Evolution and genetics

Life on Earth originated and then evolved from a universal common ancestor approximately 3.7 billion years ago. Repeated speciation and the divergence of life can be inferred from shared sets of biochemical and morphological traits, or by shared DNA sequences. These homologous traits and sequences are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct evolutionary histories, using both existing species and the fossil record. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction....

56p kennybibo 10-07-2012 83 25   Download

Tuyển tập các báo cáo nghiên cứu về sinh học được đăng trên tạp chí sinh học thế giới đề tài: Lack of congruence between morphometric evolution and genetic differentiation suggests a recent dispersal and local habitat adaptation of the Madeiran lizard Lacerta dugesii

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Information Theory, Evolution, and the Origin of Life presents a timely introduction to the use of information theory and coding theory in molecular biology. The genetical information system, because it is linear and digital, resembles the algorithmic language of computers. George Gamow pointed out that the application of Shannon’s information theory breaks genetics and molecular biology out of the descriptive mode into the quantitative mode, and Dr. Yockey develops this theme, discussing how information theory and coding theory can be applied to molecular biology....

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When did humans appear? What is it that makes us different from the rest of the animals? In what way did language develop? Why is it so important to have deciphered the sequence of the human genome? This book offers answers to these and many other questions about the mysteries and marvels of human evolution. Scientists maintain that modern humans originated in Africa because that is where they have found the oldest bones.

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Over the years, agriculture across the world has been compromised by a succession of devastating epidemics caused by evolving viruses that spilled over from reservoir species or by new variants of classic viruses that acquired new virulence factors or changed their epidemiological patterns. Population genetics can be used as a powerful tool for identification of disease dynamics over population across large-scale geographic regions. Knowledge of life-history and origin of pathogen can greatly benefit from emergence and expansion of spatial genetics.

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Increasing attention has also been given to dissecting and understanding diversity in relation to genes underlying important agronomic traits in a number of crops. Molecular phylogenetics and genetic diversity analysis can help to clarify the taxonomic identity and evolutionary relationships of the wild relatives of crop species. These methods can also help prevent misidentification and carefully plan effective germplasm management strategies.

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Understanding the origins of humanity has long been one of our foremost intellectual pursuits, and one that greatly interests the general public as evidenced by museum attendance and by numerous media productions and general interest publications. Progress toward an improved understanding of our heritage is a continuing challenge for the scientific community, requiring advances in a range of disciplines that include archaeology, anthropology, geology, biology, oceanography, and genetics, and particularly research advances in areas where two or more of these fields intersect.

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L-Arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (Lad1) of the cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic fungusHypocrea jecorina(anamorph: Trichoderma reesei) has been implicated in the catabolism ofL-arabinose, and genetic evidence also shows that it is involved in the catabolism of D-xylose in xylitol dehydrogenase (xdh1) mutants and of D-galactose in galactokinase (gal1) mutants of H. jecorina.In order to identify the substrate specificity of Lad1, we have recombinantly produced the enzyme inEscherichia coliand purified it to physical homogeneity....

9p dell39 03-04-2013 25 2   Download

Tuyển tập các báo cáo nghiên cứu về y học được đăng trên tạp chí y học Minireview cung cấp cho các bạn kiến thức về ngành y đề tài: Analysis of genetic systems using experimental evolution and whole-genome sequencing...

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This first research project deals with the Human Genome Project, the genetic sequencing exercise of humanity. An extraordinary international project of biological science will add new, and undo old, knowledge about our evolution as a species. ’It is, though, a controversial subject, and we thought we would start in two phases. Dr Jeff Lever’s paper published here worries aloud whether we teach evolutionary theory properly and with sufficient depth to pupils and scholars at our schools.

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Temperature tolerance is an important aspect for commercial scale outdoor cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria. While various genes are known to be related to Synechocystis sp. PCC6803's heat shock response, there is very limited published data concerning the specific genes involved in long term thermal tolerance.

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Social behavior has long been known to influence patterns of genetic diversity, but the effect of social processes on population genetics remains poorly quantified – partly due to limited community-level genetic sampling (which is increasingly being remedied), and partly to a lack of fast simulation software to jointly model genetic evolution and complex social behavior, such as marriage rules.

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The very latest research is uncovering a stream of evidence revealing evolution in action - from the actual observation of a species splitting into two, to new fossil discoveries, to the deciphering of the evidence stored in our genome. Why Evolution is True weaves together the many threads of modern work in genetics, palaeontology,geology, molecular biology, anatomy, and development to demonstrate the 'indelible stamp' of the processes first proposed by Darwin. It is a crisp, lucid, and accessible statement that will leave no one with an open mind in any doubt about the truth of evolution....

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When it comes to advocating animal conservation, it is difficult to be convincing without becoming alarmist. The fact is, time is running out for many of the world’s animal species. Habitat loss, introduced species, overexploitation and pollution, all caused by human activities, combine with stochastic factors to place ever-increasing pressure on natural populations (Primack 2002).

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Genetic programming (GP) is a branch of Evolutionary Computing that aims the automatic discovery of programs to solve a given problem. Since its appearance, in the earliest nineties, GP has become one of the most promising paradigms for solving problems in the artificial intelligence field, producing a number of human-competitive results and even patentable new inventions. And, as other areas in Computer Science, GP continues evolving quickly, with new ideas, techniques and applications being constantly proposed....

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The theoretical metrics developed, such as genetic variance and heritability (Fisher, 1930; Wright, 1931), provided the quantitative standards necessary for the evolutionary synthesis. Further research has focused on the origin of genetic diversity, its maintenance and its role in evolution. Simple questions such as “who breeds with whom” initiated studies on the relatedness of populations.

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As a research scientist in the area of human nutrition, I have observed a sea change in emphasis within my field over the past 10–15 years. There have always been dynamics within the subject: During the first half of the twentieth century, scientists grappled with discovering the essential micronutrients and with characterizing the biological effects of their deficiency. This interest in “too little” was supplanted in the mid-1980s by a preoccu- pation with too much—too much fat, too much sugar, and too much obesity.

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How different levels of genetic variance affect the rate of evolutionary change within populations has also been intensively studied. Such changes were originally studied using phenotypic markers: variation among individual plants in traits, such as leaf shape or flower color (Ward et al., 2008). Subsequently the detection of genetic variation has become more sensitive, firstly through the utilization of variation in enzymes (allozymes) and then through PCR-based marker systems allowing direct examination of DNA sequence variation.

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The Directive culminated in the passage of the 1989 Companies Act. Specifically, we explore how the UK accountancy profession and the government were concerned to construct, articulate and negotiate particular meanings of what it is to be professional, self regulated, independent and commercial. The second episode concerns the impact on the accounting profession of the Financial Services Act. Initially, this regulation, developed to improve "investor protection" as well as to abolish restrictive practices, was understood to be unrelated to the work of accountants.

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(bq) part 2 book "cambridge international as and a level - biology cours" has contents: photosynthesis, homeostasis, inherited change, selection and evolution, genetic technology, amino acid r groups,...and other contents.

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