Drug substances

Introduction: The chemical warfare agents well known count only about 30 kinds of compounds, such as sarin, soman, tabun, VX, mustard gas, lewisite and others. When unknown toxic substances should be analyzed upon the occurrence of chemical terrorism, much more kinds of poisons and related compounds become the objects of analysis. In the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)a, 120 thousand compoundsb, including typical chemical warfare agents, their related compounds, precursors and decomposition products, are being listed to be controlled.

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General Anesthetic Drugs sic, an injectable anesthetic, a short-acting muscle relaxant, and a low dose of a neuroleptic. In regional anesthesia (spinal anesthesia) with a local anesthetic (p. 204), nociception is eliminated, while consciousness is preserved. This procedure, therefore, does not fall under the definition of general anesthesia. According to their mode of application, general anesthetics in the restricted sense are divided into inhalational (gaseous, volatile) and injectable agents.

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Drug Administration be very precise. (Standardized medicinal teaspoons and tablespoons are available.) Eye drops and nose drops (A) are designed for application to the mucosal surfaces of the eye (conjunctival sac) and nasal cavity, respectively. In order to prolong contact time, nasal drops are formulated as solutions of increased viscosity. Solid dosage forms include tablets, coated tablets, and capsules (B). Tablets have a disk-like shape, produced by mechanical compression of active substance, filler (e.g., lactose, calcium sulfate), binder, and auxiliary material (excipients).

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Introduction: Agricultual chemicals include not only pesticides for protecting plants, such as insecticides, germicides, herbicides and rodenticides, but also fertilizers and growth regulating substances being used in agricultural production and horticulture. In poisoning cases with agricultural chemicals, the causative poisons are largely the pesticides. There are many cases, in which the poisoning due to exposure to an organophosphorus pesticide is obvious with clinical symptoms [1].

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Introduction: Diazine and triazine herbicides are being widely used in the world. These herbicides inhibit the electron-transport system in the higher plants and thus suppress the photosynthesis, resulting in the herbicidal action. These compounds are also important as pollutants for crops, soil and groundwater [1, 2]. The attention is usually directed toward chronic toxicities of the herbicides [3].

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The brain is a physical organ just like the heart or lungs or liver and, as such, its functioning can be affected by our environment, particularly the substances we put in our bodies. I first became aware of smart drugs from an article in Omni magazine some twenty years ago while I was attending college. It was also at that time that I was becoming aware of health foods, and the article so impressed me that, while other students were taking speed and No-Doz to cram for exams, I was gobbling hand-fuls of vitamins. While my approach was undoubtedly too haphazard and belated to have...

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This charge was extremely broad. It could have included literature reviews on such topics as characteristics of substance users, etiology of initiation of use, etiology of dependence, drug use prevention programs, and drug treatments. Two considerations led to narrowing the focus of our work. The first was substantive. Each of the topics just noted involves very large fields of

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The synthesis and characterization of chitosan (CS) nanoparticles used as drug carrier was reported. The formation of nanoparticles, taking place in an aqueous phase without using auxiliary toxic substances via the ionic interaction between NH3 + protonated group of CS and phosphate group of sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) was monitored in situ by combined UV-vis and pH measurements. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by TGA/DTA, XRD and TEM. The particle size, estimated by TEM, was found around 50 - 70 nm, with a quite uniform size distribution.

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(BQ) Questions to Ask Your Pharmacist - list of questions for patients to ask their pharmacist or healthcare provider when obtaining a new prescription, entries provide information on drug interactions with other drugs, herbs, vitamins, supplements, food, and other substances.

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Substance abuse has long been an issue of concern for the U.S. population and for its military in particular. Dating as far back as the Revolutionary War, Dr. Benjamin Rush detailed the effects of alcohol on the troops. During the Civil War, addiction to opium prescribed for pain became known as the “soldier’s disease.” Drug problems in both the military and civilian sectors have intensified throughout the 20th century as the types and formulations of substances being used have increased.

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Objectives: Identify effects of substance use on HIV outcomes and transmission, Review clinic - based substance use disorder interventions including medication-assisted treatments, Identify drug interactions between medicationassisted treatments and ART, Discuss cases from Hanoi OPCs and MMTs.

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Carbohydrates are sugars and starches derived from cereals, tubers, roots, and other substances such as cellulose and lignin from plant cell walls, vessels and woody tissues. Carbohydrates do mainly provide energy for maintenance and production. A surplus of energy is stored as body fat. A part of the carbohydrates is crude fibre (CF), the remaining is nitrogen-free extract (NFE). The latter consists of sugars, starches and sugar-like substances. Sugars and starches are much easier to digest than CF.

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Preclinical drug development. Discovery of new drugs in the laboratory is an exercise in prediction • Techniques of discovery. Sophisticated molecular modelling allows precise design of potential new therapeutic substances and new technologies have increased the rate of development of potential medicines. Studies in animals and in humans Prediction. Failures of prediction occur and a drug may be abandoned at any stage, including after marketing. New drug development is a colossally expensive and commercially driven activity. ...

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The method validation process is to confirm that the method is suited for its intended purpose. Although the requirements of validation have been clearly documented by regulatory authorities [ICH, USP, and FDA], the approach to validation is varied and open to interpretation. Validation requirements differ during the development process of pharmaceuticals. The method validation methodologies in this chapter will focus on the method requirements for preliminary and full validation for both drug substance and drug product.

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Developing fast high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods can improve work efficiency during research, development, or production of a drug substance or a drug product. HPLC is a key technique in all of these areas. Until recently, analysis times of greater than 30 minutes were common. Modern pharmaceutical R&D, with its high-throughput screening, demands high-throughput methods to deal with the large number of samples. To reduce production cycle time, fast HPLC methods are essential for on-line or at-line process control and for rapid release testing.

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The nonmedical use of drugs presents social problems with important pharmacological aspects. Social aspects Rewards for the individual Decriminalisation and legalisation Dependence Drugs and sport Tobacco Dependence Nicotine pharmacology Effects of chronic smoking Starting and stopping use Passive smoking Ethyl alcohol Pharmacology Car driving and alcohol Chronic consumption Withdrawal Pregnancy Pharmacological deterrence Psychodysleptics • Experiences with psychodysleptics • Individual substances, especially cannabis Stimulants • cocaine, • amfetamines.

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It has been over eight years since the first edition of the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology was published. The enthusiastic reception afforded by the scientific community was heartwarming. The basic science of granulation has not changed much over the last few years; however, a better understanding of the theory of granulation and the proliferation of different dosage forms has.

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Nomenclature: The terms active agent and pharmacon designate substances that are capable of modifying life processes irrespective of whether the effects elicited may benefit or harm the organisms concerned. By this definition, a toxin is also a pharmacon. Taken in a narrower sense, a pharmacon means a substance that is used for therapeutic purposes. An unequivocal term for such a substance is medicinal drug.

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Analysis of differences in content of nutrients and other substances in livestock products (meat, dairy, eggs) was more limited given the smaller evidence base. Analysis was conducted on nutrients or nutrient groups for which numeric data were provided in at least 5 of the 25 livestock product studies identified by the review.

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A manicure is a cosmetic beauty treatment for the fingernails and hands enjoyed by both sexes. A manicure can treat just the hands, just the nails, or both. A standard manicure usually includes filing and shaping of the nails and the application of polish. Some speciality manicures, such as the French Manicure, may also be offered. Treatments for hands usually include soaking in a softening substance and application of hand lotion. A similar treatment performed on the feet is a pedicure. The word "manicure" comes from the Latin manus, meaning "hand," and cura meaning "care"....

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