Về hợp đồng thuê tàu chuyến trong hàng hải quốc tế

NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI<br /> <br /> V£ HOP D 6 N G THUfi TAU CHUY6< TRONG HANG HAI QU6C1^<br /> r s , NGUYiN VU HOANG *<br /> ThS.<br /> <br /> 1. Hpp dong thufi tdu chuyen - khdi niem,<br /> phan lo^i, nguon luat dieu chinh<br /> Hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin (tilng Latinh<br /> la "charta partita", nghTa Id vdn bdn chia ddi,<br /> mdi bfin gifl mOt mia),'" Id hgp ding 1dm<br /> thanh vdn bdn hodc mgt phin 1dm thdnh vdn<br /> bdn vd mgt phdn dupc in an, giiia chu tdu va<br /> ngudi thue tau, Iheo dd con tdu dupe thue<br /> dfi van chuyen hdng hod theo tuyfin dudng<br /> xdc dinh, hodc trong khoang thdi gian xdc<br /> dinh. Theo "Tir difin ludt hpc" ciia Black:<br /> "Hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin Id hgp ddng<br /> theo dd mdt eon tdu hodc phdn chinh cda<br /> con tdu, duac su ddng y cua chu tdu se<br /> dugc thuang nhdn sic dung di chuyen ch&<br /> hdng hod tren mdt tuyen duang da dinh<br /> tru&c t&i mdt hogc mgt vdi dia diim; la hgp<br /> ddng dgc biet giita chu Idu vd nguai thui<br /> tdu de chuyen cha hdng hod... '.<br /> <br /> HAVI$THUNG**<br /> <br /> - Trong phuong thirc thufi tdu chuyfin<br /> dilu ki^n chuyfin chd, cudc phi, chi phi d&<br /> hang hod Ifin xulng... dugc quy djnh cu thfi<br /> trong hgp ding thufi tdu.<br /> Thj trudng Idu chuyen thudng dupe<br /> ngudi ta chia ra 1dm cdc thj trudng khu vuc<br /> cdn cii vdo phgm vi hogt dgng cua tdu.<br /> - Vdn bdn difiu chinh giflB cdc bfin gIm<br /> cd hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyen vd van don<br /> dudng bifin. Trong dd, mdi quan h? giOa<br /> ngudi di thue tau (chii hdng) va ngudi cho<br /> thufi tdu (chii lau) dugc dieu chinh bdng hpp<br /> ddng thufi tdu chuyen. M^c dii da cd hop<br /> ddng nhung khi nhan hang dfi chd, ngudi<br /> chuyfin chd van phat hdnh van don (van don<br /> theo hgp ding thufi tdu chuyfin).<br /> <br /> Hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyin cd the dupe<br /> phan logi thdnh:<br /> Hgp ddng chuyfin (voyage charter<br /> So vdi cac phuang thiic thufi tdu khdc, parly) la hgp ddng thufi tdu va dgi thuy thii<br /> phuang thirc thufi tau chuyfin cd nhirng d$c cho m$l chuyen hanh trinh giiia cdng boc<br /> difim ddc trung rat khdc bipt sau ddy:<br /> hdng va cdng dd hang. Ngudi thue tau<br /> - Tau chuyen khdng chgy theo hdnh trinh thanh lodn lien cho chu tdu trfin co sd tdn<br /> ho?ic trd ggn. Chii sd hfln tau bifin thanh<br /> hodc lich trinh dinh sdn.<br /> - Tau chuyfin thudng chuyen chd nhthig loan tiln cdng bifin, phf nhifin lieu vd chi<br /> logi hdng cd khdi lugng ldn, tinh chat ciia phf thuy thii. Tiln thanh toan cho vi§c thue<br /> hdng hod chuyfin chd tuang doi thudn nhdt tdu gpi Id cudc phf. Hgp ddng chuyin xac<br /> djnh thdi gian (dugc bilt nhu Id thdi gian<br /> vd thudng chd day tdu.<br /> Tdu van chuyen theo phuong thirc<br /> u i g DH<br /> din<br /> chuyfin thudng cd cdu tao mdt boong, mifing * Giing vign Khoa lu^t T r]u§tnqu6c t^Kinh te Qu8c Lu|t<br /> ** Giang vifin Khoa phip<br /> Tnrimg DH<br /> ham Idn dfi thudn lien cho vlfic bdc hdng.<br /> HiN6i<br /> TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 3/2012<br /> <br /> NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI<br /> <br /> 1dm hdng) cho vipc do hdng. Nfiu thdi gian<br /> 1dm hdng bi vugt qua, ngudi thufi tau phai<br /> trd phi bdc dd cham, cdn nfiu thdi gian 1dm<br /> hdng ngdn han ban dinh, hgp ddng thufi tau<br /> cd thfi yfiu cdu chii sd hflru tdu tra tifin<br /> thudng bdc dd nhanh.'^'<br /> Hgp dong thufi tau dinh han phd<br /> thdng (time charter) Id hgp ddng thue tdu<br /> cho mgt thdi hgn rifing bifit; chii sd hflu lau<br /> bien quan If tdu nhung ngudi thufi tau lya<br /> chpn cdng bifin va hudng di cua lau. Ngudi<br /> thufi tau thanh todn chi phf nhien lieu, phf<br /> cang bifin va lien thufi hdng ngdy cho chu<br /> sd huu tdu bifin.*""<br /> Hgp ddng thufi tdu djnh hgn Iron<br /> (bareboat charter) Id sy ddn xfip dfi thufi<br /> tdu nhung khdng thue trang thiet bj vd<br /> thuyfin bd. Ngudi thufi tdu cd quyfin chifim<br /> hflu vd kifim sodt ddi vdi tau va ehju trdch<br /> nhifim phap Ii, tdi chfnh ddi vdi viec<br /> chiem hflu dd. Ngudi thufi tdu thanh todn<br /> todn bd chi phi van hanh, bao gdm cd<br /> nhifin lieu, thuyfin vifin, chi phi cang bifin,<br /> chi phi bdo hilm trach nhifim ciia chu lau<br /> va bdo hiem thdn tdu.<br /> Khdc vdi phuong thiic chuyfin chd bang<br /> lau chg, ngudn luat difiu chinh hgp ddng<br /> thufi tau Id luat qudc gia, khdng phai cdc difiu<br /> udc qudc tfi dilu chinh van don. Do khdng<br /> cd difiu udc qudc tfi difiu chinh nfin cdc bfin<br /> trong thufi tdu chuyfin cd xu hudng sii dung<br /> cdc hgp ddng mdu. Su dung hgp ddng mau<br /> giiip lilt kifim thdi gian, tgo co sd thudn lgi<br /> cho dam phan vd dugc cac td chiic hdng hdl<br /> qudc gia, qudc tl khuyin cdo sit dyng.<br /> Hgp ddng mau thue tau chuyin rk<br /> phong phu vd da dang nfin ngudi thue lau luy<br /> TAP CHl LUAT H O C S O 3/2012<br /> <br /> theo mdt hdng cy thfi md lya chgn mlu hgp<br /> ding cho phil hgp. Trfin thfi gidi hi?n nay cd<br /> trfin 60 logi mau hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyfin<br /> va dugc phdn chia thdnh 2 nhdm:<br /> - Mau hpp ding thufi tau chuyen mang<br /> tinh chdt ting hgp: Mau hop dong nay<br /> thudng dugc dimg cho viec thufi tdu chuyen<br /> chuyfin chd cdc loai hdng bdch hod. Phd bien<br /> la cdc Ioai mau hgp ddng sau:<br /> + Mau GENCON: Hgp ddng thufi tdu<br /> chuyen GENCON la hgp ddng mau dp dung<br /> cho nhiing tdu chuyfin chd hang bach hod do<br /> Hgi ddng hdng hai qudc te Baltic (BIMCO)<br /> soan thdo ndm 1922 va da qua nhifiu Idn siia<br /> ddi vao cdc ndm 1974, 1976, 1994.<br /> ->- Mau NUVOY: Hgp ddng thufi tau<br /> chuyen NUVOY la hop ddng mau do Hgi<br /> nghi dgi dien cdc ca quan thue tdu vd chu tau<br /> cac nudc Hdi ddng tuong trg kinh tfi phdt<br /> hanh nam 1964.<br /> + Mdu SCANCON: Hgp ddng thufi tdu<br /> chuyin SCANCON la hgp ddng mau cung<br /> do Hifip hgi hdng hdi qudc tfi Baltic phdt<br /> hanh nam 1956...<br /> - Mau hgp ddng thufi lau chuyfin mang<br /> tinh chat chuyfin dyng: Mau hgp ddng ndy<br /> dugc sii dung khi thufi hang hod cd khdi<br /> lugng Idn nhu: than, quang, xi mdng, ngu<br /> cdc, gd trfin ludng hang nhat dinh, vi du:<br /> + Mau SOVCOAL ciia Lifin Xd (cfl)<br /> phat hdnh ndm 1962, mdu POLCOAL cua<br /> Ba Lan phat hanh nam 1971 dimg dl thufi<br /> tdu chd than vd mau AMWELSH phdt hdnh<br /> ndm 1993 diing de chd than.<br /> + Mdu SOVORECON ciia Lifin Xd<br /> (cu) phdt hdnh nam 1950 dung dl thue lau<br /> chd qudng.<br /> <br /> NGHIEN CUU - TRAO OOI<br /> <br /> + Mau RUSSWOOD cua Lifin Xd (cu)<br /> phdt hanh ndm 1933 diing dl thufi tdu chd gS<br /> tir Lifin Xd di cdc nudc.<br /> + Mau EXONVOY. MOBIVOY 96,<br /> SHELLVOY do My phdt hdnh diing dl thufi<br /> tdu chd ddu.<br /> - Mau CEMENCO ciia My phdt hdnh<br /> nam 1922 dfi thufi tau chd xi mdng.<br /> + Mau NOGRAIN 89 ciia Hipp hgi mdi<br /> gidi vd dgi li My dung thufi chd ngu coc.<br /> + Mau CUBASUGAR cua Cuba phdt<br /> hdnh diing dfi chd dudng.<br /> 2. Chii the cua hgp ding thuc tdu chuyen<br /> Xdc dinh dugc chii the ciia hgp ddng<br /> thufi tdu chuyfin cd vai trd ddc bifit quan<br /> trpng dli vdi khd ndng thyc hifin hop ddng<br /> thufi lau chuyfin. Hgp ddng dugc thyc hipfi<br /> hay khdng phu thudc rat nhieu vao cdc chii<br /> thfi tham gia ki kfit.<br /> Trudc khi ki kfit hgp ddng thufi lau,<br /> ngudi thufi lau can phdi tim hifiu cgn ke ve<br /> ddi lac kfi cd dia chi, sd dien thoai, sd fax...<br /> vi nhifiu khi dau hieu ciia sy lira ddo bdt ddu<br /> tir nhiing chi tifit nhd nh^t nay. Ngudi thufi<br /> tdu cung cdn cd dugc nhung chi tifit ddng ki<br /> rd rdng va vj tri thyc sy cua cdng ti, linh<br /> trang tdi chfnh ciia ddi tac...<br /> Cac ngudn sau cd thfi sir dyng de kifim<br /> tra thdng tin ve ddi Idc:'^'<br /> - Cdc bdn chi dan cua Lloyd;<br /> - Cac chi ddn cua Hgi bdo hiem P&l;<br /> Nhung tham khao thuang mgi dupc<br /> cung cap bdi cac nha khai thdc, cac Id chiic<br /> thuang mgi;<br /> - Phdng thuong mai, dai If lin dung;<br /> - Cdc hifip hpi hang hai;<br /> - Cdc td chiic, ca nhan cd tham gia trong<br /> 30<br /> <br /> ITnh vyc thuong mgi hdng hdi...<br /> Chu thi ciia hgp ddng gdm ngudi chuyen<br /> chd vd ngudi thue chuyen chd.<br /> Thugt ngfl' "ngudi chuyfin chd" trong ludt<br /> hdng hdi ciia cdc nudc cung khdng gilng<br /> nhau vl djnh nghTa hay cd the ndi Id chua co<br /> sy phdn djnh rS rdng. Theo muc a Difiu I<br /> Cfing udc Brussels ndm 1924: "Ngudi<br /> chuyen ch& cd the Id chu tdu hay Id ngudi<br /> thui tdu djnh hgn, hg Id mgt ben ki hgp dSng<br /> vgn tdi v&i chu hdng ".<br /> Khdi nipm trfin cd vfi don gidn nhung<br /> thyc tfi iai ndy sinh nhifiu van de phuc tgp.<br /> vi du: Tdu chd hang tir Ba I^n theo difiu<br /> kipn ciia hgp ddng Nuvoy, Khi dd hdng,<br /> mpt so hdng bj mdt. Cdng ti bdo hifim sau<br /> khi bdi thudng thifit hai cho ngudi nhan<br /> hdng dd g^p khd khan trong vipc xac dinh<br /> ddi lugng khifiu nai, kifin tyng (kipn ai)<br /> trudc tod dn. Difiu 2 ciia hpp ddng quy dinh<br /> ngudi ki hgp ddng la chii tau - cdng li WB<br /> (cdng ly mdi gidi C la dai difin). Sau thdi<br /> gian difiu tra, cdng ti bdo hifim Balan dS<br /> tim thay trong "LLoyd's Register of Ships"<br /> ngudi chii lau chfnh thiic ciia tau ndi trfin<br /> la dng A.L.H vd da kifin dng ndy ra toa.<br /> A.L.H nggc nhifin vi dng ta dung Id chu tau<br /> nhung khdng khai thdc nd. Tod dn Balan<br /> da di dfin ket lu^n: Chu tdu - dng A.L.H<br /> khdng ehju trdch nhifim vl viec mat hang<br /> hod, yfiu cau ben nguyfin kifin nguoi<br /> chuyen chd. Da hon mdl nam kfi tir ngay<br /> dd hdng, thai hieu Id tyng da hit vd khilu<br /> nai khdng dugc xet xir nfl-a.'*'<br /> Quyfit djnh ciia tod an trong Irudng hpp<br /> nay Id hoan todn phii hgp, bdi le diing ra<br /> cdng ti bdo hifim phai kien ngudi diing ten<br /> TAP CHi LUAT HQC s 6 3/2012<br /> <br /> NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO OOI<br /> <br /> ki hgp ddng thue tdu. Difiu nay phii hgp vdi<br /> quy djnh cua Cdng udc Brussels ndm 1924,<br /> theo dd ngudi chuyen chd cd thi la chii lau<br /> hay la ngudi thue tdu dinh hgn, hp Id mpt<br /> bfin ki hgp ddng van ldi vdi chii hdng. Vfi<br /> phia ngudi thufi, mac dii da hinh thanh<br /> nhieu loai hgp ddng mdu nhung do nhifiu<br /> mdu hop ddng eiia cac hang tau khdng quy<br /> djnh rd ngudi chu thyc tfi ciia tdu md chi<br /> nfiu tfin ngudi dai dien nen ngudi thufi tau<br /> cdn yeu cdu ghi ro chii thyc le cung nhu<br /> ngudi dai dien.<br /> Nhin chung, theo phdp luat cdc nudc,<br /> ngudi chuyfin chd cd quyfin dugc thu tifin<br /> cudc; quyfin tir chdi xep Ifin tdu nhung hang<br /> hod khdng du lieu chudn an loan vdn<br /> chuyfin. Bfin cgnh dd, ngudi chuyfin chd<br /> cflng phdi thyc hifin nhifiu nghia vu. Mdt<br /> trong nhu-ng nghia vu quan trpng nhat ciia<br /> ngudi chuyen chd la cung cap tau cd kha<br /> nang di bifin: Trudc hodc vdo liic bat dau<br /> hanh trinh, ngudi chuyen chd phdi "can<br /> man hpp If" dl cung cap con lau cd dii khd<br /> ndng di bifin. Cdc nghTa vu khac cung cdn<br /> kfi dfin nhu cung cdp con tdu diing theo hgp<br /> ddng quy djnh. Nfiu con tdu theo hgp ddng<br /> bi sy cd, ngudi chuyfin chd yeu cau difiu<br /> mdl lau tuong duong vdi difiu kipn ngudi<br /> thufi ddng y; difiu lau dfin cang bdc hdng<br /> diing thdi gian va dja difim; bdc hang d<br /> cdng di, san xip hang, dd hang d cdng din<br /> khi hgp ddng cd quy djnh; chi huy, hudng<br /> ddn vd gidm sat viec bdc hdng va san xip<br /> hdng trong hdm tdu; chdm sdc, bdo qudn<br /> cho hang hod trong suit hdnh trinh vd xir li<br /> hdng sap cho cd lgi nhdt cho chii hang; sau<br /> khi hdng dugc bdc Ifin tdu, ngudi chuyen<br /> TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 3/2012<br /> <br /> chd phai cdp bd van dan cho ngudi giri<br /> hdng; vgn chuyen hang theo tuyen dudng<br /> thudng lp tu cang bdc hang dfin cdng dd<br /> hdng vd trong thdi gian hpp li; tra hdng cho<br /> ngudi nhdn hdng hgp phdp tgi cdng dich.<br /> Ngudi chuyfin chd cung phdi gdnh ehju<br /> nhflng trdch nhifim nhdt djnh nhu phdi bdi<br /> thudng nhung thifit hgi phdt sinh nfiu khdng<br /> cung cdp tdu, cung cdp tdu khdng dii trpng<br /> ldi hodc cung cdp chdm vd phdi bdi thudng<br /> thifit hai ddi vdi thilu hut, dd vo, hu hdng<br /> ciia hang hod nfiu cd ldi.<br /> Ddi vdi ngudi thufi tdu, cdc quyen quan<br /> trpng can ke dfin la quyfin huy hgp ddng vd<br /> ddi bdi thudng thifit hgi tuy timg trudng hgp<br /> nfiu ngudi chuyen chd vi pham hgp ddng md<br /> dd Id do Idi cua ngudi chuyfin chd. Ngudi<br /> thufi tau phai tuan thii nghTa vu cung cap<br /> diing chiing logi hang hoa nhu hgp ddng quy<br /> djnh; dua hdng dfin cdng xep hang diing thdi<br /> gian, dia difim, dii sd lugng, trpng lupng;<br /> nghTa vu xfip dd, san xfip hang nfiu hgp ddng<br /> quy djnh; nghTa vu trd tifin cudc day du va<br /> diing theo quy djnh ciia hgp ddng va trd cac<br /> khodn tifin phat do Idi ciia ngudi thufi tdu.'<br /> 3. Cac dilu khoan quan trong va tieu<br /> chuan cua hpp dong thufi tau chuyen<br /> Hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyen gdm nhieu<br /> logi. Id hgp ddng phiic tap cd nhifiu difiu<br /> khodn khdc nhau dfi xdc djnh rd trdch nhiem<br /> vd quyen lgi cac bfin. Hifin nay. nhin chung<br /> cdc hgp ddng thufi tdu chuyfin lieu chuan<br /> thudng chiia dyng cdc difiu khodn sau:<br /> - Difiu khodn xac djnh chti thfi, con tdu,<br /> vd tuyen dudng van chuyfin;<br /> - Difiu khodn hang hoa;<br /> - Dieu khodn cuc«; phi;<br /> 31<br /> <br /> NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI<br /> <br /> - Dilu khodn 1dm hdng xdc djnh thdi<br /> gian de hoc dd hdng hod;<br /> - Difiu khodn vfi chi phf bdc dd;<br /> - Difiu khodn thdi gian den dy kiln vd<br /> difiu khodn thdng bdo sdn sdng xfip dd;<br /> - Dieu khoan vl trdch nhipm vd mien<br /> trdch Clia ngudi chuyfin chd;<br /> - Difiu khodn lugt dp dyng va trpng tdi.<br /> * Chu thi ctia hgp ddng<br /> Chil the ciia hgp dong thufi tdu chuyin<br /> bao gdm: Chii tdu (ho$c ngudi chuyen chd)<br /> vd ngudi thufi tdu (ngudi xuat khau ho^c<br /> ngudi nhdp khdu). Trong hgp ddng thufi tau<br /> can ghi rd ten, dja chi ciia cdc ben. NhQng<br /> dai If hodc ngudi mdi gidi Id ngudi duge uy<br /> thae dfi kf hgp ddng thufi tdu thi phdi ghi ro d<br /> cudi hgp ddng chfl "chi Id dai If" myc dfch<br /> de xdc djnh tu cdch ciia ngudi kf hpp ddng.*^'<br /> * Diiu khodn vi tdu<br /> Ddy la dffiu khodn hfit siic quan trpng.<br /> Khi thod thugn de thue vd cho thufi mpt<br /> ehific tdu, ngudi ta phdi chi djnh con tdu cu<br /> the. iGii do, ngudi la phai ghi cy thfi vao hpp<br /> ddng: Tfin con tdu, hd hipu (call sign),*'^<br /> qudc tjch tdu, ten co quan ddng kiem, hgng<br /> tau, nam ddng, noi ddng, mdy chinh (tfin,<br /> cdng sudt), mdy phdt difin (sd mdy, tfin may,<br /> cdng suat), cd tau, trpng tdi todn phdn, trgng<br /> tdi tjnh, dung tich loan phan, dung tich tjnh,<br /> dung tfch chiia hdng rdi, bao kifin, mdn<br /> nudc, cac sd do dai, rgng tdu, van tdc hdnh<br /> trinh, cdu tnic boong, sd lupng cdn cdu, sire<br /> nang, vj trf con lau liic kf hgp ddng.''°'<br /> Thyc Ifi hdng hai da phdt sinh nhifiu<br /> tranh chdp tir hgp ddng thue tdu chuyin<br /> lien quan den difiu khodn ve tdu vd chii yfiu<br /> Id tranh chap kha ndng di bifin cua lau. Vl<br /> <br /> m^t phdp If, ngudi ta coi khd ndng di bifin<br /> Id mgt trong nhflng dilu ki$n ciia hpp<br /> ddng, nlu chit tdu vi pham ngudi thufi eo<br /> quyln huy hgp ding.<br /> Theo Dilu 3 Cdng udc Brussels nSm<br /> 1924 vd Dieu 75 Bp ludt hdng hdi Viet Nam<br /> ndm 2005 thi trudc vd liic bdt ddu chuyfin di,<br /> ngudi chuyfin chd phdi min cdn dl:<br /> - Ldm cho con tdu cd dd khd ndng di bifin;<br /> Trang bj vd cung cap nhan lyc, nhifin<br /> Ii$u, thyc pham cho tdu mpt each thfch dang<br /> vd day du;<br /> - Chuan bj tit vd thfch hgp cdc hdm,<br /> phdng Ignh va tat ca cdc bg phgn khac cua<br /> tdu diing vdo vi$c chira hdng dl tifip nhgn<br /> chuyfin chd va bao quan hang hod an toan.<br /> Cd ba muc trfin tao thdnh difiu khoan ve<br /> khd ndng di bien cua con lau.<br /> Khi xdy ra ldn that ddi vdi hang hoa,<br /> nfiu dung Id tdu khong dii khd ndng di bien<br /> thi ngudi di kifin phai chiing minh rang lau<br /> khdng du kha ndng di bifin va khdng dii kha<br /> ndng di bifin la nguyen nhdn gdy ra tdn that.<br /> Nfiu nguyfin dan quy kit nguyen nhan<br /> khdng diing vd chiing tir khdng thuyfit phuc<br /> se khdng bu§c dugc chu tau ehju trach<br /> nhipm ddi vdi tdn thdt, vf dy: Tau Vortigem<br /> khdi hanh lii Philippines di Liverpool<br /> (Anh). Hgp ddng thufi tau quy djnh mien<br /> trdch nhipm cho chii lau ddi vdi so sudt ciia<br /> thuyfin trudng vd cdc sT quan may. Hdnh<br /> h-inh dugc chia lam nhifiu chgng. Trong<br /> hanh trinh, tdu ghfi vdo Colombo nhung<br /> khdng ldy them than cho chdng tifip theo<br /> dfin kenh Suez. Khi din gdn bin ldy than,<br /> thuyin trudng cung khdng cho tdu ldy thfim<br /> nhifin lieu vi khdng dugc sT quan mdy bao<br /> <br /> TAP CHi LUAT HOC s 6 3/2012<br /> <br />