NGHIlN CPU-TRAUfiOl<br />
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Tham hut can can thiring mai m Trung<br />
- 'H^«^ ldu (fi fiai fiU^ di (km<br />
• ThS. DAO THANH HlTCfNG<br />
Bo Ke h o a c h va D&u tii<br />
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hiing n a m qua, quan<br />
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N he thtfdng mai Viet<br />
Nam Trung Qudc cd<br />
stf phat trien vtfdt bac, kim<br />
ngach XK gitfa 2 ntfdc ngay cang<br />
tang va Trung Qudc hien la b a n<br />
hang ldn nhat ciia Viet Nam. Tuy<br />
nhien, van de dang dat ra trong<br />
quan he thtfdng mai Viet Nam<br />
Trung Qud'c la miic dp nhap sieu<br />
tang cao ciia Viet Nam tif Trung<br />
Qudc. Nhap sieu tif Trung Qudc<br />
b i t dau tang m a n h tii nam 2001<br />
va dinh diem la nam 2009 khi<br />
chie'm g i n 92% tdng nhap sieu<br />
cua Viet Nam va day la ye'u to tri cu the l i n Itfdt la 988 va 1.179 sd loai mang tinh dac s i n nhtf:<br />
chii yeu lam gia tang tham hut trieu USD ', dtfa tdng kim ngach r i n , rua, ba ba...; va (iv) Hang<br />
can can thtfdng mai ciia Viet DN ciia ntfdc ta sang Trung Qudc tieu diing: hang thii cdng my<br />
Nam va gay a n h htfdng khdng tang tii 1,4 ty USD nam 2001 len nghe, giay dep, do gd cao cap,<br />
td't den phat trien kinh te. tren 7,3 ty USD nam 2010. bpt giat, banh keo...<br />
Pham vi bai viet nay tap Trong giai doan nay, ty trpng Trung Qudc la thi trtfdng rpng<br />
trung chu yeu vao p h a n tich kim ngach XK sang Trung Qud'c ldn, nhtfng Viet Neim chtfa khai<br />
nguyen nhan tham hut can can trong tdng kim ngach XK cua thae het ed hdi tidm nang trong<br />
thtfdng mat Viet Nam Trung Viet Nam ttfdng ddi dn dinh, dao viec XK sang thi trtfdng nay. XK<br />
Qudc giai doan ttf 2001 den nay, ddng quanh mtfc 7 de'n 8%, ciia Viet Nam sang Trung Qudc<br />
ddng thdi de xua't mdt so giai ngoai trif btfdc dot pha trong nam 2010 chi chiem 0,5% tdng<br />
phap nham cai thien tham hut nam 2004 dat 10,33%. kim ngach NK cua Trung Qudc.<br />
can can thtfdng mai Viet Nam Viet Nam XK sang Trung Neu danh gia Viet Nam Ii mdt<br />
Trung Qud'c. Qude hdn 100 mat hang, thupc 4 qud'c gia nhd so vdi dp Idn ciia<br />
Giai doan 2001 den nay, kim nhdm mat hang chinh la: (1) thi trtfdng, d i n den ty trpng XK<br />
ngach XK ciia Viet Nam sang H i n g nhien nguyen heu: d i u khiem ton khdng h i n chinh xac,<br />
Trung Qudc khdng ngifng tang thd, eao su, than, quang kim bdi neu phan tich eae ddi t i c ldn<br />
cao. Trong giai doan nay, cd hai loai, c i c loai hat cd diu, dtfdc eung cap hang hda cho Trung<br />
ndm kim ngach tang trtfdng theo lieu; (ii) Hang ndng s i n : Itfdng Qudc nhiing nam g i n day ta se<br />
dtfdng ddc dufng la 2004 va 2008 thtfc, rau-cu-qui, ehe, hat dieu; thay stf xuat hien dn dinh ciia<br />
vdi kim ngach nam sau cao hdn (ill) Hang thiiy s i n : thuy s i n ttfdi Thii Lan va Malaysia, la<br />
nam trtfdc khoing 1 ty USD, gia sdng, thuy s i n ddng lanh, mdt hai qud'c gia nhd cd cd ca'u ^^<br />
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THUONG Mfl So 34/2011 1 9<br />
NGHIlN ciiu-TRAP DPI<br />
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C ^ XK kha ttfdng ddng vdi Viet hdn 10 l i n so vdi n a m 2001 va bdt my, dtfdng; va (v) Hang tieu<br />
Nam va khdng cd ldi the tdt vd tang g i n 19 ty USD vd gia tri diing v i dtfdc pham: xe miy, phu<br />
mat vi tri dia ly ddi vdi thi trtfdng tuyet ddi. Ket q u i l i Trung Qudc tiing xe m i y , s i n pham di§n<br />
Trung Qudc nhtf Viet Nam. Nam d i n trd thanh ddi t i c quan trpng dien tii, ddng hd, q u i n ao, dd<br />
2010, XK ciia Malaysia v i Thai nha't cua Viet Nam trong linh chdi tre em, cay l i m thudc.<br />
Lan chie'm ty trpng lan Itfdt l i viic NK. Viec NK nhieu loai hang hda<br />
3,6% v i 2,4% trong tdng kim Cd cau hang NK tif Trung tuf Trung Qud'c da dap ufng nhu<br />
ngach NK ciia Trung Qudc, cao Qudc ttfdng ddi da dang, bao gdm cau cua thi tnidng trong ntfdc,<br />
hdn nhldu l i n so vdi ty trpng ma 5 nhdm mat h i n g chinh nhtf sau: dac biet gii c i canh tranh ciia<br />
Viet Nam dat dtfdc. (i) Thiet bl toan bd, nhtf: day h i n g Trung Qudc da tao cd hpi<br />
tieu diing ldn hdn cho ngtfdi dan<br />
Bang 1. Thi tru'dng NK chu yeu cua Trung Quoc ^ Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, kim ngach<br />
(Ddn vi tinh: Trieu USD) NK tuf Trung Qudc q u i ldn va<br />
tang tnidng qua nhanh da gay<br />
1995 2000 2005 2010 n e n tinh trang nhap sieu eho<br />
Tong kim ngach (trieu USD) 132084 225094 659950 1393920 ndn kinh te Viet Nam.<br />
1. Nhat Ban 29007 41520 100468 176304 Giai doan 2001 - 2010, do NK<br />
T^ trong (%) 21,9 18.4 15.2 12.6<br />
tii Trung Qudc khdng ngifng tang<br />
2. Han Quoc 10288 23208 76874 138024<br />
cao trong khi tdc dp tang cua XK<br />
Tj? trgng {%) 7.8 10.3 11.6 9.9<br />
chi duy tri d mufc dn dinh d i n tdi<br />
3. My 16123 22376 48995 101959<br />
t h a m hut can can thtfdng mai<br />
Ty trong (%) 12.2 9.9 7.4 7.3<br />
4. Ode 8035 10411 30688 74378 vdi Trung Qudc tang rat nhanh,<br />
T!^ trong (%) 6.1 4.6 4.6 5.3 tuf 189 trieu USD nam 2002 len<br />
5. Australia 2585 5099 16147 59698 12,61 trieu USD nam 2010, ttfe<br />
T^ trong (%) 2.0 2.3 2.4 4.3 n h a p sieu da tang gap g i n 67<br />
6. Malaysia 2065 5480 20108 50375 l i n sau 9 nam. (Xem hdng 2)<br />
Tj? trong (%) 1.6 24 3.0 3.6<br />
7. Brazil 1228 1621 9982 38038<br />
Nhap sieu tif Trung Qudc<br />
Tj? trong (%) 0.7 0.7 2.7<br />
chiem p h i n ldn tdng nhap sieu<br />
1.5<br />
8. Thai Lan 1611 4380 13994 33201 cua Viet Nam. Nam 2001, ty<br />
T^ trong (%) 1.2 1.9 2.1 2.4 trpng n h a p sieu tuf Trung Qudc<br />
9. Saudi Arabia 553 1954 12286 32862 chiem l i 18,7% nhap sieu eua<br />
Ty trong (%) 0,9 0.9 1.9 2.4 c i ntfdc. T^ trpng dd binh quan<br />
10. Nga 3799 5769 15886 25811 4 n a m 2006 2010 tang len<br />
T!^ trpng (%) 2.9 26 2.4 1.9 79%, trong dd nam 2008 tha'p<br />
n h a t la 69,85%.<br />
Trong khi XK Viet Nam sang chuydn s i n xuat<br />
Trung Qudc tang vdi tdc dp tha'p xi mang Id diing, Bang 2. Nhap sidu cua Viet Nam<br />
thi giai doan 2001 - 2010 chufng day chuydn s a n vdi Trung Quoc giai doan 2001 - 2008 ^<br />
kien stf buft p h i m a n h me trong xuat dtfdng mia; ff)dn t;i ixnh Trieu USD)<br />
kim ngach NK tif Trung Qudc. Ttf (ii) Miy mdc,<br />
nam 2002, sau khi vtfdt ngtfdng Nam 2001 2004 2010<br />
phtfdng tien van<br />
2 ty USD, cii mdi nam, kim tii, thiet bi y te, Nhdp sidu 189 1.721 12.610<br />
ngach NK ttf Trung Qudc lai tang thiet bi do Itfdng<br />
them hdn 1 ty USD. Dac biet (ill) Nguyen,<br />
nam 2007, kim ngach NK tif nhien, vat lieu: xang diu, phan Nguyen n h a n chu ydu i n h<br />
Trung Qudc tang them hdn 5 ty bdn, xi mang, sat thep, kinh xay htfdng tdi quan he thtfdng mai<br />
USD so vdi nam 2006. Mufc tang dtfng, vat lieu xay diing, s i n Viet Trung bao gdm: (i) Qua<br />
trtfdng nhanh dtfdc duy tri trong pham hda chat, nguyen phu lieu trinh ttf do hda thtfdng mai; (ii)<br />
thdi gian d i l khien cho kim det may va da giiy; (iv) Hang Cd cau h i n g hda XNK giiia hai<br />
ngach NK tuf Trung Qudc n a m ndng s i n : hat gidng, hoa qua dn ntfdc; (iii) Ludng vdn d i u ttf trtfc<br />
2010 da dat 20,02 ty USD, tang ddi nhtf le, tid..., d i u thiie vat. tiep ttf Trung Qudc vao Viet<br />
<br />
1 0 1 THOONG MAI So 34/2011<br />
NGHIlN CPU-TRAP BPI<br />
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c) Stf tham gia cua cdc nhd<br />
thdu Trung Qudc trong cdc cdng<br />
trinh ldn d Viet Nam<br />
Tinh den thang 11/2010. c i<br />
ntfdc cd 118 gdi t h i u EPC ^,<br />
trong do 58 gdi t h i u EPC (chie'm<br />
49%) ap dung hinh thtfc chi dinh<br />
thiu, 33 gdi t h i u EPC (chie'm<br />
28%) da'u t h i u rdng rai qudc te,<br />
27 gdi t h i u EPC (chie'm 23%)<br />
dau t h i u rdng rai trong ntfdc.<br />
Nam; (iv) Ty gia gitfa Nhan dan Trong 58 gdi t h i u EPC ap dung<br />
Sdc cq.nh tranh cao hcfn cua<br />
te va Viet Nam ddng; (v) Stfc hinh thtfc chi dinh thiu, nha<br />
hdng hod Trung Qudc<br />
canh tranh cao hdn ciia h i n g thau Viet Nam dtfdc chi dinh 48<br />
Nhtfng yeu to tao nen stfc gdi (chlem 83%), nha t h i u Trung<br />
hda Trung Qudc: (vi) Stf tham gia canh tranh cua h i n g hda Trung<br />
cua cac n h a t h i u Trung Qudc Qude dtfdc chi dinh 8 gdi (chie'm<br />
Qud'c la: 14%), 2 gdi cdn lai la nha thiu<br />
trong c i c cdng trinh ldn ciia Viet<br />
Hang hda NK ttf Trung Qud'c thudc G7 va nha t h i u lien danh.<br />
Nam: va (vli) Stf phat trien cua<br />
cd gia rd do chi phi nhan cdng Trong 33 gdi t h i u dau thiu rpng<br />
boat ddng thtfdng mai bien gidi.<br />
lao ddng ciia Trung Qudc thudc rai qudc te, nha thiu Trung Qud'c<br />
Chung ta di sau vao p h a n nhdm thap nha't the gidi. tning 20 gdi (chie'm 61%); nha<br />
tich c i c n h a n td sau: t h i u Viet Nam chi tning 4 gdi<br />
Qua trinh toan ciu hda va<br />
Luong vdn FDI td Trung Qudc phan cdng lao ddng d mtfc cao (chiem 12%), cdn lai 9 gdi thupc<br />
vdo Viet Nam da lam cho viec thue gia cdng ve nha t h i u G7 va nha thiu lien<br />
Tinh den t h i n g 8 / 2 0 1 1 , hoae nhap cac ban thanh pham danh (ehiem 27%). Cae linh vtfc<br />
Trung Qudc (chtfa ke Dai Loan, ttf mpt nha cung cap khdc se re nha t h i u Trung Qud'c tning t h i u<br />
Hdng Kdng, Ma Cao) cd 801 dtf hdn viec ttf d i u ttf s i n xuat ra EPC chu yeu la nhiet dien, khal<br />
an cdn hieu liic tai Viet Nam vdl ban thanh pham do, cung vdi nd thac md, s i n xuat xl mang, xtf Iy<br />
tdng vdn dang ky 4,13 ty USD. la viee tai cd ca'u lai eae m i t bun trong nganh than, s i n xuat<br />
Trung Qudc hien dtfng thtf 14 xich ciia cac nha cung tfng da gang, thep, xay dtfng nha may<br />
trong so 93 qudc gia va vung lanh trd thanh xu htfdng chinh trong alumin, bauxite nhdm... Mdt sd<br />
thd da cd d i u ttf tai Viet Nam. may nam g i n day. Nhd stf hd trd dtf an Idn ma DN Trung Qudc<br />
cua cdng nghe thdng tin va stf lam tdng thiu EPC la nhiet dien<br />
Cac dtf an d i u ttf eua Trung<br />
tien bd ve cd sd ha t i n g ma Quing Ninh 1 va 2 (mdi gdi EPC<br />
Qudc tap trung chii yeu trong<br />
Trung Qudc da trd thanh nha 400 trieu USD), nhiet dien Vinh<br />
linh vtfc cdng nghiep che bie'n,<br />
cung cap nguyen lieu, ban t h i n h Tan 2 (1,3 ty USD), nhiet dien<br />
che tao, chiem k h o i n g 77% sd<br />
pham chu yeu cua the gidi. Hii Phdng 1 (500 trieu USD),<br />
dii an; tiep theo la linh vtfc kinh<br />
nhiet dien Kien Ltfdng (2 ty<br />
doanh bat ddng s i n , chiem 15% Trung Qudc da tan dung USD), td hdp bauxite nhdm Lam<br />
sd dtf an, cdn lai l i cae dtf a n dtfdc tfu the ciia ngtfdi di sau Ddng (466 trieu USD), alummin<br />
diu ttf trong cac Iinh vtfc khac. trong cac ldi the canh tranh. Do Nhan Cd - Dak Ndng (499,2 trieu<br />
Vdn d i u ttf ciia Trung Qud'c cd cac ehinh sach di t i t , ddn USD), nha may phan dam Ca<br />
t i p trung chu yeu theo hinh thtfc d i u dung htfdng, Trung Qudc (va Mau (575 trieu USD) «<br />
100% vdn ntfdc ngoai ben canh An Dp) da tap trung dao tao lao<br />
cac hinh thtfc nhtf lien doanh, ddng va phat trien cdng nghe Viee cac DN Trung Qudc<br />
h0p ddng hdp t i c kinh doanh va trong mdt so linh viic va s i n trung nhidu tdng t h i u EPC d<br />
Cty cd p h i n * pham nha't dinh nhtf cac s i n Viet Nam da gdp p h i n lam kim<br />
pham ve b i n d i n , dien ttf va ngach NK ttf Trung Qudc len<br />
Stf gia tang dau ttf tnic tie'p<br />
edng nghe thdng tin de trd cao d i n tdi t h a m hut thtfdng<br />
ntfdc ngoai ttf Trung Qudc va<br />
thanh n h i eung cap cua the gidi mai gia tang.<br />
Viet Nam keo theo stf gia tang<br />
ve kim ngach NK ttf Trung Qude. ve s i n pham nay. (Cdn nda)<br />
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THOONG MflSd 34/2011 I 11<br />