Xây dựng các dịch vụ chính phủ điện tử

'l*^:jjOB37oiaio'MgL?<br /> i P J i M e PHU DIEMfeTtWj<br /> m^otr^-<br /> <br /> ThS. Nguyen Thanh Minh, Nguyen Bdi Ngoc<br /> <br /> <br /> C H I N H P H U D I E N TlT ( E G O V LA G I ? )<br /> <br /> Khi Chinh phii a nhung nude dang phat trien dua dupe dinh nghia rpng nhu vay vi cac Chinh phu m<br /> ra cae lira ehpn de thuyet phue nhiing cai each hanh ban than boat dpng VOT nhieu vai trd. Bing each<br /> ehinh cong cua minh, nhieu nude da sir dung img sii dung img dung CNTTTT theo each dinh nghia<br /> dung CNTTTT de cung cap cac dich vu eGov. eGov nay, cac Chinh phu ky vpng cai thien chat lupng cac<br /> la doan trung tam cua cac he thdng thong tin hd dich vu va lam 0am chi phi cung cap dich vu. Cac<br /> trp nhiing cai each de sd hda cung cap cae dich vu muc tieu khac cua eGov la cai thien 0a tri su dung<br /> va qui trinh quan ly dieu hanh xay ra qua toan bd cae tai nguyen khan hiem, nang cao trach nhiem va<br /> cae cap cua Chinh phu. Mdi Chinh phii se sir dung tinh minh bach, md rpng vai trd cua thi trudng, khoi<br /> Intemet va trang Web (WWW) de viia cung cap dich phuc Idng tin va sii trung thanh ciia ngudi dan vao<br /> vu vira phd bien thong tin. Chinh phii.<br /> Trong pham vi bai bao nay, eGov cd the dupe dinh<br /> nghia nhu sau: Chinh phu dien tu la sir dung img LY DO T R I E N K H A I V A K H A I T H A C EGOV<br /> dung edng nghe thong tin va truyen thong trong<br /> Ludng thong tin la nhan td vo eimg co ban cho<br /> Chinh phii de cung cap cac dich vu edng nhim cai<br /> quan ly dieu hanh va quan ly hieu qua hoat ddng<br /> thien hieu qua quan ly va thiie day cac 0a tri, eo<br /> hang ngay ciia cae dich vu cong. Hoat ddng ciia<br /> che dan chu cung nhu mdt khuon khd quan ly nha<br /> Chinh phu nhan manh vao thdng tin. Viee tao ra<br /> nude tao thuan 10 eho eae sang kien phd bien thong<br /> da sd eae dich vu cong bao gdm kien tao va truyen<br /> tin va thiie day phat trien xa hdi tri thue(I). eGov<br /> thong eae thong tin. Mdi mat ddi sdng xa hpi ciia<br /> mdt eon ngum se tao ra thong tin. Timg loai viec<br /> nhu thanh toan thue, cap phep mdi, sinh la, ehet di,<br /> ket hdn, mua dat dai v.v... se tao ra du Ueu can phai<br /> dupe thu thap, xir ly, luu 0u, truyen thdng va dupe<br /> phan tich bOT da sd cac co quan Chinh phu. Tat ca<br /> thong tin nay la thanh phan co ban cho cac co quan<br /> Chinh phii diing de quan ly dieu hanh, quan ly cac<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI CNTT&TT KY 2 ( 1 . 2 0 1 1 ) 43<br />  CONG NGHE - GIAI PHAP<br /> <br /> <br /> tm nguyen, ctmg cap eae dich vu va 0ai thich cho ngu0 nim 0ti the che then chdt se cd anh hudng<br /> 0eu qua va chat lupng boat ddng cua minh. Thdng den nhiing muc tieu nay 0iia nhieu nude. Hdi nghi<br /> tin "la mpt tm nguyen cd 0 a tii cua qudc 0a". Nd Thupng dinh The 0 0 eho Ke hoach Hanh ddng Xa<br /> se ctmg cap cho quan chimg nhan dan hieu biet ve hdi Thdng tm (WSIS) khuyen ngW eho eae Chinh<br /> Chinh phu, xa hdi va kinh te trong qua khu, hien phu de "phat trien cac sang kien va 0ch vu eGov,<br /> tm va tuong lai. Nd la mdt phuong tien de dam bao d tat ca cac cap, dupe thich img vm nhiing nhu cau<br /> tiach nhiem eua Chinh phu, quan ly cac boat ddng cua cdng dan va doanh nghiep, de dat duac mdt<br /> cua Chinh phu, duy tri chat lupng, hieu nang eao sii cap phat hieu qua cae tm nguyen va hang hda<br /> eho nen kinh te... Ludng thdng tin midn p 0 0iia edng khai" (WSIS 2005). Hon niia, cac Chinh phu<br /> C0nh phu va nhan dan la van de co ban eho mdt nen "hd tip nhiing sang kien hop tac qudc te trong<br /> xa hdi dan chu". (2) Unh vuc eGov nhim nang eao su tinh miiih bach,<br /> Do 0eu nay, nhieu cai each hanh chinh nhim tao tiach nhiem va hieu lue d tat ca cac cap cua Chinh<br /> ra tinh minh bach, trach nhiem va tinh md se chii phu" (WSIS 2005).<br /> tipng vao cai thien eae thuc tien quan ly thong tin. Nhu vay, nhiing 0ai phap tiep can nay se dinh<br /> Cac boat ddng cua Chinh phu se yeu cau cd thdng hudng Im cac Chinh phu de ddi xir VOT nguOT dan<br /> tin de hd tip quan ly ben tiong, hanh chinh edng nhu la khach hang sir dung cac 0ch vu cua Chinh<br /> va quan ly nha nude, va cac 0eh vu edng ciing can phu va cai thien quan ly hang ngay ve cae he 0dng<br /> phai dua thong tin ra dimg edng khai. Ngu0 dan se tai ehinh va ngan sach. Nhiing hinh thue eGov khac<br /> yeu eau quan ly dieu hanh cua CMnh phu sir dung nhau ma cac Chinh phu can tuan theo la: them cac<br /> thdng tin cd chat lupng. Chat lupng thdng tin cd kenh tuong tac 0fia cac co quan Chinh phu, cac<br /> nghia la dat cac he thdng quan ly va 0am sat dimg doanh ngWep va edng dan; cai thien kha nang eho<br /> chd nhim bao dam thong tin chinh xac, ed Uen cac CO quan the che eua Chinh phu thdngtinVOT<br /> quan den, day dii, kinh te, ed the kiem chimg dupe, nhau, edng tac hay lam vide cd hieu luc va hieu qua<br /> ed the' truy cap dupe, don 0an va bao dam. De tuan ban VOT nhau; lam thdng sudt cac qui trinh thu nhan<br /> thu dupe, eae Chinh phu phai tim each 0am thieu thong tin va mua sim; lam 0am dupe cac ca hdi<br /> chi p 0 quan ly thdng tin va tdi da hda tinh hiiu bi pha san; va tang kha nang cd nhieu doanh thu.<br /> dung eua thong tin thudc Chinh phu (OBM 2000). Nhieu chuong trinh eGov ndi tien cd the la nhiing<br /> cac img dung CNTTTT la phuang tien 0eu qua nhat thanh phan co cau ciia phat trien kinh te va nhiing<br /> dd loi keo dii Ueu tii eae boat ddng ben trong cua cai each trong Unh vuc edng de xac 0nh nhiing van<br /> cac CO quan, td chiic thudc Chinh phu va de phuc de phat trien con nguOT d nhiing nude dang phat<br /> vu ngu0 dan. Nhu la mdt phan ciia 0ai phap tiep tridn. Hinh 1 la hai nhdm muc tieu chinh trong Unh<br /> can eGov, cac img dimg CNTTTT se tao ra nhitng co vuc hanh chinh edng va xir ly cua eGov.<br /> hdi de 0am chi phi cung cap thdng tin va dich vu<br /> Hien nay, da sd cac Chinh phu cd xu hudng chung<br /> tOT edng chimg.<br /> la sir dung trang web de cho phep cae khach vieng<br /> tham true tuydn vao trang web Iiy thdng tin, tep dfl:<br /> CAC MUC TIEU CUA EGOV Ueu va thanh toan thud, dang ky d td, truy cap cac<br /> Cac mue tieu eua eGov bien ddi khac nhau dang ban g 0 can thidt, 0ao tiep v0 cac nhan vien nha<br /> ke 0iia cac CMnh phu tien the 0 0 . Cdng bing ma nude va tham 0 a vao viee ra quydt dmh. Thdng qua<br /> ndi, cac muc tieu eua eGov dupe xac 0nh mang eGov, cae CWnh phii ky vpng cai thien chat lupng<br /> tinh 0 a phuong dua tien su lanh dao mang tinh va tac ddng qua Im, va hy vpng dat dupe nhiing<br /> chinh tri cua timg Chuih phii. Tuy nhidn, nhiing thanh qua ehmh nhu sau:<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 4 4 I TAP CHI CNTT & TT KY 2 (1.2011)<br />  CONG NGHE - GIAI PHAP<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CAC MUC Tliu X&Lf<br /> CUA EGOV<br /> <br /> <br /> ^ Tang too do cho mdt qui trinh<br /> ^ Hgp ly hda qui trinh<br /> ^ K^t hp'p mdt qui trinh<br /> ^ Lam giam sai sdt dau vao<br /> ^ Lam giam luu trO d u thua<br /> '^ Lam giam dau ra d u thira<br /> V Cai tien tich hop cac he thdng<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Hinh 1: Hai nhom muc dich (hanhchinh cOng vS xCr ly) cua eGov.<br /> <br /> - Thu thap dii Ueu true tuyen nhim lam 0am cac se dupe suy luan ra tii nhiing quan he nay thanh<br /> chi phi ve du lieu va tu ddng kiem tra l6i sai. eae mdi quan he bac thap hon. Dudi day la bdn loai<br /> - Giam cac chi phi 0ao tiep VOT cong dan. quan he co ban nhim de mo ta nhiing lorn hinh<br /> - Chia se ngay eang nhieu dii Ueu trong Chinh dich vu eGov khac nhau.<br /> phu va 0iia cae co quan Chinh phu va nhiing ddi Giai phap tiep can Chinh phii v6i cong dan<br /> tac khac nhu cac td chirc phi Chinh phii (NGO), cae (G2C)<br /> eo quan qudc te va eae hang, edng ty thudc Unh vuc eGov lorn hinh G2C tap trung vao viec tao ra thong<br /> tu nhan. tin ma nhung nguOT dan tham 0a true tuyen ed the<br /> - Tan suat sit dung lai du lieu Idn ban. tiep can. Dieu nay dupe din chieu den nhu la eGov<br /> - Giam eae chi phi xuat ban va phan phdi eua Iiy nguOT dan la trung tam (citizen-centric eGov) khi<br /> Chinh phii thdng qua xuat ban true tuyen. cac CO quan Chinh phii cd nhiing budc tien hon niia<br /> de cung cap cac dich vu true tuyen theo nhiing nhu<br /> eau cua nguOT dan. Nhieu thiet ke ban dau ve cac<br /> CAC L O A I H I N H EGOV tiang web eua eGov dupe td chirc theo ndi dung,<br /> Cd nhieu lorn hinh eGov khac nhau dua vao su dac biet cae cac dudng sieu lien ket tm nhung dich<br /> dung img dung CNTTTT de tao thuan 10 eho cac vu cua Chinh phu xung quanh cau tnic hien cd hi<br /> mdi quan he 0tia Chinh phit va nhiing ddi tac then trude eua eae bd nganh va nhiing thii 0 c quan Ueu<br /> chdt khac. Cae lorn quan he ehinh la: Chinh phu VOT kem theo. Dieu nay da dupe chimg td la tao la su<br /> cdng dan (G2C - Govemment-to-Citizen), Chinh phu limg timg eho nguOT dan. NguOT dan da mat nhidu<br /> VOT doanh nghiep (G2B - Govemment-to-Business), thOT 0an de tra cuu tim thdng tin qua mdt me hdn<br /> 0ua cac CO quan Chinh phu (G2G - Govemment- tran eae trang web dupe td chitc theo co eau cua cac<br /> to-Govemment) va Chinh phu VOT nhan vien (G2E - bd nganh. Vi da sd ngudi dan khdng hidu cac boat<br /> Govemment-to-Employees). Cae mdi quan he khac ddng ben trong eua cac bd nganh thudc Chinh phu<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHI CNTT&TT KY 2 ( 1 . 2 0 1 1 ) 45<br />  CONG NGHE - GIAI PHAP<br /> <br /> <br /> cd ehue nang nhu the nao, cac td ehire coi ban 0ay 0am sd lan nhap chupt tim thdng tin, truy cap mdt<br /> lam trung tam ciia mdt trang web Chinh phu da gay 0ch vu hoac de hoan tharih mdt 0ao 0ch, cai tien<br /> ra nhiing muc dd that vpng ngay eang Idn hon ddi chat lupng dd bi anh hudng ciia site; bd sung nhiing<br /> VOT nhitng trang web eGov. Cac khach vieng tham ehue nang tao thuan 10 cho 0ao tiep 0tia nguOT<br /> tiang web da sit dung cae phuong phap thit va cd dan va Chinh phu; va eho phep nguOT dimg tao toy<br /> Idi de dieu hudng hi tiang nay den tiang khac tien ehpn cac ndi dung eua site. Mdt quan he G2C dupe<br /> ttang web va khong biet cd chic chin la cm nhip dimg den la khi nguOT dan ciing tuong tac v0 Chinh<br /> chupt tiep theo se din bp den thong tin hp can thiet phit nhu la mdt nhan vat va ngum tham 0 a ehinh<br /> hay khong hay la din hp den mpt ket thuc (0em tri ttong cac qua trinh dan chu. Cac he thdng Biu cu<br /> ehet). Nghien cim nhieu bat hpc tii cae site thuong 0en tii (E-voting) va Dan chu 0en tit (E-democracy)<br /> mm dien tit, nhung nha phat trien eae 0ch vu eGov se hd trp tunh thiie quan he nay.<br /> thich img VOT cac 0ai phap tiep can coi khach hang<br /> Giai phap tiep can eGov Chinh phu tdi doanh<br /> la trpng tam de hd tip ngu0 dan se thay thda man<br /> nghiep (G2B)<br /> hon vdi kinh nghiem triic tuyen eiia hp d nhiing<br /> eGov loai hinh G2B tap trung vao cae chien lupc<br /> website Chinh phii. Nhirng thue tidn 0en hinh eua<br /> sit dung cae img dung CNTTTT de' tao thuan 10<br /> 0ai phap tiep can coi ngum dan la trpng tam gdm:<br /> cho nhung tuong tac cua Chinh phu v 0 linh vuc<br /> td Chile ndi dung theo nhiing nhu cau ciia ngudi<br /> tu nhan de mua sim hang hda va cae dich vu va<br /> dan; sip xep eau true eae ttang trong website de<br /> de dieu phdi cae giao dich tii nhiing edng ty tu<br /> <br /> <br /> Diem sang ve eGov<br /> Mua sSm dien tu (E-procurement) 6 Tmng Q u o c<br /> Cliinh phu Trung uanq CUQ Trung Quoc dong chuan bi cong bo coc djch vu muo sorn dien tu nhu 16 mot phon cuo<br /> chien lupc eGov cue minh. Trai qua tren 20 nSm, Chinh phu Trung Quoc do phot trien vo trien Nhoi mot he thong muo<br /> s6m cong mo hien do tGng len mot coch l^lch tinh (Chuonjioo 2007). Tu nOm 1998 den 2004, gio tri cuo tot co muo<br /> s6m do tong tu 3,2 ti) den 21 3,6 ty USD.<br /> <br /> Trung Quoc do hha'\ dau he thong muo s6m tir nOm 1996. He thong bon dou chu yeu lo dunq nguoi vo giay to ve<br /> CO bon duo tren cac ung dung CNTTTT theo nhung cacti rot bj han che di xu \(j cac giao dich va de luu trO, theo doi<br /> du heu ve nhung nho cung cop. Duoi op luc de cung cop coc djch vy tot hon h6 tro su tQng trudng ve muo s6m cong.<br /> Bo Toi chinh do thi& lop mot to chuc mdi duoc biet nhu 16 Trung tam Muo 56m cong dung cho Chinh phu Trung uong<br /> cuo Trung Quoc (PCCG - Procurement Center For the Central People's Government of= the People's Republic ol= China)<br /> vao nam 2003 (UN 2003). Su menh cuo PCCG 16 top trung Inoo viec muo s6m cong vo quon ly trign khoi cdng thdng<br /> tin cuo Chinh phu Trung Quoc (http://ujujLu.zvcq. gov.vn). Cong thong tin io phon trpng torn chien luoc muo s6m dien<br /> tu cuo Trung Quoc. Muc dich cuo cong thong tin 16 too thuon loi cho viec muo coc hong iioo v6 coc dich vu quo cotolo<br /> muo ban v6 de thuc ddy su minh bach doi voi nhung bo nganh vo uy bon quoc gio Trung uong. Site n6y do nhgn<br /> duoc 20.000 cuoc vieng thorn m6i ngov (Chuonjioo 2007). Cong thdng tin cung cap huong ddn de tiiuc hien nhung<br /> viec mua 56m v6 nhung tro giao hudng ddn de ddo too nhdn sy chuyen ve cac thu tyc muo s6m (PCCG 2008). Cdng<br /> cung don gian hdo qui trinh di tai xudng nhung t6i lieu c6n thiet cho viec thuc hien ninung cuoc dou thou, tim i^iem<br /> thdng tin ve d6u thou vd coc chinh sach lien quan, xem loi nhung ban ghii chi tiet ve toon bo cdc gioo dicii, gom thdng<br /> tin ve ngudi muo, nhd cung cop. i^idm tra v6 chop nhan hop ddng. Coc i^e hoocii tuong loi 16 xoy dyng mdt he thdng<br /> dau thau true tuyen duo tren ujeb.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 4 6 I TAP CHI CNTT & TT KY 2 ( 1 . 2 0 1 1 )<br />  CONG NGHE - GIAI PHAP<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Diem sang v^ eGov<br /> G2E: cai thien cac he thong ngu6n nhan luc a KazScxtan<br /> Chinhi phiu i^ozdcxton dong phot trien cdc djcii vy eGov iooi hinti G2C ntidm coi thien tiieu quo quon ly thdng tin<br /> nguon nhan luc cho Bd Tai chinh. Bd ph6n ngudn nhdn luc gan doy do ttiuc iiien mot kit noi mong intranet de lien i