen life. + Tif nam 1969 den nam 1978, trong npi bp ban lanh dao vSn tiep tue d i i n ra cupc t r a n h gianh quyen life gay gat. - Ve doi ngoai, ung hp cupc dau t r a n h chong M l xam lifpc cua nhan dan Viet N a m cung n h u cupc dau t r a n h giai phong dan toe cua nhan dan cac ntfdc A, P h i va M l L a t i n h . Cung trong thdi k i nay, da xay ra nhOrng cupc xung dot or bien gidi giCfa Trung Quoc vdi A n Dp (1962), giuTa Trung Quoc vdi L i e n X6 (1969). Thang 2 - 1972, Tong thong M l Nichxcm sang tham Trung Quoc, md dau quan he mdi theo chieu hi/dng hoa diu gitfa hai nUde. 16
3. C o n g cuoc c a i e a c h - m d coba (to( n a m 1978) - Thang 12 - 1978, Trung tATng Bang Cong san Trung Quoc de ra dtfcrng 16'i mori, mcr dau cho cong cuoc cai each k i n h te - xa hoi. Dtfcfng loi nay dtfcfc nang len thanh dtfcmg Ira chung cua Dai hoi X I I (thang 9 - 1982), dac biet la Dai hoi X I I I (thang 10 - 1987) cua Dang: lay phat trien k i n h te lam trung tarn; tien hanh cai each va md ouCa, chuyen nen k i n h te ke hoach hoa tap trung sang k i n h te t h i tn£ing xa hoi chu n ^ i a , nhkm hien dai hoa va xay difng chu nghia xa hoi mang mau sSc Trung (^6c, vdri muc tieu bien Trung Quoic thanh quoc gia giau manh, dan chu va van m i n h . - Thifc hien dii&ng Idi cai each, dat nUdc Trung Quoc c6 nhuTng bien doi can ban. + Khoa hoc - Id thuat, van hoa va giao due dat nhieu thanh tiiU quan trong. + Nam 1964, T r u n g Quoc thijr thanh cong bom nguyen tuf. + Tif thang 11 - 1999 den thang 3 - 2003, Trung Quoc da phong 4 con tau "Than Chau" va ngay 15 - 10 - 2003, tau "Than Chau 5" cung nha du hanh Di/cfng L g i V i da bay vao vu tru. - Ve do'i ngoai, T r u n g Quoc c6 nhieu thay doi. + Da binh thi/cmg hoa quan he v6i L i e n X6, Viet N a m , Mong Co, khoi phuc quan he ngoai giao v d i Inddnexia.. + M d rong quan he hiiki ngfai, hop tac vdi cac nifdrc t r e n the gidi; c6 nhieu dong gop trong viec giai quyet cac t r a n h chap quoc te. BAI 4 CAC Nl/6C DONG NAM A VA AN DO Tj CAC Nl/dC DONG NAM A 1. Sif t h a n h l a p c a c quoc g i a dpc l a p d D o n g N a m A a. Vdi net chung vi qua trinh dau tranh gidnh doc lap - Trade Chien t r a n h t h e gidi thiJ 11, hau het cac midc trong khu vifc (tnr Thai Ljm) deu l a thuoc dia cua de quoc Au - M l . - Trong Chien t r a n h the gidi thiJ 11, Dong N a m A t r d t h ^ n h thuoc dia cua Nhat Ban. - Giufa thang 8 - 1945, nhan dan Dong N a m A ddng len dau t r a n h , nhieu niidc gianh duoc doc lap. + Ngay 17 - 8 - 1945, n h a n dan Inddnexia tuyen bo doc lap va thanh lap nifdc Cong hoa Indonexia.
+ Thdng 8 - 1945, nhan dan Viet N a m tiein hanh Tong khdi nghia; ngay 02 - 9 - 1945, ntfdrc Viet N a m Dan chu Cong hoa ra ddi. + Thang 8 - 1945, nhan dan cac bo tgc Lao noi day, den ngay 12 - 10, ruidc Lao tuyen bo' doc lap. - Sau do, thifc dan Au - M l quay trdr l a i t a i chiem Dong Nam A. Nhan dan c^c niTcJc Dong N a m A lai t i e n hanh khang chien chong xam Itfcfc. + V d i thang l a i cua chien dich Dien Bien Phu V i e t Nam (1954) buoc Phap phai k i ket Hiep d i n h Gicmevo cong n h a n cac quyen dan toe ca ban cua Viet N a m , Lao, Campuchia. + Thang 5 - 1949, H a Lan phiii cong nhan Cong hoa Lien bang Indonexia va ngay 15 - 8 - 1950, ni/6c Cong hoa Indonesia thong nhat dutfc thanh lap. + Cdc nLfdrc Au - M i l a n Itfcft cong nhan doc lap cua cac niidc Philippin (1946), M i e n D i e n (1948), M a L a i (1957), Xingapo (1959), Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia (1975), Brunay (1984), Dong Timo (2002). b. Lao (1945 - 1975) * Cugc khang chien chong Phap (1945 - 1954) - GiCra thang 8 - 1945, Nhat Ban dau hang E)6ng m i n h v6 dieu kien. Nam thod ca thuan Im, ngay 23 - 8 - 1945, nhan dan Lao noi day gianh chinh quyen. Ngay 12 - 10, chinh phu Lao ra mat quoc dan va tuyen bo doc lap. - Thang 3 - 1946, thiTc dan Phap t r d l a i t a i chiem Lao. Nhan dan Lao mot lan nOfa phai cam sung khang chien bao ve nen doc lap cua minh. - Dtfofi sir l a n h dao cua Dang Cong san Dong Diiong va sii giup da cua quan t i n h nguyen Viet N a m , cuoc khang chien chong thiTc dan Phap d Lao ngay cang phat t r i e n . - Sau chien thang Dien Bien Phii, Hiep dinh Gionevo (1954), Phap phai cong nhan doc lap chu quyen va toan ven lanh tho cua Lao, thifa nhan dia v i hgp phap cua cac l u t Itftfng khang chien Lao. * Cugc khang chien chong Ml (1954 - 1975) - Ngay sau k h i Hiep d i n h Gioneva ve Dong Di/ong vCra k i ket. M l da lap tuTc hat cang Phap, am miAi bien Lao t h a n h thuoc dia kieu mdi. TCr day, nhan dan Lao l a i phai cam sung chong ke t h u mdi la de quoc M l . - Dtrdri sii l a n h dao cua Dang N h a n dan Cach mang Lao (thanh lap ngay 22 - 3 - 1955), cuoc dau t r a n h cua nhan dan Lao d i i n ra ca tren ba mat t r a n : quan sif - chinh t r i - ngoai giao va gianh dUOc nhieu t h i n g lai. - Nhan dan Lao l a n laat danh bai cac ke hoach chien t r a n h ciia M i , den dau nhufng nam 70 vung giai phong diigc m d rong vdri 4/5 dat dai. - Thang 2 - 1973, Hiep dinh Vieng Chan duWc ki ket ve lap lai hoa binh va thiic hien hoa hap dan tpc a Lao. 18
- Mua xuan nam 1975, cuoc Tong t i e n cong va noi day cua quan dan Viet Nam t h i n g lai da c6 vu va tao dieu kien cho each mang Lao t i e n len gianh thdng lai hoan toan. TiT thang 5 den t h a n g 12 - 1975, quan dan Lao da noi day gianh chinh quyen trong ca ntfdrc. - Ngay 02 - 12 - 1975, ni/dc Cong hoa Dan chu N h a n dan Lao chinh thiJc thanh lap. Tii do, nildc Lao hiidc sang thcfi k i mdi - xay di/ng dat midc va phat t r i e n k i n h te - xa hoi. c. Campuchia - Dau thang 10 - 1945, thtfc dan Phap quay t r d l a i xam li/gc va thong t r i Campuchia. Nhan dan Campuchia tien hanh cuoc khang chien chong thifc dan Phap. - Sau chien thang Dien Bien Phu, Chinh phii Phap phai k i Hiep d i n h Gicfnevo ve Dong DiJcfng, cong nhan doc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho ciaa Campuchia. - Tii nSm 1954 den dau nSm 1970, chinh phia Xihaniic thifc hien di/cfng lo'i hoa binh trung lap. - Sau cuoc dao chinh lat do Xihaniic ngay 18 - 3 - 1970 cua the life tay sai M i , Campuchia bi keo vac quy dao ciia cuoc chien t r a n h thiic dan kieu mdi cua M l tren ban dao Dong Di/cfng. - Ngay 17 - 4 - 1975, thu do Phnom Penh difcfc giai phong, cuoc khang chien chong M l cua nhan dan Campuchia ket thuc thang Igi. - Ngay sau do, nhan dan Campuchia lai phai tiep tuc cuoc dau t r a n h chong tap doan Khcfme do do Pon Pot cam dau phan bpi each mang t h i hanh chinh sach diet chung, tan sat hang trieu ngtfM dan v6 t o i . - Ngay 7 - 01 - 1979, thu do Phnom Penh difcfe giai phong khoi che do Khcfme do diet chung, Campuchia bildre vao thcfi k i hoi s i n h , xay difng lai dat nifdc. - TCr nam 1979 d Campuchia da di§n ra cuoc noi chien giOa life li/gng cua Dang N h a n dan Cach mang vdfi cac phe phai doi lap, chu yeu la life liicrng Khome do. Cuoc noi chien keo dai hem mot thap k i , gay nhieu ton that cho dat nifdc. - Ngay 23 - 10 - 1991, Hiep dinh hoa binh ve Campuchia di/ac k i ket tai Pari. Sau cuoc tong tuyen cijf thang 9 - 1993, Quoe hoi mdi da thong qua Hien phap, tuyen bo' thanh lap Vucfng quo'c Campuchia do N.Xihanuc lam Quo'c vifcfng. Tii do, Campuchia bi/dc sang mot thcfi k i mdi. 2. Q u a t r i n h x a y di^ng v a p h a t t r i e n c u a c a c nrfdfc D o n g N a m A a. Nhom 5 niidc sang lap ASEAN - Sau k h i gianh dtfcfc doc lap, nhom 5 niJdc sang lap A S E A N deu t i e n hanh cong nghiep hoa, xay difng nen k i n h te tif chu. Tap t r u n g day manh phat t r i e n cac nganh cong nghiep san xuat hang tieu diing noi dia thay the hang nhap khau. 19