Thích ứng của các nhóm yếu thế qua thay đổi hoạt động sản xuất, kinh doanh và thay đổi việc làm, nghề nghiệp - GS.TS. Vũ Dũng

THICH UNG CUA CAC NHOM YEU THE<br /> QUA THAY DOI HOAT DONG SAN XUAT,<br /> KINH DOANH VA THAY DOI<br /> VIEC L A M , NGHE NGHIEP<br /> GS.TS. Vu Dung<br /> Vien trudng Viin Tim ly hoc.<br /> <br /> <br /> TOM TAT<br /> Nghiin cim thirc trqng thich img vi mtit hinh vi eiia cdc nhdm xd hdi ye'u the<br /> the hiin qua thay ddi boat ding sdn xiii't kinh doanh, qua thay ddi Ihu nhip va mirc<br /> sd'ng cho Ihd'y, mirc dd Ihich irng cita cic nhdm niy la kha tha'p. Hp khong thay d<br /> nhien cic hoal dpng sdn xudt cita minh trong bdi cdnh nen kinh lethi tnrdng hien nay<br /> d nude ta. Sd ngirdi chuyen sang cic hoqt dting kinh doanh de cd hiiu qua kinh le cao<br /> chiem ry le thd'p trong sd ngirdi dupe khao sat. Hp cini ye'u vdn sdn xudt theo cich<br /> thirc truyin thdng. Cic nhdm yen the it thay doi veviic lam vi nghi nghiip.<br /> Tit khoa: Thay ddi eo cdu vat nudi; cdy trdng; chuyen doi nghe; kinh doanh;<br /> viic lam.<br /> Ngay nlitin bii: 28/4/2012; Ngiy duyet dang bii: 20/5/2011<br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Thich ling ciia cac nhom ye'u the qua thay doi hoat dong siin xuat,<br /> kinh doanh<br /> De nghien cthi thi'ch ling cila cac nhom yS'u the qua thay ddi hoal dong<br /> san xua't, kinh doanh trong nfli dung nghien cUu thuc trang thi'ch Ung ve mat<br /> hanh vi cac nhom yi'u the, dl tai da tifi'n hanh Ichao sat gSn 2.000 ngu6i yfi'u ihi<br /> la nhttng ngu6i cao tuoi, ngu&i mSc benh hiem ngheo, ngu&i tan tat lai Ha Ndi<br /> va Da Nang bang phuong phap dieu tra bang bang hoi, phong van sSu, nghien<br /> ciiu tu lieu va thong k6 loan hoc.<br /> Trong phan nay, chung ta se tim hilu su Ihich itng ciia ho qua thay ddi ve<br /> hanh vi trong san xua't, kinh doanh, ly giai ve thuc trang thich Ung nay va so<br /> sanh mUc do thich Ung ciia cac nhom yeu the qua cac bie'n so; nhom nghe,<br /> nhom yeu th6', gicri tinh va hoc van cia khach the dieu tra.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012<br />  Bdng 1: Hdnh vi thich timg cua nhdm nguifi cao tud'i, ngudi tdn tdt,<br /> ngucfi mtic hinh hiim nghio diphdt triin sdn xudt<br /> (S6 lieu chung)<br /> <br /> TT C^c huat diinti phtit trie'n siin xuA't ryi*(%) Thil b4c<br /> 1 Dciu tu cho sail xutl't 20,3 3<br /> 2 Hu6ng dSn con ciii Ikm fln 4,8 5<br /> 3 Phil trie'n chan nu*i 32,5 1<br /> 4 Thay ddi ky thuflt canh lac, chan nu6i 28,5 2<br /> 5 Chuydn sang kinh doanh 12,2 4<br /> 6 NghT Ciich liim them 1,8 6<br /> <br /> Phan ti'ch sd lieu biing 1 cho tha'y: nhiing hoat dOng san xuJt, kinh<br /> doanh cua ngu6i cao ludi thirc hiSn dd thi'ch nghi vtii cuOc sdng thi hoat d6ng<br /> phat Iridn chan nu6i chidm ly 16 cao nha't (32,5%), tid'p ddn la thay ddi ky thuat<br /> canh tac, chan nufli, ap dung lien b6 khoa hoc, c6ng nghfi vko san xua't chiem vi<br /> tri thii hai (28,5%), vi Iri thii ba la diiu tu cho san xua't. Cac hinh thiic hoat d6ng<br /> quan trong nhu chuyen sang kinh doanh, lam thdm chidm ly Id tha'p. Day cung<br /> bieu hien su khd khan trong viSc thich ling vd kinh td ciia nhiing ngtiM yeu thd<br /> duoc khao sal.<br /> Chung la hay xem m6l sd y kidn cu thd cua nhung ngu&i ydu thd. M61<br /> sd ngu&i phat trien san xuat bang each chuydn ddi cay trdng, vfil nuoi: "Cung<br /> cdcdy trdng, vdt nudi" (Nam, 52 ludi, liUn ruong. Ha Not); "Ap dung trong sdn<br /> xudt vd chdn nudi" (Nu, 53 ludi, hoc va'n 5/10, lam ru6ng , Ha Noi); "Tliay ddi<br /> ca che sdn xudt cii dp dttng khoa hpc ky Ihudl vdo cdy trdng. de cd hieu qud<br /> cao, chung tdi cdn kinh phi"' (NU, 57 ludi. lam ru6ng. Ha N6i); 'Tim gid'ng phu<br /> hap, Idm diing ky ihiiiit" (Nu, 53 ludi, hoc va'n 2/10, lam rudng. Da Nang); "Td<br /> trdng lua sang trdng hoa" (Nam, 60 tudi, hpc va'n 9, lam ruflng. Ha Ndi); "Thay<br /> doi cdch chdm sdc vd thay dot gid'ng Ida de cd hieu qua hcfn" (Nii, 84 tudi,<br /> khong biel chB, nong dan. Ha Noi); "Trdng cdy Idu ndm" (Nam, 85 ludi, kh6ng<br /> biel chu, lam ruong. Ha Noi); "Thay diii gid'ng cdy trdng, sudiing loqi cdy con,<br /> gid'ng cd ndng sudt cao" (Nam, 49 ludi, hpc va'n io, trdng trot. Ha Npi); "Thdc<br /> khiiya day .idm, nudi lieo ldm kinh ti" (Nam, 45 tudi, hoc va'n 9, lam ruong Ha<br /> Npi)...<br /> Mpt sd ngu&i yeu the khac lai chuyen sang hinh thiic mij ciia hang kinh<br /> doanh; "Chuyen td .vdn xudt sang kinh doanh" (Nam, 57 ludi, hpc van 7/12,<br /> kinh doanh. Ha Npi); "Con hpc nghe, tinh lodn de md cda hdng phdt trien.<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012<br /> nhung chua du 50 trieu" (Nfl, 54 tudi, hoc va'n 5/10, I^m mdng, D& Nang);<br /> "Co« hoc nghe dien ru* nhung chua cd tien di md qudn" (N5, 55 tudi, hpc v^n<br /> 2/10, lam ruOng, DkNang).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Anh 1: Sutian trd, lo toan vi cudc sdng cua ngUdi cao tudi<br /> Ngudn: Anh internet, thdng 312012<br /> <br /> "Md hdng budn ban, dii vg di khong duac nhUng bdn hdng tqi quay"<br /> (Nam, 40 tu6i, hoc va'n 12/12, lam ruong. Da Nang); "Gia dinh chuyen til: ldm<br /> ndng sang budn bdn nhd" (NG, 48 tuoi, hoc va'n 9/12, lam ruong. Da Nang);<br /> "Kie'm them vdn de kinh doanh vd chdn midi" (Ntf, 45 tudi, hoc va'n 9/12, buon<br /> ban, Da Nang); "Ldm ndng nghiep thi khong giau ducfc, nen gia dinh toi da<br /> phdt trien ve budn bdn vd sua chua xe mdy" (Nam, 60 tudi, hoc va'n 9, lam<br /> ruong, Ha Noi)...<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Anh 2: Suvd't vd ciia ngudi nong ddn de muu sinh<br /> Nguon: Anh internet, thdng 3/2012<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, So 6 (159), 6 - 2012 3<br />  Qua cSc S kidn cita nhiing ngu6i yd'u thd', ta thSy dd thfch ting v6i co chd<br /> thi Iru&ng, nhOng ngu&i yd'u thd da phii thay ddi hoat dOng sin xuJt cua minh<br /> dd cd hidu qua kinh id cao hon nhu: thay ddi cfty trdng, thay ddi vat nuPi, ip<br /> dung khoa hpc ky thuat vko trdng trot, chan nudi, md quSy hing budn bin, cho<br /> con di hoc nghd dd lim viOc lim, chuydn sang nghd phu, chuydn sang kinh<br /> doanh, cSn cil, cham chi hon...<br /> Chting la se xem xel sir thay ddi hknh vi trong san xua't ciia cic nhdm<br /> ydu thd theo cac l)ieii sd; nhtim nghd, nhdm ydu thd, gidi tfnh, hoc vin cua<br /> ngu&i duoc phong va'n. Theo nhdm nghd ta cd sd lidu tai bang 2.<br /> <br /> Bdng 2: Hdnh vi thich itng lita nhdm ngitdi cap ttiSi. ngUdi tdn tdt,<br /> nguiri mdc benh hiem nghio diphdt Irien sdn .xudt<br /> (Theo nhdm nghd)<br /> <br /> Nhom nghe (%)<br /> IT Sir thay dui Lam Chung<br /> Lam<br /> nghe Vc hini<br /> ruong<br /> khuc<br /> 1 D^u lu cho san xuai 16,3 4,0 20.3<br /> 2 Hucmg dan con cai lam an 2,8 , 2,0 4,8<br /> 3 Phat trien chan nuoi 26,0 5,8 0,7 32,5<br /> 4 Thay ddi ky thuat canh Idc, 25,3 2,2 1,0 28,5<br /> chan nuoi<br /> 5 Chuyen sang kinh doanh 9,1 3,1 12,2<br /> 6 NghT each lam Ihem 1,2 0,6 - 1,8<br /> <br /> Phan lich sd lieu bang 2 la tha'y: sir chuydn ddi hanh vi san xuSt chii yeu<br /> 0 nhdm ngu&i yeu thd lam ruong va sti chuyen ddi niiy 6 miic dp ra't tha'p ddi<br /> vdi nhdm ngu&i vd huu. Chang han, su phat Iridn chan nuPi 6 nhdm lam rupng<br /> cd ly le la 26%, Irong khi dd, 6 nhdm vd huu la 0,7%. 6 hoat dpng dau tu cho<br /> san xua't, d nhdm lam rupng cd ty le la 16,3%, trong khi dd, d nhdm vd huu la<br /> 0%. O hoal dpng chuyen sang kinh doanh, d nhdm lam rupng cd ly le la 9,1%,<br /> trong khi do, d nhdm vd huu la 0%. He sd luong ciiuui p = 0,000 (< 0,05), cho<br /> tha'y su tuong quan giua cac nhdm la cd y nghTa \e mat thdng k6. Su khac bidt<br /> nay xuat phat lit nhttng khd khan ciia cupc sdng. Nhdm vd huu da cd luong huu<br /> - muc Ihu nhap kha dn dinh, trong khi dd, nhdm lam rupng cupc sdng gap<br /> nhidu khd khan hon, ddi mai vdi nhttng rui ro cao hon do thiSn nhien, dich<br /> benh, thi Iru&ng... Neu xet theo nhdm yeu thd la cd cac sd lieu dieu tra sau;<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6-2012<br />  Bdng 3: Hdnh vi thich ting cda nhdm ngudi cao tud'i, ngttdi tdn tdt,<br /> nguifi mdc benh hiim nghio diphdt triin sdn xud't<br /> (Theo nhdm yd'u thd')<br /> <br /> Nhdm yeu thd (%)<br /> TT Su thay ddi Ngutri cao Ngutri m i c Chung<br /> tudi benh, tin tat<br /> 1 Dau tu cho san xua't 19,2 1,1 20,3<br /> 2 Hudng din con cii lim an 1.2 3,6 4,8<br /> 3 Phat trien chan nuOi 21,0 11,5 32,5<br /> 4 Thay ddi ky thuSt canh tac, 22,3 6,2 28,5<br /> chan nu6i<br /> 5 Chuye'n sans kinh doanh 7,2 5,0 12,2<br /> 6 NghT each linn Ihem 1,2 0,6 1,8<br /> <br /> <br /> Phan ti'ch sd lieu bang 3 la tha'y; su thich ling qua thay ddi boat dpng san<br /> xua't ciia nhdm ngu&i cao ludi lot hon so vdi nhdm ngu&i b| mdc benh hidm<br /> ngheo, ngudi tan tat. Dieu nay la dd dang ly giiii, vi nhttng ngudi mac benh,<br /> ngu&i tan lat gap nhidu khd khan trong hoat dpng lit sinh hoat de'n cac hoat<br /> dpng san xua't. Do vay, hp ra't khd khan trong thi'ch iing v6i cupc sdng.<br /> <br /> Bdng 4: Hdnh vi thich irng ctia nhdm ngudi cao tud'i, ngitdi tdn tdt,<br /> ngucfi mdc benh hie'm ngheo dephdt trien sdn xudt<br /> (Theo gidi ti'nh)<br /> <br /> Gidi tfnh (%) Chung<br /> TT Sir thay ddi<br /> Nam Niif<br /> <br /> 1 Dau tu cho san xuat 13.5 6.8 20.3<br /> <br /> ^ Hudng dan con cai liim an 3.6 1.2 4,8<br /> <br /> 3 Phat trien chan nuoi 16.0 16.5 32,5<br /> <br /> 4 Thay ddi ky Ihuat canh tac, chan 20.1 8.4 28,5<br /> nuoi<br /> 5 Chuyen sang kinh doanh 7.8 4,4 12,2<br /> <br /> 6 N^hi each lam Ihem 1.3 0,5 1,8<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAPCHI'TAM LynOC, Sd6 (159), 6 - 2012<br />  Ndu xdl theo gidi tfnh (bing 4) ta thSy; sir thay ddi hinh vi dd phit tridn<br /> sin xua't ciia nhiing ngu&i yd'u thd li nam gidi cd ty Id ^ kidn cao hon nhdm nii<br /> gidi. Didu niy cho thi'y, sit thfch ling ciia nhttng ngudi ydu thd nam t6l hon<br /> nhung ngudi yd'u thd li nii. Didu ding cliii ^ li hoat ddng phit tridn chin nudi 6<br /> nhdm nfi gidi cao hon nam gidi, song sir chdnh Idch giiia hai nhdm khdng ding<br /> kd. Ndu xdl theo hpc va'n ta cd sd lidu sau;<br /> <br /> Bdng 5: Hdnh vi thich img ciia nhdm ngudi cao tudi, nguifi tdn tdt,<br /> ngucfi mac benh hiim nghio diphdt trien sdn xud't<br /> (Theo nhdm hoc vin)<br /> <br /> Nhdm hoc vin (%)<br /> TT Sir thay ddi ca'pi Cip 2 Cip 3 trd Chung<br /> Icn<br /> 1 Diu lu cho san xuit 4,8 6,2 9,3 20,3<br /> 2 Hucfnp din con cai ldm an 1,2 2,0 1.6 4,8<br /> 3 Phat trien chan nu6i 5,3 20,3 6,7 32,5<br /> 4 Thay ddi ky thuat canh lac, 6,8 10,6 11,1 28,5<br /> chan nu6i<br /> 5 Chuye'n sang kinh doanh 1,2 3,2 7,8 12,2<br /> 6 Nghl each lam them 0,3 0,5 1,0 1,8<br /> <br /> Ty le y kien d cac nhdm hpc vin cip 2, cip 3 trd len cao hon nhdm hoc<br /> vin cua nhdm ci'p 1, trong dd, nhdm hpc vin ci'p 3 cd ty 16 y kidn cao nhit.<br /> Nhu vay, cac nhdm cd hpc van cao hon thi kha ning thfch ling vdi cudc sdng<br /> cung lot hon. Til nhien. d nhidu trudng hop su thfch ling cdn phu thupc vio<br /> nhttng yd'u id khac nhu sue khoe (nhu da phan tfch d trSn), tfnh cich (nang<br /> dpng, dam nghT, dim lam hay tri Ire), kha nang giao lidp ciia ci nhan... Khi ca<br /> nhan cd hpc vin td't hon thi hp cd liie nhin thttc ciic vin dd lien quan dd'n phit<br /> trien san xuit IP't hon, lidp thu cac lidn bd ciia khoa hpc cdng nghe cung td't hon.<br /> Dieu nay se thuan loi cho su thich ttng ciia cac nhdm ydu thd. He sd luong quan<br /> p = 0,000 (< 0,05) cho thiy, sir tuong quan gitta cac nhdm hpc vin li cd y<br /> nghia vd thdng ke.<br /> <br /> 2. Thich ting ctia cac nhdm yeu the qua thay ddi viec lam va nghe<br /> nghiep<br /> Cung vdi viec thay ddi, phat trien cac hoal ddng ve san xuit, kinh doanh<br /> Ihi viec Ihay dpi viee lam, nghe nghiep la mpl bieu hien khac vd hanh vi cia<br /> cac nhdm ydu the trong viec thich ttng vdi cupc sd'ng. Trong mPi trudng sd'ng<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHi TAM L? HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012<br /> . ludn thay ddt vi canh tranh cao nhu ndn kinh id thj trudng thi con ngudi phii<br /> nang dpng. MCil trong nhttng su ning ddng dd li thay ddi viec lim, nghd nghidp<br /> de dip ttng vdi yeu ciu ciia xa hdi. Mat khic, chfnh co chd thi trudng cung tao<br /> ra nhidu co hdi dd cho cic ci nhin tim kidm cic viec lim phii hop vdi khi ning<br /> cia minh. Trong nhihig nim gin diy, chiing ta phit tridn cic khu cdng nghiep<br /> vi che xuit, phit tridn cac khu dd ihi mdi, phit tridn co sd ha ling... da lam<br /> cho dil sin xuit ciia ndng dan bj thu hep rit nhidu. Nhidu noi ndng dan mil dit<br /> san xuit phai thay ddi nghd truydn thdng la san xuit ndng nghifip, phai thay ddi<br /> viec lam. Day la mpl yeu ciu ddi hdi ndng din, trong dd cd nhttng ndng dan<br /> yd'u thd phii thich ttng vdi mdi irudng sdng mdi. Su thay ddi viec lim va nghd<br /> nghiep la vin dd khdng don gian. Vi mdi viec lim hay nghd nghiSp ddi hdi<br /> ngudi thuc hien phai cd tri thttc (hie'u bidt vd nghd, vd cdng viec) va cd nhttng<br /> ky nang nhil dinh. Diy la thich thttc Idn ddi vdi nhung ngudi ydu the. Kdt qua<br /> khao sat \'e vin dd nay phan anh qua cic bang sd lieu dudi day:<br /> <br /> Bdng 6: Thay doi viec Idm, nghe nghiip cua nhdm<br /> ngitdi cao tiiSi, ngircfi mdc benh hii'm ngheo<br /> (Sd lieu chung)<br /> <br /> TT Sir thay ddi \ iec lam va nghe nghiep Tylc(%)<br /> 1 Cd thay ddi 26,7<br /> 2 Khong thay ddi 73,2<br /> <br /> Phan tfch s6' lieu bang 6 ta tha'y: chi co mot ty le kha tha'p (26,7%) s6<br /> ngucfi ye'u the duoc hoi tra 16i hp co su thay ddi viec lam, nghe nghiep de thich<br /> ling vdri cupc sO'ng. Ty le ngucfi ye'u th6' khong Ihay ddi viec lam, ngh^ nghiep<br /> chiem dai da s6' ngirdi duoc hoi (73,2%). Nhu vay, cii 10 ngu6i duge hoi thi chi<br /> CO khoang 3 ngudi c6 thay ddi viec lam, nghe nghiep. Day cung la mpt trong<br /> cac chi so phan anh miic do thich ling thap ve hanh vi cua nhffng ngucfi yeu the<br /> dupc khao sat.<br /> Tai sao da s6' nhu'ng ngudi dupc hoi lai khang dinh la hp khong thay ddi<br /> viec lam, nghe nghiep? Chiing ta se hieu ro them dieu nay qua y kien cu th^<br /> cua nhfmg ngudi ye'u the. "Vi tudi cao nen chi ldm theo Id'i cu, neo ngudi lao<br /> dpng, con cdi di ldm dn xa" (Nu, 70 ludi, Idp 1, lam rupng. Da NSng); "Vf gia<br /> dinh ldm nong truyen thdng, nen khdng quen lam theo cdch mdi" (Nam, 70 tudi,<br /> Idp 3/2, iam rupng. Da Nang); "Vi sdn xudt theo ccf che mdi cluing tdi khdng du<br /> kie'n thdc vd kinh phi de dp diing khoa hpc vdo sdn xudt" (NCr, 60 tudi, lam<br /> rupng. Ha Npi); "Vi khdng cd dieu kien mua gidng cdy, gid'ng Itta tdt" (Nit, 65<br /> tudi, hpc va'n 4, lam rupng. Ha Npi); "Gid roi khdng linh todn ducfc nua" (Nii,<br /> <br /> <br /> TAPCHI'TAM LtHOC, So 6 (159), 6 - 2012<br /> 72 tudi, hpc vin 3, Hi Ntii); "Khdng cd ruling ldm, di Idm thui phu thudc vdo<br /> nhu cdu thue ciia xung quanh" (Nam, 52 tudi, hpc vin 0, lim rudng. Hi NOi)...<br /> Qua cic •$ kidn cua d tren ta thiy: sd dl nhttng ngudi ydu thd khdng thay<br /> ddi dupc viec lim, nghd nghiep li do sttc khod, do gii ydu, thid'u vdn...<br /> Chung ta sc hidu diy du hem mttc dd thfch ting hinh vi cua cic nhdm<br /> yd'u thd qua thay ddi viec lim, nghd nghidp khi xdt theo cic bidn sd: nhdm nghd,<br /> nhdm yd'u thd, gidi tfnh vi hpc va'n.<br /> <br /> Bdng 7: Thay ddi viec Idm, nghi nghiip cda nhdm<br /> nguifi cao tudi, ngudi mdc hinh hiim nghio<br /> (Theo nhdm nghd)<br /> <br /> Nhdm nghd (%)<br /> TT Su thay dui Lam nghd Chung<br /> L i m ruling Ve huu<br /> khic<br /> 1 O i llKiv ddi 22.7 3.1 0,9 26,7<br /> 2 Kluiim thay ddi 52,1 9,1 12,0 73,2<br /> <br /> <br /> Ndu xel theo nhdm nghd ta thiy, nhdm ydu the lim rudng thay ddi viec<br /> lam, nghd nghiSp cao nhil (22,7%), trong khi dd, nhdm nghd khic vi nhdm<br /> huu trf thay ddi It nhit (3,1% va 0,9%). Didu nay dd dang ly giai dupc vi nhu da<br /> dd cap 6 tren ndng dan d nhidu viing hien nay bj mil dit sin xuit ndng nghiSp,<br /> dac biet li d hai thanh phd Idn li Hi Npi va Da NSng. Diy li hai thanh phd cd<br /> tde dp dd thi hoa nhanh, phit trien nhidu khu cdng ngifip, chd xuit, nha't li Ha<br /> Npi. Khi bi mil dil san xuit bupe nPng din phai lim viec lam mdi, phai thay<br /> ddi cac nghd truydn thdng ciia minh. Diy cung li nguyen nhan ly giii cho hien<br /> tuong d&ng ngu&i di cu ttt khu vuc nPng thdn ra ciic thinh ph6 Idn tim viec lam.<br /> Hp lim nhidu viec khac nhau ttt xiy dung, bdc viic, thu gom phe thii, budn ban<br /> cac mat hang lieu diing, lim dsin, phuc vu nhi hang... Tuy vay, trong sd nhttng<br /> nPng dan thay ddi viec lam, nghd nghiep dd dd thfch ttng vdi cudc sd'ng thi<br /> nhung ngttdi ydu thd chidm ty le tha'p. Qua tim hidu chung tdi duoc bidt, yd'u td<br /> sire khoe, thie'u vdn vin li nhttng nguySn nhan chi'nh cua mttc dp thip vd thay<br /> ddi cPng viec, nghd nghiep nay ciia nhung ngudi ydu thd. He sd luong quan p =<br /> 0,000 (< 0,05) cho thiy, su luong quan gitta cac nhdm la cd y nghTa vd mat<br /> thdng ke. Chung la se xem xel thttc trang nay qua cic bidn sd.<br /> Qua sd lieu didu tra lai bang 8 ta thiy: dpi vdi nhttng ngudi cd thay ddi<br /> vi?c lim, nghd nghiep thi ty le y kidn gitta hai nhdm ngudi cao ludi vi ngudi<br /> mac benh hidm ngheo, tan lit la gin tuong duong nhau, su chenh lech gitta hai<br /> nhdm li khdng dang ke. Ngay ca sd ngudi khPng thay ddi viec lam, nghd<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHfTAM L? HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012<br />  nghiep thi ty le y kidn cQng chdnh lech khdng nhidu. Didu niy cho thiy, mttc<br /> dd thfch ttng gitta hai nhdm li tuong duong nhau.<br /> <br /> Bdng S: Thay dd'i viec Idm, nghi nghiip cda nhdm<br /> ngudi cao tudi, ngitdi mdc binh hiim nghio, ngudi tdn tdt<br /> (Theo nhdm ydu the')<br /> <br /> Nhdm ydu thd (%)<br /> TT Sir thay ddi Ngudj mic binh, Chung<br /> Ngudi cao tudi<br /> tan tat<br /> 1 Co thay ddi 13,0 13,7 26,7<br /> 2 Khang thay ddi 39,9 33,3 73,2<br /> <br /> Ndu xdt theo gidi la thiy: dd'i vdi nhung ngudi cd thay ddi viec lam,<br /> nghd nghiep thi ly le y kidn ciia nhdm ngudi ydu thd la ntt cd ly le cao hon<br /> nhdm ngudi ydu thd li nam. Didu dd chttng td, ntt gidi thay ddi cPng viec nhidu<br /> hon nam. Day li mpt thuc td d nhidu vung que d nudc ta hien nay. Nhidu gia<br /> dinh phu ntt (vp, con gai) di ra thanh phd lim viec lam hay di xuat khau lao<br /> ddng d nudc ngoii, con nhttng ngudi dan ong d nhi cham sdc con cai, cham lo<br /> viec gia dinh. O cac dd thi, ngudi phu ntt cd nhidu co hpi kidm viec lam hon<br /> nhu bin hang rong, thu mua phd thai, lam dsin, lam thue trong cic nha hang...<br /> Trong khi dd, nam gidi chii yeu lam xay dung, xe dm, cuu van. Tuy vay, su<br /> chenh lech y kidn gitta hai nhom la khdng nhieu. Didu dd chttng td mttc dp<br /> thfch nghi xdt theo gidi tfnh cung khong khac biel nhieu.<br /> <br /> Bdng 9: Thay doi viec Idm, nghe nghiip cua nhdm<br /> ngitdi cao tudi, ngudi mdc benh hiem ngheo, ngirdi tdn tdt<br /> (Theo gidi linh)<br /> <br /> TT Su thay ddi GiOi tinh (%)<br /> Chung<br /> Nam Nur<br /> 1 Co thay ddi 11.2 15.5 26,7<br /> 2 Khong thay ddi 28,4 44.8 73,2<br /> <br /> <br /> Neu theo bien sd nhom ye'u the va gidi tinh, sir khac biet v^ su thich iing<br /> gitfa cac nhdm la khdng ro ret thi khi xet theo hpc van, su khac bipt nay tucfng<br /> dd'i ro. Nhu'ng ngudi cd hpc va'n cao hon thi sir thay ddi viec lam, nghe nghiep<br /> cflng nhieu hon nhdm cd hpc va'n tha'p hcfn. Nhu vay, hpc va'n cflng la mpt ye'u<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012<br /> td cd anh hudng r5 rdt ddn thfch ling cita nhiing ngudi ydu thd dugrc khio sit.<br /> Hd sd tuong quan p = 0,000 (< 0,05) phin inh su khic bidt gitta cic nhdm li cd<br /> ^ nghTa vd mat thdng kd.<br /> <br /> Bdng 10: Thay ddi viic ldm, nghi nghiip cua nhdm<br /> nguifi cao tudi, ngitdi mdc hinh hiim nghio, nguiri tdn tdt<br /> (Theo nhdm hoc vin)<br /> <br /> Nhdm hoc vin (%)<br /> TT Sir thay dui Cip 3 trd Chung<br /> Cipl Cip 2<br /> l«n<br /> 1 C6 thay ddi 4,0 7,6 15,1 26,7<br /> 2 KhPng thay ddi 16,6 26,5 30,1 73,2<br /> <br /> Tuy chi cd mpl ty le khi khiem tdn nhttng ngudi ydu thd dupc hdi cho<br /> ring, hp da thay ddi viec lim, nghd nghidp. Mpl cau hdi dat ra li: Nhiing ngitdi<br /> yeu tliedd thay ddi vice ldm, nghe nghiip nhu thi ndo? Qua xii IJ ciu hdi md<br /> da cho ke'l qui nhu sau:<br /> Ttt sd lieu lai bing 11 cho thiy: nhttng ngudi ydu the chuyen hin sang<br /> nghd khic chid'm ly 16 cao nhi't trong sd nhttng ngudi dupc hdi (30,6%), xd'p d<br /> vi tri thtt 2 li thay ddi sang nhttng cdng viec m i xa hdi cd nhu ciu (28,2%).<br /> Mdt ty le khi Idn nhttng ngudi cd thay ddi viec lim li di lam thdm (28%). Sd<br /> nhttng ngudi md mat hing kinh doanh chidm ly le thip nhil (13,2%). Didu nay<br /> phii hop vdi nhirng khd khan mi chung la da phan tich d tren li nhimg ngttdi<br /> ydu the dupc hdi khd khan vd vdn lam an.<br /> <br /> Bdng 11: Siflhay ddi vice Idm, nghe nghiep cda nhdm<br /> ngitdi cao tudi, ngitdi mdc benh hiem nghio, ngudi tdn tdt<br /> (Sd lieu chung)<br /> <br /> TT Bicu hien cu the cita su thay ddi suy nghi, tinh toin Tyle(%) ThttlU<br /> 1 Md them mat hang kinh doanh 13.2 4<br /> 2 Thay ddi c6ng viec theo yeu ciu xa h6i 28,2 2<br /> 3 Ddi sanji iijihc khiic 30,6 1<br /> 4 Di lam Ilicm 28,0 3<br /> <br /> 6 day, chung tdi mud'n phan tfch sau hon sd' nhiing ngudi ydu thd chuydn<br /> sang nghd khac. Hp la ai? Tai sao phai chuydn sang nghd khac? Kdt qui didu<br /> <br /> <br /> 10 TAP CH(TAM LV HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6-2012<br /> tra cua dd tii cho thiy, sd niy chu ydu thupc vd nhttng ngudi ydu thd d ndng<br /> thdn. Sd lieu lai bing 12 dudi day da minh cliung cho didu niy.<br /> <br /> Bdng 12: Su ihay viic Idm vd nghi nghiip cda nhdm<br /> ngudi cao tudi. ngudi mdc binh hiim nghio, ngUdi Idn tdt<br /> (Theo nhdm nghd)<br /> <br /> Nhdm nghd (%)<br /> TT Sir thay ddi Lim Chung<br /> Lim<br /> ruong ngh£ Vdhuu<br /> khic<br /> 1 Md them mat hang kinh 10,1 3,1 13,2<br /> doanh<br /> 2 Thay ddi cdng viec theo 25,9 2,0 0,3 28,2<br /> ySu c£iu xa h6i<br /> 3 Ddi sang nghd khac 23,1 4,4 3,1 30,6<br /> 4 Di Iam them 22,5 3,0 2,5 28,0<br /> <br /> Phan lich so lieu bang 12 la thiy: Dd'i vdi nhttng ngudi ddi sang nghd<br /> khic Ihl chii ydu la nhttng ngu&i lam rupng (ndng dan). Nhiing ngu&i lam cac<br /> nghe khic hoac huu tri chidm ly le rit thip (4,4% va 3,1% so vdi 23,1%).<br /> Nhirng ngtt&i nPng dan phai chuydn sang mpl nghd khic vi hp mil dil sin xuit<br /> nhu la da phan tfch d tren, hp mil nghd da gin bd lau ddi cira minh la lam nPng<br /> nghiep. Trong khi dd, nhttng ngudi huu trf cd thu nhap dn dinh, nhttng ngudi<br /> lam cac nghd khae chiu lac dpng ft hon ciia viec mil dal sin xuat hon la nhiing<br /> ngudi ndng dan true lidp san xuat nong nghiep. Nhung ngudi nPng dan cung la<br /> nhttng ngudi phii thay ddi cdng viec theo yen ciu cua xa hpi hay di lam them<br /> nhieu nhil, cao hon nhidu so vdi cic nhdm con lai. He sd tuong quan p = 0,000<br /> (< 0,05) cho thay, su tuong quan gitta cac nhdm niy la cd y nghTa vd mat thdng ke.<br /> Qua sd lieu bang 13 la thiy: su chuydn ddi cong viec, ddi sang nghe khac<br /> hay di lim them cua nhdm ngudi mac benh hiem ngheo hay ngu&i tan tat ddu<br /> cd ly le y kidn cao hon nhdm ngudi cao ludi. Didu nay cho thiy, mac dii cd<br /> nhidu khd khan ve sttc khoe, thd luc, song nhttng ngudi mic benh, tan tat phai<br /> cd gang nhidu hon nhdm ngu&i cao ludi de thfch nghi vdi cupc sd'ng. Chung tdi<br /> da chttng kidn mpl sd ngudi bi mic benh ung thu song vin cd ging lam viec dd<br /> liy lien chtta benh va lo viec gia dinh. Trong nhttng nam qua, nhieu ngu&i lin<br /> tat dupc cpng ddng xa hpi, Hpi ngu&i Khuydl tat Viet Nam giup dd dd lam viec,<br /> kidm sdng. Nhidu ngu&i khuyet tat vdi nghi luc phi thttdng ciia minh da vupt<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012<br /> Idn nhihig khidm khuydt cia co thd, su han chd vd site khod dd lim viftc, tit giai<br /> quydt nhiing khd khin trong cudc sdng ciia minh vi gia dinh.<br /> <br /> Bdng 13: Thay ddi viec ldm vd nghi nghidp cda nhdm<br /> ngudi cao tudi, ngitdi mdc binh hiim nghio, ngudi tdn tdt<br /> (Theo nhdm ydu thd)<br /> <br /> Nhdm ydu Ihc (%)<br /> TT Su thay ddi Nguiri cao Nguiri mic Chung<br /> tudi bcnh, tin tit<br /> 1 Md them mat hang kinh doanh 5,8 7,4 13,2<br /> 2 Thay ddi cPng viec theo ySu 7,6 20,6 28,2<br /> ciu xa hPi<br /> 3 Ddi sang nghd khac 13,2 17,4 30,6<br /> 4 Di lim them 9,2 18,8 28,0<br /> <br /> Ket luin<br /> Ttt nhttng phan tfch d tren ta thiy;<br /> Trong sd, nhttng hoat ddng sin xui't, kmh doanh ciia ngudi ydu thd thttc<br /> hien de thfch nghi vdi cupc sd'ng thi hoal dpng phit tridn chan nuOi chid'm ty le<br /> cao nha't, lidp de'n la thay ddi ky thuat canh tic, chan nudi, ap dung lidn bd<br /> khoa hpc, cdng nghe vio sin xuit chid'm vj tri thtt hai, vi trf thtt ba li diu tu cho<br /> sin xuit. Cac hinh thttc hoat dpng quan trpng nhtt chuydn sang kinh doanh, lim<br /> them chiem ty le thip.<br /> Chi cd mpt ty le khi thip sd ngudi ydu thd dupc hdi Ira Idi hp cd su thay<br /> ddi viec lim, nghd nghiep de thich ttng vdi cupc song. Ty Ic ngudi ydu thd<br /> khPng thay ddi viec lim, nghd nghipp chidm dai da sd ngudi dupc hdi.<br /> Cd sir khac nhau gitta cac nhdm ydu thd ve mttc dp thfch ling. Nhdm ydu<br /> thd la nhttng ngudi lam rupng cd sir thay dpi hoat ddng, kinh doanh vi cdng<br /> viec nhidu hon nhdm huu tri. Hoc vin vi gidi tfnh cung cd anh hudng dd'n mttc<br /> dp thfch ttng ciia cac nhdm ydu thd.<br /> <br /> <br /> Tai lieu tham khao<br /> Sd lieu dieu tra dd lai; "Thich img .xd hdi ciia cdc nhom xd hdi yen the a nude ta hiin<br /> nay", do GS.TS Vu Dung iam chu nhicm (2011 - 2012).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 12 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012<br />