Multiple cancer types

Obesity is an important cause of multiple cancer types, amongst which endometrial cancer (EC). The relation between obesity and cancer is complicated and involves alterations in insulin metabolism, response to inflammation and alterations in estradiol metabolism.

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Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3), one of the seven Sirtuins family members, plays critical roles in the progression of multiple cancer types. However, its role in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been investigated systematically.

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Diabetes is related with increased cancer mortality across multiple cancer types. Its role in lung cancer mortality is still unclear. We aim to determine the prognostic value of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and diabetes mellitus in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

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Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease resulting in diverse clinical behaviours and therapeutic responses. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic alteration that is commonly perturbed in cancers. The aim of this study is to characterize the relationship between DNA methylation and aberrant gene expression in breast cancer.

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Glioblastoma is a highly malignant brain tumor for which no cure is available. To identify new therapeutic targets, we performed a mutation analysis of kinase genes in glioblastoma. Methods: Database mining and a literature search identified 76 kinases that have been found to be mutated at least twice in multiple cancer types before.

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Recent cancer genome studies on many human cancer types have relied on multiple molecular highthroughput technologies. Given the vast amount of data that has been generated, there are surprisingly few databases which facilitate access to these data and make them available for flexible analysis queries in the broad research community.

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Genetics-based basket trials have emerged to test targeted therapeutics across multiple cancer types. However, while vemurafenib is FDA-approved for BRAF-V600E melanomas, the non-melanoma basket trial was unsuccessful, suggesting mutation status is insufficient to predict response.

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Because glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications of proteins and because changes in glycosylation have been shown to have a significant correlation with the development of many cancer types, we investigated the serum N-glycome used to diagnose, stage and evaluate the pathological outcomes in IgD multiple myeloma.

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Tumors develop multiple mechanisms of immune evasion as they progress, with some cancer types being inherently better at ‘hiding’ than others. With an increased understanding of tumor immune surveillance, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment strategy for breast cancer, despite historically being thought of as an immunologically silent neoplasm.

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Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by hypervascularity; high levels of angiogenesis are associated with poor prognosis and a highly invasive phenotype in HCC. Up-regulated gene-4 (URG4), also known as upregulator of cell proliferation (URGCP), is overexpressed in multiple tumor types and has been suggested to act as an oncogene.

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MicroRNAs (miRNA) are short nucleotides that interact with their target genes through 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) harbors an increasing amount of cancer genome data for both tumor and normal samples.

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While most autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndromes are due to mutations in tumor-suppressor genes (Table 79-1), there are a few interesting exceptions. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type II, a dominant disorder characterized by pituitary adenomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and (in some pedigrees) pheochromocytoma, is due to gain-of-function mutations in the protooncogene RET on chromosome 10. Similarly, gain-of-function mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the MET oncogene lead to hereditary papillary renal carcinoma.

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The level of suspicion of infections with certain organisms should depend on the type of cancer diagnosed (Table 82-3). Diagnosis of multiple myeloma or CLL should alert the clinician to the possibility of hypogammaglobulinemia. While immunoglobulin replacement therapy can be effective, in most cases prophylactic antibiotics are a cheaper, more convenient method of eliminating bacterial infections in CLL patients with hypogammaglobulinemia.

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Talk with your doctor or nurse if you are not sure what to eat during cancer treatment. Ask him or her to refer you to a dietitian. A dietitian is the best person to talk with about your diet. He or she can help choose foods and drinks that are best for you during treatment and after. ...

32p khongmuonnghe 07-01-2013 44 3   Download

Chemotherapy Unlike many other epithelial malignancies, breast cancer responds to multiple chemotherapeutic agents, including anthracyclines, alkylating agents, taxanes, and antimetabolites. Multiple combinations of these agents have been found to improve response rates somewhat, but they have had little effect on duration of response or survival. The choice among multidrug combinations frequently depends on whether adjuvant chemotherapy was administered and, if so, what type.

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Two studies in Africa evaluated the feasibility of using two visual inspection methods for cervical cancer screening and assessed their performance in the field; the methods were VIA and visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine (VILI). Women in the studies were between 25 and 59 years of age, with at least 73 percent younger than age 45.

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In contrast, only three percent of women who had a negative HPV DNA test for 13 high risk types developed CIN3+ within the timeframe of the study, indicating that frequent screening of these women may be unnecessary. The researchers found that although infection with some types, such as HPV 53, 56, 59, and 68, were prone to persist for 2 years, they did not lead to lesions during the entire follow-up period. A study in Italy18 investigated the efficacy of HPV DNA testing for CIN and cervical cancers and supported the use of stand-alone HPV DNA testing as...

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We have cloned the gene coding for theBacillus subtilis glycine oxidase (GO), a new ¯avoprotein that oxidizes gly-cine and sarcosine to the corresponding a-keto acid, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. By inserting the DNA encoding for GO into the multiple cloning site of the expressionvectorpT7.7weproducedarecombinantplasmid (pT7-GO).ThepT7-GOencodes a fullyactive fusionprotein with six additional residues at the N-terminus of GO (MARIRA).

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NF1 (Neurofibromatosis type 1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. Patients with NF1 have an increased risk of developing benign or malignant tumours, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs).

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Secondary central nervous system involvement of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is rare and with poor prognosis, the most common pathological type is diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Although it can occur in any part of central nervous system, it rarely directly infiltrates the spinal cord or cauda equina.

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