Reproductive effect

The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) was requested by the US Department of Energy (DOE) to review the literature on the effects of radiation on aquatic organisms and develop a document that reviews the present understanding of such effects and provides guidance for a standard for the protection of populations of aquatic organisms.

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The World Health Organization and the United Nations Population Fund in collaboration with the Key Centre for Women’s Health in Society, in the School of Population Health at the University of Melbourne, Australia are pleased to present this joint publication of available evidence on the intricate relationship between women’s mental and reproductive health. The review comprises the most recent information on the ways in which mental health concerns intersect with women’s reproductive health.

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The mushroom is the fruiting body of the macrofungi. Approximately 14,000 described species of fungi produce fruiting bodies that are large enough to be considered mushrooms using our definition, which states that “the mushroom is a macrofungus with a distinctive fruiting body that can be either epigeous (aboveground) or hypogeous (underground) and large enough to be seen with the naked eye and to be picked by hand.” According to this definition, in contrast to other definitions, mushrooms can be Ascomycetes, grow underground, have a nonfleshy texture, and need not be edible.

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Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Malawi: Results from the 2004 National Survey of Adolescents was written by Alister Munthali, the Cen- tre for Social Research, Zomba, Malawi; Eliya M. Zulu and Nyovani Madise, the African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Ann M. Moore, the Guttmacher Institute, New York, USA; Sidon Konyani, the Centre for Social Research, Zomba, Malawi, James Kaphuka, the National Statis- tical Office, Zomba, Malawi; and Dixie Maluwa- Banda, University of Malawi, Chancellor College, Zomba, Malawi.

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The goal of the conference was to share lessons learned in Africa about men’s participation in reproductive health in order to develop new or enhance existing approaches for French- speaking African countries. Men in French-speaking African countries play key roles in reproductive health, whether as individual family members or as decision-makers at com- munity and national levels. Most service delivery and information campaigns, however, focus on women.

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Communication and service delivery go hand in hand. People will not be able to use repro- ductive health services unless they know about them. Once people are motivated to improve their reproductive health, by using family planning methods, for example, they need information and counseling about appropriate methods, correct use, side effects, and the concerns that most people have about adopting new practices. As service providers and communicators reach out more to men and their partners, they must learn more about their clients’ information needs and how to provide counseling for men.

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Adolescents who become pregnant prior to completion of their education typically face expulsion from school, and those who give birth often are not readmitted. In many African societies for example, once a young woman has given birth she is regarded as an adult, a role that is generally perceived as incompatible with continued formal educa- tion. In the event that a young woman is forced to abandon her education due to early pregnancy, she likely faces curtailment of her social, intellectual and economic develop- ment.

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JHPIEGO Strategy Papers are designed to summarize JHPIEGO’s experience in reproductive health capacity building, with a focus on education and training. The papers are intended for use by program staff of JHPIEGO, USAID and its cooperating agencies and other organizations providing or receiving technical assistance in the area of reproductive health training Financial support for this publication was provided in part by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

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This report was written by Peter Hill of the University of Queensland, together with WHO staff members, Dale Huntington and Rebecca Dodd, based on the deliberations of a consultation meeting entitled “Strengthening country office capacity to support sexual and reproductive health in the new aid environment: wrap-up assessment of the 2008–2011 collaborative project”, held in Glion, Switzerland, in March 2011.

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Such predictions of the theory as that increases in women’s labour productivity reduce the household demand for children are borne out in cross-country evidence (Schultz, 1997). Nevertheless, the study of isolated households is not a propitious one in which to explore the possibilities of collective failure among households. For example, there have been few attempts to estimate reproductive externalities.

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The majority of studies addressed in this chapter reflect research findings that provide "best bets" for preventing sexual risk-taking behaviors. These derive from longitudinal, multivariate analyses of reproductive health topics. In addition, a synthesis of programs that have had rigorous experimental designs help provide information on "what works" and what doesn't work within the program field.

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Research objectives: To describe some epidemiological characteristics of lower RTIs of mountainous married women at reproductive age in Thai Nguyen in 2012; to determine factors of lower RTIs of mountainous married women at reproductive age in Thai Nguyen; to evaluate the effect of RTIs prevention solutions for mountainous women in Thanh Cong commune, Pho Yen district, Thai Nguyen province after 2 years of intervention.

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This book aims to strengthen the knowledge base dealing with Air Pollution. The book consists of 21 chapters dealing with Air Pollution and its effects in the fields of Health, Environment, Economy and Agricultural Sources. It is divided into four sections. The first one deals with effect of air pollution on health and human body organs. The second section includes the Impact of air pollution on plants and agricultural sources and methods of resistance. The third section includes environmental changes, geographic and climatic conditions due to air pollution....

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The main audiences and stakeholders who must be engaged for programs to be effective in changing food marketing to children reflect the societal sectors most closely associated with food, marketing, and health: The food and beverage industry could take several actions to address its role in the childhood obesity epidemic. First, food and beverage marketers should take steps to avoid using promotional tactics that attract children to unhealthy eating. The industry should research and adopt a code ...

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Integrating reproductive health, family planning and STI/HIV prevention and treatment services is critical for achieving universal access. Integration requires that health care workers can provide an appropriate comprehensive package of services under one roof, and refer patients to other services if required. Linking STI/HIV with SRH services improves access to HIV/STI services for women who might otherwise not visit them because of issues of stigma [1].

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Background Definitions Causation: degrees of certainty Pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiology Classification Causes Allergy in response to drugs Effects of prolonged administration: chronic organ toxicity Adverse effects on reproduction Background Cur'd yesterday of my disease I died last night of my physician.1 Nature is neutral, i.e. it has no 'intentions' towards humans, though it is often unfavourable to them.

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as mentioned, sexual and reproductive health is a unique sub-sector, due to its close association with important and sensitive socio-cultural factors and gender roles which define and prescribe appropriate opportunities and avenues of action. the field is uniquely sensitive and therefore must involve explicit exploration across all areas of activity of some critical cross cutting issues – among them gender, adolescent health, sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDs.

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In 2005, the baseline country studies pointed to a lack of connection between advocacy for reduction of maternal mortality in national-level planning and the necessary linkage to effective programmatic responses through resource allocation, capacity- building and human-resource development. The 2011 case-studies suggest that this problem persists: despite a closing of the gap between policy and programmes, the limited progress with improving health outcomes has shown the importance of strengthening health systems – particularly for maternal and newborn health.

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This ASTRA network paper examines barriers to accessing reproductive health services and supplies in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The paper finds that reproductive health is not prioritised in government policies: they lack a commitment to recognise reproductive health supplies as an important component of public health and human rights and there is no adequate legislation and policy in this area. Condoms are widely available, but their cost is often high, especially for young people.

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In low- and middle-income countries, complications from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death among girls aged 15 to 19. And in 2008, there were an estimated three million unsafe abortions among girls in this age group. The adverse effects of adolescent childbearing also extend to the health of their infants. Perinatal deaths are 50% higher among babies born to mothers under 20 years of age than among those born to mothers aged 20 to 29. The newborns of adolescent mothers are also more likely to have low birth weight, with the risk of long-term effects....

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