Vai trò của nguồn nhân lực và nhân lực chất lượng cao trong phát triển bền vững vùng Tây Nam bộ

16 Xa hoi hoc thyc ngm^m<br /> <br /> Aangingc.sozfuaj.^y.f<br /> <br /> VAX TRO CUA N G U O N N H A N LT/C v A N H A N LI/C<br /> C H A T LXrONG C A O T R O N G P H A T T R I E N B E N VU>3G<br /> V U N G T A Y N A M BO<br /> DANG NGUYEN ANH*<br /> Torn tdt: Bdi viit nhdn mgnh vai tro quan trgng cua ngudn nhdn lire vd nhdn luc<br /> chdt lugng cao dSi vdi tdng truang kinh ti vd phdt triin bin yOng. Nhiing thdch thUe ve<br /> phdt triin ngudn nhdn luc duac xem xet di^ra trin phdn tich thuc trgng ddo tao vd su dung<br /> nhdn Ittc hien nay dgt trong diiu ki?n dgc thii cua khu vuc Toy Nam Bg. Tren ca sd do.<br /> tdc gid dua ra mgt sd dinh huong chinh sdch nhdm phdt trien nguon nhdn luc vd nhdn luc<br /> chdt lugng cao, thuc hien m{tc tiiu phdt trien ben viing ciia khu vuc nay.<br /> Tir khda: ngudn nhan lye, nhan lye chdt lupng cao, phdi tri§n ben vfing, Tdy Nam Bd.<br /> <br /> Bk phat triln, ede qude gia cdn ed du cdc ngudn luc nhu tai nguygn thien nhien, dat<br /> dai, lao ddng, vdn tdi chinh, khoa hgc va cdng nghe v.v... trong dd ngudn lye eon ngudi<br /> nhu mpt nang lye ndi sinh ed vai trd quan trpng nhat, quyet dinh su thdnh cdng hay that<br /> bai ddi vdi tdng trudng kinh tl vd phat triln xd hOi (Boozer, 2003; Kim, 2012). Dii vdi<br /> mdt qude gia, dii dugc thien nhien uu dai, hay ed Igi thi tdi nguyen phong phii, song neu<br /> khdng cd ngudn nhdn lye cd trinh dp vd nang lye thi qude gia dd khd cd the tang trudng<br /> vd phdt trien ben vfing (Kim, 2008). Sy phdt trien than k^' ciia cae qude gia va vung lanh<br /> thd Ddng A nhu Nhdt Ban, Han Qude, Dai Loan, Hdng Kong (Tnmg Qude) diu cd sy<br /> ddng gdp quan trpng eiia ngudn nhan lyc vd nhan luc chdt luang cao (Powell vd Lindsay,<br /> 2010; Dgng Nguyen Anh, 2014).<br /> Tuy nhien, hien van eo nhfing cdch hilu khac nhau vl nguon nhan lue. Theo ngMa<br /> rOng, ngudn nhdn lyc Id ngudn cung cap sue lao dOng eho sdn xudt xa hdi, cung cdp<br /> ngudn lyc con ngudi cho su phat trien ciia mOt nganh, dia phuong, khu vuc hay qude gia.<br /> Theo nghia hep, ngudn nhan lue la khd ndng lao ddng cua xd hgi, bao gdm sd lupng, ehdt<br /> lugng va co cdu lao ddng eung nhu tilm ndng ciia moi td chiie, moi khu vyc, hay moi<br /> qude gia. Cdch hilu ehung hien nay dinh nghia ngudn nhdn lye la tdng hod cua yeu td thi<br /> lyc vd tri luc tdn tai trong toan bd lye lupng lao dOng xa hpi, cdc kinh nghiem, kiln thdc,<br /> ' Vien Xd hgi hgc, Vi4n Hdn ldm Khoa hgc xa hgi Vi4t Nam.<br /> <br /> iJgng fi/guyen Ann<br /> ky ndng ciia mgt dan tge dugc vdn dung de san xuat ra ciia cai vdt chat va tinh thdn phyc<br /> vy cho nhu eau hien tai vd tuong lai. Quan dilm nay cung chi ra rdng phdt trien va quan I^<br /> ngudn nhan lye phai dam bdo, tao dilu kien cho eon ngudi phat huy dugc eao nhdt nang<br /> lyc va khd ndng tiem tang von cd cua minh, cdng hiln tdi da trong nhfing vi tri tdt nhdt<br /> (L6 Thi Hdng Diep, 2012).<br /> Nhan lye chdt lupng cao la mpt bd phan ciia ngudn nhdn lue, ed khd ndng dap ling<br /> nhimg yeu cdu phdc tap eiia cdng viec, tu do tao ra ndng sudt vd hiSu qua cao trong cdng<br /> viec, cd nhung ddng gdp quan trpng cho sy tang trudng va phat triln ciia cdng ddng ndi<br /> rieng va eho todn xa hdi ndi chung. Ngudn nhan lye chdt lugng eao dupe ddo tao eo ban<br /> ve nghS nghiep, day du ky ndng, sdc khoe va pham chat tot, cd kha ndng van dyng sang<br /> tao nhiing tri thuc, nhung k^ ndng da dugc ddo tao vao qud trinh lao dOng sdn xuat nhdm<br /> dem lai ndng sudt, chat lugng vd hiOu qua cao. Nhdn lyc chdt lugng cao khdng chi vugt<br /> trdi ve tri tu?, ehdt xdm, ky ndng lao dOng ma cdn ed nang lyc thich dng nhanh vdi nhimg<br /> thay ddi nhanh chdng eiia edng ngh? sdn xuat. Day la bO phgn lao dOng xa hdi cd trinh dp<br /> tien tien, ddng vai trd quyet dinh sy phat trien cua nen kinh te tri thdc (Ddng COng san<br /> Via Nam, 2011).<br /> Phdt triln ngudn nhan lyc vd nhdn lyc chdt lupng cao la vdn dl cdp thilt d cae<br /> qude gia. Xet tren binh dien ly luan va chinh sdch - the che cho thdy phat trien ngudn<br /> nhdn lue ed chat lupng la chu dl nghien euu cd y nghia quan trpng va cap bach. Thyc te<br /> hien nay cho thay lpi thi so sanh ciia tang trudng kinh te dang ehuyin tu yeu to giau tai<br /> nguyen, nhieu vdn, nhdn cong re sang Igi the ve sdn phdm tri tue sdng tao va nhdn lye<br /> ehdt lugng cao. Cdn cd each tilp cdn mdi ddi vdi ngudn nhdn luc va phat triln ngudn<br /> nhan lye ehdt luong eao. Thdi ky tang trudng kinh tS dya vao nhdn lyc gia re va tham<br /> dyng vdn da ket thiic. De cd thi duy tri duge tdc dp tang trudng cao, eac qude gia, trong<br /> do cd Viet Nam, cdn doi mdi md hinh tdng trudng vd tao ra dupe ddng luc mdi dya tren<br /> tdng ndng sudt lao dOng tren eo sd mOt nguon nhdn lye sdng tgo vd lanh nghe, gidu tri<br /> thuc khoa hpc - cdng nghp. Nlu bilt su dung hipu qud, ngudn nhan lyc chdt luong eao<br /> sS gdp phdn quylt dinh vdo sy thanh edng sy nghiep edng nghiep hda, hpi nhdp qude tl<br /> va phdt triln bin vung ddt nude.<br /> 1.1. Ve mfft ly luan<br /> Dgi hdi dai bilu todn qude Ddng COng san ViOt Nam Ian thu XI dd xac djnh ba khau<br /> dpt phd chiln luge, trong dd cd vdn dl ddo tao va phdt triln nguin nhdn lyc trong giai<br /> doan hi?n nay, vdi npi dung cy thi la phat trien nhanh ngudn nhdn lyc, nhdt la ngudn<br /> nhdn lyc chdt lugng eao, tgp trung dii mdi edn ban va toan di?n nen giao due qude dan;<br /> gdn kit ehat chg gifia phat hiln ngudn nhan lyc vdi phdt triln va ung dyng khoa hpc,<br /> cdng nghe. Vl nhgn thdc va quan diem chi dao, edn xdc dinh ro ngudn nhan lye chdt<br /> lugng cao Id tdi nguyen quy gia nhdt eiia dat nude, phai lay ngudn lyc con ngudi lam tdi<br /> nguySn thay the eho cac ngudn lyc v§t chat. Vi vdy, phdi ldm eho mgi cap, mpi nganh,<br /> <br /> 18<br /> <br /> Vai trd cua nguon nhdn luc...<br /> <br /> mpi ngudi thdy cd trdch nhiem trong viec ddo tgo, phat trien va su dung ngudn nhdn lyc,<br /> biln chdt lupng vd sd lupng nhdn lue thdnh lpi the canh tranh de phat tri6n.<br /> Van kien Dai hOi XII tilp tue nhdn manh tdm quan trpng cua vi8c phat triln ngudn<br /> nhdn lye chdt lupng cao trong bdi canh hOi nhap qude t6. Dai hOi dd xde dinh nhi^m vu<br /> hien nay Id "phdt triln nhanh ngudn nhdn lyc, nhdt Id ngudn nhan lyc chdt lupng cao, tap<br /> trung ddi mdi cdn ban va todn di^n nin giao dye qude dan, gan kit chat che gifia phat<br /> triln ngudn nhdn lyc vdi phdt triln vd ung dung khoa hpc cdng nghS" (Ddng Cpr^ san<br /> Vi?t Nam, 2016). Hang loat eau hdi dugc ddt ra nhu lam the ndo de Vidt Nam cd dugc dOi<br /> ngu chuyen gia, doanh nhdn gidi? Ldm the nao de he thdng giao dye - dao tao va dgy<br /> nghe dap dng nhu edu eua xa hpi va nen kinh te? Ldm th6 ndo de trien khai cac chuong<br /> trinh dl dn ddo tao nhdn lyc trong cac ngdnh mui nhpn trudc tac dOng ngdy cang manh<br /> mg ciia cuOc Cdch mgng Cdng nghiOp lan thd tu (4.0)?<br /> Gidng nhu Tdy Bdc vd Tdy Nguyen, khu vyc Tay Nam Bp Id dia bdn ed trinh do<br /> phdt trien thdp hon so vdi mat bang chung eiia cd nude. Nlu khdng rut ngan dupe khoang<br /> each se anh hudng d8n viec thyc hien nhfing myc tieu phat trien bin vihig cua Viet Nam.<br /> Chu truong dot phd ve phat trien ngudn nhan lyc la hodn todn dung, la dilu kiSn tiln dl<br /> eho eac khu vyc ndi tren phat trien trSn mgi phuang diSn kinh tl, xa hpi, mdi trudng.<br /> Nhfing cdu hdi neu trSn eung dupe dat ra ddi vdi cac tinh Tdy Nam Bd, nhdt la viee day<br /> nghe eho ndng dan, ndng eao t j 1$ lao ddng qua dao tgo va ed viec lam phii hgp vdi tay<br /> nghe dao tao.<br /> Yeu cdu phat triln bin viing ngay edng trd nSn cdp bach, nhdt la vdi nhfing anh<br /> hudng nang n l eua biln ddi khi hau tgi cac dia phuong thuOe Tdy Nam Bd. Vi ly do do,<br /> trong giai dogn 2016-2020, khdng the dya vao tang sd lupng lao ddng dl tang trudng ma<br /> phuang thdc dung dan vd dn dinh Idu ddi cho phat triln bin vfing cua Tay Nam Bp la sii<br /> dung ngudn nhan lye eo trmh dp, ky nang tien tiln, kit hpp vdi dng dung khoa hpc - cdng<br /> ngh? dl ed thi tdng nang suat lao dpng, thuc ddy gid tri gia tdng ciia cdc san phdm chii<br /> lye. Mudn vgy, cdn quan tdm ddy mgnh tu phdt triln nguon nhan lye ehdt lugng eao, phu<br /> hpp va dap ung myc tieu phdt triln bin vfing cda vimg.<br /> 1.2. Ve chinh sdch - the chi<br /> Mdt trong nhfing quan dilm eiia Dang va Nha nude Viet Nam dugc thi hi$n qua<br /> Chiln luge phdt tiiln kinh t l - xd hOi giai doan 2011-2020 la "phat triln nhanh gdn vdi<br /> phat trien b6n vfing la yeu cdu xuyen sudt" vdi nhfing ludn dilm ey thi nhu: "phat triln<br /> ben vfing ve kinh tl, gifi vung dn dinh kinh tl vi md, bao dam an ninh kinh tl. Day manh<br /> chuyen djch co edu kinh te, ehuyin doi md hinh tdng tiardng, eoi chdt lugng, ndng sudt,<br /> hipu qua, sue canh tranh Id uu tien hang ddu, chu trpng phat triln theo chilu sdu, phdt<br /> trien kinh te tri thdc"'. Chiln luge cdn khdng dinh phdt triln nhanh nguin nhdn lyc, nhdt<br /> ' Xem Chi^n lupc phit tri^n kinh te - xi hgi thiri kj- 2011-2020 (Bp Kg ho?ch vi Diu tu, 2011).<br /> <br /> la ngudn nhan lye chdt lugng cao, tap tnmg vao viOc ddi mdi can bdn vd toan diOn nen<br /> giao due qude ddn; gan ket chdt che phdt triln ngudn nhdn lue vdi phat triln va dng dyng<br /> khoa hpe, cdng nghe la mpt trong ba dOt phd chien luge.<br /> Phat triln ngudn nhdn lyc va nhdn lyc ehdt lupng eao nhdm phdt triln bin vOng Tay<br /> Nam BO la sy ey the hda quan diem phat triln bin vfing vdo mOt viing ey the vd ddng gdp<br /> quan trgng vdo viec thyc hidn eac khdu dOt phd cua Chiln luge phat triln kinh t l - xa hOi<br /> ddi vdi khu vuc Tdy Nam Bd ndi rieng vd ca nude ndi chung. Chinh phu da ban hanh<br /> Quylt dinh QD2770/TTg dl h i l n khai Ket ludn 28-KL/TW eua Bp Chinh hi vl phuong<br /> hudng, nhiOm vy, giai phdp phat triln kinh t l - xa hpi va dam bdo an ninh qude phdng<br /> vimg Tay Nam Bd din 2020. Quylt dinh sd 1033/QD-TTg ngay 30/6/2011 cua Thu hidng<br /> Chinh phu ve phat trien giao dye, ddo tgo va dgy nghi vimg ddng bdng sdng Cdu Long<br /> giai doan 2011-2015 dd ddt myc tieu tgo bude dOt phd dl nang cao ehdt lupng gido due<br /> todn dien, dap dng nhu cdu ngudn nhdn lye eho phat triln kinh te - xa hOi nhanh, b6n<br /> viing CUE viing Tdy Nam Bp.<br /> Thyc hi?n ehi dgo cua Ban Bi thu vd Thu tudng Chinh phu, cac dia phuang tr§n dia<br /> bdn cd nude, trong dd cd Tdy Nam Bp, dd xay dyng ehiln lupc va ede de an phdt trien<br /> ngudn nhdn lue vd nhan lye chat lupng eao phu hpp vdi dgc thu dia phuang va bdm sat<br /> vdi Chiln luge phdt triln triln nhdn lye thdi ky 2011-2020. Cac nghi quyet cua Tinh uy<br /> ban hanh dd nhdn manh thilu hyt, bdt can ddi trong ca cdu nguon nhdn lyc eiia dia<br /> phuang, ddng thdi de xudt cdc giai phap nhdm phat trien nhdn lyc chdt lupng cao nhu: thu<br /> hut ngudn nhan lye ehdt lugng cao den lam viee (lam vi?e lau dai, ngdn han hogc bdn thdi<br /> gian); chpn va cu hpe vidn di dao tao dai hpe, thgc sT, tien sT d nude ngoai (ke ed thu hut<br /> dao tgo ngudi dang hpe dgi hpc vd sau dai hpc); bdi duong ngan hgn ehat lugng eao phuc<br /> vu cho cac doanh nghiep va ddp dng nhu eau xa hdi.<br /> 2. T h u | n I9I va thach thirc cua nguin nhdn lyc do! vdi phat trien ben vtfng khu<br /> vyc Tay Nam B9<br /> Tdy Nam Bd ndm ve phia eve Nam ViOt Nam. Phia Ddng gidp biln Ddng. Phia Tdy<br /> giap vinh Thdi Lan. Phia Nam gidp Thdi Binh Duong. Phia Tay Bdc gidp Campuehia.<br /> Phia Ddng Bde tilp giap vimg Ddng Nam BO- Vdi ting di?n tich ty nhien Id<br /> 40.518,5 km^ va dan so 17.478.900 ngudi, Tdy Nam BO cd 13 tinh/thdnh^. Dan so Tdy<br /> Nam BO udc tinh dat g ^ 19 trieu ngudi vao nam 2020 (Ting eye Thing ke, 2014). Day<br /> Id dia ban rOng va ddng ddn cu ddng thd hai (sau Ding bdng sdng Hing) trong 8 vimg<br /> kinh t l - xa hOi cua cd nude. Thi mgnh ndng nghiOp cua Tay Nam Bg Id liia gao, trdi cay<br /> vd thuy sdn. Ndng nghiOp viing Tay Nam Bd cd hai nhiOm vy quan trpng vda sdn xudt<br /> ddm bao an ninh luong thyc, vfia sdn xudt thuang mai dl xudt khdu. Tay Nam Bp ddng<br /> gdp khoang 27% vao GDP cd nude, sdn xudt 55% sdn lupng luong thyc, chilm 90%<br /> ^ G6m thinh ph6 C k Tho, tinh Long An, Ti^ Giang, B^n Tre, D^ng Thip, Tri Vinh, An Giang, H^u<br /> Giang, S6c Trtng, Kien Giang, B^c Lieu, vi Ci Mau.<br /> <br /> 20<br /> <br /> Vai tro cua nguon nhdn luc...<br /> <br /> lupng gao xudt khdu eua cd nude (Trdn Hfiu Hiep, 2013). Tay Nam Bd cdn cd vi tri thudn<br /> lpi cho khai thac va nudi trdng thuy hdi sdn, du lich sinh thdi, eiing nhu khd thuan lpi<br /> trong giao thdng hang hdi, hang khdng ndi liln gifia cae quoc gia Nam A vd Ddng A.<br /> Tuy khu vyc Tay Nam BO ed nhilu lpi thi ve dia ly ty nhiSn, ve sdn pham mui<br /> nhgn, nhung khu vyc nay chua phat huy hit tilm nang, thilu khd ndng lidn kit, hpp tac<br /> hieu qua tren phgm vi vimg. Kinh t l Tdy Nam Bd phat triln chua bin vfing, chdt lupng<br /> tdng trudng, nang sudt, hi6u qud, sue canh tranh cdn thdp. Thu nhgp binh qudn ddu ngudi<br /> tuy dupe cai thien nhung vdn chua dat mdc bhih quan chimg cua cd nude. Nong nghigp<br /> ed Igi the nhung ehua khai thac tdt tilm ndng vd cac mat hdng ndng sdn chu lyc, m ^ du<br /> ndng nghidp la kinh t l miii nhpn ciia viing, song chua tao dugc thuong hidu nen gid ca<br /> khdng dn dinh. N i n kinh tl ndng nghiep cua Tdy Nam BO din nay van manh mdn, dau ra<br /> ylu, lai ehiu riii ro cao, vd ludn bj de dpa bdi nguy co nude bidn ddng, dieh benh dudi tdc<br /> ddng cua bien ddi khi hau.<br /> Thyc trgng phdt triln hien nay cua Tdy Nam Bd cdn nhieu han ehe, ehua tuong<br /> xdng vdi tilm ndng vd lpi thi cua khu vyc. Ngudn nhdn lye eiia khu vyc nay dupe hmh<br /> thanh chu ylu td ddn so tgi eho. Ty I? ngudi lao ddng nhap eu den td noi khdc chiem tj<br /> trpng tuong ddi thap tgi khu vyc Tay Nam BO, nhung sd lupng lao dOng va ngudi ddn d<br /> day rdi qu8 huong di lam an xa d thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va cac tinh Ddng Nam BO. Hon<br /> nfia, do lieh sd phdt triln cda vung ddt Nam Bd nen trinh dO vd nhdn thdc cua ngudi dan<br /> cdn hgn che. Ngudi lao dOng d day hdu hit xu4t than ehd ylu td cdc vimg ndng thon<br /> ngheo nen trinh dO hoc van va trinh dO chuyen mdn - ky thuat thap. Trudc thue te kh6<br /> khan do, ddo tgo vd nang eao trinh dO Idnh nghi, trinh dO chuyen mdn ky thuat eiia nhan<br /> lyc vung Tdy Nam Bg la mOt trong nhfing ddi hdi cap bach de tang ndng sudt lao dOng,<br /> hieu qua tang trudng de thyc hien muc ti6u phat triln ben viing.<br /> Tuy nhien, Tdy Nam Bd dang thieu lao ddng Idnh nghi d l phdt triln cac ngdnh kinh<br /> te chu lyc nhu ndng nghiep, thdy sdn, du lieh, dde biSt la de cd th6 tham gia vao ehuSi gid<br /> tri toan edu. Ndng sudt lao dgng van thap, chua cd sy tuong thieh gifia tdc do tdng trudng<br /> nhdn lyc qua dao tao vdi tde dO tdng ndng sudt lao ddng (BO K l hogch vd Ddu tu, 2011).<br /> Trong khi do, eae tinh Tay Nam BO Igi dang cd xu hudng hinh thdnh nhanh cac khu cdng<br /> nghiep vd nha may nhiet dien nen dan den tinh trang ddu tu trung lap, gdy d nhilm va hiiy<br /> hoai mdi trudng trSn todn vimg.<br /> Tdy Nam Bg cd nhieu mdt phdt triln cham so vdi eae vung mien khde, nhdt Id hg<br /> tdng giao thdng, thuy lpi, gido dye - dao tgo, dgy nghi vd y tl. Chdt lupng ngudn nhan<br /> lyc, nhdt la nhan lyc chdt lupng eao cdn han ehl d khu vyc nay. Chdt lugng eo sd giao<br /> dye va day nghi van thdp hon so vdi eac vung khac. Trang thilt bi gidng dgy thilu, Igc<br /> hau, gido vien day nghe thilu ve sd lupng, chat lupng chua tdt, Igi chu ylu day nghi ngdn<br /> han, hpc xong khdng b l tri dugc viee Idm... Mae du da cd mOt n h ^ thdc khd thing nhdt<br /> vl phat triln bin vfing vd vai trd cua ngudn nhan lyc trong phat triln kinh t l - xd hOi vung<br /> <br />