Poor countries

Many people in developing countries lack access to health technologies, even basic ones. Why do these problems in access persist? What can be done to improve access to good health technologies, especially for poor people in poor countries? This book answers those questions by developing a comprehensive analytical framework for access and examining six case studies. Access to health technologies in poor countries is shaped by social, economic, political, and cultural processes.

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Chapter 22 - Macro policy in developing countries. After reading this chapter, you should be able to: State some comparative statistics on rich and poor countries, differentiate growth from development and explain how those differences affect macroeconomic policy, explain the particular problems of monetary policy in a developing country context, list seven obstacles facing developing countries.

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In order to minimise the gap, and to realise social progress and equity, the country must develop the right strategy of socio-economic development, and the practical and specific policy of poverty alleviation, continuing strongly the Đổi mới cause to achieve the goal of "a rich people, strong country, and an equitable, democratic and civilised society".

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This paper contributes to the limited literature on peri-urban areas using evidence from one of the largest and most dynamic cities in Southeast Asia. There is an ongoing debate about whether microfinance has a positive impact on education and health for borrowing households in developing countries.

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Since 1993, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has pursued a policy of restructuring its external debt in order to reduce its debt burden. In 2002, the Bretton Woods institutions prepared a debt sustainability analysis that concluded that the country was not eligible for the Enhanced Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Initiative. Furthermore, in 2003, the Vietnamese authorities approved a debt strategy for the period of 2001-2010 formulated by the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI).

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01 November 2011 | voaspecialenglish.com The World at 7 Billion, and Growing Reuters Commuters at the Churchgate train station in Mumbai, India, on Monday, October 31 (You can download an MP3 of this story at voaspecialenglish.com) This is the VOA Special English Health Report. The United Nations estimates that the world reached seven billion people on Monday. No one can be sure. The United States Census Bureau does not expect that to happen until March. Populations are growing faster than economies in many poor countries in Africa and some in Asia.

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Introduction Global food production has grown faster than the world's population over the past forty years. Yet many poor countries and millions of poor people continue to suffer from food insecurity and hunger. USDA’ Economic Research Service (ERS) estimates that a third of the population of s 67 developing countries— roughly 900 million people— currently suffer

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investigated. The model shows that developing countries will consume and produce a much greater share of the world’s fish in the future, and trade in fish commodities will also increase. As aquaculture expands, especially in developing countries, environmental concerns such as effluent pollution, escaped farmed fish, land conversion, and pressure on stocks from fishmeal demand will only increase with time unless technologies and policies promote sustainable intensification.

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In the study performed by Purushotham et al. (2011) showed that about 28% of total hardness in the study site exceeded the desirable limits at 600 mg L-1. Naturally, the water hardness is due to the presence of alkaline earths such as calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Excess of magnesium affects the soil quality, which results in poor crops yield. The high concentration of magnesium and calcium can cause decrease in water quality and may cause encrustation in the water supply structure.

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction Cynthia C. Cook Tyrrell Duncan Somchai Jitsuchon Anil Sharma Wu Guobao iii .© 2005 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published 2005. Printed in the Philippines. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Asian Development Bank Study of the effects of transport and energy infrastructure investments on poverty reduction ISBN: 971-561-580-5 Publication Stock No.

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Given that the adverse affects of climate change on agriculture are expected to burden poor countries disproportionately, and their rural poor in particular, Bolivia is especially vulnerable as it is the poorest country in South America with at least 70% of the rural population living in poverty and more than a third of rural Bolivians living in extreme poverty. Those citizens who have been displaced by natural disasters in rural areas often remain at risk in urban areas as shantytowns and slums are frequently situated on land prone to flooding or landslide.

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The Economics of Global Health Political and economic concerns have often guided global health interventions. As mentioned previously, early efforts to control yellow fever were tied to the completion of the Panama Canal. However, the precise nature of the link between economics and health remains a matter for debate. Some economists and demographers argue that economic development is the key to improving the health status of populations, while others maintain that ill health is the chief barrier to development in poor countries.

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The IDB’s measures of the impact of the funds and the outstanding is- sues and conclusions from the IDB study are summarized here. Despite the large amount of resources that the IDB and the World Bank have been lending to the funds, their scope is small. Only one fund in the region, Nicaragua, spends as much as 1 percent of the gross domes- tic product (GDP) in its fund; only three countries—Chile, Panama, and Uruguay—spend more than US$15 per year per poor person. And the poor countries on average spend less than US$10 a year.

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The World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as the leading lending agencies, have been under mounting pressure to deal with a wide range of debt sustainability challenges. The challenges have refused to subside. Instead they continue to stimulate urgent need for a new debt sustainability framework and debt management orientation that can allow for the borrowing economies to break the vicious circle of unending distress.

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efficiency and quality. NGOs should be involved as management partners of the government for the shrimp cultivating areas. This will help reduce social tensions among various groups in the cultivating areas and ensure participation of the poor communities in all activities including decision making process. 9. Financial Support: Farmers, depot owners, small boat owners and transporters suffer from lack of capital to perform fishing activities. They have to rely on informal sources such as middlemen and traders for credit at a very high cost.

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Why the workforce is important In this first decade of the 21st century, immense advances in human well-being coexist with extreme deprivation. In global health we are witnessing the benefits of new medicines and technologies. But there are unprecedented reversals. Life expectancies have collapsed in some of the poorest countries to half the level of the richest – attributable to the ravages of HIV/AIDS in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and to more than a dozen “failed states”.

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Conventional approaches to health in poor countries focus on disease–specific interventions and their cost effectiveness, implemented via the path of least resistance with a strong emphasis on short term results. The upshot is that sys- temic problems which underlie poor health, failing health systems, and health inequity are circumvented. Long–term, sustainable strategies are rarely devel- oped or deployed. The crisis may change its spots, expressing itself in different diseases, populations or geographic areas, but it essentially continues unabated.

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There are three sets of examples to discuss. They concern the way modern theories of economic growth view fertility and natural resources, the way population growth and economic stress in poor countries are studied by environmental and resource economists, and the way development economists accomodate environmental stress in their analysis of contemporary poverty. The examples are discussed in the next three sub-sections. If I grumble, there is cause.

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Overall Health: Early pregnancy and childbear- ing negatively affect the overall health of young women and their children. In poor countries, ado- lescent mothers are twice as likely to die from preg- nancy- or childbirth-related causes as older moth- ers. Data from 15 developing countries reveal that adolescents under the age of 17 are far less likely to receive skilled prenatal and delivery care than women between the ages of 19 and 23 (Reynolds et al., 2003).

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Already about two decades ago, Robert Lucas (1990) asked: “Why Doesn’t Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries?”, wondering why only very little capital in net term was flowing from the industrial world to developing economies. In the past years, this trend has even aggravated: Nowadays, in many cases, net capital flows have reversed and are now flowing from developing and emerging countries towards the rich world, especially towards the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Spain.

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