Xây dựng chương trình tiếng Anh tăng cường cho sinh viên không chuyên

S6 12 (242)-2015<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br /> <br /> X A Y DV*NG CHlTOfNG TRINH TIENG ANH T A N G ClfdNG<br /> CHO SINH VIEN K H 6 N G CHUYEN<br /> DEVELOPING ADDmONAL ENGUSH PROGRAMS FOR NON-LANGUAGE<br /> MAJORSTUDENTS<br /> VC THJ THANH N H A<br /> (TS; S«i hf c Ngo«i ngfr, DHQG Hk N$i)<br /> Abstract: In 2014, the Ministry of Education and Training issued guidelines to develop<br /> complementaiy English progimiis for non-language major students to achieve the required<br /> outcomes and to mobilise more resources for educational institutions. This paper aims to<br /> analyse the theoretical background for curriculum development (definitions, important<br /> factors, and principles) as well as practical steps to develop and unplement these English<br /> programs.<br /> Key words: curriculum development; English; principles.<br /> 1. BJt vdn de<br /> (KNLNN) 6 bjc dvra trgn khung tham chi&<br /> Trong giai do^in t o ^ c ^ hoi vh qu6c li CEFR cda cb£u Au. V&i bia niy t^o thtah<br /> ho^ vai ti6 cAa ti^g Anh cdng trdt nen quan m^tUnh'lang ph^ U v& li co sd d^ dinh gii<br /> bpng. Theo th6ng ke cik Ciystal (2006), s6 trinh do cia ngiidi hgc tii bic ti^ hgc cho din<br /> lugmg ngudi n6i tieng Anh (ki ci bin ngB, sau d^ hgc (tieu hgc dat bic 1-Al, Trung hgc<br /> ngon ngit thii hai hojc ngoai ngft) di ting Ign CO sd B$c 2-A2, Dai hgc B ^ 3-Bl, Cao hgc<br /> 1.5 ti nguM,... Dieu niy c6 the nh$n th^ i8 B$c 4, dai hgc chuygn ngft Bic 5-Cl). Tuy<br /> trong boi cinh ctk Vigt Nam trong th6i gian nhign, vi^ thyc hign dugc myc tigu niy trong<br /> qua. Sau khi giii phdng dit nudc, tfr m$t thdi (fi&n hi^ nay dang g ^ nhiki khd khin.<br /> ngo^ ngtt chi dinh cho cic nhi ngo^ giao, 7M nhSt, myc tigu cia DA nhim xiy dyng<br /> tieng Anh di trd thinh ng&n ngli dupc da khi ning' giao tidp bing ngoai ngft cho da<br /> pliiin hgc sinh vi sinh vign l\ra chgn trong phin hgc sinh, sinh vien vi cin bfi vi mfii<br /> chuong trtah hgc (Lg, 2007). DJc bigt, De in trudng di thyc hign myc tieu dd chii ylu gidi<br /> Ngosd ngli Qu6c gia Giai doan 2008-2020 ttan trong pliam vi nhi trudng vi ldp ligc. Thti<br /> (DA) di xic djnb m\ic tigu pbii ip dyng hai, dfi phi khip vi chit lugng giing d^y<br /> chuong trlnh t i ^ Anh lOnimcho 100% hgc tilng Anh gitta cic vttng miin, nhit li gitta Ii<br /> sinh tilu hgc tii ldp 3 vi thvic hi^lO% ldp thinh phi vi nfing thfin cd sy khic bi^ ifi ift<br /> hgc ti^ng Anh t$p trung cho hgc sinh chuy^ (Vu & Bums, 2014). Cd nhthig noi vSn thyc<br /> nghigp vi sinh vign dai hgc vio nim 2020. iiign chudng trinh tieng Anh ba nim, biy nim<br /> Ngoai ngit (d^ bigt li t i ^ Anh) dugc coi ho$c mudi nim, do dd tihih dfi tiing Anh cia<br /> nhu li cdng cv thik yeu de ngudi Vi^ ti^ smh vign dai hgc vi cao (&g khfing ding diu<br /> c ^ tri tfaijcc, trd thinh mOt cfing din toin ciu, CDfing, 2007; Tiin, 2013; Vin, 2008). TMAa,<br /> gdp ph^ d& mdi giio dye, x&y d\mg vi bio vigc giiM day tiing Anh d phi thfing t5p<br /> V? tfi qu&! (Qnyk djnh 1400/QD-TTg ngiy trung nhiiu \ ^ giing day ngft pliip vi mau<br /> 30 thing 9 nim 2008).<br /> ciu theo quan diem truyin thong. Khi ip dyng<br /> Bi dat myc tigu trgn, DA di thyc hi^ phirong phip day hgc vi kiim lia theo dudng<br /> nhi^u boat d^ng khic nhau nhu b6i duSng hudng gido tiip, smh vign bi hing tting vi gip<br /> giio vign, xiy dyng chuong trinh, vi ban nhiiu khd khin. Cd smh vign hiu nhu pMi<br /> hinh cic vin bin phip quy. Gin diy nli&, bit diu hgc Ip tii trinh dJ Al (Yin &Thio,<br /> ngiy 28 thing 1 nim 2014, B$ Giio dye vi 2014). N^oii ra, chuong trinh khung d(ii hgc<br /> Dio tao ban hinh khung Ning lyc Ngoai ngtt vi cao ding quy djnh thdi lugng dinh cho<br /> <br /> NG6NNG(if&B6lIS6NG<br /> tiing Anh cM cd 10-14 tin chi, thyc hi$n trong<br /> vdng 2-3 hgc U. Chuong trtah niy cd thi qui<br /> khd cho nhOng sinh vign chua duijic hgc nhiiu<br /> tiing Anh d b$c phi thfing, nhung lai li qui<br /> dl cho nhiing smh vifin cd diiu ki$n hgc nhiiu<br /> hon.<br /> Nhjn biit dugc khd khin niy, Hudng din<br /> xiy dyng chuong trlnh tilng Anh ting cudng<br /> ciia Bfi Giio dye vi Dio tao (So<br /> 5957/BGDBGD DT-GD DHDH ngiy 20<br /> thing 10 nim 2014) nhim giip sinh vign dat<br /> ning lyc ngoai ngft theo chuin diu la vi tliio<br /> gd nhttng khd khin vi nguon lyc vi trinh dfi<br /> sinh vign diu vio. Trong bii vilt niy, chfing<br /> tfii sS t ^ ttung titah biy mfit si nOi dung vi<br /> nguygn tic quan trgng trong vi$c tiiiit ki<br /> chuong trtah, lya chgn tii ligu vi ti chiic<br /> giing day chuong hinh tiing Anh ting cudng<br /> fTATC) nhim gitip giio vien vi lihi quin U<br /> cd thl thyc hign TATC trong dilu ki|n cy thl<br /> cia tttng dia phuong vi tiing trudng. Bii vilt<br /> gim nay nii dung ldn: co sd xiy dyng<br /> chuong trinh vi cicbudc tiln hinh trgn thyc<br /> tl.<br /> 2. Cff sd xiiy dyng vi giing dfy m$t<br /> chirong trtah tilng Anh ting cudng<br /> 2.1. KMInipn chmmg tiinh tidng Anh<br /> C6 nhilu thuit ngft khic nhau di chi mfit<br /> chuong trinh tilng Anh: cd thi li m0t khoi<br /> hgc don lg cho mfit nhdm hgc sinh; chuong<br /> Utah tilng Anh cfia mfit don vi dio tao, cia<br /> m$t sd ho^ tli$m chi cia quic gia Tiing<br /> Anh cd sd dyng cic td curriculum, syllabus vi<br /> program. Tuy Idiic nhau vl quy mfi, nhtmg<br /> chuong trinh tiing Anh diu cd mfit si ylu to<br /> CO bin khfing the thiiu. Dubm vi Olshtam<br /> (1986) dinh nghla, chuong trinh ngfin ngfi li<br /> 'in^t tii li^u migu ti Idiii quit myc tigu chung<br /> thfing qua v i ^ neu triit U vin hoi giio dye<br /> chung. Trilt if niy dugc ip dyng trong cic<br /> mfin hgc khic nhau kgm theo mfit dinh hudng<br /> vl m$t li thuylt dii vdi ngfin ngii vi vdi vigc<br /> hgc ngfin ngft trong mgt n$i dung cy thi dugc<br /> di c|p din. Chuong trinh Ihudng li sy phin<br /> inh cia xu hudng quic gia vi quan dilm<br /> <br /> S6 12 (242)2015<br /> <br /> chtoh tri." (tr. 35). Nhu v|y, cd thl hiiu<br /> chucmg trinh bao him triit U giio dye chung,<br /> quan dilm vi ngfin ngii, quan (him giing day<br /> ngoai ngii vi cd thi cd ^ tinh quoc gia vi<br /> quan d i ^ ciiinh trj. Dublin vi Olshtam minh<br /> hoa mii quan h$ cua cic ylu ti trong Htah 1.<br /> Hinh 1: Moi quan h$ gUia chucmg trinh,<br /> mon hoc trong chitang trinh (Dublm &<br /> 01shrata:1986,p.34)<br /> <br /> Ctmg chung quan diim vdi Dublm vi<br /> Olshiam, Mickan (2012) nhta nh§n chuong<br /> trtah nhu mfit Ihinh ti (component) cua ho^<br /> dfing xi hOi. E)l xiy dyng chuong Utah trudc<br /> hit cin phii xic djnh cgng ding sg sd dyng<br /> chuong tdnh dd, xic djnh cic boat dgng xi<br /> hfii mi cfing dong thyc hign, xic djnh cic<br /> nguin lyc tao nghia (semiotic) vi thl hign vin<br /> bin (text) troi^ mit ngfi cinh sd dyng cy thl.<br /> Tic gii cho ring, chuong trinh pliii thl hifn<br /> mii quan h^ cua S yiu t i chlnh, gim:<br /> I/Bi amng mdn hoc (sylllabus): Ngu riS<br /> myc tigu xic djnh trudc dya tifin hoat dfing<br /> cia mOt cfing ding cy thl (vi dy, kl su dign,<br /> cfing nghi thfing tin). De cuong mfin hgc cd<br /> chlic ning nhu m$t tii Ugu hudng dan dl l$p<br /> ki hoach giing day, myc tigu chung (goals),<br /> myc tigu cy till (objectives) vi kit qui mong<br /> muin (outcomes).<br /> 2/ Ke hogch gidng dgy (work plan): xic<br /> djnh did ty thyc hiin boat d$ng giing day<br /> kgm theo ho«t d^ng t i didc thco don vj, t ^<br /> trung vio boat ding vi chu di cy till.<br /> 3/Nguon bfc (resources): bao gim cic lo?i<br /> vin bin, (jfing cy vi tii U^ chiing ta s i dyng<br /> dl tao giao tiip vi thyc hign mfit boat d^ng<br /> nio dd trong cfing ding (nguin lyc tao nghla).<br /> <br /> s i 12 (242)-201S<br /> <br /> NGON N G C & B 6 I S 6 N G<br /> <br /> 4/Hoat ddng gidng tigy (teachtog activities)<br /> 1. Ihdng tin chung<br /> (dudi dang mfit boat ^ n g xi hfii) migu ti<br /> 2. Thdng tin mdn hoc<br /> cich thuc lim vigc vdi ngudi hpc hudng din<br /> 3. Myc tieu vdySu cdu mdn hoc<br /> hg sd dyng cic vin bin vi nguin lyc ngfin<br /> 3.1. Myc tigu<br /> ngii di phit triln khi ning giao tiip trong<br /> 3.2. Ygu cau mfin hgc( Kiln thtic, KI ning,<br /> cing ding.<br /> Thii dp)<br /> 5/ Bdnh sid (assessment) dya trgn hoat<br /> 4. Tdm tdt npi dttng mdn hoc<br /> d$ng giao tiip ngudi hgc thyc tii^n theo cic<br /> 5. Ndi dung chi tiel mdn hoc<br /> hinh thuc vin bin dich kilic nhau.<br /> 6. HQC ii$u<br /> Cd thl hinh dtmg nhu sau:<br /> 7. Hlnh thlic tS chuc dijiy hoc (Ljch Irinh<br /> Hinh 2: Cdc thdnh to chitih cda chtmngchung Lich trinh cy Ihi)<br /> trinh (Mickan, 2012, tr.34)<br /> 8. Chinh sdch doi vdi mdn hoc<br /> 9. Phuong ph^, hinh Ihiic Him tra ddnh<br /> gfd kit qud hoc ldp mdn hpc<br /> Theo mlu niy, phin phucmg phip giing<br /> day vi quan dian vin hoi giio dye chung<br /> di^mg nhu chua dupc thl h i ^ cy thi trong<br /> chuong trinh Cic diu myc vi ljch tdnh lai<br /> qui cy till. EHim manh li cd thi thing nhit<br /> cich thyc hi$n vi nfii dung giing day. Dilm<br /> Nhu v$y, khi xiy dyng chuong trinh, yiu li nd It Unh hoat vi cho phgp giio vign<br /> chung ta phii nhta nh|n nd trong mii quan hg quyln ty chii nhilu hon trong lioat dfing giing<br /> ting thl vdi cic yiu ti khic ctia qui trinh day cy dlittfinldp. Myc tiip theo sg trtah biy<br /> giing day. Cd nhiing yiu ti i& cy tiii cd till vi phuong phip giing day hi$n dang dupc ip<br /> nhta thiy dupc nhu de cucmg, nguin lyc, ki dyng di gidp smh vign dat ning lyc ngo^ ngQ<br /> hoach giing day, boat dfing giing day, kilm flieo KNLNN.<br /> tra dinh gii. Cd yiu t i bao trdm nhung khfing<br /> 2.3.Giittg dfgf tiing Anh theo Acd/ng<br /> pliii lie nio cting dupc ngu rfi nhu trilt 1! hirdng giao tiip (CLI)<br /> giing day, quan diim vi ngfin ngii vi hgc<br /> Phuong phip li yiu ti quan tigng quylt<br /> ngfin ngii, vi dii tupng hpc. Tuy nhign, theo djnh cich tiidc giing day dg dat dupc myc<br /> Fullan (2007), chinh vigc hilu quan dilm tigu kiin thtic vi Id ning chuong trinh d$t ta<br /> giing day vi triit U giing day li yeu ti quan (Richards, 2005). Hign nay, phuong p h ^<br /> tipng di giup giio vign lya chpn ^ i o Utah, ti giing day theo dudng hudng giao tilp (CLT)<br /> chile cic boat dgng tifin ldp hi?u qui. Trong li phi biln trong cic chuong trinh day tilng<br /> myc tilp theo, tfii sfi btah biy hinh thtic trinh Anh hign dai. Tuy nhign, di hiiu ding vi thyc<br /> biy ctia di cuong mon hpc di cd thi dat myc h i ^ dung phuong phip giao tilp khfing phii<br /> dich trfin.<br /> Ul mpt diiu dl ding (Richards, 2005;<br /> Z2. Bi cmmg mdn hpc<br /> Thompson, 1996). Li do diutignli CLT dupc<br /> Bi cuong mfin hgc (syllabus) li m$t phin gidifliieuvi phit triln trong bii cinh cua cic<br /> cda chuong trinh ngofd ngft, gin Uln vdi m$t nudc phuong Tiy, do dd khfing phii Iuc nio<br /> dii tupng cy thl vi mgt ttinh dg cy thi CLT cimg phin inh hit nhthig djc dilm cda<br /> (DubUn & Olshrain, 1986). Theo hudng din ngudi hpc d nhfhig bii cinh khic. Li do flid<br /> cia Dai hgc Quic gia Hi NOi, di cuong mfin hai li CLT, cttag nhu cic U fliuylt xi hfii<br /> hgc bao gim nhfing myc chinh sau:<br /> khic, Ugn tyc dupc c^ nhit vi ph^ biin chd<br /> Be cutmg mdn hgc<br /> khfing phii li mfit khii nigm hoin chtah ngay<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & B6I S6NG<br /> <br /> ttr diu. Tuy nhign, klii nd dupc du nliip vio<br /> m$t bii cinh mdi, nd lai khfing dupc c|p nhat<br /> ho^ khfing dupc thay dii mfit cich tich cyc<br /> di phd hpp vdi bii cinh dd (Mahboob &<br /> Tilakaiabia, 2012), Theo Richaids (2005),<br /> CLT ngiy nay cd bin ^ diim quan trgng<br /> Idiic bigt vdi cic phuong phip trudc dd ve<br /> myctigu,cich thdc, hoat d^ig tien Idp hpc vi<br /> vai ti6 cda giio vifin vi ngudi hgc;<br /> Myc tigu cda boat dpng giing day ngoai<br /> ngii theo CLT li phit triin ning lyc giao tilp<br /> (communicative competence). Khic vdi ning<br /> lyc ngii phi^ (gtammatical competence) irao<br /> gim kiin thdc td vyng, quy tic ngft ph^,<br /> ning lyc giaotilpnhan manh din Idii ning sd<br /> dyng ngfin ngft cho myc dich giao tilp cd ^<br /> nghla. Dieu niy till hign d chS: 1/Ngudi hgc<br /> biit cich sd dyng ngfin ngft cho cic myc dfch<br /> vi chijrc ning kliic nhau; 2/Ngudi hpc biit<br /> cich sd dyng ngfin ngft linh boat theo ngfi<br /> cinh vi ngudi tham gia giao tilp (vi dy biit<br /> dtmg ngfin ngft trong tinh huing thin thign<br /> gifia ban bfi hay cd tfnh chit nghiflidctrong<br /> cfing vigc); 3/Bilt cich hilu vi taoracic loai<br /> vin bin khic nhau; 4/Biit cich duy tri qui<br /> binh giao tilp bong tinh huing ban chl vl<br /> ning lyc ngfin ngft. (Richards, 2005, b. 3).<br /> Cich thdc hgc ngoai ngtt cfingfliaydii bong<br /> thdi gian qua. Liic diu mgi ngudi t ^ trung<br /> vio hgc td vi mlu caurignglg (ning lyc ngft<br /> phip) dl tao thinh cic ciu ddng. Sau niy, vdi<br /> CL'T, ngudi hgc dupc khuyin khich tfami gia<br /> tryctiipvio qui trinh sd dyng ngfin ngtt, giao<br /> tilp vdi mgi ngudi, cdng hpp tic de tao ra<br /> giao tiip cd chd dich vi cd y nghia,tiipthu ^<br /> kiin phin hii trong qui binh hgc.<br /> Sy thay dii vi myc dich vi j nghia cung<br /> din din sy thay dii vl hoft d$ng bgn ldp hpc<br /> cftag nhu vai trd cda giio vign vi ngudi hpc.<br /> Hoat dfing bgn ldp nhan manh din boat ding<br /> ddng vai, lim vigc theo nhdm vi dy in.<br /> Ngudi hgc sg phii tidl cyc vi chu d$ng tham<br /> gia vio cic boat d$ng hgc hpp tic hon li hoat<br /> ding ci nhin. Ngudi hpc sg phii nh|n tiidi<br /> nhi^ hgc t$p, ling nghe vi tilp nh|n thfing<br /> <br /> s i 12 (242)-201S<br /> <br /> tta td ban tig trong nhdm chd khfing phy thu$c<br /> hoin toin vio giio vign. Giio vign ttd thinh<br /> ngudi ti chdc vi giim sit boat d^ng thay vi<br /> lim nguin cung cip Idln thdc.<br /> Vdi nhfhig nguyen tic ttgn, CLT ddi hii<br /> phuong phip giing day pbii phd hpp vdi dii<br /> tugng sinh vign de biin hoat d^ng hpc thinh<br /> boat dfing giao tiip cd i nghla. E>i pip xiy<br /> dyng vi dinh gii chuong trinh tiing Anh,<br /> phin tilp theo sfi ttinh biy cic nguygn tic<br /> trong vi^ xiy dyng vi thyc hi^ chuong ttinh<br /> theo quan diem hign dai vi ngfin ngfi vi giing<br /> day ngfin ngft vi chinh sich giio dye do<br /> Ivtahboob vi TUakaralna (2012) tdm tit bong<br /> tii liguttingcda TESOL.<br /> 2.4. Cdc nguyen tic tnmg vl^c x&y dipig<br /> vd giing 4eyckmmg tiinh tiing Anh<br /> Theo Mahboob vi TUakaiabia (2012), dl<br /> binhtinhbang ip dit phuong phip vi chuin<br /> giing day vin xiy dyng cho mfit dii tugng<br /> ngudi hgc vi hoin cinh cy thi sang hoin<br /> cinh vi dii tupng mdi, chuong trinh phii<br /> dim bio m$t si nguygn tic chtoh bao gim:<br /> Hgp tic, phd hpp, dya bgn mtah chdng, nhit<br /> quin, mit^ bach vi bao quyln.<br /> Nguyto tic hpp tic (collaboration) di cao<br /> nhu ciu cin phii cd sy hpp tic vi mit cich<br /> hiiu chung gifta cic bfin tham gia bong qui<br /> btah xiy dyng vi thyc hi$n chtoh sich (cy till<br /> li chucmgtttah)dl mpi ngudi cdng hilu, chip<br /> nhin vi tiiyc hi^ chinh sich m$t cich higu<br /> qui. Nhiing bgn tham gia chinh trong vi$c xiy<br /> dyng chirang tttah cd till li nhi quin U vi<br /> xiy dyng chuong trinh, giio vign, chuygn gia,<br /> hpc vifin vi cic bgn tham gia khic d cing<br /> ding. Ba mii quan h$ hpp tic ciiinh bao gim<br /> gifia bgn lim diucmg tdnh vdi giio vign, bgn<br /> lim chuong tdnh vdi chuygn gia, vi ngudi<br /> lim chuong trinh vdi cic bfin Iham gia khic<br /> sg taoracich hiiu thiu dio vi t|p quin giing<br /> day d djaphuong, cung c ^ nin ling U tiiuygt<br /> vfhig chic cho chtah sich mdi, vi cdfliigiim<br /> thilu nhflng idi ro ding thdi t|n dyng toi da<br /> sy dng ho cd thi cd td cing ding. Do v|y, cin<br /> thilt phii huy ding syfliamgia cda cic bgn<br /> <br /> So 12 (242)-201S<br /> <br /> NGdN NGC & Bin S 6 N G<br /> <br /> tham gia v ^ qaA trlnh xfiy d\mg chuomg<br /> trinh.<br /> Nguv&i tfic phii hgp (relevance) nSu b§t svr<br /> cln thiet ph^ t^o ra m6i quan h$ hM ho& gitta<br /> t|p q u ^ giang d^y, qnan diem vh gidng d ^<br /> vh tM li^u dugrc viet trong mOt b6i c&ih cy the<br /> d^ d^t dugrc myc ti£u cua chuong trlnh. N6i<br /> cdch khdc ngu6i Uhm chuong tzlnh ngo^i i ^<br /> phdi xdc f ^ dugc m\ic ti&u c6 thS do d ^<br /> dugrc chiic khdng phdi n£u myc tiSu chung<br /> chung Id cdi thi$n nfing lyc ngofu i ^ . NhQng<br /> m\ic ti3u ndy phdi dupc gido vign hiSu dllQg<br /> trong ho^t d^ng tren ldp dS hp khdng t^o ra<br /> nhthig myc ti6u m6i khdi^ nh& qudn vdi<br /> chuong trinh (vf dy nhu myc ti3u giiip hgc<br /> sinh thi do). Neu khdng, k^ qud moi^ d^ cda<br /> chuong tdnh c6 ibk khdng tiiich hpp v6i dy<br /> (iQnh ban dkn. Khi lya chgn ho$c vi^ tdi l i ^<br /> nguydn tfic phd hpp phdi dupc dp dyng dl<br /> ddm bdo tdi li^u dagc lya dipn ihk hi^n nhthig<br /> t ^ qudn todn diu vd nhthig t$p qudnridngcda<br /> tCmg b6i cdnh cy thS.<br /> Nguydn tfic minh chdng (evidence) nhin<br /> m^nh d^n v i ^ chuySn d6i td giai doftn did<br /> n ^ $ m sang t ^ qudn ldm vi$c du^ tidn minh<br /> chdng. Tuy vi$c t$p hpp cdc minh chdx^ dinh<br /> tfnh vd djnh lupng cd thl t6n kdm vd phy<br /> thu$c nhilu vdo ngu6n lyc sSn cd trong tdng<br /> b6i cdnh cy thl, ddnh sdch ngdn ngd dya trdn<br /> minh chdi^ dtm ra nhthig gidi phdp phd hpp<br /> vdi t ^ qudn dja phuomg trdnh v i ^ dp dyng<br /> m$t gidi phdp duy nh^ cho boi cdnh Ihyc h i ^<br /> khdc nhau.<br /> Nguydn tfic nh4t qudn (aligment) ddi hdi<br /> phdi cd ho9t d$ng ddnh gid lidn tyc dk ddm<br /> bdo kk qud mong dpi phd hpp vdi myc tidu<br /> cda chinh sdch vd khdtiiitrong hodn cdnh dd.<br /> NhQng ylu t6 cda mpt diuong trinh ngdn ngtt<br /> Birtteflnrchitn<br /> EMnh gii nhll cflu<br /> Xic ^nh mvc tita<br /> <br /> nhu myc tidu chung, tiiilt kl chuomg trinh vd<br /> tdi li$u phdi thSng nhit Ngodi ra ho^t d$ng<br /> tren ldp hpc phdi nhit qudn vd phd hpp vdi<br /> trinh d$ vd Id nfing cda i^ydi hpc.<br /> Nguydn tfic minh b^ch (transparency) ddi<br /> hdi myc tieu chung, myc tidu cy till vd kit<br /> qud mong dpi phdi dupc cy the hod, cdng khai<br /> vd cd tinh ^ trinh ( ^ vdi cdc bdn tham gia<br /> khdc nhau thdng qua nhilu kdnh thdng tin<br /> khdc nhau.<br /> Nguydn tfic culi cdng vl trao quyln<br /> (empowerment) dl c|ip dai v i ^ phdi huy<br /> d$ng sytiiamgia cda cdc bdn cdng tiiyc h i ^<br /> t|cp qudn t6t dya tren minh chdng. Quan trpng<br /> ban, qud trinh trao quyln cd thl ddm bdo tinh<br /> b ^ vQng cda m$t chinh sdch trong b6i cdnh<br /> cy till cda dta phuong.<br /> Sdu nguy^ tfic t r ^ cd till dp dyi^ chimg<br /> cho v i ^ xfiy dyng vd Ihyc h i ^ chfnh sdch<br /> ngdn ngtt ndi chung. £)l cy thl hod vdo<br /> chuong trinh TATC, myc tilp theo sd phdn<br /> tfch cdc ca sd thyc tl trong b6i cdnh Vi^<br /> Nam.<br /> 3. Cdch birdc xfiy dyng vd lya chpn tdi<br /> li|u cho chutnig trtnh tilng Anh tfing<br /> cirfnig<br /> <br /> Myc ndy sd trinh bdy cdc budc xfiy dyng<br /> vd t& chdc tiiyc h i ^ chuomg trinh TATC.<br /> Chdng tdi dya vdo cdc budc xfiy dyng chuong<br /> trinh thdng thudng vd cy thl hod nhthig vln<br /> dl cda gtfih^hOv&1htimBa<br /> Dva vAo trinh