Thiết kế hệ thống nhúng

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UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY Embedded System ThS. Le Hoai Nghia nghialh@uit.edu.vn February 2009 Embedded System – p 1/27
Spot the Computer Embedded System – p 2/27
Hidden Computers Casio Nokia 7110 Sony Camera Browser Playstation 2 Watch Phone Philips Philips DVD Player TiVo Recorder Embedded System – p 3/27
Technical Challenges Real-time Complexity Concurrency Legacy Languages Embedded System – p 4/27
Software complexity growing Size of Typical Embedded System 1985 13kLOC 1989 21 kLOC 44 % per year 1998 1 MLOC 2000 2MLOC 2008 16 MLOC Windows NT 4.0 2010 32MLOC Windows 2000 Source: “ESP: A 10-Year Retrospective,” Embedded Systems Programming, November 1998 Embedded System – p 5/27
Digital Camera Block Diagram Embedded System – p 6/27
The Design Challenge Design optimal device that meets constraints on Price Functionality Performance Size Power Time-to-market Maintainability Safety Embedded System – p 7/27
The Time to Market Challenge Typical time-to-market constraint: 8 months Market Window Time Embedded System – p 8/27
Simplified Revenue Model Sales Loss due to delay Market ramp On-time curve Delayed curve Time DW 2W Assuming a constant market ramp, on-time revenue is 2 1bh = 1 2 •2W• W = W2 and delayed revenue is1 (2W - D)(W - D) so fractional revenue loss is 2 D(3W - D) = O(D2) 2W2 Example: when W = 26 and D = 10, fraction lost is about 50%. Embedded System – p 9/27
NRE Nonrecurring engineering cost: The cost of producing the first one. NRE cost dominates Production cost dominates Low NRE, high production costs High NRE, low production costs log Embedded System – p 10/27
Embedded System Technologies Integrated Circuits Processing elements Design tools Embedded System – p 11/27
IC Technology 1947: First transistor (Shockley, Bell Labs) 1958: First integrated circuit (Kilby, TI) 1971: First microprocessor (4004: Intel) Today: six wire layers, 45 nm features Embedded System – p 12/27
Moore’s Law Gordon Moore, 1965: Exponential growth in the number of transistors per IC Source: Intel Embedded System – p 13/27
$1000buys you this many CPS Electromechanical Tube Transistor Integrated Circuit Relay 10 8 10 6 10 4 10 2 1 10-2 10-4 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Source: Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual000 2 Machines Embedded System – p 14/27
1918 Sears Roebuck Catalog About $100 in today’s dollars. From Donald Norman, The Invisible Computer, 1998. Embedded System – p 15/27
Spectrum of IC choices You choose Flexibility polygons (Intel) Full Custom circuit (Sony) ASIC wires Gate Array logic network FPGA logic function PLD program (e.g., Pentium) GP Processor program (e.g., DSP) SP Processor settings (e.g., Ethernet) part number (e.g., 74LS00) Multifunction Fixed-function Embedded System – p 16/27
Hardware and Software Hardware Software Parallel Sequential Synchronous Asynchronous Logic Gates Stored programs Wire-based Memory-based communication communication Fixed topology Highly programmable Low power High power More detailed Less detailed High NRE No NRE Faster Slower Embedded System – p 17/27
Design Tools Hardware Software Logic Synthesis Compilers Place-and-route Assemblers D RC/E RC/LVS Linkers Simulators Debuggers Embedded System – p 18/27
Cost of Designs is Rising 1981: 100 designer-months for leading-edge chip 10k transistors, 100 transistors/month 2002: 30 000 designer-months 150M transistors, 5000 transistors/month Design cost increased from $1M to $300M 10G 100M 1M 10k 100 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Embedded System – p 19/27
Your Nemesis: The Altera DE2 Embedded System – p 20/27