Về hiện tượng ẩn dụ ngữ pháp trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt

44<br /> <br /> N G 6 N N G C & Btfl S 6 N G<br /> <br /> SO 11 (241)-2015<br /> <br /> VE HIEN TlTQfNG AN Dy NGty P H A P<br /> TRONG TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET<br /> ON GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH AND IN VIETNAMESE<br /> ht THJ GIAO C H I<br /> (TS; Dgi hpc Ngogi ngfr, Dgi hQC DA NAng)<br /> Abstract: Metai^or is a common linguistic phenomenon in everyday communication. It is<br /> understood as a transference of metaphorical meaning. However, grammatical metaphor as<br /> corned by Michael Halliday (1994) refers to variation in the expression of meaning, transforming<br /> the functions of grammatical elements that constitute meaning. Grammatical metaphor, also seen<br /> as an incongruent form of expression, is a predominant feature of official or scientific discourses.<br /> However, grammatical metaphor has been increasingly used in other discourses, either in<br /> descriptive or in media discourses. This article attempts to discuss grammatical metaphor in<br /> English based on the framework introduced by Halliday (1994), and based on this, it inti-oduces<br /> how this metaphorical wording can be realised in Vietnamese.<br /> Key words: metaphor; grammatical metaphor; congruence; incongruence; nomlnalisation.<br /> 1. D | t van d l<br /> giao tiep xuydn ngdn ngtt. Ngudi Vi^t hpc tiing<br /> 1.1. An dy ngft phAp, theo ngft phdp h$ Anh II^u cd bj Anh hudng bdi cdch ndi dn dv<br /> thing chftc nAng cua Halliday (1994), IA m$t n ^ j c h ngdn nhu v^y khdng khi hp giao tiep<br /> d$c dilm ngdn ngft mA d dd hi^n tupng chuyin bAng tiing Vi$t, vA cAc diln giA tiing Vi^t c6<br /> djch cua cAc ylu t i ngft phdp, eft phAp, tft vyng cdch dien dgt dn dy nhu till khdng trong gjao<br /> dan den sy thay dii v l chftc nAng ngdn ngft, tilp hdng ngAy vA tiong cAc diln ngdn midu ti,<br /> hay v i ^ t ^ cdu tide cAch dien dgt y ni^m gjao bAo chf? BAi bAo nAy gidi thi^u mdt cAch ti^p<br /> tilp. Cdc hhih thftc dien dgt theo kilu dn dy c$n an dy ngft phAp trong trong Anh qua<br /> khdng theo thdng<br /> 1? (non-congruent phuong phftc phy t i , vA qua dd xem xdt cdch<br /> metaphorical modes) dupc xAc djnh trong ngft I|^ i^dn dn dy trong tiing V i ^ sft dgng<br /> phAp chftc nAng IA hi$n tupng danh hda phuong thftc ^ d p diing logi tft.<br /> (nomlnalisation). Day IA mdt die trung co bAn<br /> 2. An dy ngft phAp trong tiing Anh vii<br /> ciia dn dy ngft phAp trong tiing Anh (Halliday tiing Vift<br /> 1994).<br /> 11. Cdch cdu thdnh in dg n^phdp trong<br /> 1.1 Danh hda dupc xem nhu IA mpt cdng<br /> cy thay tfie d l bilu dgt y nghia, vA Id d^c dilm<br /> thirdng g$p d logi hhih vAn bAn vilt md noi dd,<br /> m§t dd chAt v l n^ua dupc ndn trong ngdn tft<br /> tiiudng thl hi§n bfing jrfiuong ti^n danh hda.<br /> Danh hda cdn dAm nhgn nhieu chftc ndng bilu<br /> dgt quan bpng. Thdng qua vi?c tinh lupc chd<br /> thl hay tAc nhAn, bien diln ftinh tiiAnh sy v$t,<br /> h i ^ tupng, ho$c ndn mdt ehuoi cAc cAu don<br /> n ^ tiidnh m$t vAi cAu gjidp dAi (Billig 2008),<br /> danh hda lAm cho vAn bAn b ^ ndn xftc tich hon,<br /> trftu tiipng hon, vA phftc tgp hon.<br /> CAch bilu dgt an dy tiieo danh hda d tiing<br /> Anh IA nhftng thAch tiiftc dii vdi ngudi hpc<br /> trong vi$c gjAI mA hay tAi 1 ^ mA thdng di$p Idu<br /> <br /> tiing Anh vd trong tiing Vi$t<br /> 2.1.1. Cdch cdu thdnh dn dg ngfiphdp trong<br /> tieng Anh<br /> Nhu dA d l cfp d tidn, dn dy ngft p h ^ chd<br /> ylu IA hi$n tupng danh hoA. Trong tili^ Anh<br /> hi^n tupng danh hoA dupc till hi$n qua ph^<br /> chuyin logi, phdp dftng vT t i tgo danh tft, ph^<br /> dftng danh dpng tft (V-mg).d phdp chuyin )a^<br /> nhilu ddng tft tixing tiing Anh dupc sft dyng<br /> nhu danh tft. So sdnh: the changes in the job<br /> markets (nhiing thay ddi trong thj trudng IBO<br /> ddng) vd the job markets chants ( ^ trudng<br /> Iao dpng thay dot).<br /> Cd nhilu cAch tiiftc cdu tiiAnh danh hoi.<br /> Trong tiing Aitii, danh hoA dupc cdu tiidnh<br /> <br /> s i 11 (241)-2015<br /> <br /> NG6N NGU* & Ddi S6NG<br /> <br /> bAng phuong ti?n phy ^ (atixation). Trong dd,<br /> phdp chuyin logi tft dupc xem IA mdt biln thl<br /> cua phdp phy t i khi tft vj tgo nghTa khdng cd<br /> gin phy t i , nhung van tgo ra sy chuyin logi tft<br /> (conversion). Trong tieng Anh, cAc danh tft tiftu<br /> tupng dupc cdu thAnh bdng phuang ti^n vf td<br /> "a sufix"; Flag 2003; Hamawand 2008) hay<br /> cdn gpi Id danh vtti "a nominaliser" theo thugt<br /> ngft cfta Kroeger (2005:254-8) vA danh tit dupc<br /> cm thdnh tft dpng tft dupc gpi IA danh dpng tit"de-verbal noun ".<br /> Trong tieng Anh, cd haa logi danh vT t i<br /> chfnh IA danh vT to dpng tft (de-verbal<br /> nominalisers) vA danh vi t i tfnh tft (deadjectival nominalisers). CAc danh vT t i ddng<br /> tft thudng g$p bao gim: l/-ion, hay cAc biln the<br /> cfta nd -ation, -sion, hc^-xion<br /> (donation,<br /> conversion);2/-ment(develoimient, agreement);<br /> 3/ 0/ (arrival, approval, denia/);4/-ance<br /> (compliance^sistance)',5l-ing<br /> (building,<br /> spendmg); 6/ -ity (pTosperity'). Ben cgnh dd, cAc<br /> danh hod cdn cd till phAi smh tft tinh tiX dl chi<br /> sy djch chuyin tft tinh chdt cfta sy v^t hi^n<br /> tupng, sang cdc d$c dilm chi tinh chdt dd. Vf<br /> dy: -ce: significant- siffiificance; ness: hnd hndness: -ity:responsible- responsibility.<br /> 2.1.2. Cdch cdu thdnh dn dg ngit phdp trong<br /> tieng Vi$t<br /> Trong tiing Vi$t, danh hod dupc till hi§n<br /> bfing h i ^ tupng chuyin logi: 1/Tryc tilp<br /> Odidng sft dyng chi tft). Vf dy: qud trinh trong<br /> oud trinh phdt triin; hinh thdc/phuong ti^n<br /> fa^ng phuong tiin vgn chuyin; tiinh d^ fa^ng<br /> trinh do hieu biit; 2/ Sft chi djnh danh tir, nhu<br /> vi4c, sg, nit, vi, hiu, v.v.,trudc dpng tft, hay<br /> t h ^ chf cA ngft ddng tft, hay nhilu ngft dpng tft<br /> dl biln cA chuii diln trinh tiiAnh hidn tuong,<br /> khAi ni^m, d$c dilm nhu chftc nAng bilu dgt<br /> cfta danh tir, hay ndi khAc di, thAnh kilu ndi kn<br /> dy nghjeh ngdn, theo quan diem ngft phdp chftc<br /> nfing cfta Halliday. Vf dy: Vi^c dftng kit hpp<br /> vdi ngft ddng tft dl ehi 'hAnh ddng thyc hi§n<br /> nhftng ^ ddng tft dm chi (viic thtfc hi4n dg dn<br /> dl chi diln trhih thyc hi^n dy An bdi ai dd); s^f<br /> chi hi^n trgng hay tinh trgng cfta eda v i ^ thyc<br /> hi$n hdnh ddng Am chi bdi d$ng tft ( ^ phdt<br /> triin ddt nude dl thl hi$n diln tihtii v$t chdt<br /> <br /> 45<br /> <br /> phdt triin).<br /> Khdc vdi dOng tft, thih tft trong tiing Vi?t<br /> thudng kit hpp vdi mpt s i logi tft ridng dl tgo<br /> danh tft. Vf dy: CAc thih tft chi d$c dilm vdc<br /> ddng hay di$n mgo tiiirdng kit hpp vdi chi tft vi<br /> nhu trong yiyiu hiu, hay vi dityin ddng; CAc<br /> tfnh tft lidn quan din tinh cAm, xftc cAm thudng<br /> kit hpp vdi ruem khi mang nghTa tich cyc nhu<br /> niim hgnh phdc hay khi mang nghTa tidu c\rc<br /> thl kit hpp vdi mi nhu trong nof bdt hgnh, ndi<br /> budn; tinh di cdng cAc tfnh tft chi thudc tinh hay<br /> danh giA nhu tinh phuc tgp.<br /> Neu cAc cAch tgo tft tren chi don thudn sdn<br /> smh ra danh tft, thl cdc cAch thl hi^n dn dy, dp<br /> nhilu dogn vA don vj thdng tin IA vf dy diln<br /> hlnh cua hi$n tupng dn dy ngft phAp trong tiing<br /> Vi^t ChAng hgn, dl thl hi^n nhilu dien trinh<br /> cAm gjdc ai dtf budn vd hg bidn nhiiu lam cd<br /> thl diln dgt Id cd mpt sg budn khdng he nh?<br /> Day cd thl coi Id mpt cAch dien dgt mdi dang<br /> dupc sft dyng nhilu trdn cAc phuong ti$n thdng<br /> tin dgi chiing, vf dy: cd mgt sg...; mang vi...<br /> 3.2. Cdch l^ ngdn in dg ngit phdp trong<br /> tiing Anh vd trong tiing Vi$t<br /> 3.2.1. Cdch Igp ngdn dn dy ngU phdp trong<br /> tiing Anh<br /> Qua vi$c khAo sAt nhilu diln ngdn trong<br /> tiing Anh, cd thl thay rfing dn dy ngft phdp<br /> hay hidn tupng danh hod thudng g$p tiong cdc<br /> dien ngdn hdnh chfnh md d dd, nhieu dien<br /> trinh ddng tft dirpc danh hda thdnh hi^n tupng,<br /> khAi nidm, l^p ngdn bdng danh tft, vA mgt dp<br /> thdng tin dAy d$c ciing vdi vi^c lupt bd chu<br /> thl, lAm cd cAch l$p ngdn trd ndn trang tipng<br /> vA mang tinh hpc thugt cao. Vfdy:<br /> Any additional information, clarification,<br /> correction of errors, or modifications of<br /> bidding documents<br /> [ADB Procurement<br /> Guidelines]; poorer regions<br /> experienced<br /> slower rates of poverty reductiotf has led to<br /> widening the development gap<br /> across<br /> geo^aphic regions [WB Discussion Paper<br /> 10]; the promotion of the substitutes for<br /> competitive mcukets and then the management<br /> of a transition to competitive markers for<br /> exchange and coordination[WB Discussion<br /> Paper No. 14]<br /> <br /> 46<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & P 6 I S6NG<br /> <br /> s i l l (241)-2015<br /> <br /> Before America was discovered, potatoes<br /> Tuong tir, dien ngdn khoa hpc cung thl hl$n<br /> mftc d0 trang trpng cao qua vi^c sft dyng danh were not eaten in Europe.<br /> hoA hay an dy ngft phdp. Vi dy:<br /> Prior to the discovery of America, potatoes<br /> lite president had to go back sooner were not consumed in Europe.<br /> [Language and S^le, EFL Resources]<br /> than plarmed because the weather was so bad<br /> Khi Igp ngdn theo kilu dn dy ngft pl^p, cic<br /> The president was obliged to retum earlier<br /> ylu t i lAm khAch thl cfta diln ftinh ddng tCr se<br /> than planned due to poor weather conditions.<br /> The inclement climatic conditions obliged thay dii chftc vy ngtt p h ^ , lAm khAch till cho<br /> the President to retum earlier than scheduled gidi tft sau ddng tft dupc danh hda, vA mgo tit<br /> You should do whatever you have to as soon as thudng xudt hi$n trudc cdc danh hda ddng ti)<br /> nAy. ChAng hgn, qua phAn tich mdt so di&i<br /> you can<br /> One should undertake any necessary ngdn hdnh chfnh, cd die thdy hi$n tupng danh<br /> hoA dupc kit tgo tft phuang tiiftc phy ti vi<br /> measures at the earliest opportunity.<br /> Essential measia^s should be undertaken at thudng xudt hl$n trong cAc to hpp sau. Cd th£<br /> hlnh dung bfing bAng dudi dAy:<br /> the earliest opportunity.<br /> Before they discovered America, Europeans<br /> didn't eat potatoes.<br /> tdng 1: Cdc cdch Igp ngon mi dg trong tiing Anh<br /> CAch diln n ngto<br /> CAch IAP np6n dn dy<br /> KkcAulindv'<br /> The goodpeiformance oftiieconqxiny<br /> Hie con^)any paforms wdl<br /> The professionalism and dedication oftiieteam Hie team membfrs are<br /> The + DevN+ ofmembers [ADB Private Sector Finance]<br /> professional and dedicated.<br /> Phrase<br /> The protection, iropleroentationand promotion of<br /> Humanrightsare protected,<br /> humanrightspJNHuman Rights Report]<br /> implanented, and promoted<br /> The bomiwer has requested<br /> iV^ + tte + DevN + At the re^etroflhe bomnver<br /> For diefinancialcharges to be<br /> of-Phrase<br /> For the payment offinancialcbargesfADB<br /> paid<br /> Procurement Guidelines]<br /> Upon completion of the contract<br /> When the contract is<br /> Pr^ + DevN + ofUpon termination of the loan agreement[ADB<br /> comjAeted<br /> PhraseGuideto die Use of ConsuUflnts]<br /> When the loan agreement is<br /> terminated<br /> Any conditicHis ^participation<br /> Any conditionsforthose « ^<br /> Noun/DevN+ Prqr + Any disdosure of financial mfc»mation[ADB wi^ to participate<br /> Noun/DevN:<br /> Any chance \^en financial<br /> Procurement Guidelines]<br /> is<br /> Verb+Dcvti +Prep- to seek clarificationfromtiiebcHrowotADB<br /> To sedcthe chance ^^lentite<br /> phrase<br /> ftocurement Guidelines!<br /> borrower claries<br /> l'»* + V-ing<br /> To promote streamlinin<br /> to streamline and strengthen<br /> Tlie+V-lng + o/jfren^/ieningfADB Private Sectw Finance]<br /> institutional capaci^<br /> pkrase<br /> in the making and monitoring of policies [UN<br /> policies are made<br /> Human Rights Report]<br /> tcoAmoniiored<br /> fat^ptoyoAiobe<br /> A^ + Prep + DevN inqxxtant to the i^tiject wyfeBiCTtfarfonfADB<br /> Procuremoit Guidelines]<br /> Implemented<br /> During project implementation\AD^ Guideline to<br /> Duringtiietime ydxta tiie<br /> Prq> + Devti<br /> I die Use of Consultants]<br /> project is implemented<br /> Trong diln n^dn mieu tii d eft li?u vfin hpc, rieng tu cua dm). So sAnh ( ndiich ngdn); 0<br /> chftng ta cung bAt g$p cAc kilu ndi dn dy nhu:<br /> Henry succeeded in writing which masked tiie<br /> Air success as em author masked a failure feet that he felled m his personal life (O. /fewy<br /> in his personal life [O. Henry] (TTionA cdng ydn thdnh cdng vdi n^ vdn, diiu ddcheddythfi<br /> nghi viet viht che gidu thdt bgi trone cudc song<br /> <br /> Sill(241)-2015<br /> <br /> N G 6 N NGC* & Ddi S 6 N G<br /> <br /> ti rdng dng that bgi trgng cugc song riing tu<br /> cia minh).<br /> The sudden death ofA^. Spenlow dissolved<br /> the partnership of Spenlow and Jorhns [David<br /> Copperfiled] (Cdi chit bdt thinh linh cua dng<br /> Spenlow ldm phd v& quan hi ddi tdc giita ong<br /> vd Jorhns). So sdnh (nghjeh ngdn): Mr.<br /> Spenlow died suddenly, which dissolved the<br /> relationship he had with Jorhns as partners<br /> (6ng Spenlow chit bdt thinh linh, Idm hdng<br /> quan h? vdi tu cdch Id ddi tdc vdi Jorklns]<br /> <br /> 47<br /> <br /> Trong tiing Vi?t, hipn tupng dn dy ngft phAp<br /> hay kilu ndi daitii hda, nghjeh ngdn thudng<br /> thay trong cAch l$p ngdn cd sy xudt hi$n cua<br /> logi tft hay chi dfnh danh tir theo sau IA cdc ngtt<br /> hdnh ddng thl hi^n bdi ddng til, ho$c ngft midu<br /> td thl hi^n bdi tinh tft. Thudng g$p tiong cdc<br /> dien ngdn hAnh chfnh, phAp If IA cdc danh hda<br /> cd cAc chi b^ nhu IA vi^c hay sg, trong khi dd,<br /> trong dien ngdn midu tA hay bAo chf thudng<br /> thdy ed sy xuat hi^n nhieu cfta cAc danh hda bfit<br /> dau bfing ehi t i nit, vi, hiu, v.v. Cd thl hhih<br /> dung bfing bAng dudi day:<br /> <br /> 3.2.2. Cdch ldp ngdn an d{i ngfiphdp trong<br /> tiing Viit<br /> Bdng 2: Cdch Igp wffPK dn dn trong tieng Vi$t<br /> Kk ciu in dJT<br /> CAch Ijp ngfin in A\t<br /> S6p p h ^ dSc luc vAo yffa bao v€ doc lap, chiiquvin. thSngnhdt va todn ven Idnh tkS fB6 lujU hlnh<br /> sir)<br /> vjicptuit fu4n vd diiu tra t$ipham (B