TO CHUC BO MAY QUAN LY HANH CHINH NAM BO NUA BAU<br />
THE KY XIX: TUf GIA OjNH THANH BEN NAM KY LUC TINH<br />
(Tiep theo vd hit)<br />
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NGUYfiN NGOC PHUC*<br />
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2. Cue dien giang co va nhufng giai vd'n xuat than van quan vao chflc Phd Tong<br />
phap cho van de "giai quyen lUc" Gia t r i n . Day cung la ngfldi ma sau Minh<br />
Dinh thanh Menh giao nhigm vu giai the, ehia Bic<br />
Thanh lam cac tinh. Cud'i nam 1831, cai<br />
Thfla hfldng thanh qua tri vi dfldc Gia<br />
each hanh chfnh d Bic Thanh cd ban hoan<br />
Long no lflc tao dflng, song di san md Minh<br />
thanh.<br />
Mgnh tiep nhan v i n cdn r i t nhieu khd<br />
khan, thach thflc. Trong dd, k h i c phuc Nhflng d Gia Dinh Thanh, tinh hinh<br />
nhflng han che dang tdn tai trong he thd'ng khdng sudn se nhfl vliy. Gia Dinh vdn la<br />
chfnh quyen, n h i m thau tdm, nhat thdng d i t hflng nghiep trieu Nguyin. Trong quan<br />
quyen lflc, xay dflng vfldng trieu hung he vdi Chan Lap, Xiem La cung cac qudc<br />
manh theo di nguyen cfla tien de Gia Long gia phfa nam khac, d i t Gia Dinh cd vi the<br />
dfldc Minh Mgnh dae biet ehu y. Luc ndy, chien Ifldc dae biet. Dae diem dan cfl Gia<br />
bai toan Bic thanh, Gia Dinh thanh trd Dinh lai khdng t h u i n n h i t , nhieu giai ting<br />
thanh mgt trong nhflng flu tien chien Ifldc (Hoa kieu, ngfldi Cdng giao, dai dia chfl,<br />
eua vi hoang de tre tudi. thfldng nhan...) cd ngudn gdc, vai trd va<br />
Dd'i vdi Bic Thanh, van de giai quyet cd thai do chfnh tri khac nhau. Qua trinh xac<br />
phan ddn gian hdn. Nguyen Van Thanh - lap nen hanh ehinh eua chua Nguyin eung<br />
Tdng t r i n Bic Thanh ndi tieng quyen lflc nhfl trieu Nguyen sau nay chfla cd lich sfl<br />
qua ddi nam 1816, ngfldi ke nhiem la Le lau dai, dn dinh nhfl cac vung mien khac<br />
Chit (que Binh Dinh) qua ddi khdng lau cua d i t nfldc. Vi the, vigc Ifla chgn, trao<br />
sau khi tfl chflc nam 1826. Trfldng Van phd quyen lflc Td'ng tran cho nhan vat nao<br />
Minh - vien Tdng t r i n tiep theo eung tfl se cd tac dgng to ldn, trflc tiep den cue dien<br />
chflc sau hai nam tai nhigm. Dfldng nhfl cd va sfl dn dinh vfldng trieu. Thflc te, nhflng<br />
ehu dfch, chflc vu Tdng tra'n Bic Thanh sau nhan vdt tflng n i m gifl chflc vu nay, deu la<br />
dd bi bo trd'ng nhieu ndm. Cud'i eung, nam ket qua cua mgi tfnh toan, can nhic tfl<br />
1831, trieu dinh bd nhiem Le Dai Cfldng - phfa trieu dinh Hue.<br />
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' ThS. Khoa Lich sfl - Trfldng DH KHXH&NV - DH QGHN<br />
T6 chuc bg mty quin i^ hanh cliinh., 53<br />
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Tfl nam 1808 cho den khi giai the Gia Dinh gifla Gia Long, Minh Menh vdi mdt ben la<br />
thanh, 4 ngfldi da l i n Ifldt gifl chflc Td'ng Tdng t r i n Le Van Duyet - nhan vat anh<br />
tra'n, trong dd 2 ngfldi trieu dinh tai cfl: hfldng va cung ndi tieng sic sao chfnh tri<br />
(36). Quan hg ddi ben ndy vd'n chit chfla<br />
TT Tdng tr^n Tiidi gian trj nhieu mau t h u i n , tuy am thim, nhflng<br />
nhim<br />
1 Nguyfin Vin Nhin 1808- 1812<br />
cung ngay cang khd ed the dung hoa. Sfl<br />
1819- 1820 dung Le Van Duyet, nhUng trong lUdng<br />
2 L6 Vin Duyet 1812-1815 dinh, chu dfch eua Gia Long, n h i t la Minh<br />
1820-1832 Mgnh, tim each de kiem che quyen lUc cfla<br />
3 Truong Tin Bao 1816<br />
4 Nguyen Hoing Dire 1816-1819 Le v a n Duyet dfldc coi la mgt trong cac<br />
nhan td quan trgng, tac dgng trflc tiep vao<br />
6 day, nhflng quy dinh "hdi ti" cua trieu v i n de thu hdi quyen lflc Nam Bg eua trieu<br />
Nguyen dfldng nhfl bi bd qua, ea bdn vien dinh Nguyen.<br />
Tong tran deu que quan Nam Bg: Nguyen Sfl kign dang chu y \k nam 1820, ngay<br />
v a n Nhan - Tdng t r i n dau tien (trfldc dd sau khi len ngdi, Minh Mgnh tai bd nhigm<br />
tflng gifl chflc Lflu t r i n Gia Dinh) ngfldi An Le v a n Duyet lam Tdng t r i n Gia Dinh<br />
Giang; Le Van Duyet, Nguyen Hoang Dflc (37). Vdi Le Van Duyet, Gia Dinh la d i t cd<br />
ngfldi Dinh Tfldng, Trfldng T i n Bao ngfldi hfldng; trfldc dd, trong cae nam 1812 - 1815,<br />
Vinh Long. Dd la chfla ke den cac Hiep Le v a n Duyet da tflng gifl chflc vu ndy, anh<br />
t r i n nhfl Trinh Hoai Dfle ngfldi Minh hfldng cua Le Van Duyet d Gia Dinh r i t<br />
hfldng T r i n Bien, Ngd Nhan Tinh d Phien ldn. Biet vay, nhflng vi sao Minh Mgnh lai<br />
An (35)... Khdng chi vay, Td'ng t r i n va tai cfl Le Van Duygt vao cfldng vi dd? Can<br />
nhieu quan lai eao cip d Gia Dinh vd'n x u i t cfl vad tinh hinh thflc te biy gid, tflng cd<br />
chfnh tfl nghiep binh, tflng la tfldng linh nhflng luan giai cho r i n g vi tinh the, Minh<br />
tran mac. Bd'n Tdng t r i n Gia Dinh thi Le Mgnh mudn tam thdi diy ra xa mgt cai gai<br />
van Duyet la Chudng Ta quan, TrUdng trong mit, khi dieu kien chfla eho phdp nhd<br />
Tin Bao tflng gifl chflc De ddc Ta bien Bg ngay dfldc! (38). Va cd le Le Van Duygt hieu<br />
Binh. Nguyen Van Nhan, Nguyen Hodng tham y cua Minh Menh, cho nen, sudt thdi<br />
Dflc deu la "edng t h i n trung hflng" trieu gian nhdm chflc, vien Td'ng t r i n nay mgt<br />
Nguyen. mat kien tri chfl trfldng gifl quan hg vdi<br />
Vdi nha Nguyen, thiet ldp Bic thanh, ngfldi Phap, mgt mat tiep tue dm t h i m<br />
Gia Dinh thanh, "san se" quyen lflc eho eung ed lflc Ifldng, gay dflng phe canh va cd<br />
Td'ng t r i n va nhflng chflc vu trgng nham sd xa hgi, dae biet la trong dgi ngu vd quan,<br />
khac deu trong the ching dflng. Quyen lflc thfldng nhan ngfldi Hoa, giao dan va t i n g<br />
dd lai "giao phd" cho nhflng tfldng linh, ldp dia ehu Gia Dinh.<br />
cdng t h i n - lflc Ifldng ma tan vfldng au Ve phfa trieu dinh, vdn cd sfl de chflng<br />
chua vfla khdng the khdng tra dn phd td, nen nhflng hanh dgng cua Le Van Duygt<br />
vfla ludn phai de chflng, canh giac. Cho khdng qua dUde t i m m i t cua Minh Mgnh,<br />
nen, sfl xung dot luc ngim ngim, khi cdng song vi thflc lflc va anh hfldng cua Le Van<br />
khai la dieu khd tranh khdi. Duyet cdn kha ldn, Minh Mgnh chfla the<br />
Trong nhflng diin bien xung quanh cdu "ra tay" sdm. Mgi viec chi b i t d i u khi ngdi<br />
chuygn quyen lflc tren, ndi len mdi quan hg vi cua Minh Mgnh dfldc cung ed vflng chic.<br />
54 Rghien curu Ljch sfl. sg 3.2010<br />
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Nhflng ngay ca luc ndy, trfldc khi thiic thi ham Thfldng thfl cho Ta Tham tri Binh bd<br />
b i t ky bign phap nao, Minh Mgnh v i n ludn Bui Dflc Minh (42). B i n g each dd, Minh<br />
to ra can nhic, than trgng. Sau khi Le Van Mgnh da d i n tach dfldc anh hfldng va kiem<br />
Duygt qua ddi (1832), Minh Mgnh - b i n g soat cfla Le Van Duygt doi vdi Bui Dflc<br />
thai do va nhflng hanh dgng khd quyet liet Minh, ddng thdi xac ldp mdi lien he tnic<br />
- mdi ket thuc cau chuygn "giai quyen lUc" tiep tfl trieu dinh vdi chflc quan bao hg<br />
Gia Dinh. Chan Lap, thdng qua c i u ndi cfla vien quan<br />
vdn x u i t than van giai...<br />
Trd lai eau chuygn giing co quyen lUe,<br />
de giam d i n the liie cfla Le Van Duyet, Bing nhflng bflde di nhfl the, Minh<br />
Minh Menh da thi hdnh eac bien phap Menh da cd the d i n vd hieu hoa, han chd<br />
n h i m tflng bflde ehuyen hoa, hoae vd hieu quyen lflc, uy the cfla Le Van Duygt. Nhin<br />
hoa lflc Ifldng trung thanh vdi Td'ng t r i n . rgng hdn, khi sfl dung tdi cae bien phap<br />
Muc tieu d i u tien Id cae nhan vat then chd't khac nhau de suy yeu quyen hanh cua<br />
trong hang ngu ed the lflc, dfla vao dd Tdng t r i n cung nhfl toan bg cd ciu quyen<br />
nhflng nhan vat than CEln cua Minh Mgnh. lflc Gia Dinh thanh, dd Id nhflng bflde tien<br />
Trfldng hdp thay the T r i n Nhat Vinh b i n g cua trieu dinh Minh Mgnh, n h i m chuin bi<br />
Nguyen Khoa Minh nam 1828 la mgt vf du eho vigc hign thflc hoa muc tieu thu hdi<br />
(39). Cac bien phap tfldng tfl eung dfldc ap trgn vgn quyen lflc ddi vdi vung d i t Nam<br />
dung de trieu dinh tflng bflde chi phd'i, thau Bg ma trieu dinh da phai "san se" biy lau<br />
tdm quyen kiem soat tfldng linh Gia Dinh nay.<br />
thanh. Nam 1831, Minh Menh phai vien<br />
3. Nam Ky luc tinh - thanh qua cua<br />
tfldng than cdn la Thdng che hau dinh<br />
qua trinh t h o n g nhat to chflc hanh<br />
quan Than sach Nguyen Van Que tdi "quan<br />
chinh quoc gia tren v u n g dat Nam B9<br />
ly bien binh thdnh Gia Dinh, hiep cung<br />
Tdng t r i n Le Van Duyet lam edng vigc Vdi trieu Nguyen, B?c Thanh, Gia Dinh<br />
thanh, pham cd vigc gi phai tau thi cung ky thanh la nhflng trd lflc ldn n h i t tren con<br />
ten" (40). Nam 1832, ngay sau khi Le Van dfldng cflng cd, tang cfldng sflc manh quyen<br />
Duygt chet, lflc Ifldng quan sfl chfl chdt cfla lflc, thiet ldp nen hanh chfnh thdng n h i t<br />
nhan vat nay bi giai tan, rdi khdi Gia Dinh qudc gia. Cai each hanh chfnh do Minh<br />
(41). Trfldc dd, nam 1829, Nguyen Van Menh chfl xfldng chfnh \k de khic phuc han<br />
Thuy - Thdng che linh i n bao hg Chan Lap che dd.<br />
(nham chflc nam 1820, la ngfldi chiu anh Nhfl da ndi, mgt trong cac mue tieu<br />
hfldng cfla Le Van Duygt) qua ddi. Le Van quan trgng cfla cai each Minh Mgnh la xoa<br />
Duyet tien cfl Phd tfldng Hflu quan Nguyen bd tinh trang phan quyen, thieu thdng n h i t<br />
v a n Xuan ldm ngfldi ke nhigm. Minh Menh ve cd ciu ddn vi quan ly hanh chfnh, td<br />
tfl chdi, dfch than chi dinh Ta Tham tri chflc bg may quan lai gifla cae dia phUdng.<br />
Binh bg Bui Dflc Minh (vd'n x u i t than tfl Muc tieu ndy khdng the hoan thanh ndu<br />
quan van, than can cua Minh Mgnh) thay hai d i u d i t nUde v i n tiep tyc duy t n hai<br />
the Nguyen Van Thuy lam hiep ddng bao khu viic hanh chfnh dae biet. Do dd, doi<br />
hd (vin ed sfl hdp tac eua Tdng t r i n ) . tUdng trung tam ma cai each Minh Mgnh<br />
Nhflng sfl can b i n g quyen lflc dd eung n h i m tdi chfnh la td chflc h a n h chfnh va bg<br />
nhanh chdng bi p h i vd khi Minh Mgnh gia may chi'nh quyen dia phfldng. Trong dd,<br />
Td chUc bg m&y qufln ly hanh chinh... 55<br />
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viec giai quyet v i n de Bic thdnh, Gia Dinh "chin mudi", n h i m giai quyet dflt diem eho<br />
thanh gifl vai trd quyet dinh cho ket qua v i n de Gia Dinh Thdnh.<br />
cfla cugc cai each.<br />
Vdi "lg trinh" nhfl the, mgt l i n nfla, cho<br />
Bat d i u vdi Bic thdnh, nam 1831, sau thiy sfl danh gia eao vi tri, vai trd - the<br />
miy chuc nam tdn tai, Bic thanh bi trieu hign qua cae ddi sach - cua trieu dinh<br />
dinh Hue giai the, chia dat lam cac tinh. Nguyen ddi vdi Nam Bg. Trong cugc cai<br />
Tuy nhien, phai mgt nam sau, ca den khi each nay, Gia Dinh thanh la ddi tfldng r i t<br />
Le Van Duygt qua ddi, trieu dinh mdi tien quan trgng ma trieu dinh n h i m tdi. Nhflng<br />
hanh vdi Gia Dinh Thanh. Tai sao vay, ed Gia Dinh thdnh lai Id ndi chgn de thflc thi<br />
phai vi Minh Mgnh cdn e ngai Le Van cudi cung. Tuy la bflde cudi eung nhflng<br />
Duyet? Nhin lai bd'i canh lue dd, cung nhfl ddng vai trd chien Ifldc, quyet dinh thanh<br />
dien bien sudt miy chuc nam d i u trieu cdng hay t h i t bai cua cugc cai each do<br />
Nguyen, cd the thiy: Minh Menh chu xfldng.<br />
Thii nhd't, cai each hanh chfnh do Minh Nhfl the de t h i y r i n g - tfl nhflng tfnh<br />
Mgnh khdi xfldng tien hanh tren quy md toan va dfl lieu tren - da ly giai cho quyet<br />
toan qudc, dung cham den nhieu v i n de dinh cua trieu dinh Hue ve qud trinh va<br />
phflc tap, tfl tai cd ciu eac ddn vi hanh thdi diem ket thuc eua Gia Dinh thanh;<br />
chfnh den chgn Ifla, s i p dat lai bg may "Vigc chia hat dat quan d Bic Ky, hien da<br />
quan lai thfla hdnh. Vi the, Minh Mgnh quy dinh xep dat rdi, vay Nam Ky tfl<br />
khdng mud'n lap tflc cd sfl xao trgn ldn, Quang Nam den Gia Dinh cung nen theo<br />
ddng thdi d ea hai khu vflc chien Ifldc, nhay<br />
cae tinh tfl Quang Tri trd ra Bic... de td ra<br />
cam ve chfnh tri. Do dd, nhfl the lap lai qua<br />
ed sfl thdng nhit". "Nam trfldc ehia dat cac<br />
trinh thiet lap cip Thanh trfldc day, nam<br />
tinh Bic Ky, nhflng vigc mflu ich ldi, trfl tg<br />
1831, Bic thdnh mgt l i n nfla trd thanh<br />
hai, thflc ed cdng higu sd sd ra rdi. Cac t r i n<br />
bflde "thfl nghigm", eung la de tham dd<br />
Nam Ky, dia the d i u cd ldn nhd, xa gin<br />
phan flng tfl dia phfldng eua trieu dinh<br />
khac nhau, nhflng mgi vigc nhfl quan, dan,<br />
Hud.<br />
tai chinh, thue khoa, hinh an deu khdng<br />
Thit hai, ngodi sii chd ddi ket qua "thfl khac gi Bic Ky". "Mgt hat Gia Dinh la ndi<br />
nghigm" d Bic Thanh, Minh Mgnh eung cd nhieu edng viec quan trgng, nhfl vo ve<br />
mud'n tham dd chfnh "phan flng" tfl phfa thugc qudc, phdng gifl nfldc ngoai. Vay ra<br />
Gia Dinh thdnh. Trong cai "nghe ngdng" Ignh cho dinh t h i n ban tau ddi ehi thi<br />
dd, ed ca sfl e de vdi Le Van Duygt. Song hanh. Den b i y gid dinh t h i n hgp ban cho<br />
diy khdng phai la ly do duy nhat. Cugc cai r i n g ehia dit, dat quan lam phen giau che<br />
each tren quy md sau rgng, phflc tap bugc<br />
dd, thflc la mflu ke r i t hay ve vigc tri dan,<br />
Minh Mgnh - nhfl nhflng gi da de cap - phai<br />
gifl nfldc" (43).<br />
tien hanh qua ca qua trinh, vdi nhflng bflde<br />
di thfeh hdp cho mdi giai doan. Nam 1832, Tfl nhflng "ban tau" va "mflu ke" dd, mgt<br />
cai chet cfla Le Van Duygt tao ra "khoang nam sau khi xoa bd Bic Thanh, 3 thang<br />
trdng quyen lflc" tam thdi d Nam Bg, dd sau cdi chet cfla Le Van Duygt, thang 10<br />
chfnh la thdi diem thudn ldi de hoan thanh nam 1832, trieu dinh Hue cho giai the Gia<br />
mdt viec ma moi thdi ed va sfl chuin bi da Dinh thanh, bai bd chflc Td'ng trin. Gia<br />
56 R g h i ^ ajru L|ch sfl. sg 3.2010<br />
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Dinh dfldc td chflc lai thanh 6 tinh mdi, hanh chfnh mdi, Td'ng ddc vfla la chflc quan<br />
gdm: eao nha't tai dia phfldng, vfla ed tfl each<br />
thanh vien, dfldc trieu dinh phai cfl ve cai<br />
- Tinh Phien An (44) (dd'i tfl t r i n Phien<br />
An), thd'ng tri 2 phfl, 5 huyen. quan. Chflc T u i n phfl theo quy dinh dflng<br />
d i u mdt tinh. Tdng dde thdng hat hai tinh<br />
- Tinh Bien Hoa (ddi tfl tran Bien Hoa), (47), trong dd mdt tinh chuyen hat (chuyen<br />
thdng tri 1 phu, 4 huygn. chfl cdng viec trong hat cfla minh), mgt tinh<br />
- Tinh Vinh Long (ddi tfl tra'n Vinh kiem hat (kiem ly cdng viec ngodi hat minh<br />
Thanh), thdng tri 3 phu, 6 huygn. thd'ng tri). Cac tinh ghep tai Nam Ky dfldc<br />
trieu dinh dat chflc Tdng ddc cd: An - Bien<br />
- Tinh Dinh Tfldng (dd'i tfl t r i n Dinh<br />
Tfldng), thd'ng tri 1 phfl, 3 huygn. (Phien An - Bien Hod); Long - Tfldng (Vinh<br />
Long - Dinh Tfldng); An - Hd (An Giang -<br />
- Tinh An Giang (tach tfl 2 huygn Vinh Ha Tien). Thdng thfldng Td'ng dde ddng tri<br />
An va Vinh Dinh thugc Vinh Long, ggp vdi sd tai tinh ndo thi kiem ludn T u i n phu tinh<br />
dat Chau Do'c), thdng tri 2 phu, 4 huygn.<br />
dd: "cac tinh An - Bien, Long - Tfldng, An -<br />
- Tinh Ha Tien (ddi tfl t r i n Ha Tien), Ha, Tdng ddc kiem ldm viec cfla T u i n phfl"<br />
thdng tri 1 phfl, 3 huyen (45). (48).<br />
"Luc tinh" (6 tinh) hay "Nam Ky luc Dfldi quyen Td'ng dde, T u i n phfl cd cac<br />
tinh" chl chung toan bg khu vflc Nam Bg la chflc Bd'chinh (dflng d i u Bd chfnh sfl, tflc<br />
each ggi x u i t hien chfnh tfl sau vigc thiet Phien ty); An sdt (dflng d i u An sat sfl, tflc<br />
lap 6 tinh nam 1832 nay. Nidt ty). Thugc quan b hai ty ndy ed Thdng<br />
Cung vdi viec thiet ldp cae ddn vi hanh phdn, Kinh lich, ThU lgi (sdBat, Cflu phim<br />
chi'nh mdi, td chflc bd may quan ly d Nam thfl lai, Vj nhap lflu tuy tinh to hay nho ma<br />
Ky, nha't la cip tinh eung ed nhieu thay nhieu ft khac nhau). Cdng vigc ve quan sfl<br />
ddi. Trong dao du ndm 1832, sau khi danh do Di ddc, Phd Di ddc, Ldnh binh (tinh<br />
gia ket qua eung nhfl kinh nghiem cua vigc ldn), Lanh binh, Phd Ldnh binh (tinh nho)<br />
bai bd Bic Thanh ddi vdi Gia Dinh thanh, phu trach, dfldi quyen cd cac Chfldng cd, Vg<br />
vua Minh Menh cho ring: "Nay (Gia Dinh uy phu ta. De quan ly cac cdng vigc giao<br />
thanh - TG) ehia dat tinh hat, thiet lap due, trieu dinh cdn cho dat b mdi tinh 1<br />
quan chflc, cd hai ty Bd' chfnh. An sat, ehia vien Ddc hgc.<br />
gifl cae vigc tdi chfnh, thud khoa va hinh<br />
Theo Minh Menh chinh yeii, nhiem vu<br />
luat; cd lanh binh quan cai quan, quan vd<br />
cua cac quan dflng d i u tinh dfldc quy dinh<br />
va binh li'nh t i t ea deu thugc quyen Td'ng<br />
do'c, T u i n phu. Nhfl vdy thi chflc vu deu ed nhfl sau:<br />
chuyen trach, mgi viec mdi mong s i p xep - Tdng ddc gifl vigc cai tri quan dan,<br />
dfldc h i n hoi. Cdn Gia Dinh thanh Td'ng trdng coi ca quan van, quan vd, khao hach<br />
t r i n vk cac chflc T r i n thu, Hiep t r i n , eac quan lai va sfla sang chdn bien cfldng.<br />
Tham hiep d cae t r i n deu nen bd di" (46).<br />
- T u i n phu gifl vigc tuyen bd dn dflc<br />
Theo dd, tai Nam Ky, trieu dinh bai bd nha vua, phfl du yen dan, trdng coi hanh<br />
cac chflc Tdng tran, T r i n Thfl, dat Tong chi'nh, giao due, cha'n hflng viec cd ldi va<br />
ddc, Tudn phu dflng dau tinh. Theo ed ciu trfl bd tuc lg.<br />
T6 chirc h^ m6y quAn It hanh chinh... 57<br />
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- Bd chfnh coi vice thud, tien cua trong Bd chfnh do vien T u i n phfl kiem linh, neu<br />
toan hat, trieu dinh ed ban dn hue hoae ehi dat Bd chi'nh thi d'n trien T u i n phu do<br />
lenh cim thi tuyen dat cho cdc chflc vigc Bd chi'nh. An sat hgi ddng hg ly" (51). Thiic<br />
biet. luc chdp T u i n phu 3 tinh Bien Hoa, Dinh<br />
- An sat gifl vigc hinh phat, phat dfldng Tudng, Ha Tien: "dung chflc Bd chfnh gifl<br />
ky cfldng, phong tuc, xem xdt viec quan lai quyen i n va lam viec T u i n phu" (52). Nhfl<br />
tri dan, kiem ly vigc bflu chfnh truyen di vay, cd the thay, do Td'ng do'c kiem nhiep 3<br />
trong hat. tinh nen 6 tinh Nam Ky chi cd 3 tinh dat<br />
T u i n phfl la Bien Hoa, Dinh Tfldng, Ha<br />
- Lanh binh cai quan binh Ifnh, deu theo Tien. Nhflng 3 tinh tren, it n h i t trong giai<br />
quan Tdng dde mk thi hanh (49).<br />
doan diu, khi mdi lap tinh deu chfla cd<br />
Dfldi tinh, ed cau ddn vi hanh chi'nh cac chflc Tuin phu. Nhflng tinh khdng cd Tuin<br />
cip v i n gdm phfl, huygn, tdng va phu ndy, quyen lflc dfldc giao cho vien Bd'<br />
thdnyxa/ip... Ngoai vigc nam 1828, Minh ehinh. Ngay ea tinh dat tri sd Td'ng dde, Bd'<br />
Mgnh ddi chflc Xa trfldng thanh Ly trfldng, chfnh van la vien quan ddng vai trd kha<br />
quy dinh mdi xa ddt mgt Ly trfldng thay vi quan trgng. TrUdng hdp nam 1832 tai tinh<br />
ed the mgt hoac nhieu Xa trfldng nhfl trfldc Phien An la mgt vf du, khi bdn bac vdi<br />
day. Cdn lai, ed c i u ddn vi hanh chfnh, td trieu dinh ve each thflc xfl tri Le Van Khdi,<br />
chflc bg may quan ly hanh chfnh dfldi cip de nghi "tau xin b i t Khdi (tflc Le Van Khdi<br />
tinh d Nam Bd cd ban khdng thay ddi so vdi - TG) nghiem xdt" do ca Tdng ddc An - Bien<br />
trfldc nam 1832. Sfl bien dgng sau nam Nguyen Van Que va Bd chinh Bach Xuan<br />
1832 chu yeu ehi dien ra d quy md, sd Ifldng Nguyen eung tau len trieu dinh (53). ...^.<br />
cac ddn vi do qua trinh dien each.<br />
Cd che quan lai "kiem linh", trao quyen<br />
Cd the thiy, cd ciu hanh chfnh cac cip<br />
cip tren cho cip dfldi thfla hdnh - vi the, cd<br />
Nam Bd tfl sau cai each Minh Menh da<br />
the d i n den hign tfldng cdy quyen, lam<br />
tuan thu tdi da theo md hinh thdng nhit,<br />
quyen. Cho nen, du da ed nhflng quy dinh<br />
ap dung tren quy md ca nfldc. Tuy nhien,<br />
ve quyen han, chflc trach cua tflng vien<br />
bd may quan lai d Nam Bg, do tinh hinh,<br />
quan d i u tinh. Song de minh dinh rd rang<br />
dae diem cu the, v i n cd nhflng dieu chinh<br />
hdn chflc nang, phan sfl, ngan chan viec<br />
n h i t dinh, ngay gifla cac tinh cung khdng<br />
lam quyen, trong mgt dao du nam 1834,<br />
hoan toan nhfl nhau. Khac biet ve so' nhan<br />
Minh Menh da lUu y: "Td'ng ddc, T u i n phu<br />
sfl 2 ty cua 6 tinh Nam Ky thdng ke dfldi<br />
la quan to d i u hat, khdng viec gi la khdng<br />
day la mgt vf du (Xem bang 6) (50).<br />
thd'ng nhiep thi Bd' chfnh. An sat va Lanh<br />
Mdt sd' trUdng hdp, khi bd nhigm chflc binh trd xud'ng phai bao nhau ma nghe<br />
vu cu the tai dia phfldng, sfl dieu chinh d theo. Neu tinh nao chi ed cac vien Bd chinh.<br />
nhflng mflc do khac nhau cung dUde ap An sat, Lanh binh thi chflc quan khdng<br />
dung. Ching han, moi tinh, theo cd ciu do each xa nhau lim, kien thflc cung khdng ai<br />
trieu dinh quy dinh, Bd chfnh thUdng do hdn ai kdm, phai nen tuy viec cham chfldc<br />
Tuin phu kiem chflc. Hgi dien cho biet cac ma lam mdi mong cho xong xudi dUdc.<br />
tinh Nam Bg: "pham lg dat T u i n phfl Bien Chuan dinh trfl cae tinh Gia Dinh, Vinh<br />
Hoa, Dinh Tfldng, Ha Tien thi i n trien cua Long, An Giang... nguyen ed Ddc, Phu dai<br />
58 Rghien ciJru Ljch sfl. sg 3.2010<br />
<br />
<br />
Bang 6: N h a n sU hai ty cfla 6 t i n h Nam Ky<br />
Thu lai<br />
Tinh Ty Thdng Kinh Chdnh Chdnh Tdng<br />
phdn lich bdt ciu nhgp cgng<br />
phdm phdm lUu<br />
Phidn An Bo chinh 1 3 6 60 119<br />
An sit 1 2 4 40<br />
Dinh Tucing Bo chinh 1 2 5 40 75<br />
An Sat 1 1 3 20<br />
Bidn Hoi Bo^ chinh 1 2 5 40 75<br />
An sat 1 1 3 20<br />
Vinh Long Bo chinh 1 3 6 60 119<br />
An sat 1 2 4 40<br />
An Giang Bo chfnh 1 2 5 40 75<br />
An sat 1 1 3 20<br />
H i Tidn Bo chinh 1 1 2 20 39<br />
An sit 1 1 1 10<br />
Tong cdng 12 12 21 47 410 502<br />
<br />
<br />
vien kiem quan, khdng phai ban lai. Cdn Tdm lai, du cd nhflng dieu chinh va ddi<br />
nhfl cac tinh Bien Hoa, Dinh Tfldng, Ha chd khac biet trong cd c i u td chflc bd may<br />
Tien... nhfl chi phat tien Ifldng, tra bign quan lai dia phfldng b Nam Bd so vdi<br />
vice an, chgn cfl nhflng van chflc phfl nhflng quy dinh chung, dfldc xac ldp va<br />
huygn, eung cac viec thfla bign t i m thfldng thflc thi tren quy md ca nfldc tfl sau cai<br />
nen do Bd, An deu can cfl chflc trach ma each Minh Menh; nhflng dd chi la nhflng bd<br />
lam, vien Lanh binh khdng phai dfl den, de sung, dieu chinh n h i m phu hdp vdi tinh<br />
chuyen trach vigc thanh. Cdn nhfl chgn cfl hinh, hodn canh, theo yeu c i u cu the dia<br />
vu chflc, sai phai bien binh, phan phai ddn phfldng. Tren nguyen t i c cao n h i t , td chflc<br />
trat, cim phdng mat dit, pham vigc cd ddn vi hanh chfnh va bg may quan ly hanh<br />
quan hg vigc quan, chuan eho Lanh binh chfnh Nam Ky luc tinh tuan thu trigt dd<br />
hoae Phd lanh binh quan tinh i y hdi ddng cae quy dinh thdng n h i t ve hanh chfnh eua<br />
vdi Bd, An cung bdn; mgt long ldm vigc, ed trieu dinh.<br />
neu t i u thi c h u i n den n h i t luat lien danh,<br />
de eho phd'i hdp tri tug ma lam vigc, van vu Trong bdi canh chung ca nfldc, ciing nhfl<br />
cung giup l i n nhau" (54). dien bien quanh eau chuygn quan ly hanh<br />
chfnh Nam Bg sudt m i y chuc nam d i u<br />
Sfl "nhic nhd" dd cfla Minh Mgnh, mgt trieu Nguyen, y nghla cfla vigc thidt lap<br />
mat, giup eho vigc han che, ngan ngfla cae Nam Ky luc tinh khdng ddn t h u i n chi la<br />
nguy cd ve quyen lflc tai dia phfldng; mdt tach nhdp dien each thdng thfldng. Ca vdi<br />
khac, bd khuyet, lam rd chflc trach, phan Nam Bd eung trieu dinh nhd Nguyin, sfl<br />
nhigm, xfl ly sfl vu trong dia hat quan ly kign nay deu mang t i m vdc dae biet.<br />
eua quan lai thfla hanh, n h i t la nhflng ndi L i n d i u tien, sau cai each Minh Mgnh,<br />
khuyet chflc hay kiem Hnh... trong bg m i y vdi Nam Ky luc tinh, cip tinh - ddn vi hanh<br />
quan lai. chfnh dia phfldng cao n h i t dfldc thiet lap<br />
T6 ehijrc tag may quin ly hanh chinh... 59<br />
<br />
tren toan Nam Bd, kem vdi dd la sfl thdng giai phap nhfl khdng the khac mk trieu<br />
n h i t ve cd ciu td chflc bd may quan ly hanh Nguyen da phai chgn.<br />
ehinh. Vdi sfl kign nay, vung d i t Nam Bd Nhflng giing co quyen lflc xung quanh<br />
da hgi nhdp mgt each diy dfl ve phfldng cau ehuyen quan ly hanh chinh Gia Dinh,<br />
dign td chflc hdnh chfnh cung ea nfldc. be ngoai, ehi la nhflng bieu hien trong<br />
Vdi trieu Nguyen, Nam Ky luc tinh pham vi hoae nhflng lien hg tnic tiep tdi<br />
khdng chi la thanh edng cua chfnh quyen vung da't Nam Bg. Song thflc chit, can<br />
trung fldng trong vigc bai bd ed ciu ddn vi nguyen, ed't ldi eua nd phan dnh md'i tfldng<br />
hanh chfnh eu, thiet lap cac ddn vi mdi tai quan quyen lflc chfnh quyen trung fldng -<br />
Nam Bg, ma cdn la thanh qua, danh d i u dia phfldng. Tfldng quan dd quyet dinh thai<br />
eho viec hoan thanh qua trinh cai each, xac do, each thflc phan flng tfl phfa chfnh<br />
lap he thdng td chflc ddn vi hanh chfnh quyen Gia Dinh thanh, eung nhfl viec chgn<br />
thdng n h i t tren quy md ca nfldc. Ilia chinh sach, bign phap cua trieu dinh<br />
Nguyen ap dung tren bflde dfldng "giai<br />
Thay ldi kei quyen lflc" dd'i vdi vung d i t Nam Bg.<br />
Nhfl mgt t i t yeu lich sfl, thdng n h i t Tfl Gia Dinh thdnh, trai qua qua trinh vdi<br />
lanh thd va quyen lflc ludn la tien de, dieu nhflng tfnh toan, giing co, de rdi di den lue<br />
kign tien quyet cho vigc xac lap nen hanh tinh Nam Ky, dieu dd khdng ddn gian ehi la<br />
chfnh thd'ng n h i t qud'c gia. D i u the ky XIX, ket qua dien each nhfl vdn thfldng ed trong<br />
thach thflc ddi vdi nhd Nguyen chfnh la lich sfl. Mgt mat, diy Id sfl n h i t the hoa md<br />
thflc lflc cua mgt vfldng trieu vfla thiet lap hinh quan ly hanh chfnh dfldc thflc thi tren<br />
mau t h u i n vdi yeu ciu quan ly lanh thd lanh thd qudc gia thdng nhit. Mat khac, sau<br />
rdng ldn, nhflng cdn khd khan bdn be - hg ea qua trinh. Nam Ky luc tinh ehinh la thanh<br />
qua sau bao nam d i t nfldc bien ddng. qua tren con dfldng cung ed, tang cfldng sflc<br />
Trong bdi canh dd, tfl Ifldng sflc minh, manh quyen lflc eua vfldng trieu Nguyen,<br />
phfldng an Bic thanh, Gia Dinh thanh la trong mgt Viet Nam thdng nhit.<br />
<br />
<br />
,V<br />
CHU THfCH<br />
(35). Did'm niy khic hin v6i Bic Thinh, 4 ngUcli din Nam K^ ngo ngU(?c thi ong dai di?n cho<br />
ngUcli lin lupt nim giii chUc Tong tri'n Bic Thinh mpt siic manh dang ngai mi Minh M^nh cam thi'y<br />
deu qud quin mien Nam, hoic mien Trung: vin chUa the nio che ngU duijc" (Xem Gaultier:<br />
Nguyen Vin Thinh (ngUOi tri'n Phidn An), Minh Mgng, dditions La Rose, Paris, 1935, p.92-<br />
Nguyin Hoing Diic (que tri'n Dinh TUcfng), Le 93; din theo Nguyin Minh Tudng: Cdi cdch hdnh<br />
Chit (qud Binh Dinh) v i TrUdng Vin Minh (qud chinh dudi trieu Minh Minh, Nxb. Khoa hoc xi<br />
Thanh Hoi). hoi, H i Noi, 1996, tr. 120-121).<br />
<br />
(36). Trong cuon Minh Mgng, Gaultier t t a g (37). Thing 5-1820, Minh Menh "li'y ChUcIng<br />
nhin xdt Le Vin Duydt: "li mot con ngUcli manh Ta quin Ld Vin Duy?t lanh Tong tri'n Gia Dinh<br />
md, giiu c6 vi dU(?c toin din bid't dd'n... Hdn niia, thinh", "Duydt b? tii. Vua cho ring ky thac cong<br />
ciing vdi nhiing con chien mi ong iing ho, ciing v6i vi^c cl bidn khon kh6 tim dUdc ngUcli, hai ba lin vo<br />
60 Rghi&i ciJru Ljch sfl. sg 3.2010<br />
<br />
ve yen ui" {Dgi Nam thUc luc, t i p 2, sdd, tr. 62). (42). Bgi Nam thiic luc, t i p 2, sdd, tr.866-867.<br />
902.<br />
(38). Nguyin Phan Quang: Le Vdn Khdi vd sU<br />
bie'n thdnh Phien An (1833 - 1835), Nxb. Vin hoc. (43). Dgi Nam thUc luc, t i p 3, sdd, tr.392-393.<br />
Hi Noi, 2002, tr. 34.<br />
(44). Nim 1833, tinh Phien An ddi gpi thinh<br />
(39). Trgn Nhit Vinh - mot nhin vit than cin tinh Gia Dinh.<br />
cua Le Vin Duyet - bi to cao tham nhiing, buon liu.<br />
(45). Dgi Nam thiic luc, t i p 3, sdd, tr.394.<br />
Le Vin Duydt diing ra bao vd, gay ap lUc v6i viec dieu<br />
tra. Tuy qua trinh dieu tra phai diing lai nhUng Minh (46). Dgi Nam thUc luc, t i p 3, sdd, tr.393.<br />
Mfnh ciing da dieu dUdc Tran Nhit Vinh ra Bic (47). C6 hai trUdng hpp ngoai 1$, d6 l i 1 trUcIng<br />
Thanh, thay thd' cho vi tri cua Vinh li Hiiu Tham tri hpp duy nhi't Tong ddc cai quan 3 tinh (Sdn -<br />
bp Binh Nguyin Khoa Minh. Cuoi cung thi Trin HUng - Tuydn, tiic Sdn Tay, Hung Hoi, Tuydn<br />
Nhit Vinh ciing bi bit dUa ve kinh dpi tpi (Dgi Nam Quang), 1 tnldng hdp Tdng ddc chi diing dau 1<br />
thuc luc, tip 2, sdd, tr. 722, 744-745). tinh (Thanh Hoi - "quy hUdng" cua trieu Nguyen).<br />
(40). Quoc ail quan trieu Nguyen: Dgi Nam (48). Dgi Nam thitc luc, t i p 3, sdd, tr. 394<br />
thiic luc, ban dich, t i p 3, Nxb. Giio due. H i Npi,<br />
(49). Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyen: Minh Menh<br />
2004, tr. 152.<br />
chinh yiu, ban dich, t i p 1, Nxb. Thuin Hoi, Hud',<br />
(41). ThUc luc chdp ngay sau khi truy ting 1994, tr. 205-206<br />
"cong than" cho Ld Vin Duyet, Minh Menh: "roi<br />
(50). Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU li, tip 2,<br />
do, sic cho hai vp Tao bao nhi't v i Ta bao nhi<br />
sdd, tr. 171-172<br />
thupc Ta quin don thii 6 thanh Gia Dinh nit ve<br />
hing ngii 3 Kinh, vp Minh Nghia nit ve tinh (51). Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU li, tip 2,<br />
Quang Ngai, chia bo vio 6 cd Tinh Man, con linh sdd, tr. 137.<br />
trU6c d cd An Thuin thi cii cho luu lai lieu bd vio<br />
(52). Dgi Nam thiic luc, t i p 3, sdd, tr. 395.<br />
cac dpi Ta Sai, Ta Thuin, dpi sau khi an ting Ld<br />
Vin Duypt xong thi ve Kinh. Bpn thupc binh, vidn (53). Qudc aii quan triiu Nguyin: Dgi Nam Hit<br />
tii, hio m\ic cua Duypt thi sung bd vao chin truyin, ban dich, t i p 4, Nxb. Thuin Hoa, Hud',<br />
khuyet trong cd dpi d thinh, ai mudn ve que quin 1997, tr. 475-476.<br />
thi giao sd tai ghi vio sd de chiu sai dich" (Bgi<br />
(54). Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU li, tip 2,<br />
Nam thuc luc, t i p 3, sdd, tr. 354).<br />
sdd, tr. 140.<br />