Về những đồng tiền đầu tiên của nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa trong năm đầu sau cách mạng tháng Tám 1945

/^<br /> VE NHUNG DOING TIEN OAU TIEN CUA Nl/CfC VIET NAM<br /> OAN CHU CONG HOA TRONG NAM DAU SAU<br /> CACH MANG THANG TAM 1945<br /> <br /> PHAN THI THOA'<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> C ach mang thang Tam 1945 thanh<br /> cong, tu mgt nUdc thugc dia niia<br /> phong kien nUdc Viet Nam dan chu Cgng<br /> Khi Cach mang thang Tam thanh cong,<br /> Ngan sach Dong DUdng liic dd da hut 185<br /> trieu ddng, trong ngan khd Trung Udng liic<br /> hoa ra ddi, chfnh quyen da ve tay nhan ba'y gid chi cdn 1.250.000 ddng vdi 580.000<br /> dan. NhUng tren phUdng dign tai chfnh, tien ddng bing hao rach nat va so nd len tdi hdn<br /> te thi nU6c ta chUa cd ngay mgt ddng tien 564 trieu ddng chia ra cac khoan sau:<br /> dgc lap. Vi vay, ciing vdi viec khic phuc<br /> 1. Nd cac ngan phieu phat hanh ma<br /> nhiing khd khan nghiem trgng ve kinh te,<br /> chUa cd tien tra: 75.553.612 ddng<br /> van hoa, •vifa diu tranh chd'ng thu trong giac<br /> ngoai, vifa xay diing, cung co' chfnh quyen 2. Nd quoc dan ve sd tien hao do ngan<br /> Dan chu nhan dan, Dang va Chfnh phu khd phat hanh: 63.892.000 ddng<br /> Cling dac bigt quan tam xay diing mgt nen<br /> 3. Nd ve trai phieu n g i n han phat hanh<br /> tai chinh dgc lap, vQng manh, dam bao cho<br /> (1941, 1942): 124.146.700 ddng<br /> viec thiic hien nhiem •vu khang chien - kien<br /> qud'c. Trong bdi canh hch sii dd, nhiing ddng (Nam 1941: 14.844.000 ddng<br /> tien dlu tien cua nUdc Viet Nam Dan chu Nam 1942: 109.302.700 ddng)<br /> Cgng hoa da ra ddi.<br /> 4. Nd ngan hang Dong DUdng:<br /> Nghien citu ve sU ra ddi, dac diem va siic 300.773.210 ddng<br /> sdiig cua nhUng ddng tien dlu tien a'y •vi Tdng cgng: 564.365.522 (±)<br /> the kheng chi nhim tai hien lich sit ma cdn<br /> Tif nhiing con so' tren ta co the thiy,<br /> gdp p h l n khang dinh vai tro, vi trf cua nd<br /> trong thdi ky thiic dan Phap va phat xft<br /> dd'i vdi sU nghiep khang chien va xay diing<br /> Nhat tho'ng tri, mac du da tim mgi each dc<br /> che do dan chu nhan dan trong nam dlu<br /> bdc lot nhan dan ta bing du cac thit thue<br /> sau Cach mang thang Tam va trong Khang<br /> nang ne song chiing v i n khong bii dip dUdc<br /> chien toan qud'c chd'ng Phap 1946-1954.<br /> cac khoan chi tieu ldn lao, vi the chiing cdn<br /> 1. Tinh hinh tai chinh, tien te cl do len d l u nhan dan ta mgt khoan nd<br /> nvtdc ta sau khi Cach mang thang Tam khdng id. Tai chfnh qud'c gia lam vao tinh<br /> 1945 thanh cong trang can kiet.<br /> <br /> <br /> Ths. Hoc vien Tai ehinh<br /> Ve nhirng ddng tien dau tien... 23<br /> <br /> <br /> Ben canh sii khd k h a n nghiem trgng ve nhUng nam trUdc Cach mang t h a n g Tam, b<br /> tai chfnh, Chfnh p h u Viet Nam Dan chu nydc ta dien ra mgt t r a n "lut tien". Ddi<br /> Cdng hda (VNDCCH) edn gap phai sU rdi sd'ng n h a n dan ta cang them dieu ddng.<br /> loan ve tien te.<br /> Bang 1: Sd lifdng tien do Ngan hang Dong<br /> Hinh 1: Td bac 100 ddng Dong Diidng (1925 - Dvtdng phat hanh<br /> 1939)<br /> Nam phat hanh Sd litgng tien dong<br /> 1939 216,3 trieu<br /> 1940 284,4 trieu<br /> 1941 346, 7 trieu<br /> 1942 492,2 trieu<br /> 1943 743,4 trieu<br /> T6i ngay 30-11-1944 1.292,9 trieu<br /> T6i thang 9-1945 1.667,0 trieu<br /> T6ingay 1-10-1945 2.483,8 trieu<br /> Nguon: Dang Phong: Lich si'f kinh te'Viet Nam 1945-2000<br /> Tap 1, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa h6i. Ha N6i, 2002, Ir. 109.<br /> <br /> Ben eanh viec kiem soat nen kinh te<br /> Viet Nam thdng qua hoat dgng va sU dieu<br /> phdi tien te cua Ngan hang Ddng DUdng,<br /> thUc dan P h a p van eho dap tien xu Bao<br /> Dai de lam tien le va nham ehe day cho<br /> chfnh sach bao hg "doe lap trong kho'i lien<br /> De n a m giii toan bd nen kinh te Ddng<br /> hiep Phap". Day la loai tien xu duge diic<br /> DUdng, n a m 1875 Ngan h a n g Dong Dudng<br /> b i n g ddng, cd Id vuong b giifa. So vdi ddng<br /> dugc t h a n h lap va dgc quyen phat h a n h<br /> Ddng DUdng, gia tri cua tien nay rat thap.<br /> tien Ddng DUdng. Day la loai tien chfnh<br /> thdc lUu h a n h tren thi trUdng nUde ta. Dac Khi Cach mang t h a n g Tam thanh cdng,<br /> diem cua loai tien nay la tien giay, to ban, mac du Chinh phii VNDCCH khong chiem<br /> mau sac sac sd, mat td giay bac in b i n g dugc Ngan hang Ddng DUdng nhUng Chfnh<br /> tieng Tay vdi nhieu menh gia va gia tri cao phu da dat cd che kiem soat ngan hang, vi<br /> do vay thUdng ehi dUdc nhiing ngUdi dan d vay, ngan hang phai xua't tien cho ta. Khi<br /> t h a n h thi tieu dung, ft khi xuat hien d thon cugc khang chien d Nam Bg dien ra (tU<br /> que va nhiing ndi nay chi tieu dung nhUng ngay 23-9-1945), ngan hang Ddng DUdng<br /> loai tien Dong DUdng b i n g kim loai menh khdng chiu xua't tien cho Chinh phu ta<br /> gia thap. Menh gia 20 ddng trd len chi cd nUa, t h a m chf nhUng ngan phieu ciia ngan<br /> t i n g Idp q u a n lai, dien chu mdi cd cdn n h a n kho', ngan h a n g ciing khdng chiu tra<br /> dan lao dgng neu nd ddi khi cdn hi mang (khoang tU t h a n g 11 nam 1945). Ngan<br /> hoa. Hg cd the bi b i t va bi t h a m v i n ve hang cdn diing nhieu thu doan de gay khd<br /> ngudn gdc neu n h a chUc trach phat hien. k h a n cho ta ve tai chfnh. Ngay 17-11-1945,<br /> Tif khi p h a t xit N h a t xam lUdc Ddng Cao iiy F h a p d Sai Gdn ra Nghi dinh huy<br /> Duong, N h a t yeu e l u P h a p p h a t h a n h tien bd tat ca cac loai giay bac f^OO ddng phat<br /> ngay mgt nhieu hdn, mgt mat de vd vet h a n h tU ngay N h a t iam dao chfnh Phap 9-<br /> lUdng thyc mgt each triet de, m a t khac de 3-1945 den ngay 23-9-1945 la ngay Phap<br /> cung ca'p cho q u a n dgi Nhat, vi the trong trd lai Nam Bg (2). P h a p vien cd so'giay bac<br /> 24 Rghien ciru Lich sir. s6 4.2Q1Q<br /> <br /> nay do Nhat phat hanh nen khong cong khong tranh dUdc •viec phai thu nhan hai<br /> nhan. Hang van ngUdi da dd x6 di ddi tien loai tien tren.<br /> v l ai khong kip thi ma't tring. Day la mgt Ngudn tai chfnh can kiet, tien te rdi loan<br /> hanh dgng v9 nd t r i n g trdn gay sii cam trong khi nhu elu chi tieu cua Nha nUdc<br /> phln trong nhan dan ta. dang dat ra ra't ldn, chfnh •vi vay vin dd xay<br /> Ciing vdi sU luu hanh cua tien Dong dung nen tai chfnh ndi chung va phat hanh<br /> DUdng, sii tdn tai cua cac loai tien xu cua ddng tien cua nUdc Vigt Nam dgc lap ndi<br /> trieu dinh nha Nguyin, sii trd mat cua rieng dat ra ca'p bach.<br /> Ngan hang Dong DUdng, thi tU cudi thang 2. Stf r a ddfi, d a c d i e m va siic song<br /> 8, dlu thang 9 nam 1945, dUdi danh nghia cua t i e n Viet N a m t r o n g n a m dau sau<br /> quan ddng minh vao giai giap quan dgi Cach m a n g t h ^ n g T a m<br /> Nhat, quan Tudng kdo vao nUdc ta, theo<br /> chiing la sU tran ngap ddng Quan kim, Do chiing ta khong chiem dUdc Ngan<br /> Qud'c tg. Day la hai loai tien da ma't gia d hang Dong DUdng trong tdng khdi nghia<br /> Trung Qud'c nhUng quan Tudng dp chiing nen liic nay Ngan hang Dong DUdng vin<br /> ta phai sit dung thong qua nhiing ap lUc ve dieu pho'i thi trUdng tien te d nU6c ta. Tien<br /> quan sU. Ngay 13-10-1945, tUdng LU Han - Dong DUdng •vi vay v i n la ddng tien chfnh<br /> Tu lenh cua quan dgi Tudng d Viet Nam da luu thong tren thj trUdng. TrUdc tinh hinh<br /> cho dan thong cao k h i p ndi, ra lenh cho dd, Chfnh phu da dUa ra mgt giai phap la<br /> nhan dan va cac cd quan phai thu nhan phai kiem soat ngan hang de phuc vu each<br /> tien quan kim, quoc te theo ty gia a'n dinh mang. NgUdi dUdc giao trgng trach ldn lao<br /> la: 1 ddng quan kim bing 1,5 ddng ngan nay la ong Dang Dinh Hoe, nguyen Vu pho<br /> hang Ddng DUdng; 1 ddng ngan hang Dong Vu Tai vu, Bg Ngi thUdng. Ngay 28-8-1945<br /> DUdng bing 13,3 ddng qud'c te; tra 1 ddng ta gifi ta'm s6c d i u tien tdi ngan hang de<br /> quan kim bing 20 ddng qud'c te. Chiing yeu la'y tien chi tieu.<br /> elu mdi thang ta phai ddi cho chiing 3.000 Ngay 3-9-1945, trong phien hgp dlu tien<br /> trieu quan kim liy 4.500 trieu ddng Dong cua Chfnh phu, v i n de tai chfnh, tien tg<br /> DUdng, tUc la ldn tren 2 l l n tdng so' bac lUu mgt lln nUa lai dUdc dat ra ca'p thiet. Den<br /> hanh (3). Day la dieu ta khdng the dap ifng khi thiic dan Phap danh chiem Nam Bg,<br /> dUdc va nhu vay huge ta phai cho lUu hanh vigc riit tien qua tai khoan d ngan hang<br /> tien Quan kim, Quoc tg song song vdi tien Dong DUdng cha'm dift. Hdn bao gid het,<br /> cua ngan hang Dong DUdng. Tren thiic te ddng tien cua nUdc Vigt Nam dgc lap cln<br /> quan dgi Tudng da khdng tudc khf gidi ga'p riit ra ddi phuc •vu cho sU nghiep khang<br /> quan dgi Nhat •vi d nhieu ndi, quan Nhat da chien - kien qud'c. Ngay 27-10-1945, Hgi<br /> dlu hang quan each mang tit trUdc, nhUng ddng Chfnh phu da hgp va quye't dinh •vigc<br /> cd mgt thiic te la ddng quan kim va quoc tg in gia'y bac se dat ten la ddng bac Vigt<br /> da tudc doat cua cai cua nhan dan ta mgt Nam. va'n de tien te tiep tuc dUdc Bac Ho<br /> each v6 ciing t r i n g trdn. Tren pham vi vi va Trung Udng Dang k h i n g dinh trong Chi<br /> tuyen 16 trd ra Bic, nan Quan kim, Quoc thi "Khdng chien kien qudc" (25-11-1945):<br /> te dien ra nghiem trgng. Cac cita hang "Lap qud'c gia ngdn hdng. phdt hdnh giay<br /> Viet, Hoa, Phap, An... deu tran ngap cac bac. dinh lgi cdc ngach thue, lap ngdn quy<br /> loai tien nay. Ngan hang Dong DUdng ciing todn qud'c, cdc xd, cdc tinh" (4). NhUng de<br /> V^nhumgddng tien dau tien... 25<br /> <br /> in dUdc gia'y bac ddi hdi nhieu yeu t d phifc Hinh 3: Dong 1 dong nim 1946<br /> tap hdn nhU m l u ve, gia'y, n h a in, cdn dap<br /> tien kim loai thi ddn gian hdn, •vi vay,<br /> Chfnh phii da phe duyet phUdng an •vUa<br /> dap tien kim loai •vita in giiy bac nhUng<br /> dap tien kim loai dUdc tien h a n h trUdc.<br /> DUdc sii chi dao triic tiep cua Bg trUdng<br /> Tai chfnh P h a m Van Ddng, ngay nhiing<br /> ngay cuo'i n a m At Dau, nhiing ddng tien<br /> tren cho phdp ghi vao mat ddng tien. Mat<br /> d l u tien cua nUdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cgng<br /> sau la hinh bdng liia va vien r a n g cUa.<br /> hoa da ra ddi ngay tai h i m n h a Bat Giac<br /> (Vien Bao t a n g Lich sif Viet Nam ngay Ngay 1-12-1945, Sd Ngan k h d cho lUu<br /> nay). Nhiing ddng tien d l u tien x u i t xudng h a n h ddng 2 hao mdi b i n g nhdm, sau dd la<br /> la ddng 2 hao, 5 hao, rdi ddng 1 ddng b i n g dong 5 hao cung b i n g nhom, rdi cac loai<br /> nhom va 2 ddng b i n g ddng. tien 2 ddng b i n g ddng va 1 ddng b i n g<br /> nhom. Nhflng ddng tien nay ngay lap tifc<br /> Ddng 5 hao cd dac diem: hinh anh m a t da dugc sU hudng Ung nhiet tinh cua q u I n<br /> thit nha't la cai dinh vang, xung q u a n h phfa chiing, trUdc het dd la tien cua mgt nUdc<br /> tren cd 6 chii "Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng dgc lap, mat khac no ciing giai quyet dUdc<br /> hda". Dudi chan dinh cd so' 1946. Mat sau n a n k h a n hiem tien le trong tieu dung cua<br /> ddng tien cd h i n h ngdi sao 5 canh. Trong q u I n chiing n h a n dan liic b i y gid.<br /> nen sao cd chii 5 hao. 5 k h e canh cua ngoi<br /> De loai d i n anh* hudng cua giiy bac<br /> sao k h i c 5 cai trien qua tram. O canh ria<br /> Ddng DUdng va k h i n g dinh nen tai chfnh<br /> xung q u a n h ddng tien cd khfa r a n g cUa.<br /> dgc lap cua nUdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cgng<br /> Hinh 2: Ddng 5 hao nam 1946 hda, trai qua mgt qua trinh d i u t r a n h<br /> quyet liet trong dieu kien dd'i phd vdi thiic<br /> dan P h a p va ddng Quan kim, Quoc te cua<br /> Trung Qud'c, k h i c phuc nhiing khd k h a n ve<br /> cd sd vat c h i t , chiing ta da chfnh thUc p h a t<br /> h a n h td gia'y bac Viet Nam vao ngay 31-1-<br /> 1946 (5).<br /> Tien Viet N a m dugc p h a t h a n h cd nhieu<br /> mgnh gia: 1 ddng, 5 ddng, 10 ddng, 20 ddng,<br /> Ddng 1 ddng cd mgt m a t in a n h nghieng 50 ddng, 100 ddng (6), 200 ddng. Cac loai<br /> Bac Hd, xung q u a n h cd 6 chii "Viet Nam gia'y bac nay cd ky ten Bg trUdng Tai chfnh<br /> Ddn chu Cdng hda". Dudi h i n h Bac k h i c P h a m v a n Ddng hoac Le Van Hien va<br /> them chii "H.Nggc" ra't nhd. Day la ten t i t Giam do'c Ngan kho' Trung Udng, do dd<br /> cua a n h Hoang NhU Ngge, ngUdi dieu ngoai ten ggi la giiy bac Cu Hd, dan gian<br /> khien may dap tien da cd cong lao to ldn cdn ggi la 'Tsac tai chfnh". Gia'y bac Vigt<br /> trong sU ra ddi cua nhiing ddng tien d l u Nam mgt m a t cd chii Viet Nam Ddn chu<br /> tien a'y. De ghi n h a n cong sife cua anh, c i p Cdng hda (chii Qudc ngii va chii Han), cd<br /> 26 Rghien curu Lich sJr. s6 4.2010<br /> <br /> hinh Chii tich Hd Chf Minh. Mgt mat cd hinh Ddng DUdng liic nay v i n la ddng tien chinh<br /> Nong - Cong - Binh. Cac loai gia'y bac deu cd thifc dugc lUu hanh trong ca nUdc, nhUng<br /> ghi chii so A Rap, chii Quoc ngii, chii Han, vdi y thifc cua ngUdi dan cua mgt nUdc doc<br /> Lao, Campuchia chi mgnh gia. Nhiing ddng lap, nhiing ddng bac Cu Hd tif Nam Trung<br /> tien nay, tuy chit hgu chUa dUdc tot, ky thuat bg da nhanh ehdng sit dung tdi khu 4. Tit<br /> in i n cdn tho sd nhUng nd cd sUc nang cua giiia nam 1946 thi g i n nhU mgi ndi deu co<br /> hdn dan tgc Viet Nam. Dien hinh cd the thly gia'y bac Cu Hd. Nhiing •viing mien niii xa<br /> hinh anh td giiy bac 100 ddng (7). xoi, heo lanh nhU Tay Bic, nhiing ndi sit<br /> dung ddng Quan kim, Qudc te trUdc day<br /> Hinh 4: Td b^c 100 dong co hiuh con trau<br /> xanh 1946-1947 nhu Cao Bing, Lao Cai, Lang Sdn, Yen<br /> Bai... ciing da nhanh ehdng cd mat ddng<br /> tien Cu Hd. Su ra ddi cua nd da cifu van<br /> dUdc tinh hinh tai chfnh nguy ngap liic biy<br /> gid. (J Nam Bg, ta chUa chu trUdng phat<br /> hanh nhUng quIn chiing nhan dan het site<br /> tfn nhiem tien Viet Nam, nen da tii dgng<br /> dUa ve tieu d cac viing can cif giai phdng.<br /> <br /> Tuy nhien, Tam Udc 14-9-1946 mgt lln<br /> nUa da iam can trd sU phat hanh giiy bac<br /> cua Viet Nam. Den thang 10-1946, ngan<br /> khd da gin nhU trong rong (chi cd ven ven<br /> 1 trigu ddng Dong DUdng), trong liic quan<br /> Theo Sic lenh sd 18-b, ngay 31 thang 1 hg giiia Viet Nam va Phap het site cang<br /> nam 1946, thi gia'y bac Viet Nam b i t dlu thang, nguy cd cua mgt cugc chien tranh la<br /> dUdc lUu hanh d Nam Trung Bg tU •vi tuyen khong the tranh khdi. Vi vay, cudi thang<br /> 16 trd vao. Den Sic lenh sd 154 ngiy 31-8- 11-1946, Qudc hgi hgp va tuyen bd cong<br /> 1946, thi dugc luu hanh ca d Bic Trung Bg khai quyet dinh phat hanh ddng bac Vigt<br /> (8). Viec lUu hanh gia'y bac phai than trgng Nam tren toan quoc.<br /> nhu vay la bdi vi quan he ngoai giao giiia Sau ngay Toan qudc khang chien, •vifc<br /> Viet Nam va Tudng ciing nhU Phap liic ba'y lien lac giiia cac dia phUdng trong ca nUdc<br /> gid dang d vao tinh the khd khan. Hdn the gap nhieu khd khan, vi vay Dang va Chinh<br /> niia, ndi day khong cd sU kiem soat cua cac phu da cd nhiing giai phap linh hoat ve vin<br /> liic lUdng nUdc ngoai. Gia'y bac Cu Hd ra de tien te de dam bao cho sU thong thUdng<br /> ddi dUdc nhan dan khu 5 ddn nhan nhigt hang hda, phuc vu cho ddi sdng cua nhan<br /> tinh. TU gia'y bac Cu Hd, chiing ta ddi tien dan va sii nghiep khang chien chong thdc<br /> Dong DUdng ngay tren d^a ban khu 5, sau dan Phap. Dang chii y 11 d nUdc ta da hinh<br /> dd chuyen ra Bic chi tieu. Ro rang Viet thanh cac khu •viic tien te rieng nhU:<br /> Nam •vifa giai quye't dUdc mgt p h l n khd<br /> khan ve tai chi'nh vifa iam cho mo'i quan he O vung tu do Bic Bg va Bic Trung Eg<br /> vdi Phap bdt cang thing. chu yeu la Viet Bic, ddng bing Bic Bo,<br /> Thanh Hoa, Nghg An, Ha Tinh va Quang<br /> Mac du Hiep dinh Sd bg 6-3-1946 giiia Binh lUu hanh gia'y bac t i i chfnh do Trung<br /> Viet Nam va Phap ky ket quy dinh tien Udng phat hanh.<br /> V& nhimg d6ng tien dau tien... 27<br /> <br /> Tai cac tinh Lien khu 5, chu yeu la 4 va Thii Diu Mgt), Bac Lieu, Rach Gia... tii<br /> tinh tii do: Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh in, tu sang tac miu ve nen chi dUdc phdp<br /> Dinh, Phii Yen liic d i u lUu hanh tien tai lUu hanh trong tinh (10).<br /> chfnh Trung Udng phat hanh. Khi chien Nhin chung tien Viet Nam ngay tif khi<br /> tranh lan rgng, giiy bac Cu Hd chuyen vao ra ddi da dUdc nhan dan het site tfn nhiem,<br /> khd khan, nen Trung Udng cho ph6p Uy pham •vi lUu hanh md rgng va la mgt Idi khf<br /> ban Khang chien Hanh chfnh Nam Trung quan trgng trong da'u tranh vdi ke thii.<br /> Bg in cac loai tfn phieu dUa vao lUu hanh 3. Tinh chat, y nghia cua nhiJng<br /> va nd cd gia tri nhU gia'y bac Cu Hd. NhU dong tien dau tien cua niidc Viet Nam<br /> vay d Lien khu 5, gia'y bac tai chfnh va tfn Dan chu Cong hoa sau Cach mang<br /> phieii ciing lUu hanh song song. Cho den thang Tam<br /> nam 1952, Chfnh phu cho thu hdi bac tai TrUdc nam 1875, tinh hinh tien te cua<br /> chfnh thay bing gia'y bac ngan hang, chi nU6c ta kha phUc tap. Tif nam 1875 - 1945,<br /> con de tfn phieu lUu hanh (9). vdi vai trd la ngan hang dgc quyen phat<br /> O Nam Bg, do tinh hinh chien sii lan hanh, Ngan hang Dong DUdng da chi pho'i,<br /> nhanh nen mgt so' viing can cif khang chien liing doan tinh hinh tai chfnh, tien te Viet<br /> tu nam .1945 den dlu nam 1947 lUu hanh Nam. Cach mang thang Tam thanh cdng,<br /> bac tai chfnh dUa tU mien Nam Trung Bg trong bgn be khd khan thif thach, dUdc sU<br /> vao, sau dd tinh hinh chien sU ngay cang lanh dao, chi dao cua Bac Hd, Trung Udng<br /> phUc tap, vigc san xuit gia'y bac ciing gap Dang va Chfnh phu, Bg Tai chfnh da xiic<br /> nhieu khd khan nen giiy bac tai chfnh tien cong tac in tien gdp phln xay diing<br /> Trung Udng khong dap Ung du nhu elu tieu nen tai chfnh cua nUdc Viet Nam dan chu<br /> diing, vi vay d Nam Bg chii yeu la dimg cgng hoa. Ngay tU khi ra ddi, nhflng ddng<br /> bi§n phap dong diu cua Uy ban Khang tien dlu tien a'y da the hien sUc manh to<br /> chien Hanh chfnh Nam Bg len cac td bac ldn cua nd ma trUdc het dd la sflc manh cua<br /> Dong DUdng de tieu diing. Den cuo'i nam tinh t h i n dgc lap, tii chu tren phUdng dien<br /> 1947, Trung Udng cho ph6p Nam Bg dUdc tai chfnh, tien te. Giiy bac Viet Nam ra ddi<br /> phat hanh giiy bac rieng va luu hanh chii trong bdi canh da'u tranh quyet liet chd'ng<br /> yeu d mien Tay Nam Bg. Nhflng td gia'y bac lai sU lung doan va pha hoai cua thUc dan<br /> loai 1 ddng, 5 ddng, 20 ddng, rdi 50 ddng, Phap, quan Tudng Gidi Thach va bgn tay<br /> 100 ddng in hinh anh Cu Hd r i t dep, cd chfl sai cua chiing, nen nd cdn la mgt thU vii khi<br /> ky cua ong Pham Van Bach, Chu tich Uy de da'u tranh chd'ng thii trong giac ngoai,<br /> ban Khang chien Hanh chfnh Nam Bg va bao ve nen dgc lap dan tgc. DUdc sii tfn<br /> ong Nguyen Thanh Vinh, Giam do'c Sd Tai nhiem tuyet dd'i cua nhan dan, giiy bac<br /> chfnh Nam Bg (dUdc uy quyen cua "Chfnh viet Nam da nhanh ehdng chiem linh thi<br /> phu Viet Nam Dan chu Cgng hoa") da ra trUdng d cac •vimg tU do va cd anh hudng<br /> ddi ngay trong vdng vay cua thiic dan manh me ca trong vung tam bi chiem.<br /> Phap. Ben canh dd. Nam Bg cdn cd cac NgUgc lai, ddi vdi ddng bac Dong DUdng, ta<br /> phieu tiep te, phieu ddi chae, tfn phieu cac da tranh thu ddi va dUa vao vung tam hi<br /> loai 1 ddng, 5 ddng, 10 ddng. Cac loai tien chiem de mua hang va ciing vdi sy md rgng<br /> te nay do Uy ban Khang chien Hanh chfnh tran dia ciia tien Viet Nam, tien Ddng<br /> cac tinh nhU My Tho, Ben Tre, Vinh Long, Dydng da hi ddn ve cac thanh phd tam bi<br /> Cln Thd, Sde Trang, Thii Bien (Bien Hoa chiem ddng.<br /> 2S Rghien curu Ljeh si!ir. s6 4.2Q10<br /> <br /> Ciing vdi sflc manh cua tinh t h i n dan phuc vu cho khang chien. Khi khang chi^n<br /> tgc, tien Viet Nam cdn the hien sflc manh toan quoc bung nd, vdi nhieu nd Iflc, Bg Tai<br /> cua che do mdi - che do dan chu nhan dan. chi'nh da ca'p cho Bg Qudc phdng tren 300<br /> Sau khi Cach mang thang Tam thanh cong, trigu ddng (11), dd la mgt so' tien het sflc<br /> •vigc kien thiet, xay diing che do mdi dugc quan trgng trong budi d l u cua cugc khang<br /> dat ra bUc thiet tren cac phUdng dien trong chien toan quoc.<br /> dd cd phUdng dien tai chfnh, tien te. Su ra Nhflng ddng tien d l u tien cua nUdc Viet<br /> ddi ciia tien Viet Nam chfnh la gdp phin Nam ra ddi khong chi cd y nghia tren<br /> quan trgng vao viec xay diing nen mdng phUdng dign kinh te ma cdn the hign y<br /> cua che do Dan chu Cgng hoa. Cho den nghia chfnh tri sau sic. Tien Vi§t Nam lUu<br /> ngay toan qud'c khang chien bung nd (ngay thong diia tren cd sd cua nen kinh te hang<br /> 19-12-1946), nhflng td giiy bac Viet Nam hda nhd, chu yeu la hang hda do nong<br /> da gdp p h i n iam cho hang hoa dUdc lUu nghiep va thu cong nghigp san xuit. Trong<br /> thong de dang, dap flng dugc nhu ciu trao nam d l u tien sau each mang, hang h6a<br /> ddi cua thi trUdng, thuc dly tang gia san chUa dUdc ddi dao, nhUng nhan dan vin tfn<br /> xua't, phuc vu ddi sd'ng va sinh hoat cua nhiem tien Viet Nam va dflng iam phUdng<br /> quin chung nhan dan, dam bao nhu ciu tien trao ddi, lUu thong hang hda. Su tfn<br /> vat cha't cho khang chien. nhiem dd la yeu to' chfnh tri c6 anh hudng<br /> Nhu vay, cd the tha'y, ngay tfl khi ra ddi, to ldn den sU lUu thong tien te nha't la tien<br /> nhflng ddng tien dlu tien ciia nUdc Vigt Viet Nam lai chUa cd sU bao dam ve vat<br /> Nam Dan chu Cgng hoa da the hien tfnh chat ve phfa Nha nUdc trong khi tien Dong<br /> chit dan tgc, dan chu sau sic. Dudng thi dUdc dam bao sflc mua trong<br /> Su ra ddi va sflc sd'ng cua tien Viet Nam khu •vflc ddng Franc. Ngay tfl nhflng ngay<br /> cd y nghia to ldn tren cac phUdng dien kinh dlu khang chien, gin nhfl toan dan ta tieu<br /> te, chfnh tri cung nhU trong qua trinh diu tien Cu Hd. Ty gia quy dinh so vdi ddng<br /> tranh chd'ng thu trong giac ngoai, bao vg Dong Dfldng la 1-1, nhUng trong thiic te, tfl<br /> nen dgc lap dan tgc ndi chung va bao vg khi khang chien bung nd, nhan dan ddi 1<br /> tfnh dgc lap tii chu ve tai chfnh, tien te cua ddng bac Cu Hd la'y 1,2; 1,4 hoac 1,5 ddng<br /> nUdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cgng hda trong Dong DUdng (12). Dieu dd mgt lln nfla cho<br /> nam dlu sau Cach mang thang Tam. tha'y, nhflng ddng tidn d l u tien cua nUdc<br /> Ve kinh te, tien Viet Nam ra ddi da dap Viet Nam dgc lap cd sflc lay dgng sau sic<br /> flng dugc nhu ciu trao ddi cua thi trUdng tdi long yeu nfldc, y thflc dgc lap dan tgc<br /> v l phuc vu ddi so'ng, sinh hoat cua nhan cua nhan dan ta va nd khong nhflng la<br /> dan, nhu ciu cip bach cho chi tieu cua cong cu ve kinh te tai chfnh ma cdn la vii<br /> qudc gia. Ngay tfl nhflng ngay dlu tien, khf tinh t h i n dac biet quan trgng trong<br /> tien dugc phat hanh tfl mien Nam Trung cugc khang chien chd'ng thiic dan Phap.<br /> bg, chfnh quyen da giai quye't dUdc nhflng Neu tren mat tran quan sfl, ta dung vu<br /> khd khan ldn ve tai chfnh, ddng thdi giup khf cua dich de danh dich thi tren phUdng<br /> Chfnh phu ddi dUdc mgt lUdng tien Dong dien tai chfnh, tien tg ta cung dflng tidn<br /> Dudng kha ldn chuyen ra Bic vao Nam chi dich de danh dich va cung co gia tri tien ta.<br /> tieu, ddng thdi hinh thanh mgt so' ngoai te Chi trong vdng hdn mgt nam sau ngay<br /> dii trfl de sau nay mua sim nhflng mat Cach mang thang Tam thanh cong cho den<br /> hang cln thiet d •vung Phap chiem ddng, trUdc khi IQiang chien toan qudc bflng no,<br /> vd nhimg d6ng tien dau tien. 29<br /> <br /> nUdc t a da co mgt ddng tien rieng, dUdc Qud'c te, cdn d mien Nam, tfl ngay 23-9-<br /> p h a t h a n h trong toan qud'c, tfl B i c den 1945 P h a p da d a n h chiem Sai Gdn va md<br /> Nam, dUdc n h a n d a n tin dung. Sii kien nay rgng ra ngoai •vi, vi the pham •vi lUu thong<br /> da giang mgt ddn quye't ligt vao ke hoach va tinh hinh lUu thong tien Vigt Nam cdn<br /> cua Vign P h a t h a n h Lien bang Dong DUdng phu thugc vao cugc da'u t r a n h ca tren mat<br /> mud'n cho r a ddi mgt ddng tien Lien bang t r a n quan sU va chinh tri doi vdi ke thfl.<br /> n i m trong vdng kiem soat cua ddng Franc Nhin chung tinh hinh lUu thdng tien ta<br /> Phap. Den khi toan quoc bung nd, pham vi trong nam d i u sau each mang chUa d i n<br /> lUu h a n h tien Viet N a m va tien Dong den sU bien dgng ldn ve gia ca, •vi lugng bac<br /> DUdng cd sfl t h a y ddi. Tien Viet Nam h l u phat h a n h trong n a m d i u tien chUa nhieu<br /> n h u cd m a t d k h i p mgi ndi, cdn tien Dong va pham vi lUu h a n h tien ta kha rgng ldn.<br /> DUdng, tflng bUdc chuyen vao •vung P h a p Sau ngay k h a n g chien toan qud'c, tinh hinh<br /> tam chiem. chien sii lan rgng, nhieu vung tU do cua ta<br /> Thiic te cho tha'y, tien Viet Nam dugc tam hi chiem ddng, cgng them tinh hinh<br /> phat h a n h hoan toan diia vao long yeu san x u i t khd khan, n h u c i u chi tieu ldn,<br /> nUdc cua q u I n chung n h a n dan ma chUa cd bac s i n x u i t ra vUgt qua sflc s i n x u i t cua<br /> sfl dam bao vat c h i t ve phia Nha nUde nen kinh te h a n g hoa nhd bd, manh mun<br /> trong khi tien Ddng DUdng thi dUdc dam nen tinh hinh gia ca mdi dien bien kha<br /> bao sflc m u a trong k h u viic ddng Franc, vi cang t h i n g nha't la nhflng nam 1949-1950.<br /> the day v i n la mgt nhUdc diem ma dich cd Mac dfl v i n cdn nhflng nhugc diem ma<br /> the lgi dung de iam suy yeu va h a t h i p gia dich cd the Idi dung song sU ra ddi, sflc so'ng<br /> tri tien Viet Nam. M a t khac, do ky t h u a t in cua nhflng ddng tien d l u tien cua nfldc Vigt<br /> i n chUa cao, lai thieu kinh nghiem trong Nam Dan chu Cgng hda trong nam d i u sau<br /> phat h a n h va q u a n ly tien te nen dich da Cach m a n g t h a n g Tam la mgt t h i n g lgi ldn.<br /> tim ra nhflng sd hd de p h a hoai tien Viet Mgt mat nd da da'u t r a n h quye't liet chd'ng<br /> Nam nhfl in va t u n g ra thi trUdng bac gia, t h u trong giac ngoai de gdp p h i n bao ve<br /> khung bo' ngUdi tieu tien Viet Nam, rai dgc lap chu quyen qud'c gia, mat khac nd<br /> truyen ddn ndi x i u ddng tien Viet Nam va dat nhflng •vien gach d l u tien trong •vige<br /> lung sue d a n h p h a ac liet cd sd in tien cua xay dflng nen tai chfnh cua nfldc Viet Nam<br /> Viet Nam (13). mdi. Nhd sUc m a n h td ldn dd, khi khang<br /> Tien Viet N a m ra ddi sau khi Cach chien toan qud'c bflng nd, va trong nhflng<br /> mang t h a n g T a m t h a n h cong, nfldc ta da nam d l u cua cugc k h a n g chien, chung ta<br /> hoan toan dgc lap nhUng trong thyc te ke khong nhflng c i m cfl vflng vang vdi dich ve<br /> thfl bao vay bo'n phfa, d ngoai B i c la quan quan sfl ma cdn c i m cU vflng vang ca ve<br /> Tydng vdi sU t r a n ngap tien Quan kim. mat tai chfnh, tien te.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Bo T ^ chinh. Tinh hinh tdi chinh tii ngdy (2). Ngdy 17-11-1945 cao uy Phdp d Sdi Gdn la<br /> chinh phd Viet Nam ten cam quyen. Trung tam Lifu Ddcgidnglia tuyen bo' vd gid tri tdt cd cdc giay bac<br /> trQ Quoc gia III, Ho sd 2928, tr. 1- 2. Tham khao 500 dong in tai nhd in Vien Ddng tii ngdy 9-3-1945<br /> thgm Nguyen Anh Huy. Lich sd tien te Viet Nam. Sd (tdc Id ngdy Nhat ddo chinh Phdp) den ngdy 23-9-<br /> truy v^ lU(?c khao. Nxb. Vftn h6a Ski Gon, 2010. 1945 Gd ngdy thUc ddn Phdp quay trd lgi xdm lugc<br /> 30 Rghien curu Ljeh sir. s6 4.2010<br /> <br /> Nam Bp, lay cd Id nhiing giay bgc ndy in trong thiii ky con trdu rdt tii nhien vd sdng dpn^ (Theo<br /> phdt xit Nhdt thdng tri, Phdp khdng chiu trach nhiem. sggp.org.vn).<br /> Cdn giay bgc 500 dong phdt hdnh triidc 9-3-1945 thi (8). Tgp Sac lenh cua Chd tich phu ve vi^c liiu<br /> chung bdt phdi dem doi trong vdng 7 ngdy (tii 19 den hdnh gidy bgc vd thdnh Igp Ngdn hdng Qudc gia<br /> 25 thdng 11 ndm 1945) vdi 70% gid trivdldy cd rdng Viet Nam ndm 1946-1951. Trung tam LUu trfl<br /> day Id nhiing bien phdp de "tay ue' nen tdi chinh Quoc gia III, phong Bg Tai chinh, ho sd 80, tr. 1.<br /> Ddng Duong. ThUc chdt do Id hdnh dpng ciidp khdng (9). S i c l$nh so 231/SL, n g i y 18-7-1947, Viet<br /> cdng siic cda dong bdo ta dong thdi ldm rdi loan nin Nam ddn qudc cdng bdo, n&m 1947, ad 9, Trung<br /> tdi chinh, tien te mdi hinh thdnh cda ta. Chung cdn nd tam LUu trQ Quoc gia III, tr. 3.<br /> sung vdo dodn ngiidi bieu tinh trUdc ngdn hdng Ddng (10). S i c l?nh so 102/SL, n g i y 1-11-1947, Viet<br /> Duong doi ddi bgc (ngdy 26-11-1946) ldm cho mot sd Nam ddn qud'c cdng bdo, n i m 1947, so 12, Trung<br /> dong bdo ta vd Hoa kieu bi chet vd bi thiiOng (Vi^n tam Liiu trQ Quoc gia III, tr. 8.<br /> Kinh te Vi^t Nam. Kinh te Viet Nam td Cdch mang (11), (12). Le v a n Hig'n. Nhdt ky cda mot Bp<br /> Thdng Tdm den khdng chien thdng lgi (1945-1954). trudng. T&p 2. Nxb. D i Nlng, 2004, tr. 619, 621<br /> Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, H^ Noi, 1966, tr. 57. (Tai ban l^n thQ nhft't).<br /> (3). Vi§n khoa hoc TM chinh. Lich sd tdi chinh Viet (13). Day Ii noi dung mot trong nhOng rai truyen<br /> Nam, Tap I (Thong tin chuyen de), H^ Noi, 1995, tr. 6a ddn n6i xi'u giiy bac Ho Chi Minh cila thyc dan Phap:<br /> (4). Vdn kien Ddng todn tap, Tkp 8 (1945-1947), "Bon Viet Minh quye't ldm cho anh em khuynh<br /> Nxb. Chinh trj Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2000, tr. 28. gia bgi sdn, hp dd cho phdt hdnh gidy bgc Hd Chi<br /> (5). Viet Nam ddn qud'c cdng bdo, n&m 1946, so Minh. Gidy ndy khdng cd mot gid tri ndo nhd anh<br /> 23, Trung tam LUu trii Quoc gia III, tr. 492. em dd biet.<br /> (6). S&c l?nh so 48/SL ng^y 1-5-1947. Viet Nam Bpn Viet Minh bdt anh em phdi doi gidy bgc co<br /> ddn qud'c cdng bdo nSm 1947, so 7, Trung tam Lifu gid tri lay gidy bgc Ho Chi Minh. Hp ldm theco y de<br /> trQ Quoc gia III, tr. 12. thu tien that cda anh em rdi trdn di ngogi qudc vd<br /> (7). "Co 3 ngUdi dUpc phdn cdng ve td 100 ddng: cdn phdn anh em d lgi thi se khuynh gia bgi sdn.<br /> kien true sU LUctng Vdn Tudt vd dng Ddo Vdn Chinh phd Phdp khdng cdng nhgn gidy bgc Ho<br /> Trung cdn bp Sd dia do chuyen ve diem trang tri Chi Minh vd cdc ngUdi ngogi bang cUng khdng ai<br /> vd ke chd, hpa si Nguyen Huyen ve hinh gida. thiia nhdn.<br /> Hinh mat trUdc Id con trdu cdy. Mat sau Id hinh Anh em hay nen tU choi, diing tieu gidy bgc dy,<br /> ngiidi ndng ddn vac cudc vd ngUdi thg ni cam cdi anh em nen gid gidy bgc cd. Anh em diing bdn thoc<br /> bay tugng triing ndng nghiep vd xdy diing. Ba mdu ggo mua thit cd, neu cdn anh em cd ddi thdng thoc<br /> xanh, vdng, ndu Id chd dgo. Tdm diem cda dong ggo lay thit cd md diing, chd giU gidy bgc Ho Chi<br /> bgc chinh Id con trdu. Minh ldm gi.<br /> Ld hpa si phong cdnh, ve con trdu la viec qud Khi ngUdi Phdp dudi hit qudn Viet Minh dang<br /> quen thuoc thdm chi rdt dOn gidn ddi vdi Nguyen chgy trdn nhU vit. thi anh em hay mang gidy bgc<br /> Huyen. Tuy vay d tdc pham ndy dng vdn mud'n no that ra mua bdn.<br /> that cd thdn, that thanh thodt vd sdng dpng. Ong Neu anh em khdng chiu diia gidy bgc thgt ra<br /> Huyen quyet dinh bo xUdng chay ra cdnh dong cho Viet Minh thi Viet Minh ehdng co tiin ddu trdn<br /> Idng Lang (nay Id qudn Cdu Giay, Hd Not) de di ngogi qudc. Chung se bi tieu di^t het.<br /> quan sdt mot con trdu that dang gdm co. Bay gid anh em se dugc sung sUdng yen on"<br /> Khi td giay bac diiOc liiu hdnh, co le no cdng (Bg T i i chinh. Tap cdng vdn, bdo cdo cda cdng<br /> truyin tdi dUOc cdi tdm ngiidi ve nen ngUdi ddn luc dy an khu 2, khu 11 vi viec phdt hdnh gidy bgc gid<br /> gpi Id ddng bgc con trdu xanh. Neu lay kinh lup soi ky Viet Nam liiu hdnh ndm 1947, ho sd 28, Trung<br /> thi nhiing cdi xody Idng trdu hien len d dau vd minh tam LUu trQ Quoc gia III, tr. 16.<br />