VIET NflM QtiOC Dm Bm^ TROHO TH&I BCY<br />
THOfll TRflO Vfl Elin CP#T (TCf 1910 BEH 1954)<br />
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NGUYfeN VAN KHANH*<br />
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r\i6c day, trong cuo'n Vte^ Nam Quoc khuynh hiifing chinh tri va cac hoat dong<br />
T ddn ddng trong lich sie cdch mang nham phuc hdi td chiic va chong pha each<br />
Viet Nam (Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, 2005) va mang cua cac dang vien VNQDD va cac<br />
mot so^ bai viet khac in tren cac Tap chi dang phai chinh tri nay ke tii sau Khdi<br />
Nghien ciCu lich sH va Lich si Bang, toi da nghia Yen Bai (2-1930) den ndm 1954.<br />
trinh bay ve qua trinh hinh thanh, phat 1. Viet N a m Q u o c D a n D a n g s a u khofi<br />
trien va vai tro cua to chiic Viet Nam Quoc n g h i a Yen Bai<br />
dan dang (VNQDD) nhU la td chute chinh<br />
tri tieu bieu nhat cua khuynh hut6ng each a. Nhiing co' gdng phuc hdi td chdc Viet<br />
mang tU san trong phong trao giai phong Nam Quoc ddn ddng<br />
dan toe cl Viet Nam cho den nam 1930. Sau Nhii chiing ta da biet, trong Dai hoi dai<br />
KhSi nghia Yen Bai (2-1930), VNQDD ve cd bieu toan quo'c (thang 5-1929) tai lang Diic<br />
ban da bi pha v6 va khong cdn ton tai v6i tii Hiep, Thudn Thanh, BSc Ninh, VNQDD chia<br />
each mot dang chinh tri niJa. Tuy nhien, lam hai phai: mot phai diing d i u la Nguyen<br />
tren thiic te mot so^ dang vien VNQDD con Thai Hpc chii tnidng gd'p nit tien hanh tong<br />
sot lai (co ngiiPi 6 trong nufdc, co ngvicii trdn khdi nghia; mot phai, diing dau la Le HQu<br />
chay ra nii6c ngoai) van tim each hoat dong Canh, Nguyen Xuan Huan cho rdng chvia<br />
tr6 lai, thdm chi muo'n khoi phuc lai td nen td chiic khdi nghia vi liic liidng cua dang<br />
chiic chinh tri nay. Nhifng tS^t ca nhiing co' con k6m, khdi nghia se thd^t bai. Cuoi ciing,<br />
gdng cua ho deu chi la v6 vong, giong nhif chil tnidng cua phai khdi nghia da thing,<br />
nhOng am hiiSng cuoi cvmg cua mot hoi cuoc bao dong Yen Bai da no ra va di den tha't<br />
chuong da tat. Te hai hdn niJa, mot bo bai.<br />
phdn dang vien cii bien chat con tim each<br />
Idp ra cac dang phai chinh tri phan dong - Phai chu triidng chiia khdi nghia cdn<br />
nhiing bien the khac nhau cua VNQDD de diidc goi la phdi cdi to hoac phdi trung lap<br />
chdng lai va pha hoai nhijtng thanh qua cua do Le Hiiu Canh phu trach, sau khi<br />
each mang Viet Nam. Nguyen Thai Hoc bi bat, da len ndm quyen<br />
lanh dao dang va trieu tdp hoi nghi bi mdt<br />
Bai viet nay, tren cd sd tap hdp va phan bau ban cha'p hanh Trung liOng VNQDD<br />
tich cac ngudn tai lieu khac nhau, trong do cai td. Sau hoi nghi nay, VNQDD cai td<br />
CO cac tai lieu liiu trii va hdi ky cua mot so' hoat dong kha manh tai Vinh Phiic va Hai<br />
ngii6i trong cuoc, se tdp trung lam ro Diidng. Chii triidng cua dang la k^o dai<br />
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'OS. TS. Tracing Dai hoc KHXH&NV-DHQGHN<br />
RghiSn curu Lich sit. s6 6.2010<br />
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thdi gian c h u i n hi, phiiPng phap tien hanh thanh Idp va trong qua trinh boat dong,<br />
vdn theo nep cii, nghia la mdc dii khong VNQDD da khong co dvidng 16'i, quan diem<br />
chii triidng khdi nghia nhiing hanh dong chinh tri ro rang. Thdm chi, den cuoi ndm<br />
vdn mang tinh manh dong, tieu bieu la vu 1928 ddu nam 1929 khi svia ddi Dang<br />
ciidp bac cua Tham ta Sd Cong chinh do ciidng, mdc dii chu nghia cua dang vdn la<br />
Nguyen Xuan Huan thiic hien nfim 1930. chii nghia xa hoi dan chu va chii nghia<br />
Tam dan, nhving hau het moi ngiidi trong<br />
Ngay 10-7-1930, Le Hiiu Canh va<br />
dang chi nhin thd^y mot cai muc dich gin<br />
Nguyen Xuan Huan bi bdt. Tiep do, hang<br />
nhd't la lam cho nUdc diidc doc Idp, rdi Idp<br />
loat cac dang vien VNQDD ciing rdi vao tay<br />
nen mot che do cong binh va nhan dao. Ma<br />
giac Phap. Do vdy, "Viet Nam Quo'c dan<br />
cai nguyen tdc cong binh va nhan dao thi<br />
dang khong con tuyen truyen ddng thdi<br />
khong giai thich d dau het" (2). Mot nguyen<br />
nhu triidc niia tren khdp lanh thd Bdc Viet.<br />
nhan niia la do thanh phdn xa hoi cua<br />
Cuoc tuyen truyen thu hep tiing gia dinh VNQDD rd't phiic tap, bao gdm nhieu<br />
va chi trong mot vai tinh ma nhiing ngiidi thanh phdn, giai cd'p khdc lihau, trong do<br />
lanh dao ddu tien con gay anh hudng ban bo phdn tri thiic tieu tii san yeu niidc viia<br />
than lau dai" (1). la bo phdn lanh dao, viia la thanh phdn<br />
Sang nhiing nSm 1931, 1932, VNQDD chu ye'u trong dang. Trong qua trinh hoat<br />
chi con mot vai hoat dong nhd sii co' gdng dong va nhd't la vao thdi diem bi dan dp,<br />
cua Vii Tien Lii va Dao Nguyen Huan. Cuoi VNQDD khong co thi gid va dieu kien de<br />
cung, Vii Tien Lii bi truy bdt rao rie't phai hud'n luyen dang vien, nen "chSng nhiing<br />
tro'n sang Van Nam, Trung Quoc; con Dao chii nghia dang triidc sau khong thdng<br />
Nguyen Huan thi hi bdt, den day VNQDD nhd't, ca de'n sii nhdn dinh ciia mdi ngiidi<br />
doi vdi chu nghia ciing nhieu chd sai khac<br />
coi nhii hi thd't bai hoan toan.<br />
nhau" (3). Chinh sii nhdn thiic khong tho'ng<br />
b. Sii phdn hod til tudng cua Viet Nam nhdt cua bo phdn nay ve muc tieu, cUcfng<br />
Quoc ddn ddng trong cdc nhd tii thiic ddn linh cua dang la mot trong nhiing nguyin<br />
Phdp nhan cd ban ddn den tinh trang phan hod<br />
trong hang ngii dang vien d ca triidc va<br />
TU ndm 1930 trd di, trong cac nha tii<br />
nhd't la sau Khdi nghia Yen Bai. L^ giai ve<br />
thiic dan, ben canh nhiing ngiidi tu cong<br />
vd'n de nay, Pham Tud'n Tdi, mot trong<br />
san bat ddu xua't hien them cac dang vien<br />
nhiing sang Idp vien va ciing la mot lanh tu<br />
VNQDD hi Phap bdt sau thd't bai cua Khdi<br />
cua VNQDD da boc bach: "Cac dang vien<br />
nghia Yen Bai. Giiia nhiing ngiidi tii cong<br />
cung nhau ke't hdp tii triidc, da khong phai<br />
san va cac tu n h a n VNQDD thiidng xuyen<br />
cung mot giai cd'p hay diing vao mot giai<br />
dien ra tranh ludn, thdm chi dd'u tranh gay<br />
cd'p, lai khong co mot sii nhdn dinh hay<br />
gdt xung quanh cac quan diem tii tufdng ve<br />
chiu chung mot sii hud'n luyen nhu nhau,<br />
cac dang phai chinh tri, ve phong trao giai<br />
thi sau mot cuoc thd't bai, mot ldn kinh<br />
phong dan toe. Do vdy, trong hang ngii<br />
nghiem, le tii nhien la no phai chia re...<br />
dang vien VNQDD von da thie'u tho'ng nhd't<br />
Chu triidng khac nhau cua cac dang vien<br />
trong nhdn thiic, lai cang hi phan hoa nhu mot cai ho' ngdy cang thd'y sau them:<br />
manh me hdn ve tii tvidng va cac quan diem ngUdi thi giii chu tnidng quo'c gia thudn<br />
chinh tri. Tuy nhien, nguyen nhan sau xa tiiy; ngiidi thi theo hdn chu nghia xa hoi;<br />
cua tinh trang nay la ngay tii khi mdi<br />
Vi#t Ram Qudc dan d ^ g . . .<br />
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ciing CO ngudi mudn dung hoa cac chu VNQDD rd't md hd va c6 nliieu sai 1dm. Khi<br />
nghia thanh mot chu nghia cho dang. Tii d trong tu, nhUng sai idm do cang dUdc b^c<br />
cho bdt ddng y kien di tdi chd quyet liet" 16 ro ret trong ca tU tudng va hdnh dong.<br />
(4)- , V,,. „,,., ., Ddng chi Trdn Huy Lieu, mot ye'u nhan vd<br />
ciing Id mot cUu tu nhan ciia VNQDD d trai<br />
Tai nha tii Hoa Lo, Ha Noi, trdi vdi tU<br />
Hdn Cau, da nhdn x6t: "Phai nhdn ro rdng<br />
tudng an phdn cua cac dang vien Viet Nam<br />
tu tudng "thanh nhan" la tU tudng chi dao<br />
Quo'c dan dang, cac tii nhan cong san chu<br />
cua VNQDD hdi d'y. No ching nhiing chi<br />
trUdng bien nha tu thdnh tnidng hoc.<br />
phoi nhiing ngUdi tham gia khdi nghia Yen<br />
Nhieu Idp hud'n luyen hoc tdp chinh tri,<br />
Bai, ma ca nhUng ngUdi hdng hdi d nha tii.<br />
vdn hod da dUdc td chUc trong tii, dang chii<br />
Neu nhiing ngUdi cong san Idii vdo tii da<br />
y la sU xud't hien va hoat dong cua cac tap<br />
nghi ngay de'n nhiem vu bien nha tii thanh<br />
chi Lao tu, Cong sdn. Tai nha tii Hoa Ld da<br />
tnidng hoc each mang... thi nhiing ngUdi<br />
diin ra cuoc biit chien giiia cac dang vien<br />
Quo'c dan dang liic d'y trU nhiing ke md't<br />
Quo'c dan dang va nhiing ngUdi cong san.<br />
phdm chd't dau hang dich cdn nhUng ai hdng<br />
Cac td Duoc diia dUdng, Con diidng chinh<br />
hai thi khong tim ra loi thoat ma chi nghi<br />
cua cac dang vien cong san da tham gia<br />
de'n manh dong (5). Khi chuyen ve nha tii<br />
cuoc biit chien. Ve phia VNQDD c6 td But<br />
C6n Dao, cdc tu nhan VNQDD phan hod<br />
tieu sau. DUdc trang bi bdng ly ludn Mdc -<br />
thdnh ba bo phdn: phdn ldn dang vien vdn<br />
Lenin, cac chien si cong san da gianh the<br />
coi chu nghia Tam Dan la nen tang tU<br />
dp dao ddi vdi cac tu nhan VNQDD trong<br />
tudng ciia dang, mot s6' khong the hien<br />
cuoc da'u tranh ve tU tudng chinh tri. TU<br />
quan diem, mot nhdm thi nga theo tU tudng<br />
day, noi bo VNQDD cdng phan hod sau sdc;<br />
cong san, gdm Tudng Dan Bao, Nguyen<br />
mot bo phdn chiu sU anh hudng cua tU<br />
v a n Vien, Hoang Thiic Dj, Le Van Phiic,<br />
tudng cong san, mot bo phdn di ddn vdo<br />
Trdn Huy Lieu vd Nguyen PhUdng Thao<br />
khuynh hUdng cai lUdng. Thdng Idi nay da<br />
(Nguyen Binh). Sau sU Iden nay, nhUng<br />
khang dinh tinh diing ddn va hdp xu the<br />
dang vien tien tien ngay cang cd dieu kien<br />
phat trien cua tU tudng cong san, ddng thdi<br />
gdn giii nhiing ngUdi cong san. TrUdc tinh<br />
chUng td dudng 16'i va phUdng phap sai 1dm<br />
hinh do, mot s6' ngUdi cdm ddu VNQDD<br />
cua VNQDD.<br />
mang tU tudng phan dong (NhUdng To'ng,<br />
Tai nhd tii Hdn Cau, Con Dao, xud't phat Nguyen Ngoc Sdn) Idp ra mot ban thanh<br />
. tu sU khong tho'ng nhd't trong viec giai thich triing vdi nhiem vu am sat "bgn phdn<br />
ton chi muc dich va xac dinh chu nghia ciia ddng". Nhiing nan nhan ma Ban thanh<br />
VNQDD, mot ban tuyen truyen cua dang da trUng hudng de'n la Trdn Huy Lieu, Tudng<br />
dUdc thanh Idp gdm 6 ngudi: Trdn Huy Lieu, Dan Bao, Nguyen PhUdng Thao... May mdn<br />
Pham Tud'n Tdi, NhUdng Tdng (Hoang Id nhiing dang vien tien tien ndy, cuoi cung<br />
Pham Tran), Le Van Phiic, Nguyen Vdn vdn bao toan dUdc tinh mang sau nhUng<br />
Vien, Nguyen Ngoc Sdn. Ban tuyen truyen cuoc thanh trUng noi bo.<br />
da dUa ra nhflng giai thich chung chung<br />
mang tinh chdt dung hoa de lam diu di sU Kh6ng chi tiep xiic vdi dudng ldl chinh<br />
xung dot, nhUng chinh vi the, sU phdn hoa tri diing ddn, nhieu dang vien VNQDD cdn<br />
tu tudng chinh tri trong VNQDD vdn tiep nhdn dUdc d nhUng ngUdi tu cong san mot<br />
diSn. Tren thUc te, dudng loi chinh tri cua thai do